Yogesh Singh Shekhawat_35501621036

Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Malda
(A CFTI under Ministry of Education, Govt. of India)
Technical Report on Use of MATLAB in solving Economic Load

Dispatch and Unit Commitment problem
Name - Yogesh Singh Shekhawat

Roll Number-35501621036
Registration Number-213550101610028
Sem- 7𝑡ℎ Sem
Year - 4𝑡ℎ year
Subject - Power Generation Economics
Subject Code- (PE-EE 701C)
Assignment Type-CA-2
Session-2024-25
Under the guidance of-
Dr. Sandip Chanda

Associate Professor
GKCIET, Malda
1
❖ INTRODUCTION: -
➢ What is Economic Load Dispatch: -

• Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) in power generation refers to the process of determining the
optimal output of multiple power-generating units so that the overall cost of electricity production
is minimized, while satisfying the demand and operational constraints.
• Each power-generating unit has a specific cost function that defines the fuel or operational cost
based on the output (power generated). This function is typically a quadratic equation:
𝐶𝑖 (𝑃𝑔𝑖 ) = 𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑔𝑖 2 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝑔𝑖 + 𝑑𝑖
Where,
• 𝐶𝑖 (𝑃𝑔𝑖 ) is the cost of generation from unit iii,

• 𝑃𝑔𝑖 is the power output of unit iii,
• 𝑎𝑖 , 𝑏𝑖 and 𝑑𝑖 are the cost coefficients.
• The total generation cost is the sum of the costs of all generating units. The goal is to minimize:
𝑛
Total cost = ∑ 𝐶𝑖 (𝑃𝑔𝑖 )
𝑖=1
subject to the constraint that the total generated power meets the demand:
𝑛
∑(𝑃𝑔𝑖 ) = 𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑖=1
➢ What is Unit commitment: -

• The Unit Commitment (UC) problem in power generation economics is a fundamental
optimization problem where the goal is to determine the optimal schedule for turning power-
generating units on and off over a specific time horizon, typically 24 hours or longer. This
scheduling is done in such a way that the total cost of power generation is minimized, while
satisfying system constraints like demand, generation limits, and operational constraints of the
generators.
• The constraints in this problem are:
𝑛
∑(𝑃𝑔𝑖 ) = 𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑖=1
𝑃𝑔𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝑔𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑔𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥
➢ Relationship between Economic Load Dispatch and Unit commitment:

While Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) determines the optimal power output for each generator at a given
time, the Unit Commitment (UC) problem determines which generators should be online to meet the
demand over a longer period. After solving the UC problem, the ELD problem is solved to fine-tune the
output levels of the committed units.
2
➢ How a ELD and UCP Can be solved with 2 generators without
MATLAB: -
There is a set procedure for solving this kind of a problem which is shown as follows:
1.Without loss:
i. Choose 𝜆 such that it is largest than the greatest intercept of the generation Cost equation of plant.
ii. Then with that 𝜆 calculate 𝑃𝑔1 and 𝑃𝑔2 .
iii. Then check whether 𝑃𝑔1 + 𝑃𝑔2 > 𝑃𝐷 and if this equation holds true then we need to decrease 𝜆
otherwise increase 𝜆.
iv. Then we need to calculate Tolerance factor (∈) simultaneously for each value of 𝜆 and after each
number iii step repeat step i till we get least tolerance factor.
• Where 𝜆 can be determined by the Lagrange multiplier and the generation cost equation by
which we can conclude that,
𝑑𝐶𝑔𝑖
𝜆𝑖 =
𝑑𝑃𝑔𝑖
2.With loss:
I. Choose 𝜆 such that it is largest than the greatest intercept of the generation Cost equation
of plant.
II. Then with that 𝜆 calculate 𝑃𝑔1 and 𝑃𝑔2 .
III. Then check whether 𝑃𝑔1 + 𝑃𝑔2 > 𝑃𝐷 and if this equation holds true then we need to decrease
𝜆 otherwise increase 𝜆.
IV. Then we need to calculate Tolerance factor (∈) simultaneously for each value of 𝜆 and after
each number iii step repeat step i till we get least tolerance factor.
• Where 𝜆 can be determined by the Lagrange multiplier and the generation cost equation by
which we can conclude that,
𝑑𝐶𝑔𝑖
𝑑𝑃𝑔𝑖
𝜆𝑖 =
𝑃𝑖
Where 𝑃𝑖 is defined as the Penalty factor which can be further defined by the Lagrange multiplier
equation and written as,
𝑑𝑃𝐿
𝑃𝑖 = 1 −
𝑑𝑃𝑔𝑖
❖ The total cost for both the parts can be computed with the help of the
formula:
Total Cost = 𝐹𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑃𝑛𝑖 ) = min [𝐹𝑛 (𝑃𝑛 ) + 𝐹𝑛−1 (𝑃𝑛 ) ∑𝑛−1
𝑖=1 (𝑃𝑛𝑖 ) ]
3
➢ How a ELD and UCP Can be solved with 3 generators with MATLAB: -
For solving the problem using MATLAB we need to apply code by converting
the problem given to us in a Matrix format and then applying the code to get the
Total Cost. The procedure is being written as follows:
I. Write the given maximum and minimum power Generating capacities of
the station using mn [] and mx [] notations and write the values of the
Generating cost equation’s coefficients a, b, d respectively.
II. Then write the Demand Power again in the similar manner in the matrix
form so that we can take of all the power demand fluctuations with respect
to the time and it can be denoted as PGT [].
III. Then calculate for the number of fluctuations in power demand by using
the code:
for z=1:n
fprintf(‘/n’):
disp(strcat(stage(‘/n’)));
for check = 1:n
capacity= capacity + mx(1,check)*com(j,check);
end
capacity
PGT(1,z)
If capacity > PGT(1,z)
else
disp(‘……..infeasible……..’)
end
IV. Then respectively write the functions for 𝑎𝑖𝑛 , 𝑏𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑛 . And also the
Total Cost = sum(cost(1: ))*3;
4
❖ CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE: -
➢ CONCLUSION: -
• Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) focuses on determining the
optimal power output for each generating unit, minimizing the total
fuel cost while satisfying load demand and operational constraints
like generation limits. ELD contributes to improving the efficiency
of power generation by allocating loads across available generating
units to ensure minimal fuel consumption.
• Unit Commitment (UC), on the other hand, determines which
generating units to turn on or off, and when, to meet forecasted
power demand over a planning period. UC considers both
operational constraints and startup/shutdown costs, making it a
more complex problem than ELD, which deals with dispatching
generation.
➢ FUTURE SCOPE: -
• Incorporation of Energy Storage: Energy storage systems (ESS),
such as batteries, are becoming more prevalent. Optimizing their
inclusion in both ELD and UC problems will be key to enhancing
grid flexibility and reliability.
• Decentralized and Distributed Systems: As the power grid moves
toward more decentralized structures, with the rise of microgrids
and distributed energy resources (DERs), both ELD and UC will
need to evolve to incorporate these smaller, more autonomous
systems in a coordinated and efficient manner.
5
❖ REFERENCES: -
• https://www.jntua.ac.in/gate-online-
classes/registration/downloads/material/a159041324364.pdf
• https://youtu.be/qqdQqtUp2vw
• Power generation operation & control, A.J. Wood & B.F.
Wollenberg, G.B. Sheble, Wiley, 2013

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Ghani Khan Choudhury Institute of Engineering and

(A CFTI under Ministry of Education, Govt. of India)

Technical Report on Use of MATLAB in solving Economic Load

Name - Yogesh Singh Shekhawat

Under the guidance of-

Dr. Sandip Chanda

➢ What is Economic Load Dispatch: -

𝐶𝑖 (𝑃𝑔𝑖 ) = 𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑔𝑖 2 + 𝑏𝑖 𝑃𝑔𝑖 + 𝑑𝑖

• 𝐶𝑖 (𝑃𝑔𝑖 ) is the cost of generation from unit iii,

➢ What is Unit commitment: -

𝑃𝑔𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝑃𝑔𝑖 ≤ 𝑃𝑔𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥

➢ Relationship between Economic Load Dispatch and Unit commitment:

Total Cost = sum(cost(1: ))*3;

• Power generation operation & control, A.J. Wood & B.F.

Wollenberg, G.B. Sheble, Wiley, 2013

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