Abstract:

The objective of conducting this experiment is to learn the way of connecting a three-phase
squirrel cage motor in a star and a delta circuit and reversing its rotational direction with and
without a reversing switch. Besides, this experiment is to determine the efficiency of a squirrel
cage motor with measuring instruments and comparing it with the theoretical and experimental
results and hence, recording the results and interpreting various squirrel cage motor
characteristics as a function of load torque or speed. Last but not least, it is to investigate the
influence of compensation capacitance on squirrel cage motor current and power factor.
Literature review:
(Price, 2016)An induction motor rotor can be either wound rotor or a squirrel cage rotor. The
majority of commercial and industrial applications usually involve the use of a three-phase
squirrel-cage induction motor. A typical squirrel-cage induction motor is shown. The rotor is
constructed using a number of single bars short-circuited by end rings and arranged in a hamster-
wheel or squirrel-cage configuration. When voltage is applied to the stator winding, a rotating
magnetic field is established. This rotating magnetic field causes a voltage to be induced in the
rotor, which, because the rotor bars are essentially single-turn coils, causes currents to flow in the
rotor bars. These rotor currents establish their own magnetic field, which interacts with the stator
magnetic field to produce a torque. The resultant production of torque spins the rotor in the same
direction as the rotation of the magnetic field produced by the stator. In modern induction
motors, the most common type of rotor has cast-aluminum conductors and short-circuiting end
rings.

The resistance of the squirrel-cage rotor has an important effect on the operation of the motor. A
high-resistance rotor develops a high starting torque at low starting current. A low-resistance
rotor develops low slip and high efficiency at full load.

From experiment 1, the squirrel cage motor is connected in a star and delta circuit. Next, by
changing any pair of the phases at the stator terminal, the direction will be changed. Moreover, a
simple connection by using star-delta switch has been done to show that a squirrel cage motor
can also be connected by star-delta switch besides than its own connections. In experiment 2, a
circuit is connected to determine the efficiency of the motor and the characteristics of the motor.
120𝑓
The field rotation rate can be calculated by applying the formula o 𝑛𝑟 = where frequency,
𝑝

1
f is 50𝐻𝑧 and the number of pole, p is 4. Input power, 𝑃1 can be calculated by the formula 𝑃1 =
𝑛𝑇
√3 𝑉𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑠ø while output power, 𝑃2 can be calculated by using 𝑃2 = 9.55
, where 𝑛 is speed of the

machine and T is Torque. For experiment 3, by using computer with software provided, data is
recorded while experiment 4 is to determine the reactive power compensation and difference
when few capacitors are added into the circuit.

2
Experiment 1.1: Experiment with the 400 / 690 V Squirrel Cage Motor with Basic Circuit
Star Circuit:

𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿3

𝑢1

𝑢2
𝑣2 𝑤2
𝑣1 𝑤1

3~

Figure 1.1.1: Connecting the squirrel cage asynchronies motor in a star circuit.
After the motor has started, it rotates in clockwise direction with the rotational speed, 𝑛 =
1495 𝑟𝑝𝑚.
Results Reading
Phase-to-phase voltage 235V
Winding voltage 405V
Current in one supply lead 0.16A
Table 1.1.1: Information recorded.
After the two of the three phases are reversed, the motor rotate in anti-clockwise direction with
the rotational speed, 𝑛 = −1495 𝑟𝑝𝑚.

3
Delta Circuit:

𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿3

𝑢1
𝑤2

𝑢2 𝑤1
𝑣1 𝑣2
3~

Figure 1.1.2: Connecting the squirrel cage asynchronous motor in a delta circuit.
After the motor has started, it rotates in clockwise direction with the rotational speed, 𝑛 =
1496 𝑟𝑝𝑚.

Results Reading
Phase-to-phase voltage 400V
Winding voltage 400V
Current in one supply lead 0.7A
Table 1.1.1: Information recorded.
After the two of the three phases are reversed, the motor rotate in anti-clockwise direction with
the rotational speed, 𝑛 = −1495 𝑟𝑝𝑚.
Star-Delta Switch:
After switching the motor on, 𝐼1 = 0.8 𝐴,
After the motor has come up to speed, 𝐼2 = 0.16 𝐴,
After switchover to delta configuration, 𝐼3 = 0.73 𝐴,
After the motor has reached a constant speed, 𝐼4 = 0.7 𝐴
Repeated the experiment but switch from start to delta right away,
After switchover, 𝐼5 = 1.5 𝐴
After motor has reached a constant speed , 𝐼6 = 0.7 𝐴

4
Experiment 2: Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics

Nominal voltage, 𝑉𝑁 when connected in star configured 692 V

Nominal voltage, 𝑉𝑁 when connected in delta configured 400 V
Nominal current, 𝐼𝑁 when connected in star configured 0.58 A
Nominal current, 𝐼𝑁 when connected in delta configured 1A
Nominal power factor, cos 𝜙𝑁 0.7
Nominal speed, 𝑛𝑁 1350 rpm
Nominal power, 𝑃𝑁 270 W
Table 2.1: Nominal data for the machine under test.
Machine’s nominal torque:
9.55
𝑇𝑁 = × 𝑃𝑁
𝑛𝑁
9.55
𝑇𝑁 = × 270
1350
≈ 1.91𝑁𝑚

Actual torque of the machine: (delta configuration)

𝑛𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1416 𝑟𝑝𝑚
9.55
𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = × 270
1416
≈ 1.81𝑁𝑚

To calculate the actual nominal torque in 10 division, so that the increment can be calculated.
𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑐 =
10
1.81
=
10
= 0.181𝑁𝑚

5
 𝑇 𝑇
At 𝑇 = 0, 𝑇0 = 0. Therefore, at 𝑇 = 0.1,
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑇1 = 𝑇0 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑐
= 0 + 0.181
= 0.18 (𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑜 2 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠)
𝑇
Repeat the calculation for 𝑇 for different ratio of 𝑇 .
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑇
The nominal value for 𝐼𝑁 , 𝑃1𝑁 , 𝑃2𝑁 and given 𝑉 = 404.5 𝑉 are the values at the column 𝑇 =
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
1. To calculate I and P in per unit system, at 𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0
For n,
𝑛 1493
=
𝑛𝑁 1416
= 1.054

For 𝐼,
𝐼 0.7
=
𝐼𝑁 0.83
= 0.843

For 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 ,
𝑃1 = √3𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙
= √3(400)(0.7)(0.15)
= 72.746 𝑊

𝑃1 73.56
=
𝑃1𝑁 385.277
= 0.189

𝑃2 = 𝑇 × 𝜔
1493
= 0×
9.55
= 0𝑊
𝑃2 0
=
𝑃2𝑁 268.373
=0

6
 𝑃2
𝜂=
𝑃1
0
=
280
=0
Repeat all the calculation at different ratio of 𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Based on the data recorded and
𝑇
calculated for speed of revolution, n, current, 𝐼, power, 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 at different 𝑇 , the data is
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

tabulated as shown below (Table 2.2 and Table 2.3)

𝑇
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
Calculated 𝑇 (𝑁𝑚) 0.00 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.91 1.09 1.27
𝑛 (𝑟𝑝𝑚) 1493 1486 1480 1473 1467 1460 1452 1443
Measured 𝐼 (𝐴) 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.6 0.7 0.71 0.72 0.74
cos 𝜙 0.15 0.20 0.27 0.33 0.39 0.45 0.50 0.55
𝑛
1.054 1.049 1.045 1.040 1.036 1.031 1.025 1.019
𝑛𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐼
0.843 0.831 0.831 0.723 0.843 0.855 0.867 0.892
𝐼𝑁
𝑃1 (𝑊) 72.746 95.609 129.072 137.178 189.140 221.356 249.415 281.978
Calculated 𝑃1
0.189 0.248 0.335 0.356 0.491 0.575 0.647 0.732
𝑃1𝑁
𝑃2 (𝑊) 0.000 28.008 55.791 83.290 110.601 139.120 165.726 191.896
𝑃2
0.000 0.104 0.208 0.310 0.412 0.518 0.618 0.715
𝑃2𝑁
𝜂 0.000 0.293 0.432 0.607 0.585 0.628 0.664 0.681
Table 2.2: Data measured and calculated. (Part 1) (Delta configuration)

7
 𝑇
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
Calculated 𝑇 (𝑁𝑚) 1.45 1.63 1.81 1.99 2.17 2.35 2.53 2.73
𝑛 (𝑟𝑝𝑚) 1433 1425 1416 1404 1391 1378 1362 1342
Measured 𝐼 (𝐴) 0.77 0.8 0.83 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.05 1.13
cos 𝜙 0.60 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.80 0.82
𝑛
1.012 1.006 1.000 0.992 0.982 0.973 0.962 0.948
𝑛𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐼
0.928 0.964 1.000 1.060 1.108 1.181 1.265 1.361
𝐼𝑁
𝑃1 (𝑊) 320.083 354.724 385.277 432.874 478.046 529.592 581.969 641.967
Calculated 𝑃1
0.831 0.921 1.000 1.124 1.241 1.375 1.511 1.666
𝑃1𝑁
𝑃2 (𝑊) 217.576 243.220 268.373 292.561 316.070 339.089 360.823 383.629
𝑃2
0.811 0.906 1.000 1.090 1.178 1.263 1.344 1.429
𝑃2𝑁
𝜂 0.680 0.686 0.697 0.676 0.661 0.640 0.620 0.598
Table 2.3: Data measured and calculated. (Part 2) (Delta configuration)

8
A graph in normalized form as a function of load torque (𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 ) for the values: speed (𝑛/𝑛𝑁 ),
current (𝐼/𝐼𝑁 ), input power (𝑃1 /𝑃2𝑁 ), output power (𝑃2 /𝑃2𝑁 ), power factor (cos 𝜙) and
efficiency (𝜂).

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
n/nN,act
1 I/IN,act

0.8 cosϕ
η
0.6
P1/P1N
0.4
P2/P2N
0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

Graph 2.1: Graph in normalized form. (Delta configuration)

Actual nominal torque of the machine for star configuration is one-third of the nominal torque
of the delta configuration:
1.81
𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
3
≈ 0.6 𝑁𝑚

To calculate the actual nominal torque in 10 division, so that the increment can be calculated.
𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑐 =
10
0.6
=
10
= 0.06𝑁𝑚

9
 𝑇
At 𝑇 = 0.3,
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑇3 = 3𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑐
= 3(0.06)
= 0.18 (𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑜 2 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠)
𝑇
Repeat the calculation for 𝑇 for different ratio of 𝑇 .
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑇
The nominal value for 𝐼𝑁 , 𝑃1𝑁 , 𝑃2𝑁 and given 𝑉𝑁 = 692 𝑉 are the values at the column 𝑇 =
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
1. To calculate I and P in per unit system, at 𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.3
For n,
𝑛 1464
=
𝑛𝑁 1400
= 1.046

For 𝐼,
𝐼 0.18
=
𝐼𝑁 0.27
= 0.667

For 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 ,
𝑃1 = √3𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙
= √3(692)(0.18)(0.52)
= 112.187 𝑊

𝑃1 112.187
=
𝑃1𝑁 258.893
= 0.433

𝑃2 = 𝑇 × 𝜔
1464
= 0.18 ×
9.55
= 27.594 𝑊

10
 𝑃2 27.594
=
𝑃2𝑁 87.958
= 0.314

𝑃2
𝜂=
𝑃1
27.594
=
112.187
= 0.222
Repeat all the calculation at different ratio of 𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 . Based on the data recorded and
𝑇
calculated for speed of revolution, n, current, 𝐼, power, 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 at different 𝑇 , the data is
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

tabulated as shown below (Table 2.4 and Table 2.5)

𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Calculated 𝑇 (𝑁𝑚) 0.18 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.42
𝑛 (𝑟𝑝𝑚) 1464 1457 1448 1440 1431
Measured 𝐼 (𝐴) 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22
cos 𝜙 0.52 0.57 0.62 0.66 0.70
𝑛
1.046 1.041 1.034 1.029 1.022
𝑛𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐼
0.667 0.704 0.741 0.778 0.815
𝐼𝑁
𝑃1 (𝑊) 112.187 129.806 148.624 166.123 184.581
Calculated 𝑃1
0.433 0.501 0.574 0.642 0.713
𝑃1𝑁
𝑃2 (𝑊) 27.594 36.616 45.487 54.283 62.934
𝑃2
0.314 0.416 0.517 0.617 0.716
𝑃2𝑁
𝜂 0.246 0.282 0.306 0.327 0.341
Table 2.4: Data measured and calculated. (Part 1) (Star configuration)

11
 𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Calculated 𝑇 (𝑁𝑚) 0.48 0.54 0.60 0.66 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.91
𝑛 (𝑟𝑝𝑚) 1421 1411 1400 1387 1371 1354 1333 1258
Measured 𝐼 (𝐴) 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.42
cos 𝜙 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86
𝑛
1.015 1.008 1.000 0.991 0.979 0.967 0.952 0.899
𝑛𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝐼
0.889 0.926 1.000 1.074 1.185 1.259 1.370 1.556
𝐼𝑁
𝑃1 (𝑊) 209.991 230.726 258.893 285.022 318.343 342.314 376.953 432.927
Calculated 𝑃1
0.811 0.891 1.000 1.101 1.230 1.322 1.456 1.672
𝑃1𝑁
𝑃2 (𝑊) 71.422 79.784 87.958 95.855 103.363 110.588 117.248 119.872
𝑃2
0.812 0.907 1.000 1.090 1.175 1.257 1.333 1.363
𝑃2𝑁
𝜂 0.340 0.346 0.340 0.336 0.325 0.323 0.311 0.277
Table 2.5: Data measured and calculated. (Part 2) (Star configuration)

12
A graph in normalized form as a function of load torque (𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 ) for the values: speed (𝑛/𝑛𝑁 ),
current (𝐼/𝐼𝑁 ), input power (𝑃1 /𝑃2𝑁 ), output power (𝑃2 /𝑃2𝑁 ), power factor (cos 𝜙) and
efficiency (𝜂).

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2
n/nN,act
1 I/IN,act
0.8 cosϕ

0.6 η
P1/P1N
0.4
P2/P2N
0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

Graph 2.2: Graph in normalized form. (Star configuration)

13
Experiment 3: Computer-based Recording of Load and Run-up Characteristics
Delta circuit load characteristic:
Setting: start speed: 1495 rpm, stop speed: 0 rpm
Delta circuit run-up characteristic:
Setting: start speed: 0 rpm, stop speed: 1495 rpm

Figure 3.1: Graph of load characteristic in a delta circuit.

14
Star circuit load characteristic:
Setting: start speed: 1495 rpm, stop speed: 0 rpm
Star circuit run-up characteristic:
Setting: start speed: 0 rpm, stop speed: 1495 rpm

Figure 3.2: Graph of run-up characteristic in a star circuit.

15
Experiment 4: Reactive Power Compensation for Squirrel Cage Motors

𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿3

3~

Figure 4.1: Connecting the squirrel cage asynchronous motor in a delta circuit with capacitor.

Result: Nominal Values for the Object Under Test when Configured in a Delta Circuit
𝐼𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.6 𝐴

𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1.81 𝑁𝑚
To calculate the actual nominal torque in 10 division, so that the increment can be calculated.
𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑐 =
10
1.81
=
10
= 0.181𝑁𝑚
𝑇
At 𝑇 = 1,
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑇1 = (1)𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑐
= 1(0.181)
= 0.18 (𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑜 2 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠)
𝑇
Repeat the calculation for 𝑇 for different ratio of 𝑇 .
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

16
 The operating current, 𝐼 and power factor, cos 𝜙 at different 𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 are recorded and tabulated
in Table 4.1.
𝐼
To calculate the ratio, 𝐼 at 𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0 where 𝐼𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 1 𝐴,
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝐼 0.29
=
𝐼𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 1
= 0.29 𝐴
𝐼 𝑇
Repeat the calculation for 𝐼 for different ratio of 𝑇 .
𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡

𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

𝑇 (𝑁𝑚) 0.00 0.18 0.36 0.54 0.72 0.91 1.09 1.27

𝐼 (𝐴) 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.35 0.38 0.42 0.46
𝐼
0.483 0.483 0.517 0.533 0.583 0.633 0.700 0.767
𝐼𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
cos 𝜙 0.28 0.41 0.65 0.85 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.93
𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
𝑇 (𝑁𝑚) 1.45 1.63 1.81 1.99 2.17 2.35 2.53 2.72
𝐼 (𝐴) 0.51 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.72 0.78 0.85 0.94
𝐼
0.850 0.917 1.000 1.083 1.200 1.300 1.417 1.567
𝐼𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡
cos 𝜙 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97
Table 4.1: Data measured and calculated.

17
A graph in normalized form as a function of load torque (𝑇/𝑇𝑁,𝑎𝑐𝑡 ) for the values: current (𝐼/𝐼𝑁 )
and power factor (cos 𝜙), with and without compression.

1.800

1.600

1.400

1.200

1.000 I / IN,act with coompensation

0.800 I/IN,act without compensation

0.600 cos ϕ with compesation

cos ϕ without compensation
0.400

0.200

0.000
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Axis Title

Graph 4.1: Graph in normalized form.

18
Discussion:
1. Discuss and compare the efficiency that could theoretically be expected from rating plate
data, and then the actual efficiency as evidenced by the measured values.

Based on the results that has been obtained, the experimental efficiency of a delta circuit
is 0.697 (Table 2.3) while referring to Table 2.1, the theoretical efficiency for delta circuit
can be calculated as follows:

𝑃2,𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 =
𝑃1,𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
PN
=
√3𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙
270
=
√3 × 400 × 1 × 0.7
= 0.56

For error percentage,

|𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙|
Percentage error = × 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
|0.56– 0.697|
=
0.56
= 19.65%

Next, the experimental efficiency of a delta circuit is 0.34 (Table 2.5) while referring to
Table 2.1, the theoretical efficiency for delta circuit can be calculated as follows:

𝑃2,𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
𝜂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 =
𝑃1,𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜
PN
=
√3𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜙
270
=
√3 × 692 × 1 × 0.7
= 0.32

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 For error percentage,

|𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙|
Percentage error = × 100%
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
|0.32– 0.34|
=
0.32
= 6.25%

Theoretically, the efficiency should increase when the power factor increases, but based
on the results that has been obtained in this experiment, for the delta and star circuit, the
efficiency increases when the power factor increases. However, when the speed is about
1415rpm, the efficiency started to drop continuously until the end.

2. Calculate the nominal slip.

The nominal slip can be calculated by applying the formula
𝑛
𝑆 = 1−
𝑛𝑟
120𝑓
𝑛𝑟 =
𝑝
where 𝑛𝑟 is equal to 1500 rpm when frequency, f is 50Hz and next number of poles is 4.
For theoretical nominal slip,
1350
𝑆𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 = 1 −
1500
= 0.1
For experimental nominal slip,
Delta circuit: Star circuit:
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆 = 1 − 𝑛𝑟 𝑆 = 1 − 𝑛𝑟

1416 1400
= 1 – (1500) = 1 – (1500)

= 0.056 = 0.067

Therefore, it can conclude that the experimental nominal slip for both delta circuit and
star circuit are lower than the actual nominal slip which is 0.1.

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3. Discuss the function of star-delta switch in industrial application.

(Daware, 2011) The star-delta switch is the method used to reduce voltage at starting.
Voltage reduction during star-delta starting is achieved by physically reconfiguring the
motor windings. The star/delta starter is manufactured from the three contactors, a timer
and a thermal overload. The contactors are smaller than the single contactor used in a
direct line starter as they are only controlling the windings currents only. The advantages
of the star-delta switch are the operation is simple and it also have good torque and good
current performance. Next, examples of application for star-delta switch is low to
medium voltage and light starting torque motors. They are used in an attempt to reduce
the start current applied to the motor during start as a means of reducing the
disturbances and interference on the electrical supply.

4. Discuss the role played by the capacitor bank.

The role of capacitor bank is used for compensating the power system which is used to
regulate reactive power. An AC electrical system contain three types of powers which
is active, reactive and real power. Capacitor bank can be used to increase the power
factor approximate to 1 because the power supplier will charge the electric cost
according to power factor instead of real power. Hence, the higher the power factor, the
lower the electric cost will be charge.

5. Discuss the applications of the induction motor.

Induction motor is the most commonly used AC motor in industrial applications

because of its simplicity, rugged construction, and relatively low manufacturing costs.
Induction motor is classified into two major categories: Single-Phase AC Induction
Motor and Three-Phase AC Induction Motor. A three-phase induction motor is used to
adopt and apply so many cases. Real application example in the manufacturing parts: A
three-phase induction motor is operated without any VFDs(Variable Frequency Drive).
In case of this, speed and torque that is happened are continuously same from start to
stop when it does not consider a starting torque. The cost that is composed like this is

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 very cheap. The examples that is similar to this are supply and return fans of AHU(Air
Handling Unit), circulation water pumps of HVAC, feed water pump of fire extinguish
and so on. For a Single-Phase AC motor, it serves as prime power sources for a seemly
limitless array of small horsepower applications in industry and home. (Heinecke,
2000)

Conclusion:

A squirrel cage AC motor can be categorized into two types of connections which are delta and
star. Changing any pair of terminals will change the direction due to AC is a continuous signal.
Based on the results that has been obtained, for a delta circuit, it has a percentage error of 6.25%
while a star circuit has a percentage error of 19.65%. Based on the graph that has been plotted,
torque is directly proportional to the output power. Besides, the efficiency will increase as the
speed increase but when the motor reached a certain speed, the efficiency will start to decrease
dramatically. Not only that, the star and delta connection can be connected by using the star-delta
switch rather than connect it manually and hence reduce the starting current of motor. Last but
not least, by adding the capacitor into the circuit can increase the power factor which is
approximately to one. As the power factor is approximately one, the losses of transmission can
be reduced and hence reduced the electrical cost of the factory.

References:
1. Daware, K. (2011). Starting methods of three phase induction motors. Retrieved
November 5, 2017, from ELECTRICALEASY:
http://www.electricaleasy.com/2014/02/starting-of-three-phase-induction-motors.html

2. Heinecke, K. (2000, November 1). MOTION SYSTEM DESIGN. Retrieved December 30,
2017, from MachineDesign: http://www.machinedesign.com/motorsdrives/single-phase-
electric-motors-characteristics-applications

3. Price, S. G. (2016). Squirrel Cage Induction Motor. Retrieved November 3, 2017, from
Gozuk: http://www.servomotor.co/squirrel-cage-induction-motor-705339.html

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