SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH PI CONTROLLER

FOR MAINTAING CONSTANT

CPI VOLTAGES
A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
POWER ELECTRONICS

By
K.GOPI APPARAO
Roll.No.15JQ1D4306
Under the esteemed guidance of

Sri B.RAMESH M.Tech

Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, KAKINADA)
TIRUPATHI (V), DIVILI, PEDDAPURAM MANDAL – 533437(A.P)
2017
 KAKINADA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, KAKINADA)
Tirupathi (V), DIVILI, Peddapuram Mandal-533437

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

WITH PI CONTROLLER FOR MAINTAING CONSTANT CPI VOLTAGES ’’ that is
being submitted by Mrs. K.GOPI APPARAO with Roll No. 15JQ1D4306 in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of degree of Master of Technology in POWER
ELECTRONICS in the department of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING, Kakinada Institute of Technology and Science, Divili.

The results embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other institute or
university for the award of any degree or diploma.

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr. B.RAMESH M. Tech Mr. T.LAKSHMI NARAYANA M. Tech
Assistant Professor Associate Professor & Hod

EXTERNAL EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my profound sense of gratitude to my guide Sri B.RAMESH Assistant

Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Kakinada Institute of
Technology and Science, Divili, for his systematic guidance and valuable advices. His
encouragement and suggestions were of immense help to me throughout my project work.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Sri T.LAKSHMI NARAYANA, Assistant

Professor and Head of the Department, for providing me with all the necessary facilities for this
work.

I am thankful to Principal Dr. P.M.M.S.SARMA for providing appropriate environment

required for this project

I would also like to thank all the faculty and staff members of EEE Department, who
extended full cooperation for completion of this work.

I take the opportunity to thank all my friends who helped me through their patient
discussions, suggestions and for their timely help at various stages in completion of this work.

K.GOPI APPARAO
(15JQ1D4306)
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WITH PI CONTROLLER
FOR MAINTAING CONSTANT
CPI VOLTAGES
 ABSTRACT

Solar photo Voltaic (SPV) systems based grid interfacing systems involve two
stage power conversions. This conversion requires Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) based
boost converter that can supply a constant DC link voltage with a SPV as its input as the first stage.
The second stage conversion involves a Three-level Voltage Source Converter (VSC) that serves
as an inverter which feed power from the boost converter to the grid. To meet the grid
requirements the voltage at the Common Point of Interconnection (CPI), the voltage of the inverter
must be made equal to the voltage of CPI. This can be done adjusting DC link voltage of stage one
of the converter. This can be achieved by using an adaptive feed forward Proportional and integral
Controller (PI). The advantage of this controller is that it improves dynamic response, reduces the
switching losses and provides robust response under grid voltage variations. The performance of
the system is verified with the help of MATLAB based simulation studies and the case studies are
presented.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF FIGURES iv
LIST OF ACRONYMS viii
1
.1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Motivation and background 2

1.2 Photovoltaic Technology 3
1.3 Electrical Connection Of The Cells 7
1.4 Mounting Structure 9
1.5 Photovoltaic System Design 12

2. MULTILEVEL CONVERTER AND CONTROLLER

14
2.1 Inverter 15
2.2 Multilevel Converter PWM Modulation Strategies 26

2.3 Multilevel Converter Design Example 27

2.4 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) 33
2.5 How Does This Technology Help ? 39
2.6 Controller 39

3. MATLAB/SIMULINK INTRODUCTION 46

3.1 Over view of MATLAB/SIMULINK 47

3.2 Basics of MATLAB 47

3.3 Blocks used in MATLAB and design of proposed 48

system
ii
4. SIMULATION RESULTS 55
4.1 Modeling and Case study 56
4.2 Model Simulation 59
5. CONCLUSION 66

6. REFERENCES 67

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE.
FIG. No NAME OF THE FIGURE NO
Fig. 1.1 Photovoltaic Cell 4
Fig. 1.2 Solar Module And Array 7
Fig. 1.3 Series connection of cells, with resulting current–voltage characteristic 8
9
Fig. 1.4 Parallel connection of cells, with resulting current–voltage characteristic.
10
Fig. 1.5 Percentage variation of annual sunlight levels as a function of
tilt angle and azimuth angle
13
Fig. 1.6 Schematic diagram of a stand-alone photovoltaic system
13
Fig. 1.7 Schematic diagram of grid-connected photovoltaic system
Fig. 1.8 Schematic diagram of hybrid system incorporating a photovoltaic array and 13
a motor generator (e.g. diesel or wind).
16
Fig. 2.1 Three-phase six-level structure of a diode-clamped inverter
Fig. 2.2 Diode-clamped six-level inverter voltage levels and corresponding dc 16
sources switch states

Fig. 2.3 NPC inverter 17

18
Fig. 2.4 NPC inverter operation
Fig. 2.5 Three-phase six-level structure of a flying capacitor inverter 19

Fig. 2.6 Flying-capacitor six-level inverter redundant voltage levels and 20

corresponding switch states
Fig. 2.7 Single-phase structure of a multilevel cascaded H-bridges inverter 21

Fig. 2.8 Output phase voltage waveform of an 11-level cascade inverter with 5 22
separate dc sources
Fig. 2.9 Three-phase wye-connection structure for electric vehicle motor drive and 23
battery charging
Fig. 2.10 Generalized P2 multilevel converter topology for one phase leg. 24
Fig. 2.11 Mixed-level hybrid unit configuration using the three-level diode-clamped 25
converter as the cascaded converter cell to increase the voltage levels.
25
Fig. 2.12 Zero-voltage switching capacitor-clamped inverter circuit.
Series-parallel connection to electrical system of two back-to-back 27
Fig. 2.13 inverters.

iv
 PAGE.
Fig. No NAME OF THE FIGURE NO
27

Fig. 2.14 Six-level diode-clamped back-to-back converter structure.

Fig. 2.15 Classification of PWM multilevel converter modulation strategies. 28
Electrical system connection of multilevel diode-clamped power 29
Fig. 2.16 conditioner.
Structure of fault diagnosis system of a multilevel cascaded H-bridges 31
Fig. 2.17 inverter
Fig. 2.18a refers to the percentage of duty cycle 35
Fig. 2.18b current stade sate valve 35
Fig. 2.19 low frequency PWM with D rise time resulting in contiuous current 36
with rippre
Fig. 2.20 Block Diagram Of Pi Speed Controller 39
Fig. 2.21 Illustrates This Idea For A Set Point Response. The Error Used In The 42
Proportional Calculation Is Shown On The Plot
Fig. 2.22 The Identical Data To That Above Only It Is Recast As A Plot Of E(T) Itself. 42
Fig. 2.23 The Integral Sum Of Error Is Computed As The Shaded Areas Between The 43
SP And PV Traces
44
Fig. 2.24 Direct View The Situation From A Controller Error Plot
49
Fig. 3.1 Powergui block and its dialogue box
49
Fig. 3.2 DC Voltage source block and its dialogue box
50
Fig. 3.3 Voltage Measurement block
50
Fig. 3.4 Current Measurement block and its dialogue box
51
Fig. 3.5 Gain block and its dialogue box
Fig. 3.6 Series RLC branch block and its dialogue box 52

Fig. 3.7 MOSFET block and its dialogue box 53

54
Fig. 3.8 Multiplexer block and its dialogue box
54
Fig. 3.9 Scope block and its dialogue box

Fig. 4.1 System Configuration under consideration 57

v
Fig. 4.2 MATLAB based schematic Of Solar Photovoltaic System With Pi 59
Controller For Maintaing Constant CPI Voltages

Fig. 4.3 MATLAB based model of MPPT Controller 60

Fig. 4.4 MPPT Controller used for generation trigger pulses to DC – DC converter 60
Fig. 4.5 Voltages and currents of MPPT based PV Array 60
Fig. 4.6 Output Voltages of MPPT based boost converter 61
Fig. 4.7 Block Diagram of Voltage Source Converter 61
61
Fig. 4.8 Block Diagram of DC Voltage regulator
62
Fig. 4.9 Three level output voltage of Voltage Source Converter.
62
Fig. 4.10 Voltage and currents supplied by Voltage Source Converter
63
Fig. 4.11 dynamic response of the system
Fig. 4.12 Simulated performance for change in solar insolation without 63
feedforward for PV contribution
Fig. 4.13 Simulated performance for change in solar insolation with feedforward 64
for PV Contribution

Fig. 4.14 Simulated performance for normal to under voltage (415 V to 350 V), 65

vi
 LIST OF ACRONYMS

Symbol Definition
SPV : Solar Photovoltaic
PVC : Photovoltaic cell
VSC : voltage source converter
MOSFET : Metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor
Inc incremental conductance+
RES : Renewable Energy Source
HBC : Hybrid Boost Converter
PCU : Power Conditioning Unit
MPPT : Maximum Power Point Tracking

CPI : Common point of inter connection

STC : Standard Test Condition
PWM : Pulse Width Modulation
SMPC Switching Mode power Converte

P
o
w
e
r

vii