46355bosfinal p1 cp15

15
BUSINESS COMBINATION
AND CORPORATE
RESTRUCTURING
LEARNING OUTCOMES
After studying this chapter, you would be able to:

 Understand various terms used in Ind AS 103 “Business Combination”
 Examine the key differences between Ind AS 103 and Existing Accounting Standards.
 Identify the acquiring enterprises.

 Determine the acquisition date, purchase consideration under various situations and
contingent consideration.
 Allocate the purchase price.
 Recognize the assets and liabilities of the acquired entity
 Examine the measurement principles

 Calculate the goodwill or bargain purchase
 Evaluate contingent payments to employee shareholders and acquirer share-based
payment awards exchanged for awards held by the acquiree’s employees
 Integrate subsequent measurement and accounting principles for reacquired rights,
contingent liabilities, indemnification assets and contingent consideration
 Appraise the disclosure requirements in case of Business Combination
© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

15.2 FINANCIAL REPORTING
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Business Combination
Definition and Acquisition Subsequent Common Disclosures

Elements Method Measurement Control
and Accounting Transactions
Of Business
Combination Identifying the
Reacquired rights
acquirer
Of Business Determining Contingent liabilities

the acquisition
date Indemnification assets
Purchase
Consideration Contingent
consideration
Determination Allocation of Recognition and

of Purchase Purchase Measurement of
consideration Consideration
Identifiable Goodwill Non-

assets or gain controlling
acquired and from a interest in the
the liabilities bargain acquiree
assumed purchase

CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Business Combination
Definition and Acquisition Subsequent Common Disclosures

Elements Method Measurement Control
and Accounting Transactions
Of Business
Combination Identifying the
Reacquired rights
acquirer
Of Business Determining Contingent liabilities

the acquisition
date Indemnification assets
Purchase
Consideration Contingent
consideration
Determination Allocation of Recognition and

of Purchase Purchase Measurement of
consideration Consideration
Identifiable Goodwill Non-

assets or gain controlling
acquired and from a interest in the
the liabilities bargain acquiree
assumed purchase

BUSINESS COMBINATION AND CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING 15.3
1. INTRODUCTION
Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of reorganizing the legal, ownership,
operational, or other structures of a company for the purpose of making it more profitable, or better
organized for its present needs. Alternate reasons for restructuring include a change of ownership
or ownership structure, demerger, or a response to a crisis or major change in the business such
as bankruptcy, repositioning, or buyout. Restructuring may also be described as corporate
restructuring, debt restructuring and financial restructuring.
Corporates are now restructuring and repositioning their folios to meet the challenges and seize
opportunities thrown open by the multilateral trade agenda and emergence of the World Trade
Organisation (WTO).
Most of the diversified multi-product companies are restructuring their corporate operations into
more homogenous units to achieve synergy in operations. This entails transfer of business units
from one company to the other or breaking up of a large group into smaller ones. On the other
hand, smaller companies are forming alliances and joint ventures for their survival and growth.
The exercise involves strategic planning to cope with the complex changes in the ownership and
control and comply with a variety of business laws.
The underlying object of corporate restructuring is efficient and competitive business operations
by increasing the market share, brand power and synergies. In the emerging scenario, joint
ventures, alliances, mergers, amalgamations and takeovers are becoming the easiest and
quickest way to expand capacities and acquire dominance over the market.
While asset and capital restructuring can be termed as external, organisational restructuring may
be referred to as internal; this is based on the significance and impact of the restructuring process
on a company’s internal or external stakeholders.
2. MERGERS AND DEMERGERS

2.1 Mergers
It is a legal process by which two or more companies are joined together to form a new entity or
one or more companies are absorbed by another company and as a consequence the
amalgamating company loses its existence and its shareholders become the shareholders of the
new or amalgamated company.
2.2 Demergers
Demerger is an arrangement whereby some part /undertaking of one company is transferred to
another company which operates completely separate from the original company. Shareholders
of the original company are usually given an equivalent stake of ownership in the new company.

Demerger is undertaken basically for following reasons:

• The first as an exercise in corporate restructuring and
• the second is to give effect to kind of family partitions in case of family owned enterprises.
• A demerger is also done to help each of the segments operate more smoothly, as they can
now focus on a more specific task.
Illustration 1
The following is the draft Balance Sheet of Diverse Ltd. having an authorised capital of
` 1,000 crores as on 31st March, 20X1:
ASSETS Amount
Non-current assets
Property, plant and equipment 600
Financial assets
Investments carried at fair value 1,000
Current assets
Other current assets 3,000
4,600
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

Equity
Equity share capital (of face value of INR 10 each) 250
Other equity 1,350

Liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Financial liabilities
Borrowings 1,000
Current liabilities
Current liabilities 2,000
4,600

Capital commitments: ` 700 crores.

The company consists of 2 divisions:
(i) Established division whose gross block was ` 200 crores and net block was ` 30 crores;
current assets were ` 1,500 crores and working capital was ` 1,200 crores; the entire amount
being financed by shareholders’ funds.
(ii) New project division to which the remaining fixed assets, current assets and current liabilities
related.
The following scheme of reconstruction was agreed upon:
(a) Two new companies Sunrise Ltd. and Khajana Ltd. are to be formed. The authorised
capital of Sunrise Ltd. is to be ` 1,000 crores. The authorised capital of Khajana Ltd.
is to be ` 500 crores.
(b) Khajana Ltd. is to take over investments at ` 800 crores and unsecured loans at balance
sheet value. It is to allot equity shares of ` 10 each at par to the members of Diverse
Ltd. in satisfaction of the amount due under the arrangement. The book value of loans
approximates the fair values.
(c) Sunrise Ltd. is to take over the PPE and net working capital of the new project division
along with the secured loans and obligation for capital commitments for which Diverse
Ltd. is to continue to stand guarantee at book values. It is to allot one crore equity
shares of ` 10 each as consideration to Diverse Ltd. Sunrise Ltd. made an issue of
unsecured convertible debentures of ` 500 crores carrying interest at 15% per annum
and having a right to convert into equity shares of ` 10 each at par on 31.3.2019. This
issue was made to the members of Sunrise Ltd. as a right who grabbed the opportunity
and subscribed in full.
(d) Diverse Ltd. is to guarantee all liabilities transferred to the 2 companies.
(e) Diverse Ltd. is to make a bonus issue of equity shares in the ratio of one equity share
for every equity share held by making use of the revenue reserves.
(f) None of the shareholders hold more than 50% and are not related to each other.
Assume that the above scheme was duly approved by the Honourable High Court and that
there are no other transactions. Ignore taxation.
You are asked to:
(i) Pass journal entries in the books of Diverse Ltd., and
(ii) Prepare the balance sheets of the three companies after the scheme of arrangement.

Solution
Journal of Diverse Ltd.
Transactions with Khajana Ltd.
(` in crores)
1. Khajana Ltd. A/c Dr. 400
Unsecured loans A/c Dr. 600
To Investments A/c 1,000
(Being transfer of investments at agreed value of ` 800
crores but recorded as per fair value, unsecured loans
` 600 crores) – WN 1
2. Reserve and surplus A/c Dr. 400
To Khajana Ltd 400
Consideration received from Khajana Ltd, this is
considered as transfer of non-cash assets to the owners
of the company.
Transactions with Sunrise Ltd.
( ` in crores)
1. Sunrise Ltd. A/c (1cr equity shares x ` 10) Dr. 10
Secured loans against fixed assets A/c Dr. 300
Secured loans against working capital A/c Dr. 100
Current liabilities A/c (WN 2) Dr. 1,700
To Property Plant and Equipment A/c (WN 2) 570
To Current assets A/c (WN 2) 1,500
To Capital reserve A/c 40
(Being assets and liabilities of new project
division transferred to Sunrise Ltd. along with
capital commitments of ` 700 crores, the
difference between consideration and the book
values at which transferred assets and liabilities

appeared being credited to capital reserve)

2. Equity shares of Sunrise Ltd. Dr. 10
To Sunrise Ltd. 10
(Being the receipt of one crore equity shares of
` 10 each from Sunrise Ltd. in full discharge of
consideration on transfer of assets and liabilities
of the new project division)
3. Investment in debentures A/c Dr. 500
To Bank A/c 500
(Being issue of unsecured convertible
debentures by Sunrise Ltd., subscribed in full)
4. Revenue reserves A/c Dr. 250
To Equity share capital A/c 250
(Being allotment of 25 crores equity shares of
` 10 each as fully paid bonus shares to the
members of the company by using revenue
reserves in the ratio of one equity share for every
equity share held)
Diverse Ltd.
Balance Sheet after the scheme of arrangement
( ` in crores)
ASSETS Note No. Amount
Non-current assets
Financial assets
Investments 510
Current assets
Other current assets (1500-500) 1,000
1,540


Equity
Equity share capital (of face value of INR 10 each) 1 500
Other equity 2 740
Liabilities
Current liabilities
Current liabilities 300
1,540
Notes to Accounts (` in crores)
1 Share capital:
Authorised capital: 100 crores Equity Shares of ` 10 each 1,000
Issued, subscribed and paid up capital 500
50 crores Equity Shares of ` 10 each fully paid-up
(Of the above shares, 25 crores fully paid Equity Shares of
` 10 each have been issued as bonus shares by
capitalization of revenue reserves)
2 Reserves and Surplus:
1. Capital Reserve on transfer of:
Business of new project division to Sunrise Ltd. 40
2. Surplus (Profit and Loss Account):
As per last balance sheet 1,350
Less: Transfer of non-cash assets as dividend(W. N. 1) (400)
Used for issue of fully paid bonus shares (250) 700
740
3 Fixed assets:
Net PPE:
As per last balance sheet 600
Less: In respect of assets transferred to Sunrise Ltd. (570) 30

4 Investments (at cost):

Investment in Equity Instruments
In wholly owned subsidiary Sunrise Ltd.
1 crore equity shares of ` 10 each 10
Investment in Debentures and bonds
15% unsecured convertible debentures 500
510
Balance Sheet of Sunrise Ltd. after the scheme of arrangement
INR in crores
Non-current assets
Current assets
Cash and Cash equivalent 500
Other current assets 1,500
2,570

Equity
Equity share capital (of face value of INR 10 each) 1 10
Other equity (capital reserve) 2 (40)
Liabilities
Borrowings 900
Current liabilities
Current liabilities 1,700

2,570
Notes:
1. Capital commitments
2. Guarantee given by Diverse Ltd. in respect of:
Capital commitments 700
Liabilities 2,100 2,800
Notes to Accounts (` in crores)
1 Share Capital
Authorised Capital
100 crores Equity Shares of ` 10 each 1,000

Issued, Subscribed and Paid-up capital 1 crore
Equity Shares of ` 10 each fully paid-up 10
(All the above shares have been issued for consideration other than
cash, on takeover of new project division from Diverse Ltd.
All the above shares are held by the holding company Diverse Ltd.)
2 Secured Loans
(a) Against property plant and equipment 300
(b) Against working capital 100
400
3 Unsecured Loans
15% Unsecured convertible Debentures 500
- Convertible into equity shares of ` 10 each at par on 31.3.2019

Balance Sheet of Khajana Ltd. after the scheme of arrangement

(` in crores)

Non-current assets
Financial assets
Investments 1,000
1,000

Equity
Other equity (Securities premium) 200

Non-controlling interest -
Liabilities
Borrowings 600
1,000
Notes to Accounts
( ` in crores)
1 Share Capital
Authorised
50 crores Equity Shares of ` 10 each 500
Issued, Subscribed and Paid-up
20 crores Equity Shares of ` 10 each fully paid-up 200
Securities premium 200

(All the above shares have been issued to members of Diverse Ltd. for
consideration other than cash, on acquisition of investments and taking
over of liability for unsecured loans from Diverse Ltd. However, the fair
value of the net assets was 400 and hence the fair value of the shares
will be considered as 400 and accordingly the balance 200 will be
considered as securities premium)
Working Notes:
In the given case, due to demerger the net assets of 400 which as per the given problem is a
business have been transferred to Khajana limited and as a consideration Khajana limited has
issued shares to the shareholders of diverse Ltd. It is assumed that none of the members control
Diverse Ltd and neither they have contractual arrangement to control Diverse Ltd and accordingly
this will be accounted as transfer of non-cash assets to owners and will be recorded at fair value
in the books of Diverse Ltd and shown as dividend paid. In the books of Khajana Ltd. this will be
accounted as purchase of business wherein the shareholders through Khajana Ltd. has purchased
the Business from Diverse Ltd and will be accounted as business combination. This is because
the members don’t control diverse Ltd and Khajana Ltd. and hence this will not meet the criteria
for common control transaction. In the given scenario it is assumed that the fair value of the liability
and the investments are similar and hence no fair value adjustment has been recorded as a part
of purchase price allocation.
1. Amount Due from Khajana Ltd.
Investments at fair value 1,000
Less : Unsecured Loans (600)
Net Consideration 400
2. In the given case, Diverse Ltd will continue to control Sunrise Ltd. before and after the
demerger and hence this will meet the common control transaction. As per the requirement
of Ind AS 103, the assets and liabilities acquired by sunrise Ltd will be recorded at their book
value and the securities issues will be recorded at their nominal value. The difference
between the consideration and the net assets transferred will be recorded as capital reserve
in the books of Diverse Ltd. Further the difference between the carrying amount of
consideration and the book value of assets and liabilities will be recorded as capital reserve
in the books of Sunrise Ltd.
Segregation of Assets & Liabilities between Established and New Division
As per information in point (i)
Particulars Total (A) Established New Project

Division (B) Division (A-B)
1 Net Block 600 (Given) 30 (Given) 570 (A-B)

2 Current Assets 3,000 (Given) 1,500 (Given) 1,500 (A-B)

Working Capital 1,000 (Given) 1,200 (Given) (200) (A-B)
Current Liabilities 2,000 300 1,700
( ` in crores)
Established New Project Total

division division
1. Fixed assets:
Gross block 200 600 800
Less: Depreciation (170) (30) (200)
30 570 600
Current assets 1,500 1,500 3,000
Less: Current liabilities (300) (1,700) (2,000)
Employment of funds 1,200 (200) 1,000
2. Guarantee by Diverse Ltd. against:
(a) (i) Capital commitments 700
(ii) Liabilities transferred to Sunrise
Ltd.
Secured loans against fixed assets 300
Secured loans against working capital 100
Current liabilities 1,700 2,100
(b) Liabilities transferred to Khajana Ltd. 600
3. BUSINESS COMBINATION AS PER IND AS 103

‘BUSINESS COMBINATION’
The necessity of a standard on Business Combination in India assumes importance considering
the fact that Indian companies are increasingly stretching their business in foreign countries for
best-fit business combinations. Presently in India, Accounting Standard (AS) 14 ‘Accounting for
Amalgamation’ lays out specific treatment for Amalgamation and AS 21, ‘Consolidated Financial

Statements’ are applied for consolidation. However, it is not matching the global reporting
standards requirements.
After convergence of IFRS as Ind AS, Ind AS 103 which is in line with IFRS 3 takes care of the
global requirements in case of business combinations worldwide.
A business combination is a transaction in which the acquirer obtains control of another business
(the acquiree).
The term 'business' is defined as an integrated set of activities and assets that is capable of
being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return in the form of dividends, lower
costs or other economic benefits directly to investors or other owners, members or participants.
Business combinations are most common form of business transaction through which companies
grow in size rather than organic activities.
4. SCOPE UNDER IND AS 103

This Indian Accounting Standard applies to a transaction or other event that meets the definition
of a business combination. This Indian Accounting Standard does not apply to:
(a) the formation of a joint venture.
(b) the acquisition of an asset or a group of assets that does not constitute a business i.e. it is an
asset acquisition.
5. DEFINITION OF BUSINESS COMBINATION

• Under Ind AS 103, Business combination occurs when an entity obtains control of a business
by acquiring net assets or acquiring its significant equity interest. As such, two elements are
required for a transaction to be a business combination under Ind AS 103:
 the acquirer obtains control of an acquiree (“control” as defined in Ind 110); and
 the acquiree is a business
• An acquirer might obtain control of an acquiree in a variety of ways, for example:
 by transferring cash, cash equivalents or other assets (including net assets that constitute
a business);
 by incurring liabilities;
 by issuing equity interests;
 by providing more than one type of consideration; or
 without transferring consideration, including by contract alone.

• A business combination may be structured in a variety of ways for legal, taxation or other
reasons, which include but are not limited to:
 one or more businesses become subsidiaries of an acquirer or the net assets of one or
more businesses are legally merged into the acquirer;
 one combining entity transfers its net assets, or its owners transfer their equity interests,
to another combining entity or its owners;
 all of the combining entities transfer their net assets, or the owners of those entities
transfer their equity interests, to a newly formed entity (sometimes referred to as a roll-
up or put-together transaction); or
 a group of former owners of one of the combining entities obtains control of the combined
entity.
6. DEFINITION AND ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS

6.1 Definition of Business
As per paragraph B7 of the application guidance of the Ind AS 103, a business consists of inputs
and processes applied to those inputs that have the ability to create outputs. Although businesses
usually have outputs, outputs are not required for an integrated set to qualify as a business.
Analysis: Ind AS 103 defines business as an integrated set of activities and assets that is capable
of being conducted and managed for the purpose of providing a return in the form of dividends,
lower costs or other economic benefits directly to investors or other owners, members or
participants.
6.2 Elements of Business
The three elements of a business are defined as follows:
(a) Input: Any economic resource that creates, or has the ability to create, outputs when one or
more processes are applied to it.
Example :
Non-current assets (including intangible assets or rights to use non-current assets),
intellectual property, the ability to obtain access to necessary materials or rights and
employees.
(c) Process: Any system, standard, protocol, convention or rule that when applied to an input or
inputs, creates or has the ability to create outputs.

Example :
Strategic management processes, operational processes and resource management
processes.
These processes typically are documented, but an organised workforce having the necessary
skills and experience following rules and conventions may provide the necessary processes
that are capable of being applied to inputs to create outputs. (Accounting, billing, payroll and
other administrative systems typically are not processes used to create outputs.)
(c) Output: The result of inputs and processes applied to those inputs that provide or have the
ability to provide a return in the form of dividends, lower costs or other economic benefits
directly to investors or other owners, members or participants.
Example : Simple-business combination

Company X is a liquor manufacturer and has traded for a number of years. The company produces
a wide variety of liquor and employs a workforce of machine operators, testers, and other
operational, marketing and administrative staff. It owns and operates a factory, warehouse and
machinery and holds raw material inventory and finished products.
On 1st January 20X1, Company Y pays USD 80 million to acquire 100% of the ordinary voting
shares of Company X. No other type of shares has been issued by Company X. On the same
day, the four main executive directors of Company Y take on the same roles in Company X.
In this case, it is clear that Company X is a business. It operates a trade with a variety of assets
that are used by its employees in a number of related activities. These assets and activities are
necessarily integrated in order to create and sell the company’s products. Company X obtains
control on 1st January 20X1 by acquiring 100% of the voting rights.
The application of the definition is less clear in situations as illustrated in the following examples:
Example : Investment in a development stage entity

Company D is a development stage entity that has not started revenue-generating operations.
The workforce consists mainly of research engineers who are developing a new technology that
has a pending patent application. Negotiations to license this technology to a number of
customers are at an advanced stage. Company D requires additional funding to complete
development work and commence planned commercial production.
The value of the identifiable net assets in Company D is INR 750 million. Company A pays INR
600 million in exchange for 60% of the equity of Company D (a controlling interest).

Although Company D is not yet earning revenues (an example of ‘outputs’) there are a number of
indicators that it has a sufficiently integrated set of activities and assets that are capable of being
managed to produce a return for investors. In particular, Company D:
• employs specialist engineers developing the know-how and design specifications of the
technology.
• is pursuing a viable plan to complete the development work and commence production.
• has identified and will be able to access customers willing to buy the outputs (Ind AS 103.B10).
In addition, Company A has paid a premium (or goodwill) for its 60% interest. In the absence of
evidence to the contrary, Company D is presumed to be a business (Ind AS 103.B12).
Example : Acquisition of an entity holding investment properties
Company A acquires 100% of the equity and voting rights of Company P, a subsidiary of a property
investment group. Company P owns three investment properties. The properties are single-
tenant industrial warehouses subject to long-term leases. The leases oblige Company P to
provide basic maintenance and security services, which have been outsourced to third party
contractors. The administration of Company P’s leases was carried out by an employee of its
former parent company on a part-time basis but this individual does not transfer to the new owner.
In most cases, an asset or group of assets and liabilities that are capable of generating revenues,
combined with all or many of the activities necessary to earn those revenues, would constitute a
business. However, investment property is a specific case in which earning a return for investors
is a defining characteristic of the asset. Accordingly, revenue generation and activities that are
specific and ancillary to an investment property and its tenancy agreements should therefore be
given a lower ‘weighting’ in assessing whether the acquiree is a business. In our view the purchase
of investment property with tenants and services that are purely ancillary to the property and its
tenancy agreements should generally be accounted for as an asset purchase.
Example : Acquisition of an entity holding investment properties

Company A acquires 100% of the equity and voting rights of Company Q, which owns three
investment properties. The properties are multi-tenant residential condominiums subject to short-
term rental agreements that oblige Company Q to provide substantial maintenance and security
services, which are outsourced with specialist providers. Company Q has five employees who
deal directly with the tenants and with the outsourced contractors to resolve any non-routine
security or maintenance requirements. These employees are involved in a variety of lease
management tasks (eg identification and selection of tenants; lease negotiation and rent reviews)
and marketing activities to maximise the quality of tenants and the rental income.

In this case, Company Q consists of a group of revenue-generating assets, together with employees
and activities that clearly go beyond activities ancillary to the properties and their tenancy agreements.
The assets and activities are clearly integrated so Company Q is considered a business.
Example : Seller retains some activities and assets
Company S is a manufacturer of a wide range of products. The company’s payroll and accounting system
is managed as a separate cost centre, supporting all the operating segments and the head office functions.
Company A agrees to acquire the trade, assets, liabilities and workforce of the operating segments
of Company S but does not acquire the payroll and accounting cost centre or any head office
functions. Company A is a competitor of Company S.
In this case, the activities and assets within the operating segments are capable of being managed
as a business and so Company A accounts for the acquisition as a business combination. The
payroll and accounting cost centre and administrative head office functions are typically not used
to create outputs and so are generally not considered an essential element in the assessment of
whether an integrated set of activities and assets is a business.
Example : Acquisition of a shell company
Company A is a property development company with a number of subsidiary companies, each of
which holds a single development. After completion of the development, Company A sells its
equity investment because the applicable tax rate is lower than that applicable to the sale of the
underlying property.
Company A is planning to start the development of a large new retail complex. Rather than
incorporating a new company, Company A acquires the entire share capital of a ‘shell’ company.
The shell company does not contain an integrated set of activities and assets and so does not
constitute a business. Consequently, Company A should account for the purchase of the shell
company in the same way as the incorporation of a new subsidiary. In the consolidated financial
statements, any costs incurred will be accounted for in accordance with their nature and applicable
Ind AS. No goodwill is recognised.

Point to remember
Input
Business
Process Output
Illustration 2
Company A is a pharmaceutical company. Since inception, the Company had been conducting in-
house research and development activities through its skilled workforce and recently obtained an
intellectual property right (IPR) in the form of patents over certain drugs. The Company’s has a
production plant that has recently obtained regulatory approvals. However, the Company has not
earned any revenue so far and does not have any customer contracts for sale of goods. Company
B acquires Company A.
Required:
Does Company A constitute a business in accordance with Ind AS 103?
Solution
The definition of business requires existence of inputs and processes. In this case, the skilled
workforce, manufacturing plant and IPR, along with strategic and operational processes
constitutes the inputs and processes in line with the requirements of Ind AS 103.
When the said inputs and processes are applied as an integrated set, the Company A will be
capable of producing outputs; the fact that the Company A currently does not have revenue is not
relevant to the analysis of the definition of business under Ind AS 103. Basis this and presuming
that Company A would have been able to obtain access to customers that will purchase the
outputs, the present case can be said to constitute a business as per Ind AS 103.
Illustration 3
Modifying the above illustration, if Company A had revenue contracts and a sales force, such that
Company B acquires all the inputs and processes other than the sales force, then whether the
definition of the business is met in accordance with Ind AS 103?

Solution
Though the sales force has not been taken over, however, if the missing inputs (i.e., sales force)
can be easily replicated or obtained by the market participant to generate output, it may be
concluded that Company A has acquired business. Further, if Company B is also into similar line
of business, then the existing sales force of Company B may also be relevant to mitigate the
missing input. As such, the definition of business is met in accordance with
Ind AS 103.
8. THE ACQUISITION METHOD

The following key steps are involved in the acquisition accounting for business combinations:
Step 1: Identifying the acquirer.
Step 2: Determining the acquisition date.

Step 3: Recognising and measuring the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any
non-controlling interest in the acquiree; and
Step 4: Recognising and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase.
9. IDENTIFYING ACQUIRING ENTERPRISE

9.1 The Acquiring Enterprise
All business combination within the scope of Ind AS 103 are accounted under the acquisition
method (also known as purchase method). In order to apply the purchase method, the parties
involved has to identify the acquirer i.e the entity that obtains the control of another entity. The
another entity on whom the control is established is termed as acquire. This is because the
acquiree’s assets and liabilities is what is accounted as per the recognition and measurement
principles of the standard.
The acquiring enterprise is the enterprise which obtains control and the determination of control
is as per the guidance given in Ind AS 110. It may so happen that guidance in Ind AS 110 does
not clearly indicate which of the combining entity is the acquirer. In such a case, Ind AS 103
provides additional guidance on identifying the acquirer.
As per Ind AS 110 ‘Consolidated Financial Statements’, an investor controls an investee if and
only if the investor has all the following:
(a) power over the investee;
(b) exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and
(c) the ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amount of the investor’s returns.

The above definition is very wide and control assessment does not depend only on voting rights
instead it depends on the following as well:
• Potential voting rights;
• Rights of non-controlling shareholders; and
• Other contractual right of the investor if those are substantive in nature.
Control assessment has been discussed in detail in the chapter of Consolidated Financial
Statements. One example on potential voting rights and its implication on assessment of control
is provided below for the students to understand the concept of control.
In order to ascertain control it is very important not to look at only the voting rights and
evaluate other factors like board control, potential voting rights etc.
Indicator of Control
Investor have currently

More than 50% Voting Power to appoint and
excersiable potential voting
rights remove board of directors
rights
Illustration 4: Potential voting rights

Company P Ltd., a manufacturer of textile products, acquires 40,000 of the equity shares of
Company X (a manufacturer of complementary products) out of 1,00,000 shares in issue. As part
of the same agreement, Company P purchases an option to acquire an additional 25,000 shares.
The option is exercisable at any time in the next 12 months. The exercise price includes a small
premium to the market price at the transaction date.
After the above transaction, the shareholdings of Company P’s two other original shareholders
are 35,000 and 25,000. Each of these shareholders also has currently exercisable options to
acquire 2,000 additional shares.
Solution
In assessing whether it has obtained control over Company X, Company P should consider not
only the 40,000 shares it owns but also its option to acquire another 20,000 shares (a so-called

potential voting right). In this assessment, the specific terms and conditions of the option
agreement and other factors are considered:
• the options are currently exercisable and there are no other required conditions before such
options can be exercised
• if exercised, these options would increase Company P’s ownership to a controlling interest of
over 50% before considering other shareholders’ potential voting rights (65,000 shares out of
a total of 1,25,000 shares)
• although other shareholders also have potential voting rights, if all options are exercised
Company P will still own a majority (65,000 shares out of 1,29,000 shares)
• the premium included in the exercise price makes the options out-of-the-money. However, the
fact that the premium is small and the options could confer majority ownership indicates that
the potential voting rights have economic substance.
By considering all the above factors, Company P concludes that with the acquisition of the 40,000
shares together with the potential voting rights, it has obtained control of Company X.
9.2 Acquisitions through payment of cash or incurring of liability
In a business combination effected primarily by transferring cash or other assets or by incurring
liabilities, the acquirer is usually the entity that transfers the cash or other assets or incurs the
liabilities.
9.3 Acquisitions through issue of equity instrument
In a business combination effected primarily by exchanging equity interests, the acquirer is usually
the entity that issues its equity interests. However, in some business combinations, commonly
called ‘reverse acquisitions’, the issuing entity is the acquiree. Reverse acquisition has been dealt
in a separate section of this chapter.
Other pertinent facts and circumstances shall also be considered in identifying the acquirer in a
business combination effected by exchanging equity interests, including:
a) The relative voting rights in the combined entity after the business combination: The acquirer
is usually the combining entity whose owners as a group retain or receive the largest portion
of the voting rights in the combined entity. In determining which group of owners retains or
receives the largest portion of the voting rights, an entity shall consider the existence of any
unusual or special voting arrangements and options, warrants or convertible securities.
b) The existence of a large minority voting interest in the combined entity if no other owner or
organised group of owners has a significant voting interest—The acquirer is usually the
combining entity whose single owner or organised group of owners holds the largest minority
voting interest in the combined entity.

c) The composition of the governing body of the combined entity—The acquirer is usually the
combining entity whose owners have the ability to elect or appoint or to remove a majority of
the members of the governing body of the combined entity.
d) The composition of the senior management of the combined entity—The acquirer is usually
the combining entity whose (former) management dominates the management of the
combined entity.
e) The terms of the exchange of equity interests—The acquirer is usually the combining entity
that pays a premium over the pre-combination fair value of the equity interests of the other
combining entity or entities.
f) The acquirer is usually the combining entity whose relative size (measured in, for example,
assets, revenues or profit) is significantly greater than that of the other combining entity or
entities. In a business combination involving more than two entities, determining the acquirer
shall include a consideration of, among other things, which of the combining entities initiated
the combination, as well as the relative size of the combining entities.
Example :
Company A and Company B operate in power industry and both entities are operating entities.
Company A has much larger scale of operations than Company B. Company B merges with
Company A such that the shareholders of Company B would receive 1 equity share of Company
A for every 1 share held in Company B. Such issue of shares would comprise 20% of the issued
share capital of the combined entity. After discharge of purchase consideration, the pre-merger
shareholders of Company A hold 80% of the capital in Company A.
In this transaction, Company A is the acquirer for the purposes of accounting for business
combination as per Ind AS 103. This is because, by merging the entire shareholding of Company
B, Company A has acquired control over Company B. Further, the shareholders of erstwhile
Company B do not obtain control over Company A on account of shares received as part of
purchase consideration, as they hold only 20% of the paid-up capital of Company A.
Example :
Company A and Company B operate in power industry and both entities are operating entities.
Company A has much smaller scale of operations than Company B. Company B merges Company
A such that the shareholders of Company B would receive 10 equity share of Company A for every
1 share held in Company B. Such issue of shares would comprise 70% of the issued share capital
of the combined entity. After discharge of purchase consideration, the pre-merger shareholders
of Company A hold 30% of capital of Company A. Post-acquisition, the management of Company
B would manage the operations of the combined entity.
In this transaction, Company B is the acquirer for the purposes of accounting for business
combination as per Ind AS 103. This is because, after merger, the shareholders of erstwhile

Company B would have a controlling interest and management of the combined entity. As such,
in substance, Company B has acquired control over Company A.
It is important to note that the Company B would be considered as an acquirer for accounting
purposes only (i.e., accounting acquirer). For legal purposes as well as for reporting purposes, it
is the Company A that would be considered as an acquirer (i.e., legal acquirer).
Appropriate identification of an acquirer is relevant, as the net assets of the accounting acquiree
(rather than that of the accounting acquirer) are recognised at fair value.
9.4 Acquisition involving Shell Company and Reverse Acquisition

A reverse acquisition occurs when the entity that issues securities (the legal acquirer) is identified
as the acquiree for accounting purposes on the basis of the guidance above. The entity whose
equity interests are acquired (the legal acquiree) must be the acquirer for accounting purposes
for the transaction to be considered a reverse acquisition. For example, reverse acquisitions
sometimes occur when a private operating entity wants to become a public entity but does not
want to register its equity shares. To accomplish that, the private entity will arrange for a public
entity to acquire its equity interests in exchange for the equity interests of the public entity. In this
example, the public entity is the legal acquirer because it issued its equity interests, and the
private entity is the legal acquiree because its equity interests were acquired. However,
application of the guidance given in above paragraph results in identifying:
a) the public entity as the acquiree for accounting purposes (the accounting acquiree); and
b) the private entity as the acquirer for accounting purposes (the accounting acquirer).
The accounting acquiree must meet the definition of a business for the transaction to be accounted
for as a reverse acquisition, and all of the recognition and measurement principles of Ind AS 103,
including the requirement to recognise goodwill, will apply.
Example : New parent pays cash to effect a business combination

Company A decided to spin-off two of its existing businesses (currently housed in two separate
entities, Company B and Company C). To facilitate the spin-off, Company A incorporates a new
entity (Company D) with nominal equity and appoints independent directors to the board of
Company D. Company D signs an agreement to purchase Companies B and C in cash, conditional
on obtaining sufficient funding. To fund these acquisitions, Company D issues a prospectus
offering to issue shares for cash.
At the conclusion of the transaction, Company D is owned 99% by the new investors with Company
A retaining only a 1% non-controlling interest.
In this situation, a set of new investors paid cash to obtain control of Company D in an arm’s
length transaction. Company D is then used to effect the acquisition of 100% ownership of

Companies B and C by paying cash. Company A relinquishes its control of Companies B and C
to the new owners of Company D.
Although Company D is a newly formed entity, Company D is identified as the acquirer not only
because it paid cash but also because the new owners of Company D have obtained control of
Companies B and C from Company A.
Identification of the acquiring enterprise is very critical and the accounting may change significantly
if the accounting acquirer is different than legal acquirer.
10. DETERMINING THE ACQUISITION DATE

The acquirer shall identify the acquisition date, which is the date on which it obtains control of the
acquiree.
The date on which the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree is generally the date on which the
acquirer legally transfers the consideration, acquires the assets and assumes the liabilities of the
acquiree—the closing date. However, the acquirer might obtain control on a date that is either
earlier or later than the closing date. For example, the acquisition date precedes the closing date
if a written agreement provides that the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree on a date before
the closing date. An acquirer shall consider all pertinent facts and circumstances in identifying the
acquisition date.
The acquisition date is a very important step in the business combination accounting because it
determines when the acquirer recognises and measures the consideration, the assets acquired
and liabilities assumed. The acquiree’s results are consolidated from this date. The acquisition
date materially impacts the overall acquisition accounting, including post-combination earnings.
The acquisition date is often readily apparent from the structure of the business combinations and
the terms of the sale and purchase agreement (if applicable) but this is not always the case.
Acquisition date will be the date on which the acquirer obtains control.
Example
Company A acquired 80% equity interest in Company B for cash consideration. The relevant
dates are as under:
 Date of shareholder agreement June 1, 20X1

 Appointed date as per shareholder agreement April 1, 20X1

 Date of obtaining control over the board representation July 1, 20X1
 Date of payment of consideration July 15, 20X1
 Date of transfer of shares to Company A August 1, 20X1
In this case, as the control over financial and operating policies are acquired through obtaining
board representation on July 1, 20X1, it is this date that is considered as the acquisition date. It
may be noted that the appointed date as per the agreement is not considered as the acquisition
date, as the Company A did not have control over Company B as at that date.
Illustration 4
Can an acquiring entity can account for a business combination based on a signed non-binding
letter of intent where the exchange of consideration and other conditions are expected to be
completed with 2 months?
Solution
No. as per the requirement of the standard a non- binding Letter of Intent (LOI) does not effectively
transfer control and hence this cannot be considered as the basis for determining the acquisition
date.
Illustration 5
On April 1 Company X agrees to acquire the share of Company B in an all equity deal. As per the
binding agreement Company X will get the effective control on 1 April however the consideration
will be paid only when the shareholders’ approval is received. The shareholders meeting is
scheduled to happen on 30 April. If the shareholder approval is not received for issue of new
shares, then the consideration will be settled in cash. What is the acquisition date?
Solution
The acquisition date in the above example is 1 April. In the above scenario even if the shareholder
don’t approve the shares consideration can be settled through payment of cash.
11. STEP ACQUISITIONS

In the case an entity acquires an entity step by step through series of purchase then the acquisition
date will be the date on which the acquirer obtains control. Till the time the control is obtained the
Investment will be accounted as per the requirements of other Ind AS 109, if the investments are
covered under that standard or as per Ind AS 28, if the investments are in Associates.
In the case of step acquisitions, the investments held by the acquirer till the date of obtaining the
control is recorded at acquisition date fair value and the difference between the fair value and the
previous carrying cost is recorded as income or loss in the income statement.

12. DETERMINATION OF THE PURCHASE CONSIDERATION

The consideration transferred in a business combination shall be measured at fair value, which
shall be calculated as the total of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets (including cash)
transferred by the acquirer, the liabilities incurred by the acquirer to former owners of the acquiree
and the equity interests issued by the acquirer. Examples of potential forms of consideration
include cash, other assets, a business or a subsidiary of the acquirer, contingent consideration,
ordinary or preference equity instruments, options, warrants and member interests of mutual
entities.
Exception to the fair value in determination of Purchase consideration

However, any portion of the acquirer’s share-based payment awards exchanged for awards held
by the acquiree’s employees that is included in consideration transferred in the business
combination shall be measured in accordance with the requirements of Ind AS 102, Share Based
payments.
The consideration transferred may include assets or liabilities of the acquirer that have carrying
amounts that differ from their fair values at the acquisition date (for example, non-monetary assets
or a business of the acquirer). If so, the acquirer shall remeasure the transferred assets or
liabilities to their fair values as of the acquisition date and recognise the resulting gains or losses,
if any, in profit or loss.
This means that if the acquirer has transferred a land as a part of the business combination
arrangement to the owners of the acquiree then the fair value of the land will be considered in
determining the fair value of the consideration. Consequently, the land will be de-recognised in
the financial statements of the acquirer and the difference between the carrying amount of the
land and the fair value considered for purchase consideration will be recorded in profit and loss.
However, sometimes the transferred assets or liabilities remain within the combined entity after
the business combination (for example, because the assets or liabilities were transferred to the
acquiree rather than to its former owners), and the acquirer therefore retains control of them. In
that situation, the acquirer shall measure those assets and liabilities at their carrying amounts
immediately before the acquisition date and shall not recognise a gain or loss in profit or loss on
assets or liabilities it controls both before and after the business combination.
12.1 A Business Combination achieved in Stages (Step Acquisition)
An acquirer sometimes obtains control of an acquiree in which it held an equity interest
immediately before the acquisition date.

Example :
On 31 December 20X1, Entity A holds a 35 per cent non-controlling equity interest in Entity B. On
that date, Entity A purchases an additional 40 per cent interest in Entity B, which gives it control
of Entity B. This transaction is referred as a business combination achieved in stages, sometimes
also referred to as a step acquisition.
In a business combination achieved in stages, the acquirer shall remeasure its previously held
equity interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognise the resulting gain or
loss, if any, in profit or loss. In prior reporting periods, the acquirer may have recognised changes
in the value of its equity interest in the acquiree in other comprehensive income (for example,
because the investment was classified as available for sale). If so, the amount that was recognised
in other comprehensive income shall be recognised on the same basis as would be required if the
acquirer had disposed directly of the previously held equity interest.
12.2 A Business Combination achieved without the Transfer of
Consideration
An acquirer sometimes obtains control of an acquiree without transferring consideration. The
acquisition method of accounting for a business combination applies to those combinations. Such
circumstances include:
(a) The acquiree repurchases a sufficient number of its own shares for an existing investor (the
acquirer) to obtain control.
(b) Minority veto rights lapse that previously kept the acquirer from controlling an acquiree in
which the acquirer held the majority voting rights.
(c) The acquirer and acquiree agree to combine their businesses by contract alone. The acquirer
transfers no consideration in exchange for control of an acquiree and holds no equity
interests in the acquiree, either on the acquisition date or previously. Examples of business
combinations achieved by contract alone include bringing two businesses together in a
stapling arrangement or forming a dual listed corporation.
In a business combination achieved by contract alone, the acquirer shall attribute to the owners
of the acquiree the amount of the acquiree’s net assets recognised in accordance with this Indian
Accounting Standard. In other words, the equity interests in the acquiree held by parties other
than the acquirer are a non-controlling interest in the acquirer’s post-combination financial
statements even if the result is that all of the equity interests in the acquiree are attributed to the
non-controlling interest.
12.3 Direct Cost of Acquisition
The direct cost of acquisition is not included in determination of the purchase consideration. Cost
which include like finder’s fees, due diligence cost accounting, legal fees, investment banker fees,

even bonuses paid to employees for doing a successful acquisition will not be included in the cost
of acquisition.
12.4 Contingent Consideration
The consideration the acquirer transfers in exchange for the acquiree includes any asset or liability
resulting from a contingent consideration arrangement. The acquirer shall recognise the
acquisition-date fair value of contingent consideration as part of the consideration transferred in
exchange for the acquiree.
The acquirer shall classify an obligation to pay contingent consideration as a liability or as equity
on the basis of the definitions of an equity instrument and a financial liability in accordance with
the requirement of Ind AS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation, or other applicable Indian
Accounting Standards. The acquirer shall classify as an asset a right to the return of previously
transferred consideration if specified conditions are met.
Fair value of the assets transferred or liability incurred should be measured on the acquisition
date to determine the fair value. Any direct cost of acquisition should be recorded directly in
profit and loss account and should not be included in purchase consideration.
Example :
Company A acquires Company B in April 20X1 for cash. The acquisition agreement states that
an additional ` 20 million of cash will be paid to B’s former shareholders if B succeeds in achieving
certain specified performance targets. A determines the fair value of the contingent consideration
liability to be 15 million at the acquisition date. At a later date, the probability of meeting the said
performance target becomes lower.
As certain consideration is based on achieving certain performance parameters in future, the
consideration is contingent on achieving those parameters. As such, the transaction involves
contingent consideration. Further, since the consideration is to be settled for a variable amount
in cash, such consideration would be in the nature of financial liability rather than equity.
As at the acquisition date, the acquirer should consider the acquisition date fair value of contingent
consideration as part of business combination. Accordingly, such recognition would increase
goodwill (or reduce gain on bargain purchase, as the case may be).
In the above example, if the chance of meeting the performance criteria becomes less probable,
then in such a case, the contingent consideration in the nature of financial liability should be
remeasured and the impact for the change in the fair value should be recognised in statement of
profit and loss.

13. PURCHASE PRICE ALLOCATION

13.1 Recognition of Assets and Liabilities of the Acquired Entity
As of the acquisition date, the acquirer shall recognise, separately from goodwill, the identifiable
assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree.
The most important principle in a purchase price allocation exercise is to recognize and measure
all the assets and liabilities acquired on the acquisition date.
13.1.1 Recognition
Following conditions have to be considered while recognising the assets and liabilities of the
acquire:
• To qualify for recognition as part of applying the acquisition method, the identifiable assets
acquired and liabilities assumed must meet the definitions of assets and liabilities in the
Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements in accordance with
Indian Accounting Standards issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India at the
acquisition date. For example, costs the acquirer expects but is not obliged to incur in the
future to effect its plan to exit an activity of an acquiree or to terminate the employment of or
relocate an acquiree’s employees are not liabilities at the acquisition date. Therefore, the
acquirer does not recognise those costs as part of applying the acquisition method. Instead,
the acquirer recognises those costs in its post combination financial statements in accordance
with other Ind AS.
• Acquirer should only record the assets and liabilities recorded as a part of the business
combination which means only those assets and liabilities which have been assumed as a
part of the business combination deal should only be recorded and not any other assets which
are not related to the acquisition to which other applicable Ind AS should be applied.
• When the acquirer applies the recognition principle under business combination it may record
certain assets and liabilities which the acquiree had not recorded earlier in their financial
statements. For example, the acquirer recognises the acquired identifiable intangible assets,
such as a brand name, a patent or a customer relationship, that the acquiree did not recognise
as assets in its financial statements because it developed them internally and charged the
related costs to expense.
There are certain exceptions to specific assets and liabilities which have been discussed below.
• The assets and liabilities has to be classified as per the requirement of applicable Ind AS
which will depend on the contractual terms, economic conditions etc.
• In some situations, Ind AS provide for different accounting depending on how an entity
classifies or designates a particular asset or liability. Examples of classifications or

designations that the acquirer shall make on the basis of the pertinent conditions as they exist
at the acquisition date include but are not limited to:
♦ classification of particular financial assets and liabilities as measured at fair value
through profit or loss or at amortised cost, or as a financial asset measured at fair value
through other comprehensive income in accordance with Ind AS 109, Financial
Instruments;
♦ designation of a derivative instrument as a hedging instrument in accordance with
Ind AS 109; and
♦ assessment of whether an embedded derivative should be separated from a host
contract in accordance with Ind AS 109 (which is a matter of ‘classification’ as this
Ind AS uses that term).
The only exception to the above principle is that for lease contract and insurance contracts
classification will be based on the basis of the conditions existing at inception and not on
acquisition date.
Example :
Company B has entered into certain lease arrangements which were appropriately classified as
finance leases, based on facts and circumstances as at inception. Company B was acquired by
Company A and consequently all the identifiable net assets including the lease arrangements
were taken over by Company A. Based on facts and circumstances as at the acquisition date,
Company A determines that the lease arrangement meets the criteria for operating lease.
In this example, Company A would be required to retain the original lease classification of the
lease arrangements and thereby recognise the lease arrangements as finance leases. As such,
Company A would not be able to consider the lease arrangements as taken on operating lease
basis.
13.2 Measurement Principle

The assets and liabilities recognized based on the aforesaid recognition principles has to be
measured based on the following principles:
• The acquirer shall measure the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their
acquisition-date fair values.
• For each business combination, the acquirer shall measure at the acquisition date
components of non-controlling interest (under existing AS it is called as minority interest) in
the acquiree that are present ownership interests and entitle their holders to a proportionate
share of the entity’s net assets in the event of liquidation at either:
♦ fair value; or

♦ The present ownership instruments’ proportionate share in the recognised amounts of

the acquiree’s identifiable net assets
• All other components of non-controlling interests shall be measured at their acquisition date
fair values, unless another measurement basis is required by Ind AS.
13.2.1 Exception to the recognition or measurement principle
The exception principles laid out in this standard for recognition or measurement of certain assets
and liabilities are only limited to acquisition date accounting and may be different than the
requirements of other accounting standards. The application of the above principles may result in
two scenarios:
• An asset or liability which otherwise would not have been recorded gets recorded.
• The assets and liabilities are measured at a value other than the acquisition date fair values.
Items Guidance under Ind AS 103
Contingent liability Ind AS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets,
defines a contingent liability as:
(a) a possible obligation that arises from past events and whose
existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-
occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly
within the control of the entity; or
(b) a present obligation that arises from past events but is not
recognised because:
i. it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying
economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation;
or
ii. the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with
sufficient reliability.
The requirements in Ind AS 37 do not apply in determining which
contingent liabilities to recognise as of the acquisition date. Instead,
the acquirer shall recognise as of the acquisition date a contingent
liability assumed in a business combination if it is a present
obligation that arises from past events and its fair value can be
measured reliably. Therefore, contrary to Ind AS 37, the acquirer
recognises a contingent liability assumed in a business combination
at the acquisition date even if it is not probable that an outflow of
resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle
the obligation.

Example :
A suit for damages worth ` 10 million was filed on Company B for alleged breach of certain
contract provisions. Company B had disclosed the same as a contingent liability in its financial
statements, as it considered that it is a present obligation for which it was not probable that the
amount would be payable. Company A acquire Company B and determines the fair value of the
contingent liability to be ` 2 million.
Company A would recognise ` 2 million in its financial statements as part of acquisition
accounting, even if it is not probable that payment will be required to settle the obligation.
Income taxes As per the requirement of Ind AS 12 no deferred tax consequence should
be recorded on initial recognition of deferred tax except assets and
liabilities acquired during business combination. Accordingly, the
acquirer shall recognise and measure a deferred tax asset or liability
arising from the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business
combination in accordance with Ind AS 12, Income Taxes.
The acquirer shall account for the potential tax effects of temporary
differences and carry forwards of an acquiree that exist at the acquisition
date or arise as a result of the acquisition in accordance with Ind AS 12.
Employee The acquirer records the fair value of the obligations for any post
benefits retirement obligation as per the principles of Ind AS 19 which is an
exception of the general fair value rule.
Indemnification The seller in a business combination may contractually indemnify the

assets acquirer for the outcome of a contingency or uncertainty related to all or
part of a specific asset or liability. For example, the seller may indemnify
the acquirer against losses above a specified amount on a liability arising
from a particular contingency; in other words, the seller will guarantee
that the acquirer’s liability will not exceed a specified amount. As a result,
the acquirer obtains an indemnification asset. The acquirer shall
recognise an indemnification asset at the same time that it recognises
the indemnified item measured on the same basis as the indemnified
item, subject to the need for a valuation allowance for uncollectible
amounts.
Example :
Company A acquires Company B in a business combination on April 1, 20X1. B is being sued by
one of its customers for breach of contract. The sellers of B provide an indemnification to A for
the reimbursement of any losses greater than ` 100. There are no collectability issues around
this indemnification. At the acquisition date, Company A determined that there is a present

obligation and therefore the fair value of the contingent liability of ` 250 is recognised by A in the
acquisition accounting. In the acquisition accounting A also recognises an indemnification asset
of ` 150 (` 250 - ` 100).
Reacquired rights These are the rights which the acquirer before acquisition may have
granted to the acquiree to use certain assets which belongs to the
acquirer. It does not matter whether the asset was recorded in the
financial statement of the acquirer or not. For example, license to
use the brand name, Franchisee rights etc. if an acquirer acquires an
acquiree which had certain rights granted to it by the acquirer then
the business combination results in settlement of the right and
accordingly any settlement gain or loss should be considered as a
separate transaction from business combination and will be recorded
in the financial statement of the acquirer.
The acquirer shall measure the value of a reacquired right recognised
as an intangible asset on the basis of the remaining contractual term
of the related contract without considering the effect of potential
renewals.
Intangible assets The acquirer shall record separately from Goodwill, the identifiable
intangible acquired in a business combination. An intangible asset is
identifiable if it meets either the separability criterion or the
contractual-legal criterion. (Refer a section below on intangible asset
highlighting detailed guidance on recognition and measurement
criteria)
Share based The acquirer shall measure a liability or an equity instrument related
payment to share-based payment transactions of the acquiree or the
transactions replacement of an acquiree’s share-based payment transactions with
share-based payment transactions of the acquirer in accordance with
the method in Ind AS 102, Share-based Payment, at the acquisition
date.
Assets held for sale The acquirer shall measure an acquired non-current asset (or
disposal group) that is classified as held for sale at the acquisition
date in accordance with Ind AS 105, Non-current Assets Held for Sale
and Discontinued Operations, at fair value less costs to sell in
accordance with that Ind AS.
Operating lease Acquiree is a lessee

The acquirer shall recognise no assets or liabilities related to an
operating lease in which the acquiree is the lessee except:

• If the terms of the operating lease are favourable to the acquirer

then it should record an intangible asset and if it is unfavourable
then it should record a liability.
• An identifiable intangible asset may be associated with an
operating lease, which may be evidenced by market participants’
willingness to pay a price for the lease even if it is at market
terms. For example, a lease of gates at an airport or of retail
space in a prime shopping area might provide entry into a market
or other future economic benefits that qualify as identifiable
intangible assets, for example, as a customer relationship. In that
situation, the acquirer shall recognise the associated identifiable
intangible asset(s) in accordance guidance provided for
intangible asset.
Acquiree is a lessor
If the aquiree is a lessor then no adjustment is recorded for the asset
which is recorded in the financial statements of the acquiree,
however, the lease rentals are considered for determining the fair
value of the asset.
Assembled The acquirer subsumes into Goodwill the value of an acquired

workforce intangible asset that is not identifiable as of the acquisition date. For
example, an acquirer may attribute value to the existence of an
assembled workforce, which is an existing collection of employees
that permits the acquirer to continue to operate an acquired business
from the acquisition date.
An assembled workforce does not represent the intellectual capital of
the skilled workforce—the (often specialised) knowledge and
experience that employees of an acquiree bring to their jobs.
Because the assembled workforce is not an identifiable asset to be
recognised separately from goodwill, any value attributed to it is
subsumed into goodwill.
Unearned revenue Unearned revenue arises because of the application of the revenue
recognition criteria applied by the acquiree. It should be evaluated
whether there is any obligation on the acquisition date to be fulfilled
and accordingly an asset or liability against it should be recorded.

Exceptions
Limited to acquisition date accounting
An asset or liability which The assets and liabilities are

otherwise would not have been measured at a value other than
recorded gets recorded the acquisition date fair values
Recognition Exceptions Both Recognition and Measurement

Measurement exceptions exceptions
Contingent
liabilities Income Employee Indemnification Operating
Taxes benefits assets Leases
Share based payment awards Assets held for sale Reacquired rights
13.3 Intangible Assets

As explained above an intangible asset should be recorded separately from Goodwill if either the
separability criteria is met or it arises out of contractual legal criterion.
13.3.1 Contractual Legal criterion
An intangible asset that meets the contractual-legal criterion is identifiable even if the asset is not
transferable or separable from the acquiree or from other rights and obligations.
For example:
a. an acquiree leases a manufacturing facility under an operating lease that has terms that are
favourable relative to market terms. The lease terms explicitly prohibit transfer of the lease
(through either sale or sublease). The amount by which the lease terms are favourable
compared with the terms of current market transactions for the same or similar items is an

intangible asset that meets the contractual-legal criterion for recognition separately from
goodwill, even though the acquirer cannot sell or otherwise transfer the lease contract.
b. an acquiree owns and operates a nuclear power plant. The licence to operate that power plant
is an intangible asset that meets the contractual-legal criterion for recognition separately from
goodwill, even if the acquirer cannot sell or transfer it separately from the acquired power
plant. An acquirer may recognise the fair value of the operating licence and the fair value of
the power plant as a single asset for financial reporting purposes if the useful lives of those
assets are similar.
c. an acquiree owns a technology patent. It has licensed that patent to others for their exclusive
use outside the domestic market, receiving a specified percentage of future foreign revenue
in exchange. Both the technology patent and the related licence agreement meet the
contractual-legal criterion for recognition separately from goodwill even if selling or
exchanging the patent and the related licence agreement separately from one another would
not be practical.
13.3.2 Separability criteria
The separability criterion means that an acquired intangible asset is capable of being separated
or divided from the acquiree and sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged, either
individually or together with a related contract, identifiable asset or liability. An intangible asset
that the acquirer would be able to sell, license or otherwise exchange for something else of value
meets the separability criterion even if the acquirer does not intend to sell, license or otherwise
exchange it. An acquired intangible asset meets the separability criterion if there is evidence of
exchange transactions for that type of asset or an asset of a similar type, even if those transactions
are infrequent and regardless of whether the acquirer is involved in them.
Example :
Customer and subscriber lists are frequently licensed and thus meet the separability criterion.
Even if an acquiree believes its customer lists have characteristics different from other customer
lists, the fact that customer lists are frequently licensed generally means that the acquired
customer list meets the separability criterion. However, a customer list acquired in a business
combination would not meet the separability criterion if the terms of confidentiality or other
agreements prohibit an entity from selling, leasing or otherwise exchanging information about its
customers.
An intangible asset that is not individually separable from the acquiree or combined entity meets
the separability criterion if it is separable in combination with a related contract, identifiable asset
or liability.

For example:
a. market participants exchange deposit liabilities and related depositor relationship intangible
assets in observable exchange transactions. Therefore, the acquirer should recognise the
depositor relationship intangible asset separately from goodwill.
b. an acquiree owns a registered trademark and documented but unpatented technical expertise
used to manufacture the trademarked product. To transfer ownership of a trademark, the
owner is also required to transfer everything else necessary for the new owner to produce a
product or service indistinguishable from that produced by the former owner. Because the
unpatented technical expertise must be separated from the acquiree or combined entity and
sold if the related trademark is sold, it meets the separability criterion.
Accordingly, as per the guidance above it follows that identification of intangible asset will be
judgemental and will vary in each case.
Following are the possible sources of information and broad indicator to be used to identify any
possible intangible separately from goodwill:
A. Internal sources:
♦ Financial statements of the acquiree-
 significant R&D cost may be indicator that there may be possible technology
related intangible
 Significant sales promotion or marketing cost- this is a strong indicator of
marketing related intangible like distributor network, Marketing collaterals etc
 Customer acquisition cost- lot of company spend money to acquire new customers
like online e-commerce companies provide incentive to register a customer as a
first time user or download their app. That may be a strong indicator of existence
of customer list as an intangible
♦ Share purchase agreement- This can also be a strong indicator of existence of any
technical know-how, trademarks or patent which are included in the agreement can
provide a indicator of an existence of an intangible
♦ Purpose of acquisition- The reason for acquisition may also indicate the possible
intangible to be recorded. For e.g. Coca Cola acquired Thumps Up with an intention to
close the brand which will result in increase in its market share. Accordingly, this will also
be a possible intangible asset.
Illustration 6
Company A, FMCG company acquires an online e-commerce company E, with the intention to
start doing retailing. The e-commerce company has over the period have 10 million registered

users. However, the e-commerce company E does not have any intention to sale the customer
list. Should this customer list be recorded as an intangible in a business combination?
Solution
In this situation the customer database does not give rise to legal or contractual right. Accordingly,
the assessment of its separability will be assessed. The database can be useful other players and
E has the ability to transfer this to them. Accordingly, the intention not to transfer will not affect
the assessment whether to record this as an intangible or not.
13.3.3 Assembled workforce and other items that are not identifiable
The acquirer subsumes into goodwill the value of an acquired intangible asset that is not
identifiable as of the acquisition date. For example, an acquirer may attribute value to the
existence of an assembled workforce, which is an existing collection of employees that permits
the acquirer to continue to operate an acquired business from the acquisition date.
An assembled workforce does not represent the intellectual capital of the skilled workforce—the
(often specialised) knowledge and experience that employees of an acquiree bring to their jobs.
Because the assembled workforce is not an identifiable asset to be recognised separately from
goodwill, any value attributed to it is subsumed into goodwill.
The acquirer also subsumes into goodwill any value attributed to items that do not qualify as
assets at the acquisition date. For example, the acquirer might attribute value to potential
contracts the acquiree is negotiating with prospective new customers at the acquisition date.
Because those potential contracts are not themselves assets at the acquisition date, the acquirer
does not recognise them separately from goodwill. The acquirer should not subsequently
reclassify the value of those contracts from goodwill for events that occur after the acquisition
date. However, the acquirer should assess the facts and circumstances surrounding events
occurring shortly after the acquisition to determine whether a separately recognisable intangible
asset existed at the acquisition date.
After initial recognition, an acquirer accounts for intangible assets acquired in a business
combination in accordance with the provisions of Ind AS 38, Intangible Assets. However, as
described in paragraph 3 of Ind AS 38, the accounting for some acquired intangible assets after
initial recognition is prescribed by other Ind AS.
The identifiability criteria determine whether an intangible asset is recognised separately from
goodwill. However, the criteria neither provide guidance for measuring the fair value of an
intangible asset nor restrict the assumptions used in measuring the fair value of an intangible
asset. For example, the acquirer would take into account the assumptions
that market participants would use when pricing the intangible asset, such as expectations of
future contract renewals, in measuring fair value. It is not necessary for the renewals themselves
to meet the identifiability criteria.

13.4 Reacquired Rights

As part of a business combination, an acquirer may reacquire a right that it had previously granted
to the acquiree to use one or more of the acquirer’s recognised or unrecognised assets. Examples
of such rights include a right to use the acquirer’s trade name under a franchise agreement or a
right to use the acquirer’s technology under a technology licensing agreement. A reacquired right
is an identifiable intangible asset that the acquirer recognises separately from goodwill.
If the terms of the contract giving rise to a reacquired right are favourable or unfavourable relative
to the terms of current market transactions for the same or similar items, the acquirer shall
recognise a settlement gain or loss.
Illustration 7
Vadapav Limited is a successful company has number of own stores across India and also offers
franchisee to other companies. Efficient Ltd is one of the franchisee of Vadapav Ltd and is and
operates number of store in south India. Vadapav Ltd. decided to acquire Efficient Ltd due to its
huge distribution network and accordingly purchased the outstanding shares on 1 April 20X2. On
the acquisition date, Vadapav determines that the license agreement reflects current market
terms.
Solution
Vadapav will record the franchisee right as an intangible asset (reacquired right) while doing
purchase price allocation and since it is at market terms no gain or loss will be recorded on
settlement.
13.5 Goodwill – Recognition and Measurement
The acquirer shall recognise Goodwill as of the acquisition date measured as the excess of (a)
over (b) below:
a) the aggregate of:
i. the purchase consideration transferred at acquisition-date fair value;
ii. the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree measured in accordance with
this Ind AS (refer Non-controlling section); and
iii. in a business combination achieved in stages, the acquisition-date fair value of the
acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquiree.
b) the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities
assumed measured in accordance with this Ind AS.
In a business combination in which the acquirer and the acquiree (or its former owners) exchange
only equity interests, the acquisition-date fair value of the acquiree’s equity interests may be more
reliably measurable than the acquisition-date fair value of the acquirer’s equity interests. If so, the

acquirer shall determine the amount of goodwill by using the acquisition-date fair value of the
acquiree’s equity interests instead of the acquisition-date fair value of the equity interests
transferred. To determine the amount of goodwill in a business combination in which no
consideration is transferred, the acquirer shall use the acquisition-date fair value of the acquirer’s
interest in the acquiree in place of the acquisition-date fair value of the consideration transferred
(paragraph 32(a)(i)).
13.6 Bargain Purchase
In extremely rare circumstances, an acquirer will make a bargain purchase in a business
combination in which the net assets value acquired in a business combination exceeds the
purchase consideration.
The acquirer shall recognise the resulting gain in other comprehensive income on the acquisition
date and accumulate the same in equity as capital reserve. The gain shall be attributed to the
acquirer and there will no allocation to the non-controlling shareholders.
A bargain purchase might happen, for example, in a business combination that is a forced sale in
which the seller is acting under compulsion.
The Ind AS standard itself acknowledges that it is very rare that a bargain purchase in a business
combination will arise and accordingly the standard re-emphasise the above point by requiring the
entities to reassess and identify the clear reason why it is a bargain purchase business
combination. For e.g. acquisition of business in a bankruptcy sale, or sale of business due to a
regulatory requirement.
Example :
Entity X is one of the largest liquor manufacturing company in the world and it acquires another
Entity Y which has significant presence in India and UK. However, the competition commission
in UK has issued orders to sell one division of the UK assets of Entity Y in order to comply with
the local competition regulation in UK within a specified timeline. Entity Z another boutique liquor
manufacturer realises the opportunity and purchase the assets of Entity Y from Entity X.
In the given case above it is more likely than not that there could be an element of bargain
purchase as the Entity X was under compulsion to sell the assets within a specified timeline.
As mentioned above before recognising a gain on a bargain purchase, the acquirer shall determine
whether there exists clear evidence of the underlying reasons for classifying the business
combination as a bargain purchase. If such evidence exists, the acquirer shall reassess whether
it has correctly identified all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed and shall
recognise any additional assets or liabilities that are identified in that review.
The acquirer shall then review the procedures used to measure the amounts this Ind AS requires
to be recognised at the acquisition date for all of the following:

• the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed;

• the non-controlling interest in the acquiree, if any;
• for a business combination achieved in stages, the acquirer’s previously held equity interest
in the acquiree; and
• the consideration transferred.
The objective of the review is to ensure that the measurements appropriately reflect consideration
of all available information as of the acquisition date.
13.7 Measurement Period
Ind AS 103 provides a measurement period window wherein if all the required information is not
available on the acquisition date then the entity will be requiring to do the purchase price allocation
on a provision basis. During the measurement period, the acquirer shall retrospectively adjust
the provisional amounts recognised at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained
about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have
affected the measurement of the amounts recognised as of that date.
During the measurement period, the acquirer shall also recognise additional assets or liabilities if
new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date.
The measurement period ends as soon as the acquirer receives the information it was seeking
about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date or learns that more
information is not obtainable. However, the measurement period shall not exceed one year from
the acquisition date.
The measurement period provides the acquirer with a reasonable time to obtain the information
necessary to identify and measure the following as of the acquisition date in accordance with the
requirements of this Ind AS:
• the identifiable assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the
acquiree;
• the consideration transferred for the acquiree (or the other amount used in measuring
goodwill);
• in a business combination achieved in stages, the equity interest in the acquire previously
held by the acquirer; and
• the resulting goodwill or gain on a bargain purchase.
Any change i.e. increase and decrease in the net assets acquired due to new information available
during the measurement period which existed on the acquisition date will be adjusted against
goodwill.

However, after the measurement period ends, any change in the value of assets and liabilities
due to an information which existed on the valuation date will be accounted as an error as per Ind
AS 8, Accounting policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.
Illustration 8
Entity X acquired 100% shareholding of Entity Y on 1 April 20X1 and had complete the preliminary
purchase price allocation and accordingly recorded net assets of INR 100 million against the
purchase consideration of 150 million. Entity Y had significant carry forward losses on which
deferred tax asset was not recorded due to lack of convincing evidence on the acquisition date.
However, on 31 March 20X2, Entity Y won a significant contract which is expected to generate
enough taxable income to recoup the losses. Accordingly, the deferred tax asset was recorded on
the carry forward losses on 31 March 20X2. Whether the aforesaid losses can be adjusted with
the Goodwill recorded based on the preliminary purchase price allocation?
Solution
No, as per the requirement of Ind AS 103, changes to the net assets are allowed which results
from the discovery of a fact which existed on the acquisition date. However, change of facts
resulting in recognition and de-recognition of assets and liabilities after the acquisition date will
be accounted in accordance with other Ind AS. In the above scenario deferred tax asset was not
eligible for recognition on the acquisition date and accordingly the new contract on 31 March 20X2
will tantamount to change of estimate and accordingly will not impact the Goodwill amount.
13.8 Determining what is part of the Business Combination Transaction
The acquirer and the acquiree may have a pre-existing relationship or other arrangement before
negotiations for the business combination began, or they may enter into an arrangement during
the negotiations that is separate from the business combination. In either situation, the acquirer
shall identify any amounts that are not part of what the acquirer and the acquiree (or its former
owners) exchanged in the business combination, ie amounts that are not part of the exchange for
the acquiree. The acquirer shall recognise as part of applying the acquisition method only the
consideration transferred for the acquiree and the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the
exchange for the acquiree. Separate transactions shall be accounted for in accordance with the
relevant Ind AS.
A transaction entered into by or on behalf of the acquirer or primarily for the benefit of the acquirer
or the combined entity, rather than primarily for the benefit of the acquire (or its former owners)
before the combination, is likely to be a separate transaction. The following are examples of
separate transactions that are not to be included in applying the acquisition method:
• a transaction that in effect settles pre-existing relationships between the acquirer and
acquiree;

• a transaction that remunerates employees or former owners of the acquiree for future
services; and
• a transaction that reimburses the acquiree or its former owners for paying the acquirer’s
acquisition-related costs.
The acquirer should consider the following factors, which are neither mutually exclusive nor
individually conclusive, in determining whether the transaction is separate from Business
combination:
I. The reasons for the transaction- Understanding the reasons why the parties to the
combination (the acquirer and the acquiree and their owners, directors and managers -and
their agents) entered into a particular transaction or arrangement may provide insight into
whether it is part of the consideration transferred and the assets acquired or liabilities
assumed. For example, if a transaction is arranged primarily for the benefit of the acquirer
or the combined entity rather than primarily for the benefit of the acquiree or its former owners
before the combination, that portion of the transaction price paid (and any related assets or
liabilities) is less likely to be part of the exchange for the acquiree. Accordingly, the acquirer
would account for that portion separately from the business combination.
II. Who initiated the transaction—Understanding who initiated the transaction may also
provide insight into whether it is part of the exchange for the acquiree. For example, a
transaction or other event that is initiated by the acquirer may be entered into for the purpose
of providing future economic benefits to the acquirer or combined entity with little or no
benefit received by the acquiree or its former owners before the combination. On the other
hand, a transaction or arrangement initiated by the acquiree or its former owners is less likely
to be for the benefit of the acquirer or the combined entity and more likely to be part of the
business combination transaction.
III. The timing of the transaction—The timing of the transaction may also provide insight into
whether it is part of the exchange for the acquiree. For example, a transaction between the
acquirer and the acquiree that takes place during the negotiations of the terms of a business
combination may have been entered into in contemplation of the business combination to
provide future economic benefits to the acquirer or the combined entity. If so, the acquiree
or its former owners before the business combination are likely to receive little or no benefit
from the transaction except for benefits they receive as part of the combined entity.
Illustration 9
Progressive Ltd is being sued by Regressive Ltd for an infringement of its Patent. At 31 March
20X2, Progressive Ltd recognised a INR 10 million liability related to this litigation.
On 30 July 20X2, Progressive Ltd acquired the entire equity of Regressive Ltd for INR 500 million.
On that date, the estimated fair value of the expected settlement of the litigation is INR 20 million.

Solution
In the above scenario the litigation is in substance settled with the business combination
transaction and accordingly the INR 20 million being the fair value of the litigation liability will be
considered as paid for settling the litigation claim and will be not included in the business
combination. Accordingly, the purchase price will reduce by 20 million and the difference between
20 and 10 will be recorded in income statement of the Progressive limited as loss on settlement
of the litigation.
13.9 Contingent Payments to Employee Shareholders
Whether arrangements for contingent payments to employees or selling shareholders are
contingent consideration in the business combination or are separate transactions depends on
the nature of the arrangements. Understanding the reasons why the acquisition agreement
includes a provision for contingent payments, who initiated the arrangement and when the parties
entered into the arrangement may be helpful in assessing the nature of the arrangement.
If it is not clear whether an arrangement for payments to employees or selling shareholders is part
of the exchange for the acquiree or is a transaction separate from the business combination, the
acquirer should consider the following indicators:
a) Continuing employment—The terms of continuing employment by the selling shareholders
who become key employees may be an indicator of the substance of a contingent
consideration arrangement. The relevant terms of continuing employment may be included
in an employment agreement, acquisition agreement or some other document. A contingent
consideration arrangement in which the payments are automatically forfeited if employment
terminates is remuneration for post-combination services. Arrangements in which the
contingent payments are not affected by employment termination may indicate that the
contingent payments are additional consideration rather than remuneration.
b) Duration of continuing employment—If the period of required employment coincides with
or is longer than the contingent payment period, that fact may indicate that the contingent
payments are, in substance, remuneration.
c) Level of remuneration—Situations in which employee remuneration other than the
contingent payments is at a reasonable level in comparison with that of other key employees
in the combined entity may indicate that the contingent payments are additional consideration
rather than remuneration.
d) Incremental payments to employees—If selling shareholders who do not become
employees receive lower contingent payments on a per-share basis than the selling
shareholders who become employees of the combined entity, that fact may indicate that the
incremental amount of contingent payments to the selling shareholders who become
employees is remuneration.

e) Number of shares owned—The relative number of shares owned by the selling

shareholders who remain as key employees may be an indicator of the substance of the
contingent consideration arrangement. For example, if the selling shareholders who owned
substantially all of the shares in the acquiree continue as key employees, that fact may
indicate that the arrangement is, in substance, a profit sharing arrangement intended to
provide remuneration for post-combination services. Alternatively, if selling shareholders
who continue as key employees owned only a small number of shares of the acquiree and
all selling shareholders receive the same amount of contingent consideration on a per-share
basis, that fact may indicate that the contingent payments are additional consideration. The
pre-acquisition ownership interests held by parties related to selling shareholders who
continue as key employees, such as family members, should also be considered.
f) Linkage to the valuation—If the initial consideration transferred at the acquisition date is
based on the low end of a range established in the valuation of the acquire and the contingent
formula relates to that valuation approach, that fact may suggest that the contingent
payments are additional consideration. Alternatively, if the contingent payment formula is
consistent with prior profit-sharing arrangements, that fact may suggest that the substance
of the arrangement is to provide remuneration.
g) Formula for determining consideration—The formula used to determine the contingent
payment may be helpful in assessing the substance of the arrangement. For example, if a
contingent payment is determined on the basis of a multiple of earnings, that might suggest
that the obligation is contingent consideration in the business combination and that the
formula is intended to establish or verify the fair value of the acquiree. In contrast, a
contingent payment that is a specified percentage of earnings might suggest that the
obligation to employees is a profit sharing arrangement to remunerate employees for services
rendered.
h) Other agreements and issues—The terms of other arrangements with selling shareholders
(such as agreements not to compete, executory contracts, consulting contracts and property
lease agreements) and the income tax treatment of contingent payments may indicate that
contingent payments are attributable to something other than consideration for the acquiree.
For example, in connection with the acquisition, the acquirer might enter into a property lease
arrangement with a significant selling shareholder. If the lease payments specified in the
lease contract are significantly below market, some or all of the contingent payments to the
lessor (the selling shareholder) required by a separate arrangement for contingent payments
might be, in substance, payments for the use of the leased property that the acquirer should
recognise separately in its post-combination financial statements. In contrast, if the lease
contract specifies lease payments that are consistent with market terms for the leased
property, the arrangement for contingent payments to the selling shareholder may be
contingent consideration in the business combination.

Illustration 10
KKV Ltd acquires a 100% interest in VIVA Ltd, a company owned by a single shareholder who is
also the KMP in the Company, for a cash payment of USD 20 million and a contingent payment of
USD 2 million. The terms of the agreement provide for payment 2 years after the acquisition if the
following conditions are met:
• the EBIDTA margins of the Company after 2 years after the acquisition is 21%.
• the former shareholder continues to be employed with VIVA Ltd for at least 2 years after the
acquisition. No part of the contingent payment will be paid if the former shareholder does not
complete the 2 year employment period.
Solution
In the above scenario the former shareholder is required to continue in employment and the
contingent consideration will be forfeited if the employment is terminated or if he resigns.
Accordingly, only USD 10 million is considered as purchase consideration and the contingent
consideration is accounted as employee cost and will be accounted as per the other Ind AS
standards.
13.10 Acquirer Share Based Payment Awards Exchanged for Awards
held by the Acquiree’s Employees
• An acquirer may exchange its share-based payment awards (replacement awards) for
awards held by employees of the acquiree.
• The above share based payment awards will include vested and unvested shares.
• Exchanges of share options or other share-based payment awards in conjunction with a
business combination are accounted for as modifications of share-based payment awards in
accordance with Ind AS 102, Share based Payment.
• If the acquirer replaces the acquiree awards, either all or a portion of the market-based
measure of the acquirer’s replacement awards shall be included in measuring the
consideration transferred in the business combination. Market based measure means that
awards will be re-measured on the acquisition date as per the requirements of Ind AS 102.
• In situations in which acquiree awards would expire as a consequence of a business
combination and if the acquirer replaces those awards when it is not obliged to do so, all of
the market-based measure of the replacement awards shall be recognised as remuneration
cost in the post-combination financial statements in accordance with Ind AS 102. That is to
say, none of the market-based measure of those awards shall be included in measuring the
consideration transferred in the business combination. The acquirer is obliged to replace the
acquiree awards if the acquiree or its employees have the ability to enforce replacement.

For example, for the purposes of applying this guidance, the acquirer is obliged to replace
the acquiree’s awards if replacement is required by:
(a) the terms of the acquisition agreement;
(b) the terms of the acquiree’s awards; or
(c) applicable laws or regulations.
• To determine the portion of a replacement award that is part of the consideration transferred
for the acquiree and the portion that is remuneration for post-combination service, the
acquirer shall measure both the replacement awards granted by the acquirer and the
acquiree awards as of the acquisition date in accordance with Ind AS 102. The portion of
the market-based measure of the replacement award that is part of the consideration
transferred in exchange for the acquiree equals the portion of the acquire award that is
attributable to pre-combination service.
• The portion of the replacement award attributable to pre-combination service is the market-
based measure of the acquiree award multiplied by the ratio of the portion of the vesting
period completed to the greater of the total vesting period or the original vesting period of
the acquiree award. The vesting period is the period during which all the specified vesting
conditions are to be satisfied. Vesting conditions are defined in Ind AS 102.
• The portion of a non-vested replacement award attributable to post-combination service, and
therefore recognised as remuneration cost in the post-combination financial statements,
equals the total market-based measure of the replacement award less the amount attributed
to pre-combination service. Therefore, the acquirer attributes any excess of the market-
based measure of the replacement award over the market-based measure of the acquiree
award to post-combination service and recognises that excess as remuneration cost in the
post-combination financial statements.
• The acquirer shall attribute a portion of a replacement award to post-combination service if
it requires post combination service, regardless of whether employees had rendered all of
the service required for their acquiree awards to vest before the acquisition date.
• The portion of a non-vested replacement award attributable to pre-combination service, as
well as the portion attributable to post-combination service, shall reflect the best available
estimate of the number of replacement awards expected to vest.
For example, if the market-based measure of the portion of a replacement award attributed
to pre-combination service is Rs. 100 and the acquirer expects that only 95 per cent of the
award will vest, the amount included in consideration transferred in the business combination
is Rs. 95.

• Changes in the estimated number of replacement awards expected to vest are reflected in
remuneration cost for the periods in which the changes or forfeitures occur not as
adjustments to the consideration transferred in the business combination. Similarly, the
effects of other events, such as modifications or the ultimate outcome of awards with
performance conditions, that occur after the acquisition date are accounted for in accordance
with Ind AS 102 in determining remuneration cost for the period in which an event occurs.
• The same requirements for determining the portions of a replacement award attributable to
pre-combination and post-combination service apply regardless of whether a replacement
award is classified as a liability or as an equity instrument in accordance with the provisions
of Ind AS 102. All changes in the market-based measure of awards classified as liabilities
after the acquisition date and the related income tax effects are recognised in the acquirer’s
post-combination financial statements in the period(s) in which the changes occur.
• The income tax effects of replacement awards of share-based payments shall be recognised
in accordance with the provisions of Ind AS 12, Income Taxes.
The above guidance on Share based payment as per the Ind AS 103 can be summarized as
follows:
Pre-combination Post-
period combination
Computation- Grant date fair value Computation-The difference

multiplied by ratio of the vesting between the fair value of the
period completed as on the award on the date of
acqusition date to the greater of acqusition date and the
-original vesting period or revised value allocated to pre-
vesting period (refer example below) combination period
The incremental amount is

allocated to post
The value as computed above is
included in Purchase consideration. combination period as a
service cost over the
remaining vesting period.
Illustration 11
Green Ltd acquired Pollution Ltd. as a part of the arrangement Green Ltd had to replace the
Pollution Ltd.’s existing equity-settled award. The original awards specify a vesting period of five
years. At the acquisition date, Pollution Ltd employees have already rendered two years of
service.

As required, Green Ltd replaced the original awards with its own share-based payment awards
(replacement award). Under the replacement awards, the vesting period is reduced to 2 year (from
the acquisition date).
The value (market-based measure) of the awards at the acquisition date are as follows:
• original awards: INR 500
• replacement awards: INR 600.

As of the acquisition date, all awards are expected to vest.
Solution
Pre-combination period
The value of the replacement awards will have to be allocated between the pre-combination and
post combination period. As of the acquisition date, the fair value of the original award (INR 500)
will be multiplied by the service rendered upto acquisition date (2 years) multiplied by greater of
original vesting period (5 years) or new vesting period (4 years). Accordingly, 500 x 2/5= 200 will
be considered as pre-combination service and will be included in the purchase consideration.
Post- Combination period
The fair value of the award on the acquisition date is 600 which means the difference between the
replacement award which is 600 and the amount allocated to pre-combination period (200) is 400
which will be now recorded over the remaining vesting period which is 2 years as an employee
compensation cost.
13.11 Non-replacement Awards
The acquiree may have outstanding share-based payment transactions that the acquirer does not
exchange for its share-based payment transactions. If vested, those acquiree share-based
payment transactions are part of the non-controlling interest in the acquiree and are measured at
their market-based measure. If unvested, they are measured at their market-based measure as if
the acquisition date were the grant date in accordance with paragraphs 19 and 30.
The market-based measure of unvested share-based payment transactions is allocated to the
non-controlling interest on the basis of the ratio of the portion of the vesting period completed to
the greater of the total vesting period and the original vesting period of the share-based payment
transaction. The balance is allocated to post-combination service.
The above means that the acquiree’s existing award will be settled in its own shares and the
consequential shareholders will become the Non-controlling shareholders. The above principles
can be summarized as follows:

Vested shares-
• the value credited to Share based payment reserve is classified as NCI.
Unvested-
• Pre-combination period is considered as a part of NCI
• Post-combination period- is recorded as employee cost and the credit forms part of the NCI
in the balance sheet.
Illustration 12
P a real estate company acquires Q another construction company which has an existing equity
settled share based payment scheme. The awards vest after 5 years of employee service. At the
acquisition date, Company Q’s employees have rendered 2 years of service. None of the awards
are vested at the acquisition date. P did not replace the existing share-based payment scheme
but reduced the remaining vesting period from 3 years to 2 year. Company P determines that the
market-based measure of the award at the acquisition date is INR 500 (based on measurement
principles and conditions at the acquisition date as per Ind AS 102).
Solution
The market based measure or the fair value of the award on the acquisition date of 500 is allocated
NCI and post combination employee compensation expense. The portion allocable to pre-
combination period is 500 x 2/5 = 200 which will be included in pre-combination period and is
allocated to NCI on the acquisition date. The amount is computed based on original vesting
period.
The remaining expense which is 500-200= 300 is accounted over the remaining vesting period of
2 years as an compensation expenses.
13.12 Non-controlling Interest in an Acquiree
Ind AS 103 allows the acquirer to measure a non-controlling interest in the acquiree at its fair
value at the acquisition date. Sometimes an acquirer will be able to measure the acquisition-date
fair value of a non-controlling interest on the basis of a quoted price in an active market for the
equity shares (ie those not held by the acquirer). In other situations, however, a quoted price in
an active market for the equity shares will not be available. In those situations, the acquirer would
measure the fair value of the non-controlling interest using other valuation techniques.
The fair values of the acquirer’s interest in the acquiree and the non-controlling interest on a per-
share basis might differ. The main difference is likely to be the inclusion of a control premium in
the per-share fair value of the acquirer’s interest in the acquiree or, conversely, the inclusion of a
discount for lack of control (also referred to as a non-controlling interest discount) in the per-share
fair value of the non-controlling interest if market participants would take into account such a
premium or discount when pricing the non-controlling interest.

14. SUBSEQUENT MEASUREMENT AND ACCOUNTING

In general, an acquirer shall subsequently measure and account for assets acquired, liabilities
assumed or incurred and equity instruments issued in a business combination in accordance with
other applicable Ind AS for those items, depending on their nature. However, this Ind AS provides
guidance on subsequently measuring and accounting for the following assets acquired, liabilities
assumed or incurred and equity instruments issued in a business combination:
a) reacquired rights;
b) contingent liabilities recognised as of the acquisition date;
c) indemnification assets; and
d) Contingent consideration.
14.1 Reacquired Rights
A reacquired right recognised as an intangible asset shall be amortised over the remaining
contractual period of the contract in which the right was granted. An acquirer that subsequently
sells a reacquired right to a third party shall include the carrying amount of the intangible asset in
determining the gain or loss on the sale.
14.2 Contingent Liabilities
After initial recognition and until the liability is settled, cancelled or expires, the acquirer shall
measure a contingent liability recognised in a business combination at the higher of:
(a) the amount that would be recognised in accordance with Ind AS 37; and
(b) the amount initially recognised less, if appropriate, the cumulative amount of income
recognised in accordance with the principles of Ind AS 18, Revenue from Contracts with
Customers.
14.3 Indemnification Assets
At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the acquirer shall measure an indemnification
asset that was recognised at the acquisition date on the same basis as the indemnified liability or
asset, subject to any contractual limitations on its amount and, for an indemnification asset that is
not subsequently measured at its fair value, management’s assessment of the collectability of the
indemnification asset. The acquirer shall derecognise the indemnification asset only when it
collects the asset, sells it or otherwise loses the right to it.


Some changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that the acquirer recognises after the
acquisition date may be the result of additional information that the acquirer obtained after that
date about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date.
Such changes are measurement period adjustments to the extent is on account of conditions
which existed as of the acquisition date will be adjusted against goodwill. However, changes
resulting from events after the acquisition date, such as meeting an earnings target, reaching a
specified share price or reaching a milestone on a research and development project, are not
measurement period adjustments. The acquirer shall account for changes in the fair value of
contingent consideration that are not measurement period adjustments as follows:
(a) Contingent consideration classified as equity shall not be re-measured and its subsequent
settlement shall be accounted for within equity.
(b) Other contingent consideration that:
i. is within the scope of Ind AS 109 shall be measured at fair value at each reporting date
and changes in fair value shall be recognised in profit or loss in accordance with Ind AS
109.
ii. is not within the scope of Ind AS 109 shall be measured at fair value at each reporting
date and changes in fair value shall be recognised in profit or loss.
Contingent Consideration
Initial recognition at fair value
Equity Other contingent consideration
Not re-measured
Within the Not within the
Subsequent settlement is scope of Ind scope of Ind AS
accounted for within equity AS 109 109
Measured at fair Changes in fair

Measured at fair Changes in fair value at each value is
value at each value is recognised in
reporting date
reporting date recognised in
profit or loss
profit or loss

15. DISCLOSURES
The acquirer shall disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to evaluate
the nature and financial effect of a business combination that occurs either:
a) during the current reporting period; or
b) after the end of the reporting period but before the financial statements are approved for
issue.
Ind AS 103 requires detailed disclosures on Business Combination. The acquirer shall disclose
the following information for each business combination that occurs during the reporting period:
a. the name and a description of the acquiree.
b. the acquisition date.
c. the percentage of voting equity interests acquired.
d. the primary reasons for the business combination and a description of how the acquirer
obtained control of the acquiree.
e. a qualitative description of the factors that make up the goodwill recognised, such as
expected synergies from combining operations of the acquiree and the acquirer, intangible
assets that do not qualify for separate recognition or other factors.
f. the acquisition-date fair value of the total consideration transferred and the acquisition-date
fair value of each major class of consideration, such as:
I. cash;
II. other tangible or intangible assets, including a business or subsidiary of the acquirer;
III. liabilities incurred, for example, a liability for contingent consideration; and
IV. equity interests of the acquirer, including the number of instruments or interests issued
or issuable and the method of measuring the fair value of those instruments or interests.
g. for contingent consideration arrangements and indemnification assets:
i. the amount recognised as of the acquisition date;
ii. a description of the arrangement and the basis for determining the amount of the
payment; and
iii. an estimate of the range of outcomes (undiscounted) or, if a range cannot be estimated,
that fact and the reasons why a range cannot be estimated. If the maximum amount of
the payment is unlimited, the acquirer shall disclose that fact.

h. for acquired receivables:

i. the fair value of the receivables;
ii. the gross contractual amounts receivable; and
iii. the best estimate at the acquisition date of the contractual cash flows not expected to
be collected. The disclosures shall be provided by major class of receivable, such as
loans, direct finance leases and any other class of receivables.
i. the amounts recognised as of the acquisition date for each major class of assets acquired
and liabilities assumed.
j. for each contingent liability recognised, the information required in paragraph 85 of Ind AS
37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. If a contingent liability is not
recognised because its fair value cannot be measured reliably, the acquirer shall disclose:
i. the information required by paragraph 86 of Ind AS 37; and
ii. the reasons why the liability cannot be measured reliably.
k. the total amount of goodwill that is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
l. for transactions that are recognised separately from the acquisition of assets and assumption
of liabilities in the business combination:
i. a description of each transaction;
ii. how the acquirer accounted for each transaction;
iii. the amounts recognised for each transaction and the line item in the financial
statements in which each amount is recognised; and
iv. if the transaction is the effective settlement of a pre-existing relationship, the method
used to determine the settlement amount.
m. the disclosure of separately recognised transactions required by (l) shall include the amount
of acquisition-related costs and, separately, the amount of those costs recognised as an
expense and the line item or items in the statement of profit and loss in which those expenses
are recognised. The amount of any issue costs not recognised as an expense and how they
were recognised shall also be disclosed.
n. in a bargain purchase (see paragraphs 34–36A):
i. the amount of any gain recognised in other comprehensive income in accordance with
paragraph 34;
ii. the amount of any gain directly recognised in equity in accordance with paragraph 36A;
and
iii. a description of the reasons why the transaction resulted in a gain in case of (i) above.

o. for each business combination in which the acquirer holds less than 100 per cent of the equity
interests in the acquiree at the acquisition date:
i. the amount of the non-controlling interest in the acquiree recognised at the acquisition
date and the measurement basis for that amount; and
ii. for each non-controlling interest in an acquiree measured at fair value, the valuation
technique(s) and significant inputs used to measure that value.
p. in a business combination achieved in stages:
i. the acquisition-date fair value of the equity interest in the acquiree held by the acquirer
immediately before the acquisition date; and
ii. the amount of any gain or loss recognised as a result of remeasuring to fair value the
equity interest in the acquiree held by the acquirer before the business combination
(see paragraph 42) and the line item in the statement of profit and loss in which that
gain or loss is recognised.
q. Following additional information:
i. the amounts of revenue and profit or loss of the acquiree since the acquisition date
included in the consolidated statement of profit and loss for the reporting period; and
ii. the revenue and profit or loss of the combined entity for the current reporting period as
though the acquisition date for all business combinations that occurred during the year
had been as of the beginning of the annual reporting period.
If disclosure of any of the information required by this subparagraph is impracticable, the acquirer
shall disclose that fact and explain why the disclosure is impracticable. This Ind AS uses the term
‘impracticable’ with the same meaning as in Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting
Estimates and Errors.
If the acquisition date of a business combination is after the end of the reporting period but before
the financial statements are approved for issue, the acquirer shall disclose the information
required as above unless the initial accounting for the business combination is incomplete at the
time the financial statements are approved for issue. In that situation, the acquirer shall describe
which disclosures could not be made and the reasons why they cannot be made.
To meet the objective of the Ind AS 103 disclosure requirement, the acquirer shall disclose the
following information for each material business combination or in the aggregate for individually
immaterial business combinations that are material collectively:
a) if the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete for particular assets,
liabilities, non-controlling interests or items of consideration and the amounts recognised in
the financial statements for the business combination thus have been determined only
provisionally

i. the reasons why the initial accounting for the business combination is incomplete;
ii. the assets, liabilities, equity interests or items of consideration for which the initial
accounting is incomplete; and
iii. the nature and amount of any measurement period adjustments recognised during the
reporting period.
b) for each reporting period after the acquisition date until the entity collects, sells or otherwise
loses the right to a contingent consideration asset, or until the entity settles a contingent
consideration liability or the liability is cancelled or expires:
i. any changes in the recognised amounts, including any differences arising upon
settlement;
ii. any changes in the range of outcomes (undiscounted) and the reasons for those
changes; and
iii. the valuation techniques and key model inputs used to measure contingent
consideration.
c) for contingent liabilities recognised in a business combination, the acquirer shall disclose the
information required by paragraphs 84 and 85 of Ind AS 37 for each class of provision.
d) a reconciliation of the carrying amount of goodwill at the beginning and end of the reporting
period showing separately:
i. the gross amount and accumulated impairment losses at the beginning of the reporting
period.
ii. additional goodwill recognised during the reporting period, except goodwill included in
a disposal group that, on acquisition, meets the criteria to be classified as held for sale
in accordance with Ind AS 105, Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued
Operations.
iii. adjustments resulting from the subsequent recognition of deferred tax assets during the
reporting period
iv. goodwill included in a disposal group classified as held for sale in accordance with Ind
AS 105 and goodwill derecognised during the reporting period without having previously
been included in a disposal group classified as held for sale
v. impairment losses recognised during the reporting period in accordance with Ind AS 36.
(Ind AS 36 requires disclosure of information about the recoverable amount and
impairment of goodwill in addition to this requirement.)
vi. net exchange rate differences arising during the reporting period in accordance with Ind
AS 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates.

vii. any other changes in the carrying amount during the reporting period.
viii. the gross amount and accumulated impairment losses at the end of the reporting period.
e) the amount and an explanation of any gain or loss recognised in the current reporting period
that both:
i. relates to the identifiable assets acquired or liabilities assumed in a business
combination that was effected in the current or previous reporting period; and
ii. is of such a size, nature or incidence that disclosure is relevant to understanding the
combined entity’s financial statements.
The acquirer shall disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to evaluate
the financial effects of adjustments recognised in the current reporting period that relate to
business combinations that occurred in the period or previous reporting periods.
16. COMMON CONTROL TRANSACTIONS INCLUDING

MERGER AND DEMERGER
Common control transaction accounting guidance is included in Appendix C of Ind AS 103.
16.1 Definitions
Transferor means an entity or business which is combined into another entity as a result of a
business combination.
Transferee means an entity in which the transferor entity is combined.
Reserve means the portion of earnings, receipts or other surplus of an entity (whether capital or
revenue) appropriated by the management for a general or a specific purpose other than provision
for depreciation.
Common control business combination means a business combination involving entities or
businesses in which all the combining entities or businesses are ultimately controlled by the same
party or parties both before and after the business combination, and that control is not transitory.
16.2 Common Control Business Combinations
Common control business combinations will include transactions, such as transfer of subsidiaries
or businesses, between entities within a group.
The extent of non-controlling interests in each of the combining entities before and after the
business combination is not relevant to determining whether the combination involves entities
under common control. This is because a partially-owned subsidiary is nevertheless under the
control of the parent entity.

The fact that one of the combining entities is a subsidiary that has been excluded from the
consolidated financial statements of the group in accordance with Ind AS 110 is not relevant to
determining whether a combination involves entities under common control.
An entity can be controlled by an individual, or by a group of individuals acting together under a
contractual arrangement, and that individual or group of individuals may not be subject to the
financial reporting requirements of Ind ASs. Therefore, it is not necessary for combining entities
to be included as part of the same consolidated financial statements for a business combination
to be regarded as one having entities under common control.
A group of individuals are regarded as controlling an entity when, as a result of contractual
arrangements, they collectively have the power to govern its financial and operating policies so
as to obtain benefits from its activities, and that ultimate collective power is not transitory.
Common control combinations are the most frequent. Broadly, these are transactions in which an
entity obtains control of a business (hence a business combination) but both combining parties
are ultimately controlled by the same party or parties both before and after the combination. These
combinations often occur as a result of a group reorganisation in which the direct ownership of
subsidiaries changes but the ultimate parent remains the same. However, such combinations can
also occur in other ways and careful analysis and judgement are sometimes required to assess
whether some combinations are covered by the definition (and the scope exclusion). In particular:
• an assessment is required as to whether common control is ‘transitory’ (if so, the combination
is not a common control combination and Ind AS 103 applies). The term transitory is not
explained in the standard. In our view it is intended to ensure that Ind AS 103 is applied when
a transaction that will lead to a substantive change in control is structured such that, for a
brief period before and after the combination, the entity to be acquired/sold is under common
control. However, common control should not be considered transitory simply because a
combination is carried out in contemplation of an initial public offering or sale of combined
entities.
• when a group of two or more individuals has control before and after the transaction, an
assessment is needed as to whether they exercise control collectively as a result of a
contractual agreement.
Examples of common control transaction
♦ Merger between fellow subsidiaries
♦ Merger of subsidiary with parent
♦ Demerger of a division which is held by same set of shareholder
♦ Acquisition of an entity from an entity within the same group
♦ Bringing together entities under common control in a corporate legal structure

Illustration 13
Company X, the ultimate parent of a large number of subsidiaries, reorganises the retail segment
of its business to consolidate all of its retail businesses in a single entity. Under the reorganisation,
Company Z (a subsidiary and the biggest retail company in the group) acquires Company X’s
shareholdings in its one operating subsidiary, Company Y by issuing its own shares to Company
X. After the transaction, Company X will directly control the operating and financial policies of
Companies Y.
Before-Reorganisation
Company X
Company M Other
Company Y Company Z
subsidiaries
After- Reorganisation
Company X
Other subs Company Z
Company Y
Solution
In this situation, Company Z pays consideration to Company X to obtain control of Company Y.
The transaction meets the definition of a business combination. Prior to the reorganisation, each
of the parties are controlled by Company X. After the reorganisation, although Company Y are
now owned by Company Z, all two companies are still ultimately owned and controlled by
Company A. From the perspective of Company X, there has been no change as a result of the
reorganisation. This transaction therefore meets the definition of a common control combination
and is outside the scope of Ind AS 103.
16.3 Method of Accounting for Common Control Business Combinations
Business combinations involving entities or businesses under common control shall be accounted
for using the pooling of interest method.
The pooling of interest method is considered to involve the following:

(i) The assets and liabilities of the combining entities are reflected at their carrying amounts.
(ii) No adjustments are made to reflect fair values, or recognise any new assets or liabilities.
The only adjustments that are made are to harmonise accounting policies.
(iii) The financial information in the financial statements in respect of prior periods should be
restated as if the business combination had occurred from the beginning of the earliest period
presented in the financial statements, irrespective of the actual date of the combination.
However, if business combination had occurred after that date, the prior period information
shall be restated only from that date.
The consideration for the business combination may consist of securities, cash or other assets.
Securities shall be recorded at nominal value. In determining the value of the consideration, assets
other than cash shall be considered at their fair values.
The balance of the retained earnings appearing in the financial statements of the transferor is
aggregated with the corresponding balance appearing in the financial statements of the
transferee. Alternatively, it is transferred to General Reserve, if any.
The identity of the reserves shall be preserved and shall appear in the financial statements of the
transferee in the same form in which they appeared in the financial statements of the transferor.
Thus, for example, the General Reserve of the transferor entity becomes the General Reserve of
the transferee, the Capital Reserve of the transferor becomes the Capital Reserve of the
transferee and the Revaluation Reserve of the transferor becomes the Revaluation Reserve of the
transferee. As a result of preserving the identity, reserves which are available for distribution as
dividend before the business combination would also be available for distribution as dividend after
the business combination.
The difference, if any, between the amount recorded as share capital issued plus any additional
consideration in the form of cash or other assets and the amount of share capital of the transferor
shall be transferred to capital reserve and should be presented separately from other capital
reserves with disclosure of its nature and purpose in the notes.
The acid test in assessing common control transaction is that before and after the
reorganisation the entity should be controlled by the same shareholders.
17. SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IND AS 103 AND

AS 14
• Under the existing Indian GAAP, there is no comprehensive standard that addresses
accounting for acquisitions where one entity obtains control of another entity. The accounting
for such transactions is largely dependent on the form of the acquisition. For example, the

accounting treatment may differ dependent on whether the acquired company is retained as
a separate legal entity, whether it is legally merged with the acquirer or whether a group of
assets constituting a business is acquired.
To add to the complexity and confusion, if the acquired company is merged with the acquirer
through a court-approved scheme, the scheme itself may prescribe an accounting treatment
that is required to be followed, which may be in variation with the accounting standards.
Indian GAAP still permits the use of the pooling-of-interest method whereby the entire
transaction is accounted based on carrying values and no goodwill arises.
Further, the current principles (AS 21, Consolidated Financial Statements) provide guidance
on accounting for acquisition of a subsidiary in the entity’s consolidated financial statements
by adding, on a line-by-line basis, all assets and liabilities of the acquiree at the carrying
values as appearing in the acquiree’s financial statement (subject to adjustment for alignment
of accounting policies).
• Under Ind AS 103, Business Combination, is a more widely used term than just in relation
to mergers and amalgamations and encompasses a wide range of arrangements (unless
excluded from scope of Ind AS 103). Ind AS 103 provides principles for identifying what
constitutes a business combination, prescribes the accounting treatment for business
combinations with greater emphasis on the use of fair values in accounting for a business
combination.
The core principle of Ind AS 103 requires an acquirer of a business to recognise the assets
acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values and to disclose
information that enables users to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the acquisition.
S. Basis Ind AS Existing Accounting

No. Standards
1. Primary guidance Ind AS 103 “Business AS 14 “Accounting for

Combinations” Amalgamation”, AS 21
“Consolidated Financial
Statements”
Note: There is no
specific guidance. which
comprehensively covers
all types of business
combination transactions

Business combinations are The transactions that

accounted for in compliance meet the definition of
with Ind AS 103. amalgamations under
the Companies Act are
accounted for in
compliance with AS 14.
Parent’s equity interest
in a subsidiary as at the
date of acquisitions
accounted for in
compliance with AS 21 in
the consolidated
financial statements of
the parent.
2. Amalgamations • All business combinations  Amalgamation in

are accounted by using the the nature of
acquisition method with purchase: Either
limited exceptions. identifiable assets
• All identifiable assets and and liabilities
liabilities are recognised recorded at their
and measured at existing carrying
acquisition date fair values amount or fair value
with limited exceptions. at the date of
amalgamation
• Purchase consideration is
recognised at acquisition  Amalgamations in
date fair value. the nature of
merger: Accounted
• Non-controlling interests under 'Pooling of
in the acquiree is interests method'
measured either at fair where the assets,
value or at the non- liabilities and
controlling interest’s reserves of the
proportionate share of the transferor are
acquiree’s identifiable net recorded by
assets. transferee company
• Pooling of interests at their existing
method to record business carrying amount.
combination is prohibited.  Others:
• In case of
transaction that do
not meet the
definition of

amalgamation,
assets and liabilities
of acquiree are
recorded in the
consolidated
financial statements
at their existing
carrying amounts on
the date of
acquisition.
3. Asset acquisition Similar to Indian GAAP. The transactions that do

not meet the definition of
amalgamation /
acquisition of a
subsidiary, are
accounted as asset
acquisitions without any
goodwill or capital
reserve recognised
separately and the
consideration is
apportioned to the
various assets on a fair
value basis as
determined by
competent valuers.
4. Acquisition related Acquisition related costs such There is no specific

costs as finder’s fee, due diligence guidance, but they are
costs, etc. are expensed as generally capitalised.
incurred.
5. Goodwill or capital Like Indian GAAP, gain on Difference between the

reserve (gain on bargain purchase is purchase consideration
bargain purchase) recognised in equity as capital and the net assets
reserve. acquired is recorded as
goodwill or capital
reserve (presented as
equity) as the case may
be.
Goodwill is not amortised but Goodwill arising on

tested for impairment annually. amalgamation is

amortised over its useful

life not exceeding five
years unless a longer
period is justified.
There is no specific
guidance on goodwill
arising on subsidiaries
acquired which are not
amalgamations.
In practice, such
goodwill is not amortised
but tested for
impairment.
6. Contingent  Initially recognised at Contingent consideration

consideration acquisition date fair value is included in the
 Subsequent measurement purchase consideration
as at the date of
 Contingent
amalgamation, if
consideration
payment is probable and
classified as equity is
a reasonable estimate of
not remeasured.
the amount can be
 Contingent made. In other cases,
consideration the adjustment is
classified as liability recognised in the profit
generally and loss account as and
remeasured at fair when it becomes
value with changes at determinable.
every reporting
Others:
period end until
settlement, with  There is no specific
changes in fair value guidance. In
recognised in profit or practice, contingent
loss. consideration is
recognised when the
contingency is
resolved.
7. In-process research  Initially recognised at  There is no specific

and development acquisition date fair value. guidance.
 Subsequently measured in
accordance with Ind AS
38.

8. Measurement period Ind AS 103 provides for a There is no specific

measurement period after the guidance.
acquisition date for the
acquirer to adjust the
provisional amounts
recognised to reflect the
additional information that
existed as at the date of
acquisition.
The measurement period is
limited to one year from the
acquisition date.
9. Business Any equity interest in the If two or more

combination acquiree held by the acquirer investments are made
achieved in stages immediately before the over a period of time, the
(step acquisition) obtaining control over the equity of the subsidiary
acquiree is adjusted to at the date of investment
acquisition-date fair value. Any is generally determined
resulting gain or loss is on a step-by-step basis.
recognised in the profit or loss.
10. Transactions Appendix C to Ind AS 103 There is no specific

between entities provides detailed guidance on guidance.
under common which is very similar to the In practice, the
control pooling of interest method as accounting is generally
specified by AS 14. determined by the
scheme approved
through a court order.
18. ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustration 14
Enterprise Ltd. has 2 divisions Laptops and Mobiles. Division Laptops has been making constant
profits while division Mobiles has been invariably suffering losses.
On 31st March, 20X2, the division-wise draft extract of the Balance Sheet was:

( ` in crores)
Laptops Mobiles Total
Fixed assets cost 250 500 750
Depreciation (225) (400) (625)
Net Assets (A) 25 100 125
Current assets: 200 500 700
Less: Current liabilities (25) (400) (425)
(B) 175 100 275
Total (A+B) 200 200 400
Financed by:
Loan funds - 300 300
Capital : Equity ` 10 each 25 - 25
Surplus 175 (100) 75
200 200 400
Division Mobiles along with its assets and liabilities was sold for ` 25 crores to Turnaround Ltd. a
new company, who allotted 1 crore equity shares of ` 10 each at a premium of ` 15 per share to
the members of Enterprise Ltd. in full settlement of the consideration, in proportion to their
shareholding in the company. One of the members of the Enterprise ltd was holding 52%
shareholding of the Company.
Assuming that there are no other transactions, you are asked to:
(i) Pass journal entries in the books of Enterprise Ltd.
(ii) Prepare the Balance Sheet of Enterprise Ltd. after the entries in (i).
(iii) Prepare the Balance Sheet of Turnaround Ltd.

Solution
Journal of Enterprise Ltd.
( ` in crores)
Dr. Cr.
` `
(1)
Loan Funds Dr. 300
Current Liabilities Dr. 400
Provision for Depreciation Dr. 400
To Fixed Assets 500
To Current Assets 500
To Capital Reserve 100
(Being division Mobiles along with its assets and liabilities

sold to Turnaround Ltd. for ` 25 crores)
Notes :
(1) Any other alternative set of entries, with the same net effect on various accounts, may be
given by the students.
(2) In the given scenario, this demerger will meet the definition of common control transaction.
Accordingly, the transfer of assets and liabilities will be derecognized and recognized as per
book value and the resultant loss or gain will be recorded as capital reseve in the books of
demerged entity (Enterprise Ltd).
Enterprise Ltd.
Balance Sheet after reconstruction
( ` in crores)
Non-current assets
Property, Plant and Equipment 25

Current assets
Other current assets 200
225
Equity
Liabilities
Current liabilities
225
Notes to Accounts
( ` in crores)
1. Reserves and Surplus 75

Add: Capital Reserve on reconstruction 100
175
Notes to Accounts: Consequent on transfer of Division Mobiles to newly incorporated company
Turnaround Ltd., the members of the company have been allotted 1 crore equity shares of ` 10
each at a premium of ` 15 per share of Turnaround Ltd., in full settlement of the consideration in
proportion to their shareholding in the company.
Balance Sheet of Turnaround Ltd.
( ` in crores)
Non-current assets

Current assets
600
Equity
Equity share capital (of face value of INR 10 1 10

each)
Other equity (Securities premium) (110)
Liabilities
Borrowings 300
Current liabilities
600
Notes to Accounts
( ` in crores)
1. Share Capital:
Issued and Paid-up capital
1 crore Equity shares of ` 10 each fully paid up 10
(All the above shares have been issued for consideration other than
cash, to the members of Enterprise Ltd. on takeover of Division
Mobiles from Enterprise Ltd.)

Working Note:
In the given case, since both the entities are under common control, this will be accounted as
follows:
• All assets and liabilities will be recorded at book value
• Identity of reserves to be maintained.
• No goodwill will be recorded.
• Securities issued will be recorded as per the nominal value.
Illustration 15
Maxi Mini Ltd. has 2 divisions - Maxi and Mini. The draft information of assets and liabilities as at
31st October, 20X2 was as under:
Maxi Mini Total (in

division division crores)
Fixed assets:
Cost 600 300 900
Depreciation (500) (100) (600)
W.D.V. (A) 100 200 300
Net current assets:
Current assets 400 300 700
Less: Current liabilities (100) (100) (200)
(B) 300 200 500
Total (A+B) 400 400 800
Financed by :
Loan funds (A) – 100 100
(secured by a charge on fixed assets)
Own funds:
Equity capital 50
(fully paid up ` 10 shares)

Reserves and surplus 650

(B) ? ? 700
Total (A+B) 400 400 800
It is decided to form a new company Mini Ltd. to take over the assets and liabilities of Mini division.
Accordingly, Mini Ltd. was incorporated to take over at Balance Sheet figures the assets and
liabilities of that division. Mini Ltd. is to allot 5 crores equity shares of ` 10 each in the company
to the members of Maxi Mini Ltd. in full settlement of the consideration. The members of Maxi
Mini Ltd. are therefore to become members of Mini Ltd. as well without having to make any further
investment.
(a) You are asked to pass journal entries in relation to the above in the books of Maxi Mini Ltd.
and Mini Ltd. Also show the Balance Sheets of the 2 companies as on the morning of 1st
November, 20X2, showing corresponding previous year’s figures.
(b) The directors of the 2 companies ask you to find out the net asset value of equity shares pre
and post demerger.
(c) Comment on the impact of demerger on “shareholders wealth”.
Solution
Demerged Company: Mini Division of “Maxi Mini Ltd”
Resulting Company: “Mini Ltd.”
(a) Journal of Maxi Mini Ltd. (Demerged Company)
(` in crores)
Dr. Cr.
Current liabilities A/c Dr. 100
Loan fund (secured) A/c Dr. 100
Provision for depreciation A/c Dr. 100
Loss on reconstruction (Balancing figure) Dr. 300
To Fixed assets A/c 300
To Current assets A/c 300
(Being the assets and liabilities of Mini division taken out of
the books on transfer of the division to Mini Ltd., the
consideration being allotment to the members of the company

of one equity share of ` 10 each of that company at par for

every share held in the company vide scheme of
reorganisation)
Note : Any other alternatives set of entries, with the same net effect on various accounts,
may be given by the students. In the absence of additional information on fair value of the
assets transferred it has been assumed that the group of shareholders control both the
demerged and the resultant entity. It is expected that students should evaluate all
reorganization from common control parameters and aptly highlight the assumptions in the
note while solving the question.
Journal of Mini Ltd.
( ` in crores)
Dr. Cr.
Fixed assets (300-100) A/c Dr. 200
Current assets A/c Dr. 300
To Current Liabilities A/c 100
To Secured loan funds A/c 100
To Equity share capital A/c 50
To Capital reserve 250
(Being the assets and liabilities of Mini division of Maxi

Mini Ltd. taken over and allotment of 5 crores equity
shares of ` 10 each at part as fully paid up to the
members of Maxi Mini Ltd.)
Maxi Mini Ltd.

Balance Sheet as at 1st November, 20X2
INR in crore
ASSETS Note No. Before After
Reconstruction reconstruction
Non-current assets
Property, Plant and Equipment 100 300

Current assets
Other current assets 400 700
500 1,000
Equity
Equity share capital (of face value 50

of INR 10 each) 50
Other equity (Securities premium) 350 650
Liabilities
Borrowings 0.00 100
Current liabilities
Current liabilities 100 200
500 1,000
Notes to Accounts
After Before
Reconstruction Reconstruction
1. Reserves and Surplus 650 650
Less: Loss on reconstruction (300) –
350 650
2. Fixed Assets 600 900
Less: Depreciation (500) (600)
100 300

Notes to Accounts : Consequent on reconstruction of the company and transfer of Mini

division to newly incorporated company Mini Ltd., the members of the company have been
allotted 5 crores equity shares of ` 10 each at part of Mini Ltd. The demerged entity and the
resultant entity are common control and accordingly the transaction has been accounted at
book values of the assets transferred in both the entity.
Mini Ltd.
Balance Sheet as at 1 November, 20X2 INR in crore
ASSETS Note After

No. reconstruction
Non-current assets
Current assets
500
Equity
Liabilities
Borrowings 100
Current liabilities
500

Notes to Account
(` in crores)
1. Share Capital :
Issued and paid up :
5 crores Equity shares of ` 10 each fully paid up 50
(All the above shares have been issued for consideration other
than cash, to the members of Maxi Mini Ltd., on takeover of Mini
division from Maxi Mini Ltd.)
(b) Net asset value of an equity share

Pre-demerger Post-demerger
` 700 crores ` 400 crores
Maxi Mini Ltd. : = ` 140 = ` 80
5 crores 5 crores
` 300 crores
Mini Ltd.: = ` 60
5 crores
(c) Demerger into two companies has had no impact on “net asset value” of shareholding. Pre-
demerger, it was ` 140 per share. After demerger, it is ` 80 plus ` 60 i.e. ` 140 per original
share.
It is only yield valuation that is expected to change because of separate focusing on two
distinct businesses whereby profitability is likely to improve on account of demerger.
Illustration 16
AX Ltd. and BX Ltd. amalgamated on and from 1st January 20X2. A new Company ABX Ltd. was
formed to take over the businesses of the existing companies.
Summarized Balance Sheet as on 31-12-20X2
INR in '000
ASSETS Note No. AX Ltd BX Ltd
Non-current assets
Property, Plant and Equipment 8,500 7,500
Financial assets
Investments 1,050 550

Current assets
Inventory 1,250 2,750
Trade receivable 1,800 4,000
Cash and Cash equivalent 450 400
13,050 15,200

Equity
Equity share capital (of face value of 6,000 7,000
INR 10 each)
Other equity 3,050 2,700

Liabilities
Borrowings 3,000 4,000
Current liabilities
Trade payable 1,000 1,500
13,050 15,200
ABX Ltd. issued requisite number of shares to discharge the claims of the equity shareholders of
the transferor companies.
Prepare a note showing purchase consideration and discharge thereof and draft the Balance
Sheet of ABX Ltd:
a. Assuming that both the entities are under common control
b. Assuming BX ltd is a larger entity and their management will take the control of the entity.
The fair value of net assets of AX and BX limited are as follows:
Assets AX Ltd. (‘000) BX Ltd. (‘000)

Fixed assets 9,500 1,000
Inventory 1300 2900
Fair value of the business 11,000 1,4000

Solution:
(a) (Assumption: Common control transaction)
1. Calculation of Purchase Consideration
AX Ltd. BX Ltd.
` ’000 ` ’000
Assets taken over:
Investments 10,50 5,50
Trade receivables 18,00 40,00
Cash & Bank 4,50 4,00
Gross Assets 130,50 152,00
Less : Liabilities
12% Debentures 30,00 40,00
Trade payables 10,00 (40,00) 15,00 (55,00)
Net Assets taken over 90,50 97,00
Less: Reserves and Surplus:
General Reserve 15,00 20,00
P & L A/c 10,00 5,00
Investment Allowance Reserve 5,00 1,00
Export Profit Reserve 50 (30,50) 1,00 (27,00)
Purchase Consideration 60,00 70,00
Total Purchase Consideration = 130,00 (60,00 of AX Ltd. & 70,00 of BX Ltd.)

2. Discharge of Purchase Consideration

No. of shares to be issued to AX Ltd =
Net Assets taken over of AX Ltd.

x Purchase Consideration
Net Assets taken over of AX Ltd. and BX Ltd.
No. of shares to be issued to BX Ltd =
Net Assets taken over of BX Ltd.

x Purchase Consideration
Net Assets taken over of AX Ltd. and BX Ltd.
AX Ltd. BX Ltd.
` ’000 ` ’000
90,50
130,00 × = 6,27,500 ∗ Equity shares of ` 10 each 62,75
187,50
97,00
130,00 × = 6,72,500 67,25
187,50 Equity shares of ` 10 each
Balance Sheet of ABX Ltd. as on 1.1.20X2

INR in '000
Non-current assets
Property, Plant and Equipment 16,000
Financial assets
Investments 1,600
Current assets
Inventory 4,000
Trade receivable 5,800
Cash and Cash equivalent 850
28,250
∗
The total purchase consideration is to be discharged by ABX Ltd. in such a way that the rights of the
shareholders of AX Ltd. and BX Ltd. remain unaltered in the future profits of ABX Ltd.


Equity
Equity share capital (of face value of INR 10 each) 1 13,000
Other equity 2 5,750

Liabilities
Borrowings 3 7,000
Current liabilities
Trade payable 2,500
28,250
Notes to Accounts
( ` 000) ( ` 000)
1. Share Capital
13,00,000 Equity Shares of ` 10 each 130,00
2. Reserves and surplus
General Reserve (15,00 + 20,00) 35,00
Profit & Loss (10,00 + 5,00) 15,00
Investment Allowance Reserve (5,00 + 1,00) 6,00
Export Profit Reserve (50 + 1,00) 1,50 57,50
3. Long Term Borrowings
12% Debentures (Assumed that new debentures 70,00

were issued in exchange of the old series)
(30,00+40,00)

(b) Assessment: In this case BX Ltd. and AX Ltd. are not under common control and hence
Ind AS 103 for business combination accounting will be applied. A question arises here is
who is the accounting acquirer AXBX Ltd which is issuing the share or AX Ltd. or BX Ltd. As
per the accounting guidance provided in Ind AS 103 sometimes the legal acquirer may not
be the accounting acquirer. In the given scenario although AXBX Ltd. is issuing the shares
but the BX Ltd. post-merger will have control and is bigger in size which is a clear indicator
that BX Ltd. will be accounting acquirer. Accordingly, the following accounting steps has to
be followed:
♦ BX Ltd. assets will be recorded at historical cost in the merged financial statements.
♦ Shares issued to the shareholders of BX Ltd. will be recorded at nominal value and the
shares issued to the members of AX Ltd. will be recorded at the fair value of the
business which is 11,000.
♦ The above purchase price will be allocated to the assets and liabilities of AX Limited at
fair value and the resultant amount will be recorded as Goodwill.
(1) Calculation of Purchase Consideration
AX Ltd. BX Ltd.
` ’000 ` ’000
Assets taken over:
Investments 10,50 5,50
Trade receivables 18,00 40,00
Cash & Bank 4,50 4,00
Goodwill 900 -
Gross Assets 150,00 152,00
Less : Liabilities
12% Debentures 30,00 40,00
Trade payables 10,00 (40,00) 15,00 (55,00)
Purchase Consideration 11,000 97,00

(2) Discharge of Purchase Consideration (PC):
AX Ltd. BX Ltd.
` ’000 ` ’000
Fair value of BX Ltd business is 11,000 and accordingly
per share fair value is 20. Considering the above AXBX
Ltd will issue 5,50,000 shares as PC to the members of
AX Ltd.
5,50,000 Equity Shares of ` 10 each at a premium of 10 11,000
each
7,00,000 Equity Shares of ` 10 each 70,00

Balance Sheet of ABX Ltd. as on 1.1.20X2
INR in '000
Non-current assets
Goodwill 900
Property, Plant and Equipment (9500+7500) 17,000
Financial assets
Investments (1050+550) 1,600
Current assets
Inventory (1300+2750) 4,050
Trade receivable (1800+4000) 5,800
Cash and Cash equivalent (450+400) 850
30,200
Equity
Equity share capital (of face value of INR 10 each) 1 12,500

Other equity 2 8,200
Liabilities
Borrowings 3 7,000
Current liabilities
Trade payable 2,500
30,200
Notes to Accounts
( ` 000) ( ` 000)
1. Share Capital
1,250,000 Equity Shares of ` 10 each (700,000 1,25,00

to BX Ltd and 550,000 as computed above to
AX LTD)
2. Reserves and Surplus
General reserve of BX Ltd 20,00
P&L of BX Ltd 5,00
Export Profit Reserve of BX Ltd 1,00
Investment Allowance Reserve of BX Ltd 1,00 27,00
3. Long Term Borrowings
12% Debentures (Assumed that new

debentures were issued in exchange of the old
series) 70,00

Illustration 17
On 9 April 20X2, Shyam Ltd. a listed company started to negotiate with Ram Ltd, which is an
unlisted company about the possibility of merger. On 10 May 20X2, the board of directors of
Shyam authorized their management to pursue the merger with Ram Ltd. On 15 May 20X2,
management of Shyam Ltd offered management of Ram Ltd 12,000 shares of Shyam Ltd against
their total share outstanding. On 31 May 20X2, the board of directors of Ram Ltd accepted the
offer subject to shareholder vote. On 2 June 20X2 both the companies jointly made a press
release about the proposed merger.
On 10 June 20X2, the shareholders of Ram Ltd approved the terms of the merger. On 15 June,
the shares were allotted to the shareholders of Ram Ltd.
The market price of the shares of Shyam Ltd was as follows:
Date Price
9 April 70
10 May 75
15 May 60
31 May 70
2 June 80
10 June 85
15 June 90
What is the acquisition date and what is purchase consideration in the above scenario?
Solution
As per paragraph 8 of Ind AS 103, the acquirer shall identify the acquisition date, which is the
date on which it obtains control of the aquiree. In the above scenario, the acquisition date will the
date on which the shares were allotted to the shareholders of Ram Ltd. Although the shareholder
approval was obtained on 10 June but the shares were issued only on 15 June and accordingly
the 90 will be considered as the market price.
Illustration 18
Motu Ltd acquired Chotu Ltd. During the analysis of the financial statement they discovered that
Chotu Ltd has an existing lease arrangement where Chotu Ltd. is a lessee. The lease term is 5
years and is an operating lease for an office space at a prime location. The remaining lease
period under the arrangement is 3 years. Motu Ltd.’s M&A head assess that that: (i) the lease is
‘at-market’; and (ii) other market participants would not be willing to pay a premium for it.

The annual rentals are:

Year 1: INR2,000
Year 2: INR2,100
Year 3: INR2,200
Year 4: INR 2,300
Year 5: INR 2,400
Chotu Ltd financial statements include an annual rent expense of INR2,200 (determined on a
straight-line basis) as lease rental increase is not linked to inflation and a deferred rent liability of
INR 300 at the acquisition date.
Please discuss the treatment of the lease arrangement in the business combination accounting?
Solution
The accrued rent for straight-lining does not represent a liability and accordingly it is not recorded
as a liability on the acquisition date. However, the rental expenses will be recorded based on
straight-lining (which will be computed based on the remaining lease period) for INR 2,300 per
year.
Illustration 19
The balance sheet of Professional Ltd and Dynamic Ltd as of 31 March 20X2 is given below:
Assets Professional Ltd Dynamic Ltd
Non-Current Assets:
Property plant and equipment 300 500
Investments 400 100
Current assets:
Inventories 250 150
Financial assets 400 230
Trade receivable 450 300
Cash and cash balances 200 100
Total 2,000 1,380

Equity and Liabilities

Equity
Share capital- Equity shares of ` 100 each 500 400
Reserve and surplus 730 180
OCI 80 45
Non-Current liabilities:
Long term borrowings 250 200
Long term provisions 50 70
Deferred tax 40 35
Current Liabilities:
Short term borrowings 100 150
Trade payable 250 300
Total 2,000 1,380
Other information
a. Professional acquired 70% of Dynamic Ltd on 1 April 20X2 for by issuing its own share in the
ratio of 1 share of Professional Ltd for every 2 shares of Dynamic Ltd. The fair value of the
shares of Professional Ltd was 40.
b. The fair value exercise resulted in the following:( all nos in Lakh)
a. PPE fair value on 1 April 20X2 was 350.
b. Professional Ltd also agreed to pay an additional payment that is higher of 35 lakh and
25% of any excess of Dynamic Ltd in the first year after acquisition over its profits in
the preceding 12 months. This additional amount will be due after 2 years. Dynamic Ltd
has earned 10 lakh profit in the preceding year and expects to earn another 20 Lakh.
c. In addition to above, Professional Ltd also had agreed to pay one of the founder
shareholder a payment of 20 lakh provided he stays with the Company for two year after
the acquisition.
d. Dynamic Ltd had certain equity settled share based payment award (original award)
which got replaced by the new awards issued by Professional Ltd. As per the original
term the vesting period was 4 years and as of the acquisition date the employees of
Dynamic Ltd have already served 2 years of service. As per the replaced awards the

vesting period has been reduced to one year (one year from the acquisition date). The
fair value of the award on the acquisition date was as follows:
i. Original award- INR 5
ii. Replacement award- INR 8.
e. Dynamic Ltd had a lawsuit pending with a customer who had made a claim of 50.
Management reliably estimated the fair value of the liability to be 5.
f. The applicable tax rate for both entities is 30%.
You are required to prepare opening consolidated balance sheet of Professional Ltd as on
1 April 20X2.
Solution
Consolidated Balance sheet of Professional Ltd as on 1 April 20X2 (` in Lakhs)
Amount
Assets
Non-Current Assets:
Goodwill 527
Property plant and equipment 650
Investments 500
Current assets:
Inventories 400
Financial assets 630
Trade receivable 750
Cash and cash balances 300
Total 3,757
Equity
Share capital- Equity shares of ` 100 each 700

Reserve and surplus 1,334
OCI 80
Non-controlling interest 205
Long term borrowings 450
Long term provisions 160
Deferred tax 28
Short term borrowings 250
Trade payable 550
Total 3,757
Notes:
a. Fair value adjustment- As per Ind AS 103, the acquirer is required to record the assets and
liabilities at their respective fair value. Accordingly, the PPE will be recorded at 350.
b. The value of replacement award is allocated between consideration transferred and post
combination expense. The portion attributable to purchase consideration is determined
based on the fair value of the replacement award for the service rendered till the date of the
acquisition. Accordingly, 4 (8x 2/4) is considered as a part of purchase consideration and is
credited to Professional Ltd equity as this will be settled in its own equity. The balance of 4
will be recorded as employee expense in the books of Dynamic Ltd over the remaining life
which is 1 year in this scenario.
c. There is a difference between contingent consideration and deferred consideration. In the
given case 35 is the minimum payment to be paid after 2 years and accordingly will be
considered as deferred consideration. The other element is if company meet certain target
then they will get 25% of that or 35 whichever is higher. In the given case since the minimum
what is expected to be paid the fair value of the contingent consideration has been
considered as zero. For the sake of simplicity, the impact of time value on deferred
consideration has been ignored.
d. The additional consideration of 20 to be paid to the founder shareholder is contingent to
him/her continuing in employment and hence this will be considered as employee

compensation and will be recorded as post combination expenses in the income statement
of Dynamic Ltd.
Working for Purchase consideration ` in lakhs
Particulars Amount
Share capital of Dynamic Ltd 400
Number of shares 4,00,000
Shares to be issued 2:1 2,00,000
Fair value per share 400
PC (A) in lakhs 800
Deferred consideration (B) 35
Replacement award (8x2/4) (C) 4
PC in lakhs (A+B+C) 839
Purchase price allocation workings
Particulars Book value Fair value FV adjustment

(A) (B) (A-B)
Property plant and equipment 500 350 - 150
Investments 100 100 -
Inventories 150 150 -
Financial assets 230 230 -
Trade receivable 300 300 -
Cash and cash balances 100 100 -
Long term borrowings - 200 - 200 -
Long term provisions - 70 - 70 -
Deferred tax - 35 - 35 -

Short term borrowings - 150 - 150 -
Trade payable - 300 - 300 -
Contingent liability - - 5 - 5
Net assets (X) 625 470 - 155
Deferred tax Asset on FV adjustment 47 - 155

(155*30%) (Y)
Net assets (X+Y) 517
Non-controlling interest (684x30%) 205

rounded off
Goodwill (PC - Net assets) 527
Purchase consideration (PC) 839
Consolidation workings
Professional Dynamic PPA Total

Ltd Ltd (pre- Allocation
acquisition)
Assets
Non-Current Assets:
Property plant and equipment 300 500 -150 650
Investments 400 100 0 500
Goodwill 0 527 527
Intangible assets 0 0 -
Current assets:
Inventories 250 150 400
Financial assets 400 230 630
Trade receivable 450 300 750
Cash and cash balances 200 100 300

Total 2,000 1,380 3,757

Equity
Share capital- Equity shares 500 200 700
of ` 100 each
Reserve and surplus 730 604 1,334
OCI 80 80
Non-controlling interest 0 205 205
Long term borrowings 250 200 450
Long term provisions 50 70 40 160
Deferred tax 40 35 -47 28
Short term borrowings 100 150 250
Trade payable 250 300 0 550
Total 2,000 755 1,002 3,757

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Company A and Company B are in power business. Company A holds 25% of equity shares
of Company B. On November 1, Company A obtains control of Company B when it acquires
a further 65% of Company B’s shares, thereby resulting in a total holding of 90%. The
acquisition had the following features:
♦ Consideration: Company A transfers cash of ` 59,00,000 and issues 1,00,000 shares
on November 1. The market price of Company A’s shares on the date of issue is ` 10
per share. The equity shares issued as per this transaction will comprise 5% of the
post-acquisition equity capital of Company A.
♦ Contingent consideration: Company A agrees to pay additional consideration of
` 7,00,000 if the cumulative profits of Company B exceed ` 70,00,000 over the next
two years. At the acquisition date, it is not considered probable that the extra
consideration will be paid. The fair value of the contingent consideration is determined
to be ` 3,00,000 at the acquisition date.
♦ Transaction costs: Company A pays acquisition-related costs of ` 1,00,000.
♦ Non-controlling interests (NCI): The fair value of the NCI is determined to be
` 7,50,000 at the acquisition date based on market prices. Company A elects to
measure non-controlling interest at fair value for this transaction.
♦ Previously held non-controlling equity interest: Company A has owned 25% of the
shares in Company B for several years. At November 1, the investment is included in
Company A’s consolidated statement of financial position at ` 6,00,000, accounted for
using the equity method; the fair value is ` 20,00,000.
The fair value of Company B’s net identifiable assets at November 1 is ` 60,00,000,
determined in accordance with Ind AS 103.
Required
Determine the accounting under acquisition method for the business combination by
Company A.
2. Accounting for a reverse acquisition
On September 30, 20X1 Entity A issues 2.5 shares in exchange for each ordinary share of
Entity B. All of Entity B’s shareholders exchange their shares in Entity B. Therefore, Entity
A issues 150 ordinary shares in exchange for all 60 ordinary shares of Entity B.
The fair value of each ordinary share of Entity B at September 30, 20X1 is 40. The quoted
market price of Entity A’s ordinary shares at that date is 16.

The fair values of Entity A’s identifiable assets and liabilities at September 30, 20X1 are the
same as their carrying amounts, except that the fair value of Entity A’s non- current assets
at September 30, 20X1 is 1,500.
The statements of financial position of Entity A and Entity B immediately before the business
combination are:
Entity A (legal parent, Entity B (legal subsidiary,

accounting acquiree) accounting acquirer)
Current assets 500 700
Non-current assets 1,300 3,000
Total assets 1,800 3,700
Current liabilities 300 600
Non-current liabilities 400 1,100
Total liabilities 700 1,700
Shareholders’ equity
Retained earnings 800 1,400
Issued equity
100 ordinary shares 300
60 ordinary shares 600
Total shareholders’ equity 1,100 2,000
Total liabilities and 1,800 3,700

shareholders’ equity
3. Scenario 1: New information on the fair value of an acquired loan

Bank F acquires Bank E in a business combination in October 20X1. The loan by Bank E to
Borrower B is recognised at its provisionally determined fair value. In December 20X1, F
receives Borrower B’s financial statements for the year ended September 30, 20X1, which
indicate significant decrease in Borrower B’s income from operations. Basis this, the fair
value of the loan to B at the acquisition date is determined to be less than the amount
recognised earlier on a provisional basis.

Scenario 2: Decrease in fair value of acquired loan resulting from an event occurring
during the measurement period
Bank F acquires Bank E in a business combination in October 20X1. The loan by Bank E to
Borrower B is recognised at its provisionally determined fair value. In December 20X1, F
receives information that Borrower B has lost its major customer earlier that month and this
is expected to have a significant negative effect on B’s operations.
Required:
Comment on the treatment done by Bank F.
4. Company A acquired 90% equity interest in Company B on April 1, 2010 for a consideration
of ` 85 crores in a distress sale. Company B did not have any instrument recognised in
equity. The Company appointed a registered valuer with whose assistance, the Company
valued the fair value of NCI and the fair value identifiable net assets at ` 15 crores and
` 100 crores respectively.
Required
Find the value at which NCI has to be shown in the financial statements
5. On April 1, 20X1, Company A acquired 5% of the equity share capital of Company B for
1,00,000. A accounts for its investment in B at Fair Value through OCI (FVOCI) under Ind
AS 109, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. At March 31, 20X2, A carried
its investment in B at fair value and reported an unrealised gain of ` 5,000 in other
comprehensive income, which was presented as a separate component of equity. On April
1, 20X2, A obtains control of B by acquiring the remaining 95 percent of B.
Required
Comment on the treatment to be done based on the facts given in the question.
6. Company A acquires 70 percent of Company S on January 1, 20X1 for consideration
transferred of ` 5 million. Company A intends to recognise the NCI at proportionate share
of fair value of identifiable net assets. With the assistance of a suitably qualified valuation
professional, A measures the identifiable net assets of B at ` 10 million. A performs a review
and determines that the business combination did not include any transactions that should
be accounted for separately from the business combination.
Required
State whether the procedures followed by A and the resulting measurements are appropriate
or not. Also calculate the bargain purchase gain in the process.

ANSWER TO THE QUESTIONS

1. Let us evaluate each of the steps discussed in the above analysis:
Identify the acquirer
In this case, Company A has paid cash consideration to shareholders of Company B. Further,
the shares issued to Company B pursuant to the acquisition do not transfer control
of Company A to erstwhile shareholders of Company B. Therefore, Company A is the acquirer
and Company B is the acquirer.
Determine acquisition date
As the control over the business of Company B is transferred to Company A on November 1,
that date is considered as the acquisition date.
Determine the purchase consideration
The purchase consideration in this case will comprise the following:
Cash consideration ` 59,00,000
Equity shares issued (1,00,000 x 10 i.e., at fair value) ` 10,00,000
Contingent consideration (at fair value) ` 3,00,000
Fair value of previously held interest ` 20,00,000
As such, the total purchase consideration is ` 92,00,000.

Acquisition cost incurred by and on behalf of the Company A for acquisition of Company B
should be recognised in the Statement of profit and loss. As such, an amount of ` 1,00,000
should be recognised in Statement of profit and loss.
Determine fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities
The fair value of identifiable net assets is determined at ` 60,00,000.
Measure NCI
The management has decided to recognise the NCI at its fair value. As such, the NCI will be
recognised at ` 7,50,000.
Re-measure previously held interests in case business combination is achieved in
stages
In this case, the control has been acquired in stages i.e., before acquisition to control, the
Company A exercised significant influence over Company B. As such, the previously held

interest should be measured at fair value and the difference between the fair value and the
carrying amount as at the acquisition date should be recognised in Statement of Profit and
Loss. As such, an amount of ` 14,00,000 (i.e., 20,00,000 less 6,00,000) will be recognised
in Statement of profit and loss.
Determination of goodwill or gain on bargain purchase
Goodwill should be calculated as follows: (`)
Total consideration 92,00,000

Recognised amount of any non-controlling interest 7,50,000
Less: fair value of Lila-Domestic’s net identifiable assets (60,00,000)
Goodwill 39,50,000
2. Identifying the acquirer

As a result of Entity A issuing 150 ordinary shares, Entity B’s shareholders own 60 per cent
of the issued shares of the combined entity (i.e., 150 of the 250 total issued shares). The
remaining 40 per cent are owned by Entity A’s shareholders. Thus, the transaction is
determined to be a reverse acquisition in which Entity B is identified as the accounting
acquirer (while Entity A is the legal acquirer).
Calculating the fair value of the consideration transferred
If the business combination had taken the form of Entity B issuing additional ordinary shares
to Entity A’s shareholders in exchange for their ordinary shares in Entity A, Entity B would
have had to issue 40 shares for the ratio of ownership interest in the combined entity to be
the same. Entity B’s shareholders would then own 60 of the 100 issued shares of Entity B —
60 per cent of the combined entity. As a result, the fair value of the consideration effectively
transferred by Entity B and the group’s interest in Entity A is 1,600 (40 shares with a fair
value per share of 40).
The fair value of the consideration effectively transferred should be based on the most
reliable measure. In this example, the quoted market price of Entity A’s shares provides a
more reliable basis for measuring the consideration effectively transferred than the estimated
fair value of the shares in Entity B, and the consideration is measured using the market price
of Entity A’s shares — 100 shares with a fair value per share of 16.
Measuring goodwill
Goodwill is measured as the excess of the fair value of the consideration effectively
transferred (the group’s interest in Entity A) over the net amount of Entity A’s recognised
identifiable assets and liabilities, as follows:

Consideration effectively transferred 1,600
Net recognised values of Entity A’s identifiable assets and liabilities
Current assets 500
Non-current assets 1,500
Current liabilities (300)
Non-current liabilities (400) (1,300)
Goodwill 300
Consolidated statement of financial position at September 30, 20X1

The consolidated statement of financial position immediately after the business combination is:
Current assets [700 + 500] 1,200
Non-current assets [3,000 + 1,500] 4,500
Goodwill 300
Total assets 6,000
Current liabilities [600 + 300] 900
Non-current liabilities [1,100 + 400] 1,500
Total liabilities 2,400
Shareholders’ equity
Issued equity 250 ordinary shares [600 + 1,600] 2,200
Retained earnings 1,400
Total shareholders’ equity 3,600
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity 6,000
The amount recognised as issued equity interests in the consolidated financial statements
(2,200) is determined by adding the issued equity of the legal subsidiary immediately before
the business combination (600) and the fair value of the consideration effectively transferred
(1,600). However, the equity structure appearing in the consolidated financial statements
(i.e., the number and type of equity interests issued) must reflect the equity structure of the

legal parent, including the equity interests issued by the legal parent to effect the
combination.
Earnings per share
Assume that Entity B’s earnings for the annual period ended December 31, 20X0 were 600
and that the consolidated earnings for the annual period ended December 31, 20X1 were
800. Assume also that there was no change in the number of ordinary shares issued by Entity
B during the annual period ended December 31, 20X0 and during the period from January 1,
2006 to the date of the reverse acquisition on September 30, 20X1. Earnings per share for
the annual period ended December 31, 20X1 is calculated as follows:
Number of shares deemed to be outstanding for the period from January 1, 150
20X1 to the acquisition date (i.e., the number of ordinary shares issued by
Entity A (legal parent, accounting acquiree) in the reverse acquisition)
Number of shares outstanding from the acquisition date to December 31, 250
20X1
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding [(150 × 9/12) + 175

(250 × 3/12)]
Earnings per share [800/175] 4.57
Restated earnings per share for the annual period ended December 31, 20X0 is 4.00
[calculated as the earnings of Entity B of 600 divided by the number of ordinary shares Entity
A issued in the reverse acquisition (150)].
3. Scenario 1: The new information obtained by F subsequent to the acquisition relates to
facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date. Accordingly, an adjustment (i.e.,
decrease) to in the provisional amount should be recognised for loan to B with a
corresponding increase in goodwill.
Scenario 2: Basis this, the fair value of the loan to B will be less than the amount
recognised earlier at the acquisition date. The new information resulting in the change in the
estimated fair value of the loan to B does not relate to facts and circumstances that existed
at the acquisition date, but rather is due to a new event i.e., the loss of a major customer
subsequent to the acquisition date. Therefore, based on the new information, F should
determine and recognise an allowance for loss on the loan in accordance with Ind AS 109,
Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, with a corresponding charge to profit
or loss; goodwill is not adjusted.
4. In this case, Company A has the option to measure NCI as follows:
♦ Option 1: Measure NCI at fair value i.e., ` 15 crores as derived by the valuer;

♦ Option 2: Measure NCI as proportion of fair value of identifiable net assets i.e., ` 10
crores (100 crores x 10%)
5. At the acquisition date A recognises the gain of ` 5,000 in OCI as the gain or loss is not
allowed to be recycled to income statement as per the requirement of Ind AS 109. A’s
investment in B would be at fair value and therefore does not require remeasurement as a
result of the business combination. The fair value of the 5 percent investment (1,05,000)
plus the fair value of the consideration for the 95 percent newly acquired interest is included
in the acquisition accounting.
6. The amount of B’s identifiable net assets exceeds the fair value of the consideration
transferred plus the fair value of the NCI in B, resulting in an initial indication of a gain on a
bargain purchase. Accordingly, A reviews the procedures it used to identify and measure
the identifiable net assets acquired, to measure the fair value of both the NCI and the
consideration transferred, and to identify transactions that were not part of the business
combination.
Following that review, A concludes that the procedures followed and the resulting
measurements were appropriate. (` )
Identifiable net assets 1,00,00,000
Less: Consideration transferred (50,00,000)
NCI (10 million x 30%) (30,00,000)
Gain on bargain purchase 20,00,000

The above definition is very wide and control assessment does not depend only on voting rights
instead it depends on the following as well:
• Potential voting rights;
• Rights of non-controlling shareholders; and
• Other contractual right of the investor if those are substantive in nature.
Control assessment has been discussed in detail in the chapter of Consolidated Financial
Statements. One example on potential voting rights and its implication on assessment of control
is provided below for the students to understand the concept of control.
In order to ascertain control it is very important not to look at only the voting rights and
evaluate other factors like board control, potential voting rights etc.
Indicator of Control
Investor have currently

More than 50% Voting Power to appoint and
excersiable potential voting
rights remove board of directors
rights
Illustration 4: Potential voting rights

Company P Ltd., a manufacturer of textile products, acquires 40,000 of the equity shares of
Company X (a manufacturer of complementary products) out of 1,00,000 shares in issue. As part
of the same agreement, Company P purchases an option to acquire an additional 25,000 shares.
The option is exercisable at any time in the next 12 months. The exercise price includes a small
premium to the market price at the transaction date.
After the above transaction, the shareholdings of Company P’s two other original shareholders
are 35,000 and 25,000. Each of these shareholders also has currently exercisable options to
acquire 2,000 additional shares.
Solution
In assessing whether it has obtained control over Company X, Company P should consider not
only the 40,000 shares it owns but also its option to acquire another 20,000 shares (a so-called

Exceptions
Limited to acquisition date accounting
An asset or liability which The assets and liabilities are

otherwise would not have been measured at a value other than
recorded gets recorded the acquisition date fair values
Recognition Exceptions Both Recognition and Measurement

Measurement exceptions exceptions
Contingent
liabilities Income Employee Indemnification Operating
Taxes benefits assets Leases
Share based payment awards Assets held for sale Reacquired rights
13.3 Intangible Assets

As explained above an intangible asset should be recorded separately from Goodwill if either the
separability criteria is met or it arises out of contractual legal criterion.
13.3.1 Contractual Legal criterion
An intangible asset that meets the contractual-legal criterion is identifiable even if the asset is not
transferable or separable from the acquiree or from other rights and obligations.
For example:
a. an acquiree leases a manufacturing facility under an operating lease that has terms that are
favourable relative to market terms. The lease terms explicitly prohibit transfer of the lease
(through either sale or sublease). The amount by which the lease terms are favourable
compared with the terms of current market transactions for the same or similar items is an

• Changes in the estimated number of replacement awards expected to vest are reflected in
remuneration cost for the periods in which the changes or forfeitures occur not as
adjustments to the consideration transferred in the business combination. Similarly, the
effects of other events, such as modifications or the ultimate outcome of awards with
performance conditions, that occur after the acquisition date are accounted for in accordance
with Ind AS 102 in determining remuneration cost for the period in which an event occurs.
• The same requirements for determining the portions of a replacement award attributable to
pre-combination and post-combination service apply regardless of whether a replacement
award is classified as a liability or as an equity instrument in accordance with the provisions
of Ind AS 102. All changes in the market-based measure of awards classified as liabilities
after the acquisition date and the related income tax effects are recognised in the acquirer’s
post-combination financial statements in the period(s) in which the changes occur.
• The income tax effects of replacement awards of share-based payments shall be recognised
in accordance with the provisions of Ind AS 12, Income Taxes.
The above guidance on Share based payment as per the Ind AS 103 can be summarized as
follows:
Pre-combination Post-
period combination
Computation- Grant date fair value Computation-The difference

multiplied by ratio of the vesting between the fair value of the
period completed as on the award on the date of
acqusition date to the greater of acqusition date and the
-original vesting period or revised value allocated to pre-
vesting period (refer example below) combination period
The incremental amount is

allocated to post
The value as computed above is
included in Purchase consideration. combination period as a
service cost over the
remaining vesting period.
Illustration 11
Green Ltd acquired Pollution Ltd. as a part of the arrangement Green Ltd had to replace the
Pollution Ltd.’s existing equity-settled award. The original awards specify a vesting period of five
years. At the acquisition date, Pollution Ltd employees have already rendered two years of
service.


Some changes in the fair value of contingent consideration that the acquirer recognises after the
acquisition date may be the result of additional information that the acquirer obtained after that
date about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date.
Such changes are measurement period adjustments to the extent is on account of conditions
which existed as of the acquisition date will be adjusted against goodwill. However, changes
resulting from events after the acquisition date, such as meeting an earnings target, reaching a
specified share price or reaching a milestone on a research and development project, are not
measurement period adjustments. The acquirer shall account for changes in the fair value of
contingent consideration that are not measurement period adjustments as follows:
(a) Contingent consideration classified as equity shall not be re-measured and its subsequent
settlement shall be accounted for within equity.
(b) Other contingent consideration that:
i. is within the scope of Ind AS 109 shall be measured at fair value at each reporting date
and changes in fair value shall be recognised in profit or loss in accordance with Ind AS
109.
ii. is not within the scope of Ind AS 109 shall be measured at fair value at each reporting
date and changes in fair value shall be recognised in profit or loss.
Contingent Consideration
Initial recognition at fair value
Equity Other contingent consideration
Not re-measured
Within the Not within the
Subsequent settlement is scope of Ind scope of Ind AS
accounted for within equity AS 109 109
Measured at fair Changes in fair

Measured at fair Changes in fair value at each value is
value at each value is recognised in
reporting date
reporting date recognised in
profit or loss
profit or loss

Illustration 13
Company X, the ultimate parent of a large number of subsidiaries, reorganises the retail segment
of its business to consolidate all of its retail businesses in a single entity. Under the reorganisation,
Company Z (a subsidiary and the biggest retail company in the group) acquires Company X’s
shareholdings in its one operating subsidiary, Company Y by issuing its own shares to Company
X. After the transaction, Company X will directly control the operating and financial policies of
Companies Y.
Before-Reorganisation
Company X
Company M Other
Company Y Company Z
subsidiaries
After- Reorganisation
Company X
Other subs Company Z
Company Y
Solution
In this situation, Company Z pays consideration to Company X to obtain control of Company Y.
The transaction meets the definition of a business combination. Prior to the reorganisation, each
of the parties are controlled by Company X. After the reorganisation, although Company Y are
now owned by Company Z, all two companies are still ultimately owned and controlled by
Company A. From the perspective of Company X, there has been no change as a result of the
reorganisation. This transaction therefore meets the definition of a common control combination
and is outside the scope of Ind AS 103.
16.3 Method of Accounting for Common Control Business Combinations
Business combinations involving entities or businesses under common control shall be accounted
for using the pooling of interest method.
The pooling of interest method is considered to involve the following:

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15

After studying this chapter, you would be able to:

 Identify the acquiring enterprises.

 Allocate the purchase price.

 Recognize the assets and liabilities of the acquired entity

 Examine the measurement principles

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Definition and Acquisition Subsequent Common Disclosures

Of Business Determining Contingent liabilities

Determination Allocation of Recognition and

Identifiable Goodwill Non-

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Definition and Acquisition Subsequent Common Disclosures

Of Business Determining Contingent liabilities

Determination Allocation of Recognition and

Identifiable Goodwill Non-

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

2. MERGERS AND DEMERGERS

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Demerger is undertaken basically for following reasons:

EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

Other equity 1,350

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Capital commitments: ` 700 crores.

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Transactions with Sunrise Ltd.

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

appeared being credited to capital reserve)

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

Notes to Accounts (` in crores)

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

4 Investments (at cost):

EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Notes to Accounts (` in crores)

100 crores Equity Shares of ` 10 each 1,000

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Balance Sheet of Khajana Ltd. after the scheme of arrangement

ASSETS Note No. Amount

EQUITY AND LIABILITIES

Other equity (Securities premium) 200

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Particulars Total (A) Established New Project

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

2 Current Assets 3,000 (Given) 1,500 (Given) 1,500 (A-B)

Established New Project Total

3. BUSINESS COMBINATION AS PER IND AS 103

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

4. SCOPE UNDER IND AS 103

5. DEFINITION OF BUSINESS COMBINATION

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

6. DEFINITION AND ELEMENTS OF BUSINESS

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Example : Simple-business combination

Example : Investment in a development stage entity

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India

Example : Acquisition of an entity holding investment properties