The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of The Hydropower Sector in Myanmar 2017

IFC| SEA of the Hydropower Sector in Myanmar | ICEM
Regional River Basin Consultations: Key Findings – January 2017
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The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Hydropower Sector in Myanmar comprises
three main phases: (i) Scoping and baseline assessment, (ii) Impact assessment, and (iii) Mitigation
and recommendations. The Scoping and Baseline Assessment Phase has four volumes:
1. Stakeholder Engagement Plan

2. Regional River Basin Consultation: Key Findings
3. Scoping and Baseline Assessment Report
4. SEA Methodology Report
This is the Scoping and Baseline Assessment report. The four volumes are now released for review
and comment by SEA stakeholders.
DISCLAIMER
This document was prepared for the International Finance Corporation (IFC) by a consultant team
engaged to undertake the technical assistance project “Developing a Strategic Environmental Assess-
ment (SEA) of the Hydropower Sector in Myanmar”. The views, conclusions and recommendations in
the document are not to be taken to represent the views of IFC
Prepared by ICEM
Prepared for International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Suggested Citation ICEM. 2017. Developing a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Hy-
dropower Sector in Myanmar, Regional River Basin Consultations: Key Findings.
Prepared for IFC. Hanoi.
Photo Credits David Lazar http://davidlazarphoto.com/2013/06/the-story-behind-photo-

graphing-the-fishermen-on-inle-lake-in-myanmar/
More information www.icem.com.au | info@icem.com.au
ICEM - International Centre for Environmental Management

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ABBREVIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank
AIRBM Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management
CSO Civil Society Organisation
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology
DWIR Directorate of Water Resources and Improvement of River Systems
EAG Ethnic Armed Group
E&S Environment and Social
FFI Flora and Fauna International
GIA Gender Impact Assessment
GOM Government of Myanmar
HDWG Hydropower Developers’ Working Group
HPP Hydropower Project
ICEM International Centre for Environmental Management
IDP Internally Displaced Person
IFC International Finance Corporation
IHA International Hydropower Association
IUCN International Union for the Conservation on Nature
IAIA International Association of Impact Assessment
IWMI International Water Management Institute
IWT Inland Water Transport
KIO Kachin Independence Organization
KNPP Karenni National Progressive Party
KNU Karen National Union
NGO Non-government Organization
MOALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation
MOC Ministry of Commerce
MOEE Ministry of Electricity and Energy
MOI Ministry of Industry
MOLIP Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population
MONREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation
MOPF Ministry of Planning and Finance
MOSWRR Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement
MOTC Ministry of Transport and Communications
MRCB Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business
MIC Myanmar Investment Commission
NWRC National Water Resources Committee
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
SEI Stockholm Environment Institute
SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan
SEZ Special Economic Zone
SOBA State of the Basin Assessment
TAF The Asia Foundation
TNC The Nature Conservancy
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
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WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

WLE Water Land and Ecosystems
WWF World Wildlife Fund
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................... 3
TABLE OF CONTENT...................................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................... 6
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................ 6
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 7
1.1 Phases and outputs ..................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Identifying key issues and opportunities in scooping and baseline phase .................................. 7
1.3 Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) ........................................................................................... 8
1.4 Regional river basin consultations ............................................................................................. 10
1.5 Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 11
1.6 Participants ................................................................................................................................ 11
2 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................. 12
2.1 Affinity diagrams........................................................................................................................ 12
2.2 Participatory mapping ............................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Frequency analysis..................................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Word clouds............................................................................................................................... 13
2.5 Assessment of the identified issues and opportunities............................................................. 14
3 RESULTS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS FROM RIVER BASINS ................................... 15
4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM THANLWIN BASIN ............................................................. 20
4.1 Key issues and opportunities ..................................................................................................... 21
5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM SITTAUNG BASIN .............................................................. 28
6 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM CHINDWIN BASIN ............................................................. 35
6.1 Key issues and opportunities .................................................................................................... 35
7 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM TANINTHARYI REGION ...................................................... 41
8 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 48
ANNEXES ................................................................................................................................... 50
Annex 1: Agenda for CSO Workshop .................................................................................................... 50
Annex 2: Participant list ........................................................................................................................ 51
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Annex 3: Conversion table: themes formulated by groups (in bold) and the categories under each
used for analysis (based on Thanlwin River Basin consultations) ............................................. 54
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Planned stakeholder engagement activities for the SEA ...................................................... 9
Figure 2.1: Affinity diagramming during the Thanlwin Basin workshop in Taunggyi, Shan State ........ 12
Figure 2.2: Stakeholder conducting participatory mapping for the Thanlwin River in Taunggyi, Shan
State ...................................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3.1: Percentages of frequencies of items listed in main categories by river basin ................... 16
Figure 3.2: Selected frequently listed issues by river basin .................................................................. 17
Figure 3.3: Selected opportunities by river basin ................................................................................. 18
Figure 4.1: Planned and existing hydropower projects in the Thanlwin Basin..................................... 21
Figure 4.2: Thanlwin word cloud - issues .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 4.3: Thanlwin word cloud - opportunities ................................................................................. 24
Figure 4.4: Digitized participatory map for Thanlwin Basin.................................................................. 26
Figure 4.5 Thanlwin Basin issues (left) and opportunities (right) by CSOs and government ............... 27
Figure 5.1: Planned and existing hydropower in Sittaung Basin .......................................................... 28
Figure 5.2: Sittaung Basin word cloud- issues....................................................................................... 29
Figure 5.3: Sittaung Basin word cloud - opportunities ......................................................................... 31
Figure 5.4: Digitized participatory map for Sittaung Basin ................................................................... 33
Figure 5.5: Sittaung Basin issues (left) and opportunities (right) by CSOs and government ................ 34
Figure 6.1: Planned and existing hydropower projects in the Chindwin Basin .................................... 35
Figure 6.2: Chindwin Basin word cloud - issues .................................................................................... 36
Figure 6.3: Chindwin Basin word cloud - opportunities........................................................................ 37
Figure 6.4: Digitized participatory map for Chindwin Basin ................................................................. 39
Figure 6.5 Chindwin Basin issues (left) and opportunities (right) by CSOs and government ............... 40
Figure 7.1: Planned hydropower project in the Tanintharyi region ..................................................... 41
Figure 7.2: Tanintharyi region word cloud - issues ............................................................................... 42
Figure 7.3: Tanintharyi region word cloud - opportunities................................................................... 43
Figure 7.4: Digitzed participatory mapping for Tanintharyi region ...................................................... 46
Figure 7.5: Tanintharyi region issues (left) and opportunities (right) by CSOs and government ......... 47
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Dates and locations of regional river basin consultations ................................................... 10
Table 1.2: Total participant numbers for regional river basin consultations ....................................... 11
Table 3.1: Status of hydropower development in Thanlwin, Sittaung, Chindwin and Tanintharyi basins
.............................................................................................................................................................. 15
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1 INTRODUCTION
In response to planned hydropower development, the Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MOEE) and
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) with support from the
International Finance Corporation (IFC), in partnership with the Australian Government, are conduct-
ing a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) of the hydropower sector in Myanmar. The overall
objectives of this SEA are to i) define a sustainable development pathway for hydropower in Myanmar
over the next 20 years and beyond; ii) achieve broad consensus on this pathway, based on environ-
mental, social and economic considerations; and iii) promote long-term economic development and
sustainable use and protection of natural resources and ecosystems.
1.1 Phases and outputs

The SEA commenced in October 2016 and is implemented in three key phases:
1. Scoping and baseline assessment: The geographic and temporal boundaries are determined.
Through stakeholder consultations, sustainability principles and key themes are refined to identify
the key strategic environmental and socio-economic issues for each river basin. Information and
spatial data is collected to describe the existing status and trends in the key strategic issues.
2. Sustainable development pathway setting and assessment: The risks and opportunities associ-
ated with the implementation of the business-as-usual case and sustainable hydropower devel-
opment strategy are assessed using trend analysis and GIS overlays for each of the strategic issues.
Spatial multi-criteria analysis is used to rank the proposed hydropower projects according to im-
pact and sustainability.
3. Mitigation and recommendations: Measures to enhance the benefits and to avoid, or mitigate,
the negative effects of proposed hydropower development are defined.
The main outputs for the SEA include:
 A Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP);
 Scoping and baseline assessment report;
 Project sustainability analysis report;
 Impact assessment report;
 Project GIS database - key layers for the country by watershed/sub-watershed;
 Detailed Draft SEA; and
 Final SEA.
The phased approach envisages analysis, stakeholder engagement and documentation at each stage.
With progressive reporting and review, this approach promotes transparency, consensus building, val-
idation and respect for the process as it moves forward.
1.2 Identifying key issues and opportunities in the scoping and baseline phase
One of the key objectives of the scoping and baseline assessment phase is to identify and prioritize a
list of key issues and opportunities that stakeholders consider strategically important for river basin
development and management in Myanmar. The identification of key issues and opportunities will be
stakeholder led. The key issues, opportunities and development objectives will be grouped into stra-
tegic themes and sorted according to their significance with input from stakeholders. The issues will
be identified through regional river basin consultations, direct discussions with stakeholders and
multi-stakeholder workshops.
From the initial SEA consultations, it is anticipated that the issues will relate to the following strategic
themes:
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 Hydropower;
 Economic development;
 Geomorphology and sediment;
 Aquatic ecology and fisheries;
 Biodiversity and climate change;
 Economic development and land use;
 Social and livelihoods; and
 Conflict.
1.3 Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP)
The SEP outlines the stakeholder consultation and communication through each phase of the SEA.
Stakeholder engagement will be delivered primarily through the following key consultation events:
 Kick-off meeting: Meeting with IFC, Government of Myanmar (GOM) and other stakeholders
to introduce the SEA methodology and process.
 Regional river basin consultations: Meetings and workshops with different stakeholder
groups at the basin and region/state level to identify the key environment and social (E&S)
issues and opportunities.
 Multi-stakeholder baseline assessment workshops: Review findings from regional river basin
consultations to identify and prioritize specific issues and opportunities at the national and
basin level for the Ayeyarwady-Chindwin and Thanlwin river basins.
 Consultation with local communities: Discussions with local communities affected by existing
HPPs in the Thanlwin, Ayeyarwady-Chindwin and Sittaung river basins.
 Impact assessment workshops: Review findings of the impact assessment and project sus-
tainability analysis report and frame the sustainable hydropower development pathway.
 Final multi-stakeholder workshops: Review the draft SEA and provide comments and sugges-
tions through group discussion and activities.
The key stakeholder consultation events were designed to capture as many states/regions as possible,
and include multiple visits to major river basins in Myanmar (Error! Reference source not found.).
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Figure 1.1: Planned stakeholder engagement activities for the SEA
Stakeholder engagement will occur through all key steps; however the scoping and baseline phase is
most important for defining the geographic scope and key themes and issues to be covered in the SEA.
This report provides a summary and key findings for the regional river basin consultations conducted
in November and December 2016.
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1.4 Regional River Basin Consultations

The scope of the SEA includes planned and existing hydropower development (greater than 10MW)
in five river basins and two coastal basins in Myanmar (Error! Reference source not found..1):
 Ayeyarwady-Chindwin;
 Thanlwin;
 Sittaung;
 Bago and Myit Ma Hka;
 Mekong; and
 the Tanintharyi and Rakhine coastal basins.
The Ayeyarwady-Chindwin, Thanlwin and Sittaung are classified as the three major river basins in My-
anmar. Also, there is an exisitng HPP in the Bago and Myit Ma Hka; and planned HPPs in the Mekong,
and the Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) and Rakhine (Arakan) coastal basins.
Initially, regional river basin consultations were planned for the Thanlwin and Sittaung river basins and
the Tanintharyi and Rakhine coastal basins due to the significance of planned and existing HPPs and
the gaps in data and information. The Bago and Myit Ma Hka and Mekong basins were not included
as the Mekong is in conflict areas and the Bago and Myit Ma Hka has only one existing 20MW project
and no planned projects.
Originally, the Ayeyarwady-Chindwin river basin was not included in the regional river basin consulta-
tions as the SEA intended to reply on the multi-stakeholder platforms and field work implemented as
part of the Ayeyarwady Integrated River Basin Management (AIRBM) State of the Basin Assessment
(SOBA). However, due to ongoing conflict in Rakhine State and uncertainty concerning when the SOBA
studies would commence the Chindwin Basin was included in the regional river basin consultations.
The regional river basin consultations which were conducted in the Thanlwin, Sittaung, Chindwin and
Tanintharyi river basins, took place in November and December 2016 (Table 1.1). The consultations
consisted of two separate events:
 Roundtable meetings with region/state offices of MONREC, MOEE and other ministries; and
 Civil society workshops.
Table 1.1: Dates and locations of regional river basin consultations
Thanlwin River Basin

Date Event Location
Monday, November 7, 2016 Consultation with State government Taunggyi, Shan State
Tuesday, November 8, 2016 Civil society workshop Taunggyi, Shan State
Consultation meeting with State govern-
Thursday, November 10, 2016 Loikaw, Kayah State
ment
Friday, November 11, 2016 Civil society workshop Loikaw, Kayah State
Sittaung River Basin
Date Event Location
Tuesday, November 15, 2016 Consultation with Division government Bago, Bago Division
Thursday, November 17, 2016 Civil society workshop Taungoo, Bago Division
Chindwin Basin
Date Event Location
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Tuesday, December 6, 2016 Consultation with Region government Monywa, Sagaing Region
Wednesday, December 7, 2016 Civil society workshop Monywa, Sagaing Region

Tanintharyi Region
Date Event Location
Tuesday, December 13, 2016 Consultation with Region government Dawei, Tanintharyi region
Wednesday, December 14, 2016 Civil society workshop Dawei, Tanintharyi region
1.5 Objectives
The purpose of the regional river basin consultations was to engage stakeholders at the river basin
level early in the SEA process to:
 Present the SEA objectives and identify how stakeholder can engage with the process;
 Carry out participatory stakeholder mapping and analysis at the river basin level;
 Identify key E&S issues and opportunities; and
 Group the E&S issues and opportunities into key (or strategic) themes.
The participants were also encouraged to discuss E&S values and uses of the river, and development
issues facing the basin or region. The agenda for the Civil Society Organisation (CSO) workshops is
provided in Annex 1.
1.6 Participants
A total of 209 participants attended the consultations in the Thanlwin, Sittaung, Chindwin and Tanin-
tharyi river basins (Table 1.2). About one third of both the state/region government and CSO partici-
pants were women. The participant lists from these meetings were recorded to ensure that the stake-
holders are invited to participate in future multi-stakeholder workshops at the basin and state/region
level.
Table 1.2: Total participant numbers for regional river basin consultations
CSO workshop Region/State government

City/town
M F M F
Taunggyi 16 17 4 6
Loikaw 13 8 11 7
Bago 0 0 4 4
Taungoo 18 6 0 0
Monywa 22 10 15 4
Dawei 19 5 16 4
TOTAL 88 46 50 25
More than 75 government staff from MONREC, MOEE and other government departments partici-
pated actively in the consultations. In Loikaw, the Kayah State Minister of Environment attended. 134
participants from 60 CSOs attended the civil society workshops (Annex 2). The CSOs represented a
broad range of interests, including: environmental, social, governance and security, transparency and
accountability, law enforcement, conflict, peace process and ethnic minorities.
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2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 Affinity diagrams
The SEA team used an ‘affinity diagram’ process which combines individual/group brainstorming with
a structured approach to display the ideas/products of the brainstorming according to common
themes. These themes were then used by the groups as a basis for determining the key E&S values in
each of the basins (Figure 2.1). The stakeholder groups decided which themes they thought were most
relevant. The stakeholder consultations yielded a total of 540 issues and 298 opportunities in the Chin-
dwin, Thanlwin, Sittaung and Tanintharyi river basins.
Figure 2.1: Affinity diagramming during the Thanlwin Basin workshop in Taunggyi, Shan State
When the results from all groups were combined it became clear that different groups formulated
different themes and placed similar issues under different themes. Therefore, to get more stringent
and detailed categories the data were recorded with new themes based on a closer reading of their
underlying content. Annex 3 shows the themes and key words that were applied to the various issues
and opportunities under each of the groups’ themes.
The categorization of the issues and opportunities is not a stringent science, but more of an art, which
means that the underlying content of issues in some of the categories overlaps. For example, many
issues can be placed into both the categories of Conflict and Governance, or similarly under both Hy-
dropower dams and Sedimentation to mention two. Therefore, the report also includes the actual
wording provided by the participants on the specific issues and opportunities.
2.2 Participatory mapping
The SEA is making extensive use of maps, geographical information system (GIS) analysis and partici-
patory mapping. Groups were provided with base maps of the river basin to draw locations of key
areas for biodiversity and livelihoods on (Figure 2.2). The results have been digitized and will be pre-
sented under the key findings for each of the river basins.
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Figure 2.2: Stakeholders conducting participatory mapping for the Thanlwin River Basin in Taunggyi, Shan
State
2.3 Frequency analysis

Although the results of the stakeholders’ group work are qualitative in character, and the groups were
not asked to prioritize the issues and opportunities they identified, the frequency with which specific
or similar issues and opportunities were mentioned is indicative of the importance that stakeholders
placed on them. Therefore, analyses of the percentage distribution of the categories of issues and
opportunities that were identified in each basin by each stakeholder group are included and shown in
bar charts.
2.4 Word clouds
The use of word clouds is becoming widespread, not least on webpages, and is for many a familiar
graphic representation. Word clouds give a sense of tendencies in a large amount of data, at a glance.
It shows the frequency of specific, single words by their placement (as applied here, placed in the
centre), and size, in a cluster of words. Word clouds do not include phrases or sentences, and thus do
not reflect arguments or other relationships between words and concepts. Separate word clouds for
identified issues and opportunities are presented for each river basin.
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2.5 Assessment of the identified issues and opportunities

To identify key issues and opportunities a qualitative and contextual reading and assessment of the
results has also been carried out. This reading is the basis for graphs that show selected issues and
opportunities.
The river basin consultations produced a wealth of material. The present report is by no means ex-
haustive with regard to the potential use and application of the insights and views of stakeholders in
the process of the SEA. It is therefore suggested that the results are used as reference for further
exploration, investigation and discussion of the many aspects of hydropower development in the com-
plex context of Myanmar.
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3 RESULTS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS FROM RIVER BASINS

The consultations proved that CSOs and state/region government staff in Myanmar have substantial
and important local knowledge about issues relating to rivers, the environment, hydropower and de-
velopment in general, and a wealth of ideas for river basin management and planning. The first point
of analysis is whether the stakeholders in the four basins identify different issues and opportunities
relating to, for example, hydropower development, based on the environmental and socio-economic
context of each basin.
The status of hydropower development in each of the basins is also worth considering (Table 3.1). For
example, stakeholders in the Sittaung River Basin offered more insight into the impacts of existing
hydropower. Stakeholders in Thanlwin River Basin were concerned more about planned hydropower
development.
Table 3.1: Status of hydropower development in Thanlwin, Sittaung, Chindwin and Tanintharyi basins
Basin Existing Under construction Planned Suspended Total
Thanlwin 4 1 15 1 21
Sittaung 9 0 3 12
Chindwin 1 0 1 1 3
Tanintharyi 0 0 1 1
Figure 3.1 shows a quantitative approach to comparing the results from each basin. The percentage
distribution of the main categories of issues and opportunities identified in each basin are shown side
by side.
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Figure 3.1: Percentages of frequencies of items listed in main categories by river basin
Overall the issues and opportunities identified in each basin have many similarities. All stakeholder
groups were introduced to the SEA, saw the same presentation and were given a common framework
for the group work. Issues in the category ‘Environmental Pressures’ were the most frequently listed
in three basins and the second-most listed in the Tanintharyi River Basin. Issues around accountability
and transparency emerged in the Thanlwin, Sittaung and Tanintharyi river basins. Riverbank erosion
and sedimentation were listed more frequently in the Sittaung and Chindwin river basins. Some of the
main differences that came out of the river basins consultations were:
 Thanlwin: Conflict and indigenous/ethnic minorities issues were more significant;
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 Tanintharyi: Governance and security issues featured more prominently; and

 Chindwin: Issues around the environmental and social impacts of mining and sedimentation
affecting inland water transport (IWT) were more significant.
3.1 Issues
For further analysis, Figure 3.2 shows frequently identified issues. The graph shows the percentages
of selected issues in the main categories for each basin. The selection of individual issues is based on
the frequency of listing, excluding similar issues to avoid overlap. Thus, the graph shows the most
important single issues identified.
Figure 3.2: Selected frequently listed issues by river basin
Deforestation was reported as the most significant environmental pressure affecting rivers in all ba-
sins. River pollution, mainly from uncontrolled mining activities in the Chindwin River Basin and loss
of fish species, were identified in the Sittaung and Tanintharyi river basins. Issues with riverbank ero-
sion and sedimentation were also raised in the Chindwin and Sittaung basins.
Governance issues, including lack of transparency by government and private sectors, parallel admin-
istrative structures, weak or absent law enforcement and lack of local voices were reported as affect-
ing all economic developments including hydropower development. Participants in the Thanlwin River
17
Basin reported conflict over the control of land and natural resources by military and armed groups
as serious issues affecting development. The Tanintharyi participants reported a lack of security. CSOs
in all basin consultations pointed to the fact that large hydropower dams could be detrimental to the
peace process unless accompanied by changes in governance structures.
3.2 Opportunities
Stakeholders were also asked to discuss opportunities for river basin development, including hydro-
power. Figure 3.3 shows a selection of the identified opportunities. Of these, selecting the most im-
portant was more difficult than in the case of identified issues, due to the broad range of suggestions
under many categories.
Figure 3.3: Selected opportunities by river basin
Development opportunities included more general suggestions such as developing local employment
and industry, including hydropower, to increasing Myanmar’s finances. More specific ideas included
tourism and ecotourism. Participants recognised that access to electricity is needed to develop local
villages and industries. Hydropower could also reduce the need for burning wood for fuel, potentially
contributing to reducing deforestation.
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Relating to hydropower dams, one opinion expressed was not to build dams. At the Thanlwin River
Basin stakeholder consultation, a CSO suggested a moratorium on large-scale hydropower projects
until the ongoing peace process between the government and Karenni National Progressive Party
(KNPP) is resolved. In general, the CSOs protest mega dams, but see some potential for small, high-
tech hydropower dams with lower environmental impact. The need for maintenance of existing dams
was also highlighted by some participants.
To ensure that negative local impacts of hydropower development are mitigated, and EIA procedures
followed, the importance of implementing effective laws and regulation was raised by participants.
Other issues raised in relation to governance included:
 Increased transparency and accountability for hydropower companies;
 Effective public consultation and information disclosure at the project level;
 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) should be developed and enforced;
 Laws on revenue, and local benefit sharing from hydropower should be developed; and
 Policy to compensate farmers for loss of agricultural land must be formulated.
Some participants also raised the issue that hydropower projects can produce enough electricity for
a state/region, but that the electricity should be locally distributed and not exported to other coun-
tries. Green Economic Policy that promotes the protection of environmental assets was suggested to
promote reforestation, wastewater treatment, wetland development for eco-tourism and the exten-
sion of protected areas. It was recognised that water for irrigation is necessary to improve agricultural
production in local areas.
The following sections provide an overview of the finding and the key issues and opportunities iden-
tified in the Thanlwin, Sittaung, Chindwin and Tanintharyi river basins.
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4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM THANLWIN BASIN

The Nu-Thanlwin River is the second longest river in the region, flowing 2,400 km through China, Thai-
land, and Myanmar. The Thanlwin River Basin covers 266,000 km2, of which 52% is in China, 7% is in
Thailand and 41% is in Myanmar. It is commonly referred to as the Nu (Upper Salween) in China and
the Thanlwin (Lower Salween) in Myanmar and Thailand. Currently largely undeveloped, the river has
very significant potential for hydropower (Figure 4.1). In summary, there are:
 Four existing HPPs, one under construction and 15 planned, while the Mong Ton HPP has been
suspended;
 Existing capacity of 302MW and 51MW under construction, increasing to around 20 903MW
if all projects proceed; and
 Six of these planned projects on the mainstream of the Thanlwin River.
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Figure 4.1: Planned and existing hydropower projects in the Thanlwin Basin
4.1 Key issues and opportunities

The regional river basin consultations in the Thanlwin were conducted in Taunggyi, Shan State and
Loikaw, Kayah State with state government representatives and CSOs. The main issues and opportu-
nities can be placed under the themes of conflict, development, environmental assets, environmental
pressures, governance and hydropower.
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4.1.1 Issues
Figure 4.2 shows the word cloud for the most frequently listed issues in the Thanlwin River Basin. This
analysis is a combination of the Taunggyi and Loikaw workshops including both the CSOs’ and govern-
ment participants’ reported issues.
Figure 4.2: Thanlwin word cloud - issues
The main issues listed in the Thanlwin River Basin were conflict, ethnic minorities, transparency and
accountability, hydropower, environmental pressures, flooding, land, resettlement, benefit sharing
and livelihoods. A summary is provided below.
Conflict: Stakeholders expressed major concerns around conflict, security and the presence and ac-
tions of the military and other ethnic armed groups (EAGs). Specific areas within the basin are con-
trolled by the military, EAGs and people-assisted armed groups. The legacy of military dictatorship
including human rights violations and illegal activities such as drug trafficking were also reported.
Ethnic minorities: The CSOs represented some of the ethnic minority groups living in Shan and Kayah
states and they raised concerns that there is no equality for ethnic people under the current rule of
law. The violation of indigenous people’s rights and the need to recognize the role and rights of ethnic
minorities were highlighted during the consultations. In relation to education, it was reported that
there is no schools or curriculum for the promotion of ethnic languages.
Transparency and accountability: The state of conflict is linked to governance, accountability and
transparency issues. The CSOs raised the concern that the government is highly centralized at present.
It was expressed that the lack of rights of states and ethnic groups over their own natural resources is
a constitutional problem. With respect to accountability and transparency, it was raised that there is
no public participation, and no transparency between the government, the private sector and the
public.
Hydropower: Responses from stakeholders ranged from a position that there should be no hydro-
power construction at all until peace has been secured, to seeing opportunities for small hydropower
that could benefit local areas. Several negative impacts on the environment were raised. The risk of
earthquakes on large dams was mentioned several times, as was the change in water flows.
22
In relation to conflict, the building of mega dams or even medium-sized dams is a big concern for CSOs.
It was proposed that building new big dams could create more conflict if the current situation of gov-
ernance and control by military and armed group does not change first. In the opinion of CSOs building
dams can create more conflict, even among Shan, Kayah, Kayin and Mon states.
Environmental pressures: The major environmental pressures listed by the stakeholders in the
Thanlwin River Basin were:
 Deforestation, partly through illegal logging;
 Negative impacts from gold mining;
 Damage to ecosystems and changes in river flows due to existing hydropower projects;
 Lack of proper waste management;
 Decline of fish species due to overfishing;
 Erosion of riverbanks and soil erosion; and
 Loss of fish species due to hydropower, discussed as a future concern.
Flooding: Stakeholders raised concerns about flooding events and future flooding from the reservoirs
of big dams.
Land issues: Stakeholders reported a lack of clear land rights and ownership and that land grabbing
and conflicts over land had occurred in the past.
Resettlement: Another concern raised was in relation to displacement and resettlement. Stakehold-
ers reported that in the past, large numbers of people were forcibly displaced by the military. The
CSOs pointed out there are many internally displaced persons (IDPs) and people in refugee camps due
to civil war. They expressed concern about the potential resettlement or displacement of people as-
sociated with the construction of large hydropower dams.
Benefit sharing: Stakeholders expressed fears that the use of natural resources, including hydro-
power, will only benefit central government or foreign investors and not local people. The CSOs raised
the point that there is presently no resource sharing.
Livelihoods: Many livelihoods are dependent on the resources of the Thanlwin River Basin and stake-
holders expressed concern that food security and livelihoods would be threatened by the construction
of hydropower dams.
National development: Stakeholders provided insights on hydropower development in relation to na-
tional development. On the one hand, it was recognized that hydropower can increase revenue for
economic development. On the other hand, stakeholders raised the concern that the country may go
into debt due to the construction of large-scale HPPs. China’s influence on Myanmar’s hydropower
development was also raised as a concern.
4.1.2 Opportunities
Figure 4.3 below shows the word cloud for the most frequently listed opportunities in the Thanlwin
River Basin.
23
Figure 4.3: Thanlwin word cloud – opportunities
The main opportunities raised were in relation to hydropower, small-scale hydropower, development,
benefit sharing, livelihoods and protecting environmental assets. A summary is provided below.
Hydropower: Due to the potential to increase local revenue through taxes, supply of electricity and
reduce the current use of wood for fuel, and thereby reduce deforestation, hydropower was listed as
an opportunity.
Small-scale hydropower: Although there was strong opposition to big dams, the CSO's do not oppose
hydropower per se. Several opportunities for hydropower development were mentioned, including
building small dams with lower environmental impact and costs. Small dams, using advanced techno-
logical development, which do not block rivers, were preferred options for some stakeholders.
Development: Stakeholders’ main concerns were ensuring that development brings economic secu-
rity for ethnic people, promotes economic growth in underdeveloped areas and creates employment
opportunities for local communities. Stakeholders discussed the development of ecotourism several
times and the tourism sector more broadly.
Industrial and hydropower development: The groups listed industrial development, including hydro-
power, under opportunities. Some participants recognised that hydropower may bring employment
opportunities for local communities. Participants were of the opinion that revenue raised from hydro-
power should be used at the state level for the development of education, the economy and well-
being. Access to electricity was listed as an important opportunity to ensure there is sufficient energy
for local economic development. Water for irrigation was also mentioned as a benefit from hydro-
power.
Benefit sharing: Stakeholders promoted the equal sharing of natural resources, which should include
sharing benefits from hydropower and other economic developments.
Livelihoods: Relating to agriculture and farming, combinations of livestock and agriculture were men-
tioned as opportunities.
Environmental assets: Environmental assets comprise a wide range of ecosystems with high biodiver-
sity (e.g. Pala Wildlife Sanctuary) and those reported to be in a natural condition by stakeholders.
Natural resources such as gold, valuable teak-, and other forests were discussed. Participants also
proposed future opportunities for creating national parks and eco-tourism in the basin.
By and large, the stakeholders in Shan and Kayah states raised the same issues and opportunities.
Some differences included:
24
 Governance issues were discussed more in Shan State (nine items) compared to Kayah (two
items);
 CSO stakeholders in Shan State identified 11 issues related to hydropower dams compared to
only four issues in Kayah State;
 In Kayah State it was also mentioned that the three existing Lawpita (Balauchaung 1, 2 & 3)
dams produce sufficient power to distribute to the whole state, but today, 40 years after the
construction of Balauchaung 1, some local communities are still without access to electricity;
 15 different types of environmental pressures were listed in Kayah State, and only one envi-
ronmental asset. 10 environmental assets were mentioned in Shan State, and 11 environmen-
tal pressures; and
 Gender issues were only mentioned in the Kayah State.
4.1.3 Issues and opportunities by CSOs and government
The word clouds and analysis above combine the frequency of listed issues and opportunities by both
the CSOs and Kayah and Shan state government representatives. Figure 4.5 shows a breakdown of the
frequency of listed issues (left) and opportunities (right) for CSOs and government. The main differ-
ences were:
 Government had a higher frequency of issues related to environmental pressures, displaced

people and flooding than CSOs;
 Issues of accountability and transparency, governance and ethnic minorities were not listed
by the government;
 CSOs have a higher frequency of issues related to conflict; and
 Government had a higher frequency of opportunities related to development, access to elec-
tricity and environmental assets.
The inputs from the participatory mapping exercise in Taunggyi and Loikaw were combined to create
a digitized map of key environmental and social values for the Thanlwin River Basin (Figure 4.4). The
key areas mapped in the Thanlwin Basin mainly included issues related to:
 Conflict: Active conflicts, restricted areas, land confiscated by military, location of armed
groups and ethnic minority groups;
 Biodiversity and forests: Conservation areas and virgin forests (valuable teak forest);
 Areas of socio-cultural importance: Ancient natural cave; and
 Environmental changes: Bank erosion and flooding, mining issues and natural alluvial land.
25
Figure 4.4: Digitized participatory map for Thanlwin River Basin
26
Figure 4.5 Thanlwin Basin issues (left) and opportunities (right) by CSOs and government
27
5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM SITTAUNG BASIN

The Sittaung River rises northeast of Yamethin on the edge of the Shan Plateau and flows south with
a catchment area of 48100 km2 for 420 km to empty into the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea.
The broad Sittaung Basin lies between the forested Bago Mountains on the west, and the steep Shan
Plateau on the east. There are nine existing projects in the Sittaung Basin with an installed capacity of
810 MW and additional three project are planned to add an additional 540MW (Figure 5.1).
Figure 5.1: Planned and existing hydropower plants in the Sittaung Basin
28
5.1 Key issues and opportunities

The team facilitated two workshops in the Sittaung Basin; one with the Bago division government
representatives and the other with CSOs in Taungoo. The key issues and opportunities raised by both
stakeholder groups are outlined in the following sections.
5.1.1 Issues
Figure 5.2 below shows the word cloud for the most frequently listed issues in the Sittaung Basin. This
analysis is a combination of results from the Bago and Taungoo workshops, including feedback from
both the CSOs and government participants.
Figure 5.2: Sittaung word cloud - issues
The main issues listed in the Sittaung Basin were environmental pressures, erosion and sedimentation,
hydropower, land issues, livelihoods, cultural heritage, conflict, governance, accountability and trans-
parency and benefit sharing. A summary of the issues is provided below:
Environmental pressures: Stakeholders identified several environmental pressures, including defor-
estation, water pollution, wastewater from gold mining and the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides
in agriculture. The stakeholders also reported that there has been loss of wildlife habitat, biodiversity
and wetlands and damages to aquatic ecosystems. The pressures on fisheries included the loss of fish
species. Potential opportunities raised were the development of aquaculture for fisheries and shrimp.
Erosion and sedimentation: Erosion of riverbanks, landslides and sedimentation were raised as im-
portant issues affecting the Sittaung River Basin. Regarding sedimentation, it was mentioned that
there are existing sandbanks in the Sittaung River channel and increased siltation in the river. Sand
mining was mentioned as an issue affecting riverbank and channels.
Hydropower development: The participants listed earthquakes and dam breaks as major concerns.
Land issues: Land grabbing, land confiscated by companies and loss of land due to land-use changes
were listed as important issues. The stakeholders pointed to constitutional problems where the
States/Region or ethnic groups do not have rights or control over land or extraction of natural re-
sources.
29
Livelihoods: Local communities are at risk due to the confiscation or grabbing of land grabbing, which
could also happen in connection with hydropower development. These actions threaten traditional
livelihoods.
Transportation: There is a lack of adequate transport and roads are often dangerous and in poor con-
dition.
Cultural heritage: The CSOs indicated that indigenous people and ethnic minorities experience various
cultural pressures. Loss of cultural heritage and negative impacts on their social culture were reported.
Concerns are that HPPs could further amplify this trend.
Conflict: The conflicts in the Kayah State (east of the Sittaung Basin) comprise conflict between Bamar
and Kayah ethnic groups, and between local people and the Karen National Union (KNU). Stakeholders
reported that there has been forced displacement of people and resettlement due to conflict. The
conflict should be addressed to maintain the peace process. Groups also mentioned the importance
of security for women and children.
Governance: The stakeholders raised the issue of military and EAG stakes in businesses. This is further
complicated by parallel administrative structures, which mean that businesses or people are forced
to pay taxes to government, military and EAGs.
Accountability and transparency: The CSOs reported limited transparency between the government,
private sector and public. Authorities are not held accountable and that there is no rule of law. Com-
munication between the central and regional government and local authorities is inadequate.
The lack of community participation in HPPs was raised by stakeholders. Some specifically mentioned
the weak transparency around the pre-feasibility study for the Bawgata HPP. The CSOs suggested that
to address these issues, investment projects and businesses must be monitored, public awareness
created and information provided.
Benefit sharing: Stakeholders reported that as it stands, no benefits from hydropower have been
shared with local communities. The importance of sharing benefits from HPPs with ethnic minority
groups and local communities were highlighted by CSOs.
5.1.2 Opportunities
Figure 5.3 shows the word cloud for the most frequently listed opportunities in the Sittuang River
Basin by Bago division government and CSOs. The main opportunities raised were in relation to devel-
opment, hydropower, agriculture, transportation and improving public services, land policy and pro-
tection of environment.
30
Figure 5.3: Sittaung word cloud - opportunities
A summary of the opportunities is provided below.

Development: The stakeholders listed mainly opportunities under the development theme. Develop-
ing the local economy was mentioned as a priority for creating local employment opportunities for
poor communities. It was reported that currently, employment for the poor is lacking and people rely
on subsistence livelihoods. The stakeholders listed community forests and community-based eco-
tourism as other ideas for local economic development.
Hydropower: Two options were proposed for hydropower development: 1) not building dams at all,
or 2) building run-of-river dams. Alternative energy systems like solar were mentioned as opportuni-
ties.
Agriculture: Stakeholders reported that there are opportunities for improving agricultural develop-
ment for local people and raising awareness of agricultural diversification. Farmland can be used for
rice and a variety of beans, for example. Stakeholders acknowledged that agricultural land can be
inundated by reservoirs in association with HPPs, but the reservoirs can also provide water for agri-
culture and domestic supply. Water shortages in summer and a lack of clean drinking water were
also reported.
Transportation: Transportation is expected to improve in future. Stakeholders acknowledged that hy-
dropower development could contribute to improved road transport.
Public services: Stakeholders also reported that more education and health staff are needed to im-
prove public services. It is expected that improvements could be made to health services as a result
of future hydropower development.
Land policy: Formulation of land policy was an important opportunity raised during the consultations.
The groups recommended that farmland lost by communities should be returned or new farmland
established.
Environmental assets and protection: Stakeholders reported that there are rare pasture lands and
wetlands in the state that could developed for tourism. Additionally, the formulation of environmental
protection groups could contribute to address pressures on the environment.
31

The word clouds and analysis above combine the frequency of listed issues and opportunities by both
the CSOs and region/state government representatives. Figure 5.5 shows a breakdown of the fre-
quency of listed issues (left) and opportunities (right) for government in Bago and CS0s in Taungoo.
The main differences were:
 Government had a higher frequency of issues related to environmental pressures, livelihoods,

flooding, sedimentation and hydropower than CSOs;
 Issues of accountability and transparency, governance and ethnic minorities were not listed
by the government;
 CSOs have a higher frequency of issues related to conflict, transportation, erosion and fisher-
ies;
 Government had a higher frequency of opportunities related to development, access to elec-
tricity, environmental assets and agriculture; and
 CSOs have a higher frequency of opportunities related to land issues, public services and trans-
portation.
The inputs from the participatory mapping exercise in Bago with government representatives and
Taungoo with CSOs were combined to create a digitized map of key environmental and social values
in the Sittaung River Basin (Figure 5.4). The key issues mapped were:
 Biodiversity and forests: Areas with high biodiversity, rare species, Ku La Mountain, Koe Pyin
Forest, protected forests and Than Taung were indicated as a potential sites for eco-tourism
activities;
 Areas of socio-cultural importance: Pagodas, historical towns, fruit and vegetable gardens
and medicinal plants;
 Environmental changes: Loss of fish species, flooding, increased run-off, riverbank erosion,
soil degradation, increased sedimentation, changes in water levels, irregular flow, changes in
delta formation and increased salinity;
 Existing developments: Hydropower, mining, rubber plantations and bridges,;
 Pa Thi Dam: Issues with flooding, land loss and no benefits reported by stakeholders; and
 Bawgali Town: Stakeholders experiencing land loss and poor transportation.
32
Figure 5.4: Digitized participatory map for Sittaung Basin
33
Figure 5.5: Sittaung Basin issues (left) and opportunities (right) by CSOs and government
34
6 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM CHINDWIN BASIN

The Chindwin River is the major tributary of the Ayeyarwady River. Originating in the Himalayas, it
runs south through a region of fertile meadows rich in natural resources for about 1,100 km before it
joins the Ayeyarwaddy south of Mandalay. There is one existing HPP (40MW), and two planned HPPs
in the Chindwin River Basin. The 1200MW Tamanthi HPP, for export of electricity to India remains
suspended (Figure 6.1).
Figure 6.1: Planned and existing hydropower projects in the Chindwin Basin
6.1 Summary of issues and opportunities

The team facilitated two separate workshops in the Chindwin River Basin with Sagaing regional gov-
ernment representatives and CSOs in Monywa. The key issues and opportunities raised by both stake-
holder groups is outlined in the following sections.
35
6.1.1 Issues
Figure 6.2 below shows the word cloud for the most frequently listed issues in the Chindwin River
Basin. This analysis is a combination of both the CSO and government participants.
Figure 6.2: Chindwin word cloud - issues
Most of the issues in the Chindwin River Basin consultations related to environmental pressures and
impacts from mining. A summary of frequently listed issues is provided below.
Environmental pressures: The environmental pressures reordered were:
 Deforestation and illegal logging, specifically in watersheds;
 River pollution stemming from alluvial gold mining; and
 Pollution from an acid factory and household waste.
Health impacts were also reported in relation to pollution as the water is not suitable for drinking and
cause skin problems.
Mining: Mining has detrimental impacts on groundwater quality. The activity is reported to cause in-
creased sedimentation and flooding. Land confiscation due to mining was also reported to have oc-
curred in the basin.
Flooding: The Chindwin River Basin suffers from both extreme floods and droughts. Flooding occurs
twice a year, damaging farmland and resulting in socioeconomic impacts.
Sedimentation and erosion: Reported as a major issue, sedimentation is creating sandbars that im-
pact navigation and aquatic ecology. Riverbank erosion is increasing due to deforestation and sand
and gravel mining in the river.
Hydropower: The concerns raised were that hydropower may change river flows and increase flood-
ing. Dams may block fish migration routes; threatening fisheries, biodiversity and local livelihoods.
Transportation: Stakeholders reported that parts of the Chindwin Basin are underdeveloped due to
limited road access. Navigation was listed as a key sector for trade and transport but is restricted due
36
to low water levels. Navigation is placed at further risk from hydropower development due to chang-
ing flows and increasing sedimentation.
Public services: A lack of clean drinking was reported partly due to river water not being suitable for
drinking due to water pollution. Also, it was reported that infrastructure in general, education and
healthcare services are of low quality. Access to electricity is limited as there is not enough available
energy.
Governance: Stakeholders reported that the regional government lacks authority and violates labour
rights.
6.1.2 Opportunities
Figure 6.3 shows the word cloud for the most frequently listed opportunities in the Chindwin River
Basin by Sagaing regional government representatives and CSOs. The main opportunities raised were
in relation to development, hydropower, access to electricity, renewable energy, agriculture, trans-
portation, fisheries and improved governance and forest management.
Figure 6.3: Chindwin word cloud - opportunities
A summary of the issues is provided below.

Development: The Lower Chindwin has economic opportunities, and it was observed that electricity
can lead to further industrial development, especially in the industrial zones of Kalay and Monywa.
More opportunities are eco-tourism development, trade and business. A need to improve production
of the forest and fisheries sectors was mentioned.
Hydropower: Hydropower dams can provide water supply as well as electricity, and give new liveli-
hood opportunities. However small dams, like run off river types, are preferred.
Access to electricity: Stakeholders recognised that electricity is needed for future industrial develop-
ment. Improving electricity access can create employment opportunities and improve education and
living standards. Further, electricity may reduce the use of fuelwood for energy and reduce deforesta-
tion.
Renewable energy: Stakeholders observed that solar and wind energy could be alternative sources
for electricity generation rather than coal. Opportunities to improve knowledge and education on the
operation and maintenance of small dams, and public education on rivers and environmental conser-
vation, exist.
37
Agriculture: Stakeholders reported that agricultural development can be improved by improving irri-
gation and water supply and further mechanizing farming systems.
Transportation: Opportunities include building bridges and improved implementation of navigation
laws to increase the safety of navigation. Navigation creates trade and employment opportunities and
there is a need to improve it. Designs for hydropower on the mainstream should consider ship locks
to allow passage of ships.
Governance: Governance can be improved by enforcing laws and rules in general. There is a need to
control alluvial gold mining and improve monitoring and inspection of the mining sector. EIA proce-
dures for all sectors must be followed. Management of wastewater from mining and systematic reg-
ulation of the sector are necessary.
Forest management: The need for reforestation was highlighted by stakeholders. Effective forest
management and establishment of community forests would help protect the forests. Regulation of
logging, sand and gravel mining is needed to protect the environment. Environmental monitoring
groups could be established, and waste could be recycled.
Fisheries: Opportunities to improve fisheries include fish stocking in the rivers, constructing fish lad-
ders if hydropower dams are built, and improving the marketing of the fisheries sector.
Figure 6.5 shows a breakdown of the frequency of listed issues (left) and opportunities (right) for
Sagaing government representatives and CSOs. Some of the main differences were:
 CSOs had a higher frequency of issues related to environmental pressures and impacts from
mining than government;
 Government had a higher frequency of issues related to public services, sedimentation and
transportation than CSOs;
 Government had a higher frequency of opportunities related to hydropower, access to elec-
tricity and development; and
 CSOs have a higher frequency of opportunities related to agriculture, alternative energy, en-
vironmental assets, governance and transportation.
The inputs from the participatory mapping exercise in Monya, with Sagaing region government and
CSOS were combined to create a digitized map of key environmental and social values in the Sittaung
River Basin (Figure 6.4). The key issues that were mapped include:
 Extensive mining areas: Gold, copper, jade, ruby and alluvial gold mining at Naungpoaung
Creek, gold and jade production at Khamti and deforestation due to coal mining;
 Biodiversity and protected areas: Chutthin Wildife Sanctuary, Inndawgyi Lake, Pasoehtone
Reserved Forest, protected areas, forest and key biodiversity areas;
 Cultural heritages sites: Shwemuhtaw Pagoda, Phowintenvaung ancient pagoda, Bawdi-
hahtaung Pagoda, Shwedaungoo Pagoda; and
 Naga Land: Poor education, health and transportation services reported.
During discussions, it was noted there was also flooded areas and deforestation reported in Kalay,
Mawlite and Hpaungpyin regions in the Chindwin River Basin.
38
Figure 6.4: Digitized participatory map for Chindwin Basin
39
Figure 6.5 Chindwin Basin issues (left) and opportunities (right) by CSOs and government
40
7 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM TANINTHARYI REGION

The Tanintharyi River flows through the Tanintharyi Region, before entering the sea at Myeik (Mer-
gui). The river rises from the Tenasserim Range at an altitude of 2,074 m and flows into the Andaman
Sea. There is one planned HPP on the Tanintharyi River (Figure 7.1).
Figure 7.1: Planned hydropower project in the Tanintharyi Region
41
7.1 Summary of key issues and opportunities

The ES team facilitated two separate workshops with CSOs and Tanintharyi regional government rep-
resentatives in Dawei. The key issues and opportunities raised by both stakeholder groups is outlined
in the following sections.
7.1.1 Issues
Figure 7.2 shows the word cloud for the most frequently listed issues in the Tanintharyi region. This
analysis is a combination of both the CSOs and government participants.
Figure 7.2: Tanintharyi word cloud - issues
The main issues listed in the Tanintharyi region were governance, environmental pressures, transpar-
ency and accountability, conflict, development, hydropower and land issues. A summary of the issues
is provided below.
Governance: Stakeholders listed issues around governance as major concerns. The lack of local voices
and public participation emerged as important issues. Poor coordination between central, regional
and local government, and the limited authority of local government was reported. Governance is
further complicated by the existence of parallel administrative systems. It was also reported that the
existing laws are weak and not enforced. Some specific cases discussed were:
 Illegal logging and deforestation;
 Local people are forced to agree to development projects; and
 No local benefits from gas export from the Tanintharyi region.
In relation to the export of gas form Tanintharyi, it was pointed out that communities living near the
project do not have access to electricity and the price of electricity is too high.
Environmental pressures: Deforestation, damage to ecosystems and biodiversity, the loss of wetlands
and aquatic species and the impacts of development projects on key biodiversity areas (KBAs) were
reported. More environmental pressures reported were river pollution, sand mining, illegal mining
and the negative impacts of the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) on air quality.
42
Transparency and accountability: There is a lack of both transparency and accountability and some-
times, misinformation by companies about the projects and whether or not there has been local ac-
ceptance of projects. EIAs are weak and often omit information on negative impacts. Often, no com-
pensation is paid to local people affected by the project. There is a need to include local knowledge in
EIAs and before project design.
Development: Stakeholders reported that there is often a feeling of insecurity around development
projects as foreign investments threaten local people's livelihoods and have negatively impacted vul-
nerable communities.
The CSO’s perception of development mainly related to past negatives experiences from development
of the special economic zone (SEZ). Some of the main issues reported were that the SEZ uses lots of
water, impacts negatively on social aspects, results in no benefits to local people and has led to loss
of labour rights and wage inequality due to an influx of migrant workers.
Conflict: Conflict in areas of the basin controlled by armed groups was a concern raised by stakehold-
ers.
Hydropower: The main issues identified were the impacts of hydropower on aquatic species and the
livelihoods of fishers, deforestation, biodiversity loss and flooding. It was also mentioned that cur-
rently the technology and knowledge for hydropower is limited in Myanmar.
Land issues: Stakeholders highlighted that land is confiscated for development projects, often without
payment of adequate compensation. The confiscation of land often leads to loss of employment,
which is a critical issue as generally there are limited employment opportunities in the Tanintharyi
region.
7.1.2 Opportunities
Figure 7.3 shows the word cloud for the most frequently listed opportunities in the Tanintharyi region
by CSOs and Tanintharyi regional government representatives. The main opportunities raised were in
relation to development and hydropower, improving governance and protecting environmental as-
sets. A summary of the issues is provided below.
Figure 7.3: Tanintharyi word cloud - opportunities
Development: Opportunities for development include ecotourism and tourism, trade, development
of small and medium enterprises (SME) and manufacturing of export products, all of which should
focus on achieving local development.
43
Accountability and transparency: Decision-making could be improved by having a mediator between

private companies and communities. The need for free prior and informed consent (FPIC) through
effective public consultation and information disclosure at the project level was proposed by some
participants.
Stakeholders pointed out that private sector actors should implement CSR and consider the selling of
shares locally. A policy and law on revenue sharing was suggested to ensure that local communities
benefit from development.
Governance: Opportunities for improving governance include amending the 2008 Constitution for de-
centralization to the state and regions. Stakeholder also reported the need for effective laws and reg-
ulations for the hydropower sector. Compliance and monitoring are necessary to ensure companies
follow the law. Specifically, the groups highlighted that civil society must have the right to participate
in decision-making, that public spaces are must be provided for debate and discussion and that social
justice and indigenous people’s rights must be respected.
Hydropower: Opportunities listed relating to hydropower dams were to construct small high-technol-
ogy dams with reduced environmental impacts and lower energy production. The cost-benefit analysis
should include consideration of negative impacts at the local level.
Groups pointed out that fish ways and fish ladders should be included in hydropower dam design.
Some stakeholders recognised that hydropower dams are good and are sources of renewable energy
which can save fuel. However, they also pointed out that there is no need for hydropower with the
large deposits of natural gas resources in the region.
Environmental assets: Ecosystems and wildlife can be protected through introducing more sustaina-
ble economic policy, creating additional protected areas for wildlife and fish and establish national
parks. Groups pointed out the need to protect aquatic animals in rivers and streams. Community-
based natural resource management was also raised as an opportunity to protect biodiversity.
Figure 7.5 shows a breakdown of the frequency of listed issues (left) and opportunities (right) for CSOs
and government representatives and for the Tanintharyi region. Some of the main differences were:
 CSOs had a higher frequency of issues related to accountability and transparency, governance
and environmental pressures;
 Government had a higher frequency of issues related to access to electricity, hydropower and
conflict;
 Government had a higher frequency of opportunities related to access to electricity, develop-
ment, hydropower and protecting environmental assets; and
 CSOs have a higher frequency of opportunities related to benefit sharing, governance, em-
ployment and livelihoods.
The inputs from the participatory mapping exercise in Dawei with Taninataryi region government and
CSOs were combined to create a digitized map of key environmental and social values in the Tanin-
tharyi River Basin (Figure 7.4). The key issues that were mapped include:
 Mining and resource exploitation: Kanbaut minerals, natural gas reserves, Heinda (minerals
processing and tin and tungsten mining;
 Coal mining: Electricity production from coal, Thakyettaun, Hteeoo and Banchaung coal
mines;
44
 Industrial zone: Dawei Deep Sea Port, SEZ and proposed economic zone;
 Protected areas and conservation zones: Proposed Leyear Protected Area Extension, Lampi
National Marine Park, Tiger Conservation Zone and reserve forests, Proposed Tanintharyi Na-
ture Reserve and Heinnae natural forests;
 Mountains: Morse, Mahlwal and Nat Eain;
 Islands: Pearl, Mali, Pyinbugyi, Kayakyet and Maungmakan beach;
 Cultural and socio-economic: Mawkin tribe, edible bird nest production; and
 Fishing zones.
45
Figure 7.4: Digitzed participatory mapping for Tanintharyi Region
46
Figure 7.5: Tanintharyi issues (left) and opportunities (right) by CSOs and government
47
8 CONCLUSION
The regional river basin consultations were the first opportunity in the SEA to engage with
stakeholders at the river basin level. Discussing the issues and opportunities facing river ba-
sin development in the Thanlwin, Sittaung, Chindwin and Tanintharyi offered important in-
puts in defining the SEA key themes and highlighting specific areas in the river basins for fur-
ther analysis.
Conflict and ethnic minorities emerged as significant issues in relation to hydropower de-
velopment. CSOs in the Thanlwin, Tanintharyi and Sittaung basins raised issues around con-
flict, control of natural resources and ethnic minority groups. Many of the planned large-scale
hydropower projects are in contested areas; areas that have experienced past conflict events
or states/regions that are pushing for increased revenue sharing and control of natural re-
source projects. Due to the complex and evolving nature of conflict in Myanmar it was de-
cided that conflict would be analysed as a separate strategic theme in the SEA. The IFC have
provided additional resources for trend and spatial analysis for conflict and peacebuilding.
Highlighting and mapping existing environmental pressures guided the analysis for the stra-
tegic themes. Stakeholders in the Sittaung River Basin reported changes in flow, sedimenta-
tion and riverbank erosion, loss of fisheries and social issues associated with existing hydro-
power. Assessing the impacts, benefits and cumulative effects of the nine existing HPPs in the
Sittaung can be used to inform sustainable hydropower development in other major basins
by learning from past experiences and observed changes in natural resources and social sys-
tems.
Mining was raised as a significant issue in the Chindwin River Basin. Such activities led to wa-
ter quality pollution, riverbank erosion and sedimentation and will be assessed in the geo-
morphology and sediment and economic themes. Deforestation and illegal logging were
highlighted in all basins; informing the biodiversity theme in mapping protected areas, forest
estates and changes in forest cover. Understanding the existing environmental pressures
from existing hydropower, mining and other land uses is important for establishing the base-
line and the impact assessment phase when overlaying the planned HPPs.
Identifying the opportunities for river basin development defined the economic sectors and
land use for analysis in the SEA. As with the issues above it is important to consider the ex-
isting economic sectors, land uses and opportunities for development at the basin level. From
the regional river basin consultations, the key economic sectors identified in addition to hy-
dropower were mining, agriculture, forestry and transportation, including inland water
transport (IWT). The relationships between hydropower and these economic sectors will be
analysed in the baseline and impact assessment phases.
While there were diverging views on hydropower and river basin development, the impacts
and benefits were well recognised and will form the basis of future stakeholder dialogue.
Stakeholders listed hydropower, development, governance, transparency and accountability
and benefit sharing as issues, but also as opportunities. Under hydropower for instance, the
environmental and social impacts of existing and planned hydropower were listed but also
the potential benefits of hydropower including access to electricity, improved public services
and agricultural and economic development. So, although some CSOs were against large-
48
scale hydropower development until the peace process is resolved there is a starting point
for dialogue on options for hydropower development that may benefit local communities and
generate revenue for states and regions.
Stakeholders in the regional river basin consultations will be invited to participate in up-
coming multi-stakeholder workshops focussing on issues specific to the Ayeyarwady-Chin-
dwin and Thanlwin basins. To ensure that stakeholder engagement happens at each key step
in the SEA the participants from the regional river basins will be invited to participate in the
following baseline assessment workshops in Yangon, Loikaw and Myitkyina in January and
February 2017.
49
ANNEXES
Annex 1: Agenda for CSO Workshop
Time Session
08:45 – 09:00 Registration
09:00 – 09:15 Welcome
09:15 – 09:25 Project background and introduction of the Consultant Team
09:25 – 10:00 Overview of the SEA of Hydropower Sector in Myanmar
10:00 – 10:20 Q&A
10:20 - 10:40 Refreshments
10:40 – 11:20 Group Discussion:
Discuss environmental and socio-economic (E&S) values and uses of the
Thanlwin River, and key development issues facing the basin.
11:20 – 12:00 Group Activity 1:
Outline the E&S values and the issues and concerns around the develop-
ment of the Thanlwin River Basin.
12:00 –12:30 Presentation of group discussions and feedback
12:30 - 13:30 Lunch
13:30 – 13:45 Group Discussion:
Spatial analysis of the Thanlwin River Basin.
13:45-14:30 Group Activity 2:
Groups are provided with base maps of the Thanlwin River, using the maps
to:
 Draw the locations of key areas for biodiversity and livelihoods in
the basin
 Identify stakeholders at the basin and local level
14:30- 15:00 Presentation of group discussion and feedback
15:00 - 15:20 Refreshments
15:20- 15:35 Overview of communications tools for SEA
15:35-15:50 Next steps and implementation schedule
15:50- 16:30 Discussion on how stakeholders can interact with SEA and communication
tools
50
Annex 2: Participant list

1. Participating government stakeholders
Organization Position N
AGM; Internal Water Transport (I.W.T), Sagaing Staff 1
D.W.I.R, Sagaing Assistant Director 1
Department of Agriculture (Regional Office), Tanintharyi Staff 1

Department of Fishery, Sagaing Staff 1
Department of Fishery, Tanintharyi Deputy Director 1
Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Kayah State Asst. Director 1
Department of Rural Development, Sagaing Assistant Director 1
Department of Social Welfare (Regional Office), Tanintharyi Staff 1
DEPP (MOEE), Sagaing Staff 1
DEPP, Tanintharyi Staff 1
Dept. of Geography, Bago University Ass. Professor 1
DHPI, Department of Hydropower, Sagaing Staff Officer (Civil) 1
DOA, Department of Agriculture, Sagaing Deputy Director 1
DRD, Department of Rural Development, Sagaing Staff 1
DWIR, Tanintharyi Staff 1
Dy. CE, Tanintharyi Staff 1
ECD Head Office, Naypyitaw Staff 2
ECD, Bago Asst. Director 1
Deputy Staff Officer 2
Director 1
Staff Officer 3
ECD, Kayah State Accountant-2 1
Asst. Director 2
Minister 1
Staff Officer 2
ECD, Sagaing Staff 5
ECD, Shan State Asst. Director 1
Staff Officer 2
ECD, Tanintharyi Staff 7
EERI, Tanintharyi Staff 1
ESE, Sagaing Assistant Division Engineer 1
Irrigation and Water Utilization Management Office, Kayah State Staff Officer 1
Irrigation Department, Sagaing Staff 1
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Kayah State Asst. Supervisor 1
Staff Officer 1
Ministry of National Planning and Development, Kayah State Asst. Director 1
Ministry of Social Welfare, Kayah State Staff Officer 1
Planning Department, Tanintharyi Deputy Director 1
Planning, Sagaing Staff 1
R.O Forestry, Tanintharyi Staff 1
Relief & Resettlement Department, Sagaing Staff 1
Relief and Resettlement Department (RRD), Tanintharyi Staff 1
Water Resource Utilization Department, Tanintharyi Staff 1
All All 65
51
2. Participating Civil Society Organisation (CSO) stakeholders

Chindwin Sittaung Tanintharyi Thanlwin All
Tanintharyi
Organization Sagaing Bago Kayah Shan
Division
88 Generation Peace & Open Society 2 2
88 Open Society Student Generation
1 1
Group
ACTS 2 2
BG Blood Donation Group 2 2
Cherry Image 2 2
Chindwin Network 1 1
DANU 1 1
DANU Literature and Cultural 2 2
DANU Youth Network 4 4
ECD 2 2
F.S 1 1
Farmer Union 2 2
Fauna & Flora International 1 1
Future Light 9 9
Gal Bar Literature and Cultural 1 1
Gal Bar Women Development 1 1
GMS Power Public Co. Ltd. 3 3
Green Network 1 1
Hand and Land 1 1
Human Right Watch Group 1 1
Interfaith 3 3
K.D.W (Kyauk Kyi) 6 6
K.N.G.Y 1 1
KCSN 1 1
KEAN 1 1
KEG 2 2
KHRG (Thandaung) 1 1
KSWDC 1 1
KyWO 1 1
LAIN 1 1
LAIN/MATA 1 1
Law Home 1 1
Letpadaung mining watch group 1 1
LuMuHtar 2 2
Maing Pan Youth 2 2
Metta 1 1
Mizzima Hnalonethar 3 3
Monywa University Student Union 2 2
Moo Du Village 3 3
MPA 1 1
Observer 3 1 1 5
OFI (Our Future Initiative) 1 1
Paung Ku 1 1
Peace and Justice Legal Aid 2 2
Protection of Letpadaung peoples’ 1 1
52
benefit
Regional Development 2 2
Rule of Law Network 2 2
Sagaing Youth Network 2 2
Sapal & Kyaysin Mountain Mining
1 1
Watch Group
Sar Mu Htaw 5 5
Sein Yaung Soe (Kathar) 2 2
Shan State Peace Task Force 1 1
Shwe Yeik Sit 5 5
SNLD 2 2
Southern Shan Women Org 2 2
T.Y.O 1 1
Taung Yoe 3 3
Taungoo Community Center 1 1
Tavoyon Women's Union 3 3
The Peoples' Voice 2 2
Thuriyasandar Environmental Conser-
2 2
vation Group
Trip Net 1 1
UCYN - Upper Chindwin Youth Net-
1 1
work
UKSY 3 3
Writer 1 1
YWCA (TGI) 1 1
All 29 24 20 18 37 128
3. Consultant Team
Jens Sjorslev Social and Livelihood Specialist SEA team
Dr. Lwin Wai Stakeholder Consultation Specialist SEA team
U Nyo Maung Professor (Rtd) ECCSi
Dr. Win Myint Environmental Specialist SEA team
Yinn Mar Swe Hlaing Social Specialist SEA team
U Sein Aung Min Asst. Director MONREC HQ (Nay Pyi Taw)
Daw Thandar Hlaing Staff Officer MONREC HQ (Nay Pyi Taw)
Thinzar Oo Administrative Officer MIID (Yangon)
53
Annex 3: Conversion table: themes formulated by groups (in bold) and the categories
under each used for analysis (based on Thanlwin River Basin consultations)
Agriculture Development Economic Environment
Accountability/transpar-
Agriculture Access to electricity Access to electricity
ency
Accountability/transpar- Accountability/transpar-
Fisheries assets Agriculture
ency ency
Environmental pressures Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture pressures
Development Benefit sharing Basic needs Climate change
Technology Community development Benefit sharing Cultural pressures
Economic Development Conflict Community development Displaced people
Access to electricity Corruption Corruption Environmental assets
Sustainable energy Cultural pressures Development Environmental pressures
Community development Development Displaced people Environmental protection
Development Displaced people Economy Erosion
Water flow Environmental assets Environmental assets Extractive industries
Hydropower dams Fisheries assets Environmental pressures Fisheries pressures
Hydropower Development Health Environmental protection Flooding
Access to electricity Human rights Fisheries assets Health
Agriculture Hydropower dams Flooding Hydropower dams
Conflict Inequality Governance Knowledge
Cultural pressures Infrastructure Hydropower dams Land issue
Development Knowledge Inequality Livelihoods
Fisheries assets Land issue Infrastructure Public services
Hydropower dams Livelihoods Irrigation Risks
Livelihoods Public services Land issue Sedimentation
National development Transportation Livelihoods Transportation
Employment Vulnerability National development Use of natural resources
Development Governance Risks Water flow
Accountability/transpar-
Politics/Peace Sustainable energy Government Admin. Work
ency
Accountability/transpar- Accountability/transpar-
Benefit sharing Transportation
ency ency
Administrative structures Governance Security Corruption
Indigenous people/ethnic Criminal and illegal activi- Natural Resource Extrac-
Armed groups
minorities ties tion
Conflict Hydropower dams Development Environmental assets
Conflict and hydropower Knowledge Environmental protection Environmental pressures
Corruption Land issue Governance Environmental protection
Cultural pressures Use of natural resources Human rights Fisheries pressures
Displaced people Social and Human Rights Livelihoods Land Issues
Governance Access to electricity Social Agriculture pressures
Inequality Agriculture Basic needs Cultural pressures
Infrastructure Conflict Benefit sharing Hydropower dams
International relations Cultural assets Conflict Land issue
Criminal and illegal activi-
Military Development Private sector
ties
Use of natural resources Displaced people Cultural pressures Education
Legal Gender issues Displaced people Public services
Accountability and trans- Indigenous people/ethnic
Governance Knowledge
parency minorities
Environmental pressures Health Health Women and Child
Criminal and illegal activi-
Environmental protection Human rights Land issue
ties
Indigenous people/ethnic Indigenous people/ethnic
Erosion Public services
minorities minorities pressures
54
Land issue Inequality Ethnic Gender issues

Risks Land issue Cultural assets
Livelihoods Cultural pressures
Indigenous people/ethnic
Military
minorities
Private sector Vulnerability
Transportation Culture
Indigenous people/ethnic
Vulnerability
minorities
Cultural pressures
55
56

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IFC| SEA of the Hydropower Sector in Myanmar | ICEM

Regional River Basin Consultations: Key Findings – January 2017

1. Stakeholder Engagement Plan

Prepared for International Finance Corporation (IFC)

Photo Credits David Lazar http://davidlazarphoto.com/2013/06/the-story-behind-photo-

More information www.icem.com.au | info@icem.com.au

ICEM - International Centre for Environmental Management

WCS Wildlife Conservation Society

1.1 Phases and outputs

Figure 1.1: Planned stakeholder engagement activities for the SEA

1.4 Regional River Basin Consultations

Table 1.1: Dates and locations of regional river basin consultations

Thanlwin River Basin

Wednesday, December 7, 2016 Civil society workshop Monywa, Sagaing Region

CSO workshop Region/State government

2.3 Frequency analysis

2.5 Assessment of the identified issues and opportunities

3 RESULTS OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS FROM RIVER BASINS

Basin Existing Under construction Planned Suspended Total

 Tanintharyi: Governance and security issues featured more prominently; and

4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM THANLWIN BASIN

4.1 Key issues and opportunities

Figure 4.3: Thanlwin word cloud – opportunities

 Government had a higher frequency of issues related to environmental pressures, displaced

Figure 4.4: Digitized participatory map for Thanlwin River Basin

5 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM SITTAUNG BASIN

5.1 Key issues and opportunities

Figure 5.3: Sittaung word cloud - opportunities

A summary of the opportunities is provided below.

5.1.3 Issues and opportunities by CSOs and government

 Government had a higher frequency of issues related to environmental pressures, livelihoods,

Figure 5.4: Digitized participatory map for Sittaung Basin

6 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM CHINDWIN BASIN

6.1 Summary of issues and opportunities

A summary of the issues is provided below.

Figure 6.4: Digitized participatory map for Chindwin Basin

7 SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM TANINTHARYI REGION

7.1 Summary of key issues and opportunities

Figure 7.2: Tanintharyi word cloud - issues

Accountability and transparency: Decision-making could be improved by having a mediator between

Figure 7.4: Digitzed participatory mapping for Tanintharyi Region

Annex 2: Participant list

Department of Agriculture (Regional Office), Tanintharyi Staff 1

2. Participating Civil Society Organisation (CSO) stakeholders

Land issue Inequality Ethnic Gender issues

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