a f a n - l i k e p a t t e r n . E x a m i n a t i o n of SEM s t e r e o p a i r s the d e r i v a t i o n of the m a t h e m a t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s .

The
f r o m the o p p o s i t e f r a c t u r e f a c e s e s t a b l i s h e d that the w o r k was s u p p o r t e d by the U.S. E n e r g y R e s e a r c h and
s u r f a c e s t e p s w e r e m a t c h i n g and i n t e r l o c k i n g in a l l Development Administration, Contract EY-76-C-02-
c a s e s . The f a c e t s b e t w e e n the s t e p s w e r e flat and 1198.
a p p e a r e d to be p a r a l l e l with n e i g h b o r i n g f a c e t s . A thin
l a y e r of/3 e x i s t e d b e t w e e n the c~ p l a t e s and this p h a s e
f r a c t u r e d in a d u c t i l e f a s h i o n , f r e q u e n t l y p r o d u c i n g I. T. R. Beckand E. A. Grens,II: J. Electrochem. Soc., 1969, vol. i66, p. 177.
k n i f e - e d g e r i d g e s which m a t c h e d p e a k - t o - p e a k on the 2. J. C. SculIyand D. T. PowelI:Corros. ScL, 1970,vol. t0, p. 719.
opposite fracture faces. 3. G. H. Koch:Ph.D. Thesis,Universityof Illinoisat Urbana-Champaign,i976.
T h e f r a c t o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e fully c o n s i s t - 4. D. N. Williams:J. Iron SteellnsL, 1962-63,voL91, p. 147.
ent with f r a c t u r e of the o~ p h a s e o c c u r r i n g b y c l e a v a g e .
T h e f a n - l i k e m o r p h o l o g y of the s u r f a c e s t e p s within
e a c h a p l a t e , r e p o r t e d by many w o r k e r s , can be a c -
counted f o r in t e r m s of c l e a v a g e b y a s s u m i n g that the
c r a c k m a i n t a i n s a c o n s t a n t s e m i c i r c u l a r p r o f i l e within Microstructural Observations of Metal
e a c h p l a t e and p r o p a g a t e s longitudinally along the
p l a t e a s i l l u s t r a t e d in F i g . 2, and that the s t e p s a r e Powders Using Analytical Electron
p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the c r a c k f r o n t a s in conventional M icroscopy
c l e a v a g e . The s h a p e of the c l e a v a g e s t e p s can then be
r e p r e s e n t e d by equations of the f o r m
RO/3ERT D. F I E L D AND HAMISH L. F R A S E R

P o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y is one a r e a of p r o c e s s i n g which
p r o m i s e s s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t s in m a t e r i a l s p r o p -
w h e r e a is the r a d i u s of the c r a c k , and this is d i s - e r t i e s beyond c u r r e n t l y known l i m i t s . T h e r e is now
p l a y e d g r a p h i c a l l y in F i g . 2. C o m p a r i s o n with F i g . 1 c o n s i d e r a b l e e m p h a s i s b e i n g p l a c e d on the d e v e l o p m e n t
i n d i c a t e s that a g r e e m e n t i s good, although it is p r o b a - of r a p i d s o l i d i f i c a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s to p r o d u c e c o m p l e x
b l e that the c r a c k f r o n t s a r e not p r e c i s e l y s e m i c i r c u - a l l o y p o w d e r s p o s s e s s i n g the a p p r o p r i a t e s t r u c t u r e
l a r in p r a c t i c e . The a p p r o x i m a t e l y s e m i c i r c u l a r and p h a s e d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e r e a l i z a t i o n of the " a p p r o -
c r a c k p r o f i l e p r e s u m a b l y r e s u l t s f r o m the pinning ef- p r i a t e " s t r u c t u r e and p h a s e d i s t r i b u t i o n in a powder is
fect of the thin l a y e r s of d u c t i l e / 3 p h a s e which s e p a r a t e an i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m . C l e a r l y , the p r o p e r t i e s of the
the o~ p l a t e s . The c l e a v a g e s t e p s a r e c o n t i n u a l l y c r e - r e s u l t a n t m a t e r i a l will i n e v i t a b l y be a f f e c t e d by the
a t e d at the c r a c k front and t e r m i n a t e at the a-/3 i n t e r - s t r u c t u r e of the p o w d e r s u s e d in its f a b r i c a t i o n ; f o r
f a c e . T h e o r i g i n of the s t e p s is not u n d e r s t o o d , a l - e x a m p l e , it is often d e s i r a b l e for the p o w d e r s to p o s -
though it i s p o s s i b l e that they a r e g e n e r a t e d when the sess nonequilibrium structures. Thus, microstruc-
crack intersects dislocations. t u r e , p h a s e d i s t r i b u t i o n and c h e m i c a l s e g r e g a t i o n of
B a s e d on this model, the f r a c t o g r a p h y within an a g - the e l e m e n t a l c o m p o n e n t s a r e a l l e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t
g r e g a t e of t~ p l a t e s can be i n t e r p r e t e d . F o r e x a m p l e , p a r a m e t e r s in p o w d e r m e t a l l u r g y .
the d i r e c t i o n of the c l e a v a g e s t e p s in F i g . 3 i n d i c a t e s It is, then, e s s e n t i a l to be a b l e to c h a r a c t e r i z e a s i n -
that a c r a c k t r a v e l l i n g f r o m r i g h t to left in c~-plate A gle m e t a l p o w d e r on a s fine a s c a l e a s p o s s i b l e . H e r e ,
e n t e r e d a d j a c e n t p l a t e 13 at C, w h e r e it s p r e a d in op- c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n is taken to m e a n m o r p h o l o g y and m i -
p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s within that p l a t e . It follows that r e - c r o s t r u c t u r e , p h a s e d i s t r i b u t i o n and c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e ,
gions of plate A f r a c t u r e d b e f o r e n e i g h b o r i n g r e g i o n s and m i c r o c h e m i s t r y . In p r i n c i p l e , such c h a r a c t e r i z a -
on the o t h e r s i d e of the/3 f i l m in p l a t e B, r e q u i r i n g tion can be c a r r i e d out using the r e c e n t l y d e v e l o p e d
that the c r a c k - t i p o p e n i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t f o r c l e a v a g e techniques of a n a l y t i c a l e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y (AEM);
of the a be l e s s than the s t r a i n n e c e s s a r y to r u p t u r e a specimen suitable for transmission electron mi-
the i3. S p r e a d i n g of c r a c k s into n e i g h b o r i n g p l a t e s was c r o s c o p y is p r e p a r e d , and s t u d i e s a r e u n d e r t a k e n u s -
c o m m o n l y o b s e r v e d , and o c c u r r e d at r e g i o n s w h e r e i n g both conventional and s c a n n i n g t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c -
the ~3 f i l m was a b s e n t . Thus it a p p e a r s that, in our e x - t r o n m i c r o s c o p y , d e n o t e d C T E M and STEM, r e s p e c -
p e r i m e n t s , c r a c k s w e r e confined to s i n g l e ~ p l a t e s t i v e l y , coupled with an e n e r g y d i s p e r s i v e X - r a y
by the e n v e l o p e of d u c t i l e /3, a c c o u n t i n g for the g e n e r a l a n a l y z e r . T h e i m p o r t a n t s t e p is the thinning and
f a n - l i k e m o r p h o l o g y of the c l e a v a g e s t e p s , and s p r e a d p o l i s h i n g of a s i n g l e p o w d e r , so that t h e r e a r e s o m e
into n e i g h b o r i n g p l a t e s at b r e a k s in the d u c t i l e en- a r e a s in the p o w d e r of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 to 100 nm in
v e l o p e . It i s c l e a r f r o m F i g . 3 and f r o m the study of t h i c k n e s s . T h i s is not a t r i v i a l p r o b l e m s i n c e t y p i c a l l y
many s p e c i m e n s that the c r a c k f r o n t is f r e q u e n t l y i r - p o w d e r s have d i a m e t e r s r a n g i n g b e t w e e n 20 to 200
r e g u l a r on a m i c r o s c o p i c s c a l e . /an. K o t v a l , D i c k e y and L e w i s 1 have a t t e m p t e d to
It is concluded that the s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n the p o l i s h s i n g l e p o w d e r s , but a p p a r e n t l y m e t with l i m i t e d
f r a c t u r e s u r f a c e s p r o d u c e d b y SCC and SSRHE and the s u c c e s s . T h i s p a p e r r e p o r t s on the s u c c e s s f u l d e v e l o p -
r e a d y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e s e s u r f a c e s by the c l e a v a g e m e n t of a thinning technique f o r N i - b a s e s u p e r a l l o y
m o d e l l e a v e s l i t t l e doubt that the p r o p a g a t i o n of SCC p o w d e r s , and p r e s e n t s s o m e p r e l i m i n a r y e x a m p l e s of
in this a l l o y is m e c h a n i c a l . F u r t h e r , the c o m p a r i s o n
p r o v i d e s s t r o n g i n d i r e c t e v i d e n c e that SCC a l s o in-
R. D. FIELD and H. L. FRASER are Research Assistant and Assist-
v o l v e s h y d r o g e n , g e n e r a t e d in this c a s e by the aqueous ant Professor, respectively, in the Department of Metallurgy and Min-
solution. ing Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,
The a u t h o r s wish to acknowledge U. / 3 e r t o c c i f o r IL 61801.
helpful d i s c u s s i o n , and R. Dewit f o r his a s s i s t a n c e in Manuscript submitted March 2, 1977.
ISSN0360-2133/78/0110-0131$00.75]0
METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A 9 1978 AMERICANSOCIETYFOR METALSAND VOLUME 9A, JANUARY 1978-131
THE METALLURGICALSOCIETYOF AIME
Fig. 1--Secondaryelectron image of a thinnedpowder in a
nickel binder. Area of analysis is designated with an " X " .

m o r p h o l o g i c a l and m i c r o c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of
a powder possessing a dendritic m i c r o s t r u c t u r e .
E x p e r i m e n t a l P r o c e d u r e . IN 100 (a N i - b a s e s u p e r -
a l l o y containing a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.18 pct C, 10 pct C r ,
15 p c t Co, 3 pct Mo, 4.7 pct Ti, 5.5 pct AI, 0.014 pct Fig. 2--Transmission electron micrograph taken at low mag-
B, 0.06 pct Z r , 1.0 pct V) p o w d e r s w e r e used.* The nification to allow a survey view of the dendritic structure of
*Thepowderswerekindly supplied by Pratt and WitneyAircraftGroup, the powder in Fig. 1. The central portion of the mierograph
United TechnologiesCo~poraticn,WestPalm Beach,Florida;the powderswere is oriented for diffraction by {200}; g as shown; beam direc-
made as part of a programsponsored by the AdvancedResearchProjects Agency. tion close to [001]; accelerating voltage 200 kV.

m o l t e n a l l o y was a t o m i z e d by a r o t a t i n g d i s c , and j e t s (i.e., no secondary electrons produced), and thinned

of a r g o n d i r e c t e d at the r e s u l t a n t m o l t e n d r o p l e t s p r o - areas tend to appear dark. It can be seen that there is
duced r a p i d l y s o l i d i f i e d (~105~ powders. a perforation withinthe powder at the center of the
It is n e c e s s a r y to thin an individual m e t a l p o w d e r micrograph, making it ideal for study.
so that A E M t e c h n i q u e s m a y be u t i l i z e d . T h e m e t h o d Results and Discussion. The thinnest part of the
we have d e v e l o p e d i n v o l v e s the p r o d u c t i o n of a c o m - powder in Fig. i, and therefore that most suitable for
p o s i t e d i s c of m a t e r i a l , c o n s i s t i n g of two l a y e r s of analysis using AEM, is that marked X. Figure 2
e l e c t r o p l a t e d Ni on e i t h e r s i d e of a l a y e r of p o w d e r s .
S p e c i f i c a l l y , a l a y e r of p o w d e r s is p l a c e d on an e l e c -
t r i c a l l y c o n d u c t i v e c e m e n t (a m i x t u r e of p l a s t i c c e -
m e n t and fine Cu powder). Ni is e l e c t r o p l a t e d onto the
p o w d e r in a s t a n d a r d plating solution (300 g/1 NiSO,,
60 g//1 NiC12, 40 g/1 H3BO~) at a p o t e n t i a l of 50 V and
a c u r r e n t d e n s i t y of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.2 A / c m 2. P l a t i n g
is continued until the d e p o s i t is about 0.1 m m in t h i c k -
n e s s . T h e a d h e s i v e is then d i s s o l v e d in a c e t o n e , and
Ni e l e c t r o p l a t e d onto both s i d e s until the c o m p o s i t e is
about 0.4 m m thick. D i s c s of ~3 m m d i a m a r e punched
f r o m the r e s u l t i n g c o m p o s i t e s h e e t .
J e t - m a c h i n i n g of the d i s c s is done u s i n g a 50 pct
HCI in methanol solution at a potential of I00 V. The
dimpled discs are subsequently final polished in a 20
pct perchloric acid in methanol solution at 50 V and
~3 A/cm2. The bath temperature is kept at about 10~
The discs are thinned to perforation, rinsed in
methanol, and dried and are then ready for TEM ex-
amination.
The thinned foils were examined in a JEOL JSEM
200 microscope operating at an accelerating voltage Fig. 3--Transmission electron micrographs of the interden-
of 200 kV, coupled with an Ortec energy dispersive dritie regions. (a) Boundary between primary and secondary
analyzer. An example of the type of foil produced by dendrites, (b) precipitates lying in the boundaries between
the secondary dendrite arms, (c) interface between second-
this process is shown in Fig. I. This micrograph is ary dendrite arms originating from two different primary
produced by imaging with secondary electrons in the arms. Diffracting conditions as shown; accelerating voltage
JSEM 200, so that the perforated area appears black 200 kV.

132-VOLUME 9A, JANUARY 1978 METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONS A

 !i 84

B 84

,,_A::)

250nm

(b)

F i g . 4 - - S c a n n i n g t r a n s m i s s i o n e l e c t r o n m i c r o g r a p h of s e c -
o n d a r y d e n d r i t e s and b o u n d a r i e s . T h i s a r e a w a s u s e d for m i -
c r o c h e m i e a l a n a l y s i s , the r e s u l t s of w h i c h a r e s h o w n in the
s u b s e q u e n t f i g u r e s . T h e foil has been d e l i b e r a t e l y o r i e n t e d
to avoid diffraction c o n t r a s t e f f e c t s w h i c h m a y lead to a n o m -
alous X - r a y e m i s s i o n .

8
a)
8 Ni
0
ID

0
0o
O
Z
Coo
~/ Cr P~o o
i --, II ~ i] ~ o
(c)
Fig. 3-Continued.
"T' 1 I I ~ I I
0,00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8,00 10.00
ENERGY (KEV)
shows a r e l a t i v e l y low m a g n i f i c a t i o n m i c r o g r a p h of
this area. The m i c r o g r a p h c o n s i s t s of i m a g e s of a
p r i m a r y dendrite with a s s o c i a t e d s e c o n d a r y dendrite oo
a r m s . At the e x t r e m i t i e s of the s e c o n d a r y d e n d r i t e s ,
there are boundaries between these and other s e c o n d -
ary a r m s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m other p r i m a r y dendrites. A 0
number of o b s e r v a t i o n s of the m i c r o s t r u c t u r e can be d
O

made. F i r s t l y , the width of the p r i m a r y dendrite is

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 pro. The s e c o n d a r y a r m s have a
~O
C3 o
r e a s o n a b l y u n i f o r m s p a c i n g of ~ 7 0 0 nm. Secondly, the D
D
growth d i r e c t i o n for both p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y den- 0~,-7- OO
d r i t e s i s p a r a l l e l to cube d i r e c t i o n s ((100)). T h i r d l y ,
both the diffraction contrast and s t u d i e s of d i f f r a c -
tion patterns r e v e a l that the a r e a e n c o m p a s s e d by the uo~ ~'oo
p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y dendrites is e s s e n t i a l l y s i n g l e
c r y s t a l , with a r r a y s of d i s l o c a t i o n s and p a r t i c l e s at
the i n t e r d e n d r i t i c r e g i o n .
F i g u r e 3 c o n s i s t s of a s e r i e s of m i c r o g r a p h s taken
o.oo d.oo d.oo G'.oo d.oo lo.oo
along a s e c o n d a r y dendrite. The boundary between the ENERGY (KEV}
p r i m a r y and s e c o n d a r y dendrites i s shown in Fig. 3(a). F i g . 5 - - ( a ) and (b) a r e the X - r a y s p e c t r a r e c o r d e d from the
It can be s e e n that this boundary is f a i r l y h e a v i l y d i s - points A and B, r e s p e c t i v e l y , in Fig. 4.

METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONSA VOLUME 9A, JANUARY 1 9 7 8 - 1 3 3

l o c a t e d and contains s o m e s e c o n d p h a s e . T h e i n t e r - the a r e a s m a r k e d A and B in F i g . 4. It should be noted
d e n d r i t i c r e g i o n b e t w e e n two s e c o n d a r y a r m s is shown that the m i c r o s c o p e was s e t up in STEM, so that when
in F i g . 3(b). H e r e , it can be s e e n that this r e g i o n con- t a k i n g X - r a y s p e c t r a an i n c i d e n t e l e c t r o n b e a m s i z e of
s i s t s of a s e r i e s of s e c o n d phase p a r t i c l e s s u r r o u n d e d ~10 n m was used. F u r t h e r m o r e , p r e c a u t i o n s w e r e
by d i s l o c a t i o n s . P r e s u m a b l y , t h e s e d i s l o c a t i o n s w e r e taken to account for X - r a y p r o d u c t i o n f r o m i n t e r a c t i o n
punched out by the p r e c i p i t a t e s to a c c o m m o d a t e a of the s p e c i m e n with b r e m s s t r a h l u n g g e n e r a t e d in the
p o s s i b l e v o l u m e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the s e c o n d phase c o n d e n s e r s y s t e m . 2 The r e s u l t s of the a n a l y s i s a r e
and the m a t r i x . F i n a l l y , the boundary r e g i o n b e t w e e n shown in F i g . 5. F i g u r e 5(b) shows the X - r a y s p e c t r u m
two groups of s e c o n d a r y d e n d r i t e s o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m f r o m the a r e a of the foil containing the p r e c i p i t a t e ,
two d i f f e r e n t p r i m a r y d e n d r i t e s is shown in F i g . 3(c). w h e r e a s F i g . 5(a) d i s p l a y s the s p e c t r u m m e a s u r e d in
T h e b o u n d a r y is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a few p r e c i p i t a t e s an a d j a c e n t a r e a of the m a t r i x . The m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t
and d i s l o c a t i o n s , but t h e r e is a c o n s i d e r a b l y l o w e r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the two s p e c t r a is the d e c r e a s e in
d e n s i t y of t h e s e d e f e c t s in this r e g i o n than in the both the T i and Mo p e a k s . T o d e m o n s t r a t e this m o r e
a r e a s shown in F i g . 3(a) and 3(b). T i l t i n g e x p e r i m e n t s c l e a r l y , the T i peaks a r e d i s p l a y e d singly in F i g . 6.
r e v e a l that the b o u n d a r y in F i g . 3(c) a p p e a r s to be a E a c h peak c o n s i s t s of the m e a s u r e d data with a c o m -
r e l a t i v e l y low angle boundary. p u t e r fitted b a c k g r o u n d s u b t r a c t e d and a l s o a fitted
An e x a m p l e of the use of A E M to s o l v e for m i c r o - G a u s s i a n p r o f i l e . 3 The i n t e n s i t y of the T i peak f r o m
c h e m i c a l data is now given. It has b e e n noted that the the m a t r i x is d e c r e a s e d by about a f a c t o r of two c o m -
i n t e r d e n d r i t i c r e g i o n s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by s m a l l p r e - p a r e d to that obtained f r o m the p r e c i p i t a t e . It a p p e a r s ,
c i p i t a t e s with a s s o c i a t e d d i s l o c a t i o n s . It is i m p o r t a n t then, that the p a r t i c l e s a r e r i c h in both Mo and Ti, and
to know the c h e m i c a l n a t u r e of t h e s e p r e c i p i t a t e s , and it s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e to a s s u m e that the c a r b i d e s of
an a r e a in a thin p a r t of the foil was c h o s e n for study. t h e s e e l e m e n t s have p r e c i p i t a t e d d u r i n g s o l i d i f i c a t i o n .
(It is n e c e s s a r y to c h o o s e a thin p a r t of the foil s i n c e C o n c l u s i o n s . A t e c h n i q u e for the thinning of i n d i v i d u a l
it is e s s e n t i a l to m a x i m i z e the v o l u m e f r a c t i o n of p r e - m e t a l p o w d e r has b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d for the c a s e of a
c i p i t a t e to c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y m a x i m i z e the s i g n a l f r o m N i - b a s e s u p e r a l l o y (IN 100). It is a n t i c i p a t e d that the
the p a r t i c l e s . ) X - r a y s p e c t r a w e r e r e c o r d e d f r o m both t e c h n i q u e may be extended to o t h e r types of p o w d e r s .
E x a m p l e s of the a p p l i c a t i o n of AEM to c h a r a c t e r i z e
o~ the m i c r o s t r u c t u r e , m i c r o c h e m i s t r y and other f e a t u r e s
of the p o w d e r s w e r e given.
a) We wish to acknowledge many u s e f u l d i s c u s s i o n s
with Dr. R. M e h r a b i a n ; and a l s o the c o o p e r a t i o n of
D r . A. Cox and S. E. Hughes of P r a t t and Witney A i r -
c r a f t Group, United T e c h n o l o g i e s C o r p o r a t i o n , West
P a l m B e a c h , F l o r i d a . T h i s w o r k was p e r f o r m e d on
the J E O L J S E M 200 s i t u a t e d in the MRL of the U n i v e r -
s i t y of I l l i n o i s , and we wish to thank the L a b o r a t o r y
~3 0 J
D i r e c t o r f o r m a k i n g the i n s t r u m e n t a v a i l a b l e to us.

1. P. S. Kotval,J. S. Dickey,and B. E. Lewis:Proc. 27th EMSA AnnualMeetJng,

C. J. Arcencaux,ed., 1969, p. 30.
0 0 0o
2. N. J. Zaluzecand H. L. Fraser: Proc. 34th EMSA Meeting, G. W. Bailey,ed.,
d 0 Claitors Publishing Division,1976, p. 420.
? 3. R. H. Geissand T. C. Huang: J. Vac. Sci. Tech., 1975, vol. 12, p. 140.
4.15 41.29 41.43 4.1S~ 41.70 41.84
ENERGY (KEV)

b)
Discussion of "Application of
8 Heterogeneous Nucleation Theory to
Precipitate Nucleation at GP Zones"*

ERHARD HORNBOGEN

In a r e c e n t p a p e r Marth, A a r o n s o n , L o r i m e r , B a r t e l ,
o
and R u s s e l l (MALBR) p r e s e n t a t h e o r y of n u c l e a t i o n at
o ~ ~0 o oo 0
GP z o n e s in which c l a s s i c a l t h e o r y of h e t e r o g e n e o u s
n u c l e a t i o n is applied.1 A m o d e l is used in which it is
a s s u m e d that the c o n t r i b u t i o n of the i n t e r r a c i a l e n e r g y
4.15 41.29 41.49 4t.,56 4170 41.84
ENERGY (KEV)
Fig. 6--Processed data for the TiKc~ peaks. (a) Taken from * P. E. MARTH, H. I. AARONSON, G. W. LORIMER, T. L. BARTEL,
point A (Fig. 4), (b) taken from point B (Fig. 4). The squares and K. C. RUSSELL: Met. Trans. A., 1976, voi. 7A, pp. 1519-28.
correspond to the data points with background and system ERHARD HORNBOGEN is Professor, Materials Science Depart-
counts subtracted 9 The solid lines are computer generated ment, Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-Universit~t Bochum, D-4630
profiles (see text). Note change in vertical scale between (a) Bochum 1, Germany.
and (b). Discussion submitted June 16, 1977.
ISSN0360-2133/78/0110-0134500.75/0
134-VOLUME 9A, JANUARY 1978 9 1978 AMERICANSOCIETYFOR METALSAND METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS A
THE METALLURGICALSOCIETYOF AIME