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    Anand Kal
    This document describes the economic dispatch problem in power systems. The goal of economic dispatch is to determine the optimal generation dispatch that minimizes operating costs while meeting demand, subject to generator limits. It presents the factors considered like generation costs, supply and demand. It also provides the mathematical formulation and describes the Lambda iteration method algorithm to solve the problem numerically using MATLAB. The sample problem output shows the optimal dispatch is 450MW, 325MW and 200MW for the 3 generators, with a total operating cost of Rs. 8236.25.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    34343

    Uploaded by

    Anand Kal
    112 views5 pages
    This document describes the economic dispatch problem in power systems. The goal of economic dispatch is to determine the optimal generation dispatch that minimizes operating costs while meeting demand, subject to generator limits. It presents the factors considered like generation costs, supply and demand. It also provides the mathematical formulation and describes the Lambda iteration method algorithm to solve the problem numerically using MATLAB. The sample problem output shows the optimal dispatch is 450MW, 325MW and 200MW for the 3 generators, with a total operating cost of Rs. 8236.25.

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    lab manual

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    This document describes the economic dispatch problem in power systems. The goal of economic dispatch is to determine the optimal generation dispatch that minimizes operating costs while meeting demand, subject to generator limits. It presents the factors considered like generation costs, supply and demand. It also provides the mathematical formulation and describes the Lambda iteration method algorithm to solve the problem numerically using MATLAB. The sample problem output shows the optimal dispatch is 450MW, 325MW and 200MW for the 3 generators, with a total operating cost of Rs. 8236.25.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    112 views5 pages

    34343

    Uploaded by

    Anand Kal
    This document describes the economic dispatch problem in power systems. The goal of economic dispatch is to determine the optimal generation dispatch that minimizes operating costs while meeting demand, subject to generator limits. It presents the factors considered like generation costs, supply and demand. It also provides the mathematical formulation and describes the Lambda iteration method algorithm to solve the problem numerically using MATLAB. The sample problem output shows the optimal dispatch is 450MW, 325MW and 200MW for the 3 generators, with a total operating cost of Rs. 8236.25.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    ECONOMIC DISPATCH IN POWER SYSTEMS

    AIM:
    To understand the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem by using Lambda-
    iteration method without line losses and with generator limits.

    SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
    MATLAB

    THEORY:

    The goal of economic dispatch is to determine the generation dispatch that minimizes the
    instantaneous operating cost, subject to the constraint that total generation is equal to the total
    demand and losses.

    FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM

    The Cost of Generation

    Cost is one of the primary characteristics of a generating unit that must be considered when
    dispatching units economically. The EDC is concerned with the short-term operating cost, which is
    primarily determined by fuel cost and usage. Fuel usage is closely related to generation level. Very
    often, the relationship between power level and fuel cost is approximated by a quadratic curve:

    F = aP2 + bP +c.

    c is a constant term that represents the cost of operating the plant, b is a linear term that
    varies directly with the level of generation and a is the term that accounts for efficiency changes
    over the range of the plant output.

    The Price

    The price at which an electric supplier will be compensated is another important factor in
    determining an optimal economic dispatch. In many areas of the world, electric power systems have
    been, or still are, treated as a natural monopoly. Regulations allow the utilities to charge rates that
    guarantee them a nominal profit. In competitive markets, which come in a variety of flavors, price
    is determined through the forces of supply and demand.

    The Quantity Supplied

    The amount of electric energy to be supplied is another fundamental input for the EDC. If a
    consumer switches on a motor, the electric supplier must provide the electric energy needed to
    operate the motor. In competitive markets, this obligation to serve is limited to those with whom the
    GENCO has a contract. Beyond its contractual obligations, the GENCO may be willing (if the
    opportunity arises) to supply additional consumer demand.

    JJCET/EEE-Power System Simulation 38


    Statement of Economic Dispatch Problem:

    In a power system, with negligible transmission loss and with N number of spinning thermal
    generating units, the total system load PD at a particular interval can be met by different sets of
    generation schedules.
    (K) (K) (K)
    {PG1 , PG2 , … … … . . PGN }; K = 1,2, … … NS

    Out of these NS set of generation schedules, the system operator has to choose the set of schedules,
    which minimize the system operating cost, which is essentially the sum of the production cost of all
    the generating units. This economic dispatch problem is mathematically stated as an optimization
    problem.

    Given: The number of available generating units N, their production cost functions, their operating
    limits and the system load PD.

    To determine: The set of generation schedules,

    𝑃𝐺𝑖 ; 𝑖 = 1,2, … … 𝑁
    Which minimize the total production cost,
    𝑁

    𝑀𝑖𝑛; 𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑖 (𝑃𝐺𝑖 )
    𝑖=1
    and satisfies the power balance constraint
    𝑁

    𝛷= 𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐷 = 0
    𝑖=1
    and the operating limits
    𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥

    The units production cost function is usually approximated by quadratic function

    𝐹𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖2 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖 ; 𝑖 = 1,2, … . 𝑁

    Where 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑖 are constants.

    ALGORITHM:

    Step 1: Assign initial trial value of λ.


    Step 2: Compute PGi using,
    𝜆 − 𝑏𝑖
    𝑃𝐺𝑖 = , 𝑖 = 1,2, … … . 𝑁
    2𝑎𝑖
    Step 3: If the computed PGi satisfy the operating limits,
    𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝑖 = 1,2 … . , 𝑁
    Then the optimum solution is obtained, otherwise go to the next step.

    JJCET/EEE-Power System Simulation 39


    Step 4: If PGi violates the operating limits, then fix the generation at the respective limit.
    𝑃𝐺𝑖 < 𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛 , fix 𝑃𝐺𝑖 = 𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑖𝑛
    𝑃𝐺𝑖 > 𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥 , fix 𝑃𝐺𝑖 = 𝑃𝐺𝑖,𝑚𝑎𝑥
    Step 5: Calculate the change in power,

    𝛥𝑃 = 𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐷

    Step 6: If 𝛥𝑃 < 0.0001, then stop. Otherwise go to next step.


    Step 7: Calculate the change in lambda.
    𝛥𝑃
    𝛥𝜆 =
    𝑁 1
    𝑖=1 2𝑎
    𝑖

    Step 8: If 𝑃𝐺𝑖 < 𝑃𝐷, 𝜆𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝜆 + 𝛥𝜆


    If 𝑃𝐺𝑖 > 𝑃𝐷, 𝜆𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝜆 − 𝛥𝜆
    Step 9: Redistribute the remaining system load PD.
    𝑃𝐷 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑜𝑙𝑑 − 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
    Compute the remaining generation using,
    𝜆𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑏𝑖
    𝑃𝐺𝑖 =
    2𝑎𝑖
    If the condition is satisfied, then stop.
    Step 10: Calculate the total fuel cost of the power system by using,
    𝐹𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 = 𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖2 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑐𝑖 ; 𝑖 = 1,2, … . 𝑁
    PROBLEM:

    The fuel cost functions of three thermal units in Rs/hr are given by,

    C1=500+5.3P1+0.004P12

    C2=400+5.5P2+0.006P22

    C3=200+5.8P3+0.009P32

    Where, P1, P2, P3 are in MW. The generator limits are

    200 ≤ P1 ≤ 450

    150 ≤ P2≤ 350

    100 ≤ P3 ≤ 225

    The power demand is 975 MW. Find the optimal dispatch and the total fuel cost of the power system.

    JJCET/EEE-Power System Simulation 40


    PROGRAM:
    %economic scheduling of generation neglecting transmission loss
    clear pgg
    cost = [0.004 5.3 500
    0.006 5.5 400
    0.009 5.8 200];
    mwlimits = [200 450
    150 350
    100 225];
    Pd=975;
    ng=length(cost(:,1));
    a=cost(:,1);
    b=cost(:,2);
    c=cost(:,3);
    Pmin=mwlimits(:,1);
    Pmax=mwlimits(:,2);
    iter=0; %Iteration counter
    DelP=10; %Error in DelP is set to a high value
    lamnr=b./(2*a);
    lamdr=1./(2*a);
    lamda=(Pd+sum(lamnr))/sum(lamdr);
    while abs(DelP)>=0.0001
    iter=iter+1;
    P=(lamda-b)./(2*a);
    for k=1:ng
    if P(k)>Pmax(k);
    P(k)=Pmax(k);
    elseif P(k)<Pmin(k)
    P(k)=Pmin(k);
    else, end
    end
    DelP=Pd-sum(P);
    Dellamda=DelP/sum(lamdr);
    lamda=lamda+Dellamda;
    end
    fprintf('\nIncremental cost of received power (system lamda)=%10.2f $/Mwh \n', lamda)
    disp('Optimal Dispatch of Generation in MW')
    disp(P)
    Pmt=[P.^2 P ones(1,ng)']';
    for i=1:ng
    costv(i)=cost(i,:)*Pmt(:,i);
    end
    totalcost=sum(costv);
    fprintf('\nTotal generation cost=%10.2f $/h \n', totalcost)

    JJCET/EEE-Power System Simulation 41


    OUTPUT:

    Incremental cost of received power = 9.40 Rs/Mwh

    Optimal Dispatch of Generation in MW


    450.0000
    325.0000
    200.0000

    Total generation cost= 8236.25 Rs/h

    RESULT:
    The economic dispatch problem without transmission line losses and with generator limits for a
    given load condition using Lambda-iteration method was studied by developing a MATLAB program
    and verified by using manual calculation.

    JJCET/EEE-Power System Simulation 42

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