Praktikum Anatomi II

Nervus Cranialis dan Basis Cranii

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN DAN ILMU

KESEHATAN
TIM ANATOMI FKIK UNJA
2017
Cranial Nerves
• 12 pairs of cranial nerves
• Sensory (I, II, and VIII),
• Motor (III, IV, VI, XI, and XII)
• Mixed (V, VII, IX, and X)
I. Olfactory Nerve
II. Optic Nerve
Description Special sensory nerve of vision that is an outgrowth of the brain;
more appropriately called a brain tract
Sensory function Vision

Origin Retina of the eye

Pathway Enters cranium via optic canal of sphenoid bone; left and right
optic nerves unite at optic chiasm; optic tract travels
to lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus; finally, information is
forwarded to the occipital lobe

Conditions caused by Anopsia (visual defects)

nerve damage
III. Oculomotor Nerve
Description Innervates upper eyelid muscle and four of the six extrinsic
eye muscles
Somatic motor Supplies four extrinsic eye muscles (superior rectus, inferior
function rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique) that move eye
Supplies levator palpebrae superioris muscle to elevate eyelid
Parasympathetic Innervates sphincter pupillae muscle of iris to make pupil
motor function constrict
Contracts ciliary muscles to make lens of eye more spherical
(as needed for near vision)
Origin Oculomotor and Edinger Westphal nuclei within
mesencephalon
Pathway Leaves cranium via superior orbital fissure and travels to eye
and eyelid. (Parasympathetic fibers travel to ciliary
ganglion, and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers then
travel to iris and ciliary muscle.)
Conditions caused by Ptosis, strabismus, diplopia, focusing difficulty
nerve damage
IV. Trochlear Nerve
Description Innervates one extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) that
loops through a pulley-shaped ligament
Somatic motor Supplies one extrinsic eye muscle (superior oblique) to move
function eye inferiorly and laterally
Origin Trochlear nucleus within mesencephalon
Pathway Leaves cranium via superior orbital fissure and travels to
superior oblique muscle
Conditions caused by Paralysis of superior oblique, leading to strabismus, diplopia
nerve damage
V. Trigeminal Nerve
Description This nerve consists of three divisions: ophthalmic (V1),
maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3);
Sensory function V1: Conducts sensory impulses from cornea, nose,
forehead, anterior scalp
V2: Conducts sensory impulses from nasal mucosa, palate,
gums, cheek
V3: Conducts sensory impulses from anterior two-thirds of
tongue, skin of chin, lower jaw, lower teeth; one-third
from sensory axons of auricle of ear
Somatic motor Innervates muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral
function and medial pterygoids), mylohyoid, anterior belly of
digastric, tensor tympani muscle, and tensor veli palatini
Origin Nucleus in the pons
Pathway V1: Sensory axons enter cranium via superior orbital fissure and
travel to trigeminal ganglion before entering pons
V2: Sensory axons enter cranium via foramen rotundum and
travel to trigeminal ganglion before entering pons
V3: Motor axons leave pons and exit cranium via foramen ovale
to supply muscles. Sensory fi bers travel through foramen
ovale to trigeminal ganglion before entering pons
Conditions caused by Trigeminal neuralgia
nerve damage
VI. Abducens Nerve
Description Innervates lateral rectus eye muscle, which abducts the eye
(“pulls away laterally”)
Somatic motor Innervates one extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus) for eye
function abduction

Origin Pontine (abducens) nucleus in pons

Pathway Leaves cranium through superior orbital fissure and
travels to lateral rectus muscle
Conditions caused by Paralysis of lateral rectus limits lateral movement of eye;
nerve damage diplopia (double vision)
VII. Facial Nerve
Description Innervates muscles of facial expression, lacrimal (tear) gland,
and most salivary glands; conducts taste sensations
from anterior two-thirds of tongue
Sensory function Taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue
Somatic motor The five major motor branches (temporal, zygomatic, buccal,
function mandibular, and cervical) innervate the muscles of facial
expression, the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and the
stylohyoid and stapedius muscles
Parasympathetic Increases secretions of the lacrimal gland of the eye as
motor function well as the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Origin Sensory: Taste buds of anterior two-thirds of tongue

Motor: Nuclei within the pons
Pathway Sensory axons travel from the tongue via the chorda
tympani branch of the facial nerve through a tiny foramen
toenter the skull, and axons synapse at the geniculate
ganglion of the facial nerve.
Somatic motor axons leave the pons and enter the
temporal bone through the internal acoustic meatus,
project through temporal bone, and emerge
through stylomastoid foramen to supply the musculature.
Parasympathetic motor axons leave the pons, enter the
internal acoustic meatus, leave with either the greater
petrosal nerve or chorda tympani nerve, and travel to an
autonomic ganglion before innervating their respective
glands
Conditions caused by dry eye, dry mouth, Bell palsy
nerve damage
VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Description Conducts equilibrium and auditory sensations to brain; formerly
called the auditory nerve or acoustic nerve
Sensory function Vestibular branch conducts impulses for equilibrium while
cochlear branch conducts impulses for hearing
Origin Vestibular branch: Hair cells in the vestibule of the inner ear
Cochlear branch: Cochlea of the inner ear
Pathway Sensory cell bodies of the vestibular branch are located in the
vestibular ganglion, while sensory cell bodies of the
cochlear branch are located in the spiral ganglion near the
cochlea. The vestibular and cochlear branches merge,
and together enter cranial cavity through internal acoustic
meatus and travel to junction of the pons and the
medulla oblongata
Conditions caused by Lesions in vestibular branch produce loss of balance, nausea,
nerve damage vomiting, and dizziness; lesions in cochlear branch result in
deafness (loss of hearing)
IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Description Receives taste and touch sensations from posterior tongue, innervates
one pharynx muscle and the parotid salivary Gland

Sensory function General sensation and taste to posterior one-third of tongue;

chemoreceptor axons to carotid bodies (structures on
the carotid arteries that detect and monitor O2 and CO2 levels in the
blood)
Somatic motor function Innervates stylopharyngeus (pharynx muscle)
Parasympathetic motor Increases secretion of parotid salivary gland
function
Origin Sensory axons originate on taste buds and mucosa of posterior one-third
of tongue, as well as the carotid bodies.
Motor axons originate in nuclei in the medulla oblongata
Pathway Sensory axons travel from posterior one-third of tongue and carotid
bodies along nerve through the inferior or
superior ganglion into the jugular foramen, and travel to pons. Somatic
motor axons leave cranium via jugular
foramen and travel to stylopharyngeus. Parasympathetic motor axons
travel to otic ganglion and then to parotid
gland

Conditions caused by Reduced salivary secretion (dry mouth); loss of taste sensations to
nerve damage posterior one-third of tongue
X. Vagus Nerve
Description Innervates structures in the head and neck and in the thoracic
and abdominal cavities
Sensory function Visceral sensory information from pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, and most
abdominal organs. General sensory information from external acoustic
meatus, eardrum, and pharynx
Somatic motor function Innervates most pharynx muscles and larynx muscles
Parasympathetic motor Innervates visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of heart,
function lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs

Origin Sensory: Thoracic and abdominal viscera, root of tongue,

pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, outer ear, duramater
Motor: Medulla oblongata
Pathway Leaves cranium via jugular foramen before traveling and branching
extensively in neck, thorax, and abdomen;
sensory neuron cell bodies are located in the superior and inferior
ganglia associated with the nerve
Conditions caused by Paralysis leads to a variety of larynx problems, including hoarseness,
nerve damage monotone voice, or complete loss of voice.
Other lesions may cause diffi culty in swallowing or impaired
gastrointestinal system mobility
XI. Accessory Nerve
Description Innervates trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and some pharynx
muscles; formerly called the “spinal accessory nerve”
Somatic motor Cranial root: Travels with CN X fi bers to pharynx
function Spinal root: Innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Origin Cranial root: Motor nuclei in medulla oblongata
Spinal root: Motor nuclei in spinal cord
Pathway Spinal root travels superiorly to enter skull through foramen
magnum; there, cranial and spinal roots merge and leave the
skull via jugular foramen. Once outside the skull, cranial root
splits to travel with CN X (vagus) to innervate pharynx
muscles, and spinal root travels to sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius
Conditions caused by Paralysis of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, resulting in
nerve damage diffi culty in elevating shoulder (trapezius function) or turning
head to opposite site (sternocleidomastoid function
XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
Description Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles; name means
“under the tongue”
Somatic motor Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
function
Origin Hypoglossal nucleus in medulla oblongata
Pathway Leaves cranium via hypoglossal canal; travels inferior to
mandible and to inferior surface of tongue
Conditions caused by Swallowing and speech diffi culties due to impaired tongue
nerve damage movement; if a single hypoglossal nerve (either left or right)
is paralyzed, a protruded (stuck out) tongue deviates to the
side of the damaged nerve