Multivector Review and Training Center

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

Distance Between Points P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2):

d x 2  x1 2  y 2  y 1 2
Distance from a Point to a Line

LINE: Ax +By + C=0

POINT: P1(x1,y1)
Ax1  By 1  C
d
 A2  B2

Where the ambiguous sign  follows the sign of B (or A when B=0).

Notes: 1. d is (+), if the point is above the line.

2. d is (–), if the point is below the line.

Distance Between Two Parallel Lines

L1: Ax +By +C1=0

L2: Ax +By +C2=0

C 2  C1
d
A2  B2

Midpoint of Line Segment P1P2:

y  P 2 ( x2 , y2 )
 P m( xm , ym )
P ( x , y )
1 1 1
x

x1  x 2 y1  y 2
xm  ym 
2 2

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Division of Line Segments P 1 P2:

y
r2 P 2 ( x2 , y2 )

r1  P(x,y)
P ( x , y )
1 1 1
x

r1x 2  r2 x1 r1y 2  r2 y 1
x y
r1  r2 r1  r2

r1 P1 P
where: 
r2 PP2

Alternate Formula:

x = x1 + k ( x2 – x1 )
y = y 1 + k ( y 2 – y1 )

P1 P
where: k
PP2

Inclination and Slope of a Line:

In General:
y
P2 ( x2, y2 )

y2 – y1
P1 ( x1, y1)  
x2 – x1
x

y 2  y1
m  tan  
x 2  x1

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1. A line sloping upward to the right


x

positive slope

2. A line sloping downward to the right


x

negative slope

3. If the given line is parallel to the x- axis so that y2 = y1 ; m = 0

y
Given line
y=k

4. If the given line is parallel to the y- axis so that x2 = x1 : m is meaningless

y
Given line

x=k
x

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Angle Between Two Lines

m 1  tan 1 ; m 2  tan  2 y
   2  1 
tan  2  tan 1
tan   tan 2  1   2
1  tan  2 tan 1 1
m  m1
tan   2 x
1  m 1m 2

Notes: 1. If L1 is parallel to L2 ; then m1 = m2

2. If L1 is perpendicular to L2 ; then m1 m2 = -1

Straight Line Equation Form:

1. General Form : Ax + By + C = 0
2. Standard Form:
a. Point slope form: y – y1 = m( x-x1)
b. Slope intercept form: y = mx + b
c. Intercept form:
x y
 1
a b

d. Two point form:

y  y1 y 2  y1

x  x1 x 2  x1

e. Area Form:
x y 1
x1 y1 1
x2 y2 1

P Line
f. Normal Form:
N
x cos + y sin =  r


g. Polar Form:
r cos (  - ) = 


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Conics

hyperbola

circle

ellipse

parabola
hyperbola

General Equation of a Conic Section :

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

where: A, B, and C are not all zero.

Note: If B = 0 , this will represent a conic section whose axis or axes are not
parallel to the x and y axes.

Circle (eccentricity e  0)
A circle is the locus of a point moving in a plane in such a way that its distance
from a fixed point remains constant
y

C ( h , k)
0 x
r

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I. General Equation:
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

where: A = C, A and C are with same sign

II. Standard Equations:

1. Center at (h , k)
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
2. Center at ( 0,0)
2
X + y2 = r 2

III. Radius of the circle:

D 2  E 2  4FA
r
4A 2

IV. Abscissa and Ordinate of the center : (h , k)

h = - D / 2A , k = -E / 2A

PARABOLA ( e = 1)
Parabola is the locus of a point which moves so that the distance from a fixed
point called focus and a fixed line called directrix are equal.

focus axis of parabola

2a
V F
a a
2a
vertex

directrix

where: Focal distance = FV = a

Length of latus rectum (LR) = 4a

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I. General Equations:
a. Axis Vertical
A x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b. Axis Horizontal
Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

II. Standard Equations:

a. vertex at V ( h, k)
1. (x – h)2 = 4a ( y – k) , opens upward
2. (x – h)2 = -4a(y – k) , opens downward
3. (y – k)2 = 4a (x – h), opens to the right
4. (y – k)2 =- 4a (x – h), opens to the left
b. vertex at origin : V ( 0, 0)
1. x2 = 4ay , opens upward
2. x2 = -4ay , opens downward
3. y2 = 4ax , opens to the right
4. y2 = -4ax , opens to the left

ELLIPSE (e<1)
Ellipse is the locus of a pt. which moves so that the sum of the distances from two
fixed points called foci is constant.

directrix directrix
Latus Rectum Latus Rectum
B1 D
P
L2 L1
a b a

V2 c C(h,k) c
vertex F2 F1 V1 vertex
b
R2 R1
B2
a a

d = a/e d = a/e

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F1V1 + F2V1 = F1V1 + F1V2

But: F1V1 = F2V2
Therefore: F1V1 + F2V1 = F1V1 + F1V2 = V1V2 = 2a

Note : the constant sum = 2a

F1 P
e 1
PD

I. General equation:
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

where: A  C and ( A and C have the same sign)

II. Standard Equation:

A. Center at (h, k)

1.
x  h 2  y  k 2  1 , MA : Horizontal
a2 b2

2.
x  h 2  y  k 2  1 , MA : Vertical
b2 a2

B. Center at ( 0, 0)

x2 y2
1.   1 , MA : Horizontal
a2 b2
x2 y2
2.   1 , MA : Vertical
b2 a2

Relations of constants: a2 = b2 + c2
1. Semi - Major Axis = CV1 = CV2 = a
2. Semi- Minor Axis = CB1 =CB2 = b
3. C = CF1 = CF2
4. MA = Major Axis = V1V2 = 2a
5. ma = minor axis = B1B2 = 2b
6. LR = 2b2 / a

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7. Eccentricity e = c / a
8. d = distance of the directrix from the center = a / e

Hyperbola ( e  1)
Hyperbola is the locus, of a point which moves so that the difference of its
distances from two fixed points is constant.

asymptote directrix directrix asymptote

d = a/e d = a/e
D
B1 P
L2 c b c L1
C ( h, k)
F2 V2
c c V1 F1
R2 b R1
a B2 a

c c

F2V2 = F1V1
F2V1 – F1V1 = V1V2 = 2a

Where constant length = 2a

F1 P
e 1
PD

I General Equation:
Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

where: A and C have opposite signs

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II. Standard Form :

A. Center at ( h, k)

1.
x  h 2  y  k 2  1 , TA : Horizontal
a2 b2

2.
x  h 2  y  k 2  1 , TA : Vertical
b2 a2

B. Center at (0,0)

x2 y2
1.   1 , TA : Horizontal
a2 b2
x2 y2
2. 2
  1 , TA : Vertical
b a2

Notes:
1. Relations of constants : a2 + b2 = c2 , a  b or a = b or a  b
2. SEMI – TA = CV1 = CV2 = a
3. SEMI – CA = CB1 = CB2 = b
4. TA = V1V2 = 2a
5. CA = B1B2 = 2b
6. F1F2 = 2c
7. L. R. = 2b2 / a
8. e = c /a  1
9. d = a / e
10. Equations of asymptote:

a. y  k  
b
x  h  , for horizontal TA
a
b. y  k   x  h  , for vertical TA
a
b
Legend:
TA --- Transverse axis
CA --- Conjugate axis

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