What is Java?

Java is a high level programming language and a platform.

Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program run, is known as a

platform. Since Java has its own runtime environment (JRE) and Application Programming
Interface (API), it is called platform.

Java Platform = JRE + API

Where it is used?
According to Sun Microsystems, 3 billion devices run on java. There are many areas
where java is currently used. Some of them are as follows:

1. Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus etc.

2. Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, licindia.com, citibank.com etc.

3. Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.

4. Embedded System

5. Smart Card

6. Robotics

7. Games etc.

Types of Java Applications

There are mainly 3 types of applications that can be created using java programming:

1) Stand-alone Application (Desktop Application)

It is also known as window-based application. An application that we need to install on

every machine such as media player, antivirus etc., AWT and Swing are used in java for
creating standalone applications.
2) Web Application

An application that runs on the server side and creates dynamic page, is called web
application. Currently servlet, jsp, struts, jsf etc. technologies are used for creating web
applications in java.

3) Enterprise Application

An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications etc., It has the
advantage of high level security, load balancing and clustering. In java, EJB is used for
creating enterprise applications.

History of Java
Java history is interesting to know. The history of java starts from Green Team. Java
team members (also known as Green Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop a
language for digital devices such as set-top boxes, television remote controls etc.

For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was suited for
internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by
Netscape. (Creator of Netscape Navigator Browser)

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, e-commerce

solutions etc.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language
project in June 1991. The small team of Sun microsystems engineers called Green
Project Team.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top
boxes, remote controls.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension was “.gt”.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.

Why Oak name for java language?

5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many countries
like U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania etc.

6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was

already a trademark by Oak Technologies.

Why they choose java name for java language?

Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced

(called java coffee).

The Official Logo of Java

7) Notice that Java is just a name not an acronym.

Java Version History

There are many java versions that has been released. Current stable release of Java is Java
SE 8.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)

3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)

4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998) J2EE

5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)

6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)

7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004) Revolutionary Version

8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec, 2006) Java EE 6

9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)

10.Java SE 8 (18th March, 2014)

Features of Java
There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java
Features given below are simple and easy to understand.

1. Simple (Familiar)

2. Object-Oriented

3. Platform independent

4. Secured

5. Robust

6. Architecture neutral

7. Portable

8. High Performance

9. Multithreaded

10. Distributed

Simple (Familiar)
According to Sun, Java language is simple because:

syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++).

Object-oriented
Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of different types of
objects that incorporates both data and behavior.

Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies software

development and maintenance by providing some rules.

Basic concepts of OOPs are:

1. Object

2. Class

3. Inheritance

4. Polymorphism
 5. Abstraction

6. Encapsulation

Platform Independent
Java code can be run on multiple platforms (in this context, platform means operating
system) e.g., Windows, Linux, Sun Solaris, Mac/OS etc. Java code (.java) is compiled by the
compiler and converted into byte code (.class).This byte code is a platform independent
code because it can run on multiple platforms i.e. Write Once and Run Anywhere (WORA).

Source Code – Java Program (.java)

Byte Code – It is not in the form of 0’s and 1’s (.class)
Native Machine Code – It is in 0’s and 1’s.

JVM – It is not platform independent.

JDK - It is not platform independent.
JRE – It is not platform independent.

Byte Code – Platform independent.

Secured
Java is secured because:
  No explicit pointer

 Programs run inside virtual machine sandbox.

Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java uses strong memory management. There is
automatic garbage collection in java. There is exception handling and strong type
checking mechanism in java. All these points make java robust.

Architecture-neutral
Java program can run on any machine (i.e., micro computers, main frame computers.)

Portable
We may carry the java byte code to any machine.

High-performance
Java is faster than traditional interpretation since byte code is "close" to native code still
somewhat slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++)

Distributed
We can create distributed applications in java. RMI and EJB are used for creating
distributed applications. We may access files by calling the methods from any machine on
the internet.
Multi-threaded

A thread is like a separate process, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs
that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of
multi-threading is that it shares the same memory. Threads are important for multi-media
etc.

Structure of a Java Program:

[package creation statement]
[importing statements]
[interface creation statements]
class classname
{
[data members]
[methods]
public static void main(String [] args)
{
Statement(s);
}
}

Simple Program of Java

Requirement for Hello Java Example

For executing any java program, you need to

 install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the JDK and install it.

 set path of the jdk/bin directory.

 create the java program

 compile and run the java program

Writing hello world example

Simple.java

class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
 To compile: javac Simple.java
To execute: java Simple
Output: Hello World!

Understanding first java program

 class keyword is used to declare a class in java.

 public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility, it means it is visible

to all. (particularly, JVM)

 static is a keyword, if we declare any method as static, it is known as static method.

The core advantage of static method is that there is no need to create object to
invoke the static method. The main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't
require to create object to invoke the main method. So it saves memory.

 JVM execute the above program as Simple.main()

 void is the return type of the method, it means it doesn't return any value.

 main() represents startup of the program.

 String[] args is used for command line argument.

 System.out.println() is used as print statement.

o System is a pre-defined class in java.lang package.

o Java.lang package is the default package that means we need not import it.

o out is an object of java.io.PrintStream class

o println() is a method of PrintStream to display any message.

What happens at compile time?

At compile time, java file is compiled by Java Compiler (It does not interact with OS) and
converts the java code into bytecode.
What happens at runtime?

Classloader: is the subsystem of JVM that is used to load “.class” files.

Bytecode Verifier: checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access
right to objects.

Interpreter: read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

Difference between JDK, JRE and JVM

JVM
JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides
runtime environment in which java byte code can be executed.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE and JDK are
platform dependent because configuration of each OS differs. But, Java is platform
independent. (i.e., the byte code generated by java is platform independent).

The JVM performs following main tasks:

 Loads code

 Verifies code
  Executes code

 Provides runtime environment.

JVM (Java Virtual Machine):

When we compile a Java file, output is not an .exe but it’s a .class file. This .class is known
as Java byte code, It has the Java byte codes which can be understood by JVM. Java Virtual
Machine interprets the byte code into the machine code and executes it. It is responsible for
all the things like garbage collection, array bounds checking, etc., JVM is a cornerstone of
the write-once run-anywhere value of Java programs.

Note: JVM is platform dependent but it makes the Java platform independent .

The Java Virtual Machine provides a platform-independent way of executing code;

programmers can concentrate on writing software, without having to be concerned with how
or where it will run.

JIT (Just-in-time Compiler):

JIT also known as dynamic translation. JIT is the part of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) that
helps to speed up the execution time. Parts of the byte code that have similar functionality
at the same time complied by JIT and saves time needed for compilation. It translates the
instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.
JRE
JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime
Environment. It is used to provide
runtime environment. It is the
implementation of JVM. It physically
exists. It contains set of libraries +
other files that JVM uses at runtime.

JDK
JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It physically exists. It contains JRE +
development tools.

Internal Architecture of JVM

Let's understand the internal architecture of JVM. It contains classloader, memory area,
execution engine etc.
1) Classloader:

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM that is used to load class files.

2) Class(Method) Area:

Class (Method) Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field and
method data, the code for methods.

3) Heap:

It is the runtime data area in which objects are allocated.

4) Stack:
Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in
 method invocation and return.

Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as thread.

A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its
method invocation completes.

5) Program Counter Register:

PC (program counter) register. It contains the address of the Java virtual machine
instruction currently being executed.

6) Native Method Stack:

It contains all the native methods (‘C’/C++ functions) used in the application.

7) Execution Engine:
It contains:

1) A virtual processor

2) Interpreter: Read bytecode stream then execute the instructions.

3) Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance.JIT compiles

parts of the byte code that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces
the amount of time needed for compilation. Here the term compiler refers to a translator
from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific
CPU.

Data Types in Java

In java, there are two types of data types

 primitive data types

 non-primitive data types

Data Type Default Value Default size
Boolean false 1 bit
Char '\u0000' 2 byte
Byte 0 1 byte
Short 0 2 byte
Int 0 4 byte
Long 0L 8 byte
Float 0.0f 4 byte
Double 0.0d 8 byte

Operators in java
Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. There are many types of
operators in java such as unary operator, arithmetic operator, relational operator, shift
operator, bitwise operator, ternary operator and assignment operator.

Operators Precedence
 Postfix expr++ expr--
Unary ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !
multiplicative * / %
Additive + -
Shift << >> >>>
Relational < > <= >= instanceof
Equality == !=
bitwise AND &
bitwise exclusive OR ^
bitwise inclusive OR |
logical AND &&
logical OR ||
Ternary ? :
assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>= >>>=

Java OOPs Concepts

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as inheritance, data
binding, polymorphism etc.

Simula is considered as the first object-oriented programming language. The programming paradigm where
everything is represented as an object, is known as truly object-oriented programming language.

Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented programming language.

OOPS (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology
or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software development and
maintenance by providing some concepts:

 Object

 Class

 Inheritance

 Polymorphism

 Abstraction

 Encapsulation
Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike etc. It
can be physical and logical (such as bankaccount).

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity. It represents a Category or family.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known as inheritance. It
provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example: to convense the
customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof etc.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example: phone call, we don't
know the internal processing.

In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as encapsulation. For example:
capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation.

Advantage of OOPS over

Procedure-oriented programming language
1)OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-oriented programming language it
is not easy to manage if code grows as project size grows.

2)OOPs provides data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented prgramming language a global data can be
accessed from anywhere.

3)OOPs provides ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide the solution of
real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming language.
Object and Class in Java
In object-oriented programming technique, we design a program using objects and classes.

Object is the physical as well as logical entity whereas class is the logical entity only.

Object in Java
An entity that has state and behavior is known as
an object e.g. chair, bike, marker, pen, table, car
etc. It can be physical or logical (tangible and
intangible). The example of intagible object is
banking system.

An object has three characteristics:

 state: represents data (value) of an object.

 behavior: represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such as deposit, withdraw etc.

 identity: Object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID. The value of the ID is not
visible to the external user. But,it is used internally by the JVM to identify each object uniquely.

For Example: Pen is an object. Its name is Reynolds, color is white etc. known as its state. It is used to
write, so writing is its behavior.
Object is an instance of a class. Class is a template or blueprint from which objects are created. So
object is the instance(result) of a class.

Class in Java
A class is a group of objects that has common properties. It is a template or blueprint from which
objects are created.

A class in java can contain:

 data member

 method

 constructor

Syntax to declare a class:

class <class_name>{
data member;
method;
}
 Instance variable (data member) in Java
A variable that is created inside the class but outside the method, is known as instance
variable.Instance variable doesn't get memory at compile time.It gets memory at runtime when
object(instance) is created.That is why, it is known as instance variable.

Method in Java
In java, a method is like function i.e. used to expose behaviour of an object.

Advantage of Method
 Code Reusability

 Code Optimization

new keyword
The new keyword is used to allocate memory at runtime.

Example of Object and class that maintains the records of students

In this example, we are creating the two objects of Student class and initializing the value to these
objects by invoking the insertRecord method on it. Here, we are displaying the state (data) of the
objects by invoking the displayInformation method.

class Student2{
int rollno;
String name;

void insertRecord(int r, String n){ //method

rollno=r;
name=n;
}

10. void displayInformation(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name);}//method

11.
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. Student2 s1=new Student2();
14. Student2 s2=new Student2();
15.
16. s1.insertRecord(111,"Karan");
17. s2.insertRecord(222,"Aryan");
18.
19. s1.displayInformation();
20. s2.displayInformation();
21.
22. }
23. }

Output:111 Karan
222 Aryan
 As you see in the above figure, object gets the memory in Heap area and reference variable refers to
the object allocated in the Heap memory area. Here, s1 and s2 both are reference variables that refer
to the objects allocated in memory.

Example of Object and Class

There is given another example that maintains the records of Rectangle class. Its exaplanation is
same as in the above Student class example.

class Rectangle{
int length;
int width;

void insert(int l,int w){

length=l;
width=w;
}

10. void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}

11.
12. public static void main(String args[]){
13. Rectangle r1=new Rectangle();
14. Rectangle r2=new Rectangle();
15.
16. r1.insert(11,5);
17. r2.insert(3,15);
18.
19. r1.calculateArea();
20. r2.calculateArea();
21. }
22. }
Output:55
45

What are the different ways to create an object in Java?

There are many ways to create an object in java. They are:
  By new keyword

 By newInstance() method

 By clone() method

 By factory method etc.

Annonymous object
Annonymous simply means nameless.An object that have no reference is known as annonymous object.

If you have to use an object only once, annonymous object is a good approach.

class Calculation{

void fact(int n){

int fact=1;
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){
fact=fact*i;
}
System.out.println("factorial is "+fact);
}

public static void main(String args[]){

new Calculation().fact(5);//calling method with annonymous object
}
}
Output:
Factorial is 120

Creating multiple objects by one type only

class Rectangle{
int length;
int width;

void insert(int l,int w){

length=l;
width=w;
}

void calculateArea(){System.out.println(length*width);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(),r2=new Rectangle();//creating two objects

r1.insert(11,5);
r2.insert(3,15);

r1.calculateArea();
r2.calculateArea();
}
}

Output:55
45
Method Overloading in Java
If a class have multiple methods by same name but different parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the readability of the
program.

Suppose you have to perform addition of the given numbers

but there can be any number of arguments, if you write the
method such as a(int,int) for two parameters, and
b(int,int,int) for three parameters then it may be difficult for
you as well as other programmers to understand the
behaviour of the method because its name differs. So, we
perform method overloading to figure out the program
quickly.

Advantage of method overloading?

Method overloading increases the readability of the program.

Different ways to overload the method

There are two ways to overload the method in java

1. By changing number of arguments

2. By changing the data type

In java, Methood Overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the method.

Example of Method Overloading by changing the no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two overloaded methods, first sum method performs addition of two numbers
and second sum method performs addition of three numbers.

class Calculation{
void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Calculation obj=new Calculation();
obj.sum(10,10,10);
obj.sum(20,20);

}
}

Output:30
 40

Example of Method Overloading by changing data type of argument

In this example, we have created two overloaded methods that differs in data type. The first sum method receives
two integer arguments and second sum method receives two double arguments.

class Calculation2{
void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
void sum(double a,double b){System.out.println(a+b);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Calculation2 obj=new Calculation2();
obj.sum(10.5,10.5);
obj.sum(20,20);

}
}

Output:21.0
40

Why Method Overloaing is not possible by changing the return type of

method?

In java, method overloading is not possible by changing the return type of the method because there may occur
ambiguity. Let's see how ambiguity may occur:

because there was problem:

class Calculation3{
int sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}
double sum(int a,int b){System.out.println(a+b);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Calculation3 obj=new Calculation3();
int result=obj.sum(20,20); //Compile Time Error

}
}

int result=obj.sum(20,20); //Here how can java determine which sum() method should be called

Can we overload main() method?

Yes, by method overloading. You can have any number of main methods in a class by
method overloading. Let's see the simple example:

class Overloading1{
public static void main(int a){
System.out.println(a);
}

public static void main(String args[]){

System.out.println("main() method invoked");
 main(10);
}
}
Output:main() method invoked
10

Method Overloading and TypePromotion

One type is promoted to another implicitly if no matching datatype is found. Let's understand the concept by the
figure given below:

As displayed in the above diagram, byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double. The short datatype
can be promoted to int,long,float or double. The char datatype can be promoted to int,long,float or double and so
on.

Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion

As displayed in the above diagram, byte can be promoted to short, int, long, float or double. The short datatype
can be promoted to int,long,float or double. The char datatype can be promoted to int,long,float or double and so
on.

Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion

class OverloadingCalculation1{
void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println(a+b);}
void sum(int a,int b,int c){System.out.println(a+b+c);}

public static void main(String args[]){

OverloadingCalculation1 obj=new OverloadingCalculation1();
obj.sum(20,20);//now second int literal will be promoted to long
obj.sum(20,20,20);
 }
}
Output:40
60

Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion if matching found

If there are matching type arguments in the method, type promotion is not performed.

class OverloadingCalculation2{
void sum(int a,int b){System.out.println("int arg method invoked");}
void sum(long a,long b){System.out.println("long arg method invoked");}

public static void main(String args[]){

OverloadingCalculation2 obj=new OverloadingCalculation2();
obj.sum(20,20);//now int arg sum() method gets invoked
}
}
Output:int arg method invoked

Example of Method Overloading with TypePromotion in case ambiguity

If there are no matching type arguments in the method, and each method promotes similar number of arguments,
there will be ambiguity.

class OverloadingCalculation3{
void sum(int a,long b){System.out.println("a method invoked");}
void sum(long a,int b){System.out.println("b method invoked");}

public static void main(String args[]){

OverloadingCalculation3 obj=new OverloadingCalculation3();
obj.sum(20,20);//now ambiguity
}
}
Output:Compile Time Error
Comparable Comparator
1) Comparable provides single sorting sequence. Comparator provides multiple sorting sequence. In other
In other words, we can sort the collection on the words, we can sort the collection on the basis of multiple
basis of single element such as id or name or elements such as id, name and price etc.
price etc.
2) Comparable affects the original class i.e. Comparator doesn't affect the original class i.e. actual class
actual class is modified. is not modified.
3) Comparable provides compareTo() method to Comparator provides compare() method to sort elements.
sort elements.
4) Comparable is found in java.lang package. Comparator is found in java.util package.
5) We can sort the list elements of Comparable We can sort the list elements of Comparator type
type byCollections.sort(List) method. byCollections.sort(List,Comparator) method.