The Hittite Version of the Hurrian Kumarbi Myths: Oriental Forerunners of Hesiod

Author(s): Hans Gustav Güterbock

Reviewed work(s):
Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1948), pp. 123-134
Published by: Archaeological Institute of America
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/500560 .
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THE HITTITE VERSION OF THE HURRIAN KUMARBI
MYTHS: ORIENTAL FORERUNNERS OF HESIOD
HANS GUSTAV GUTERBOCK
PLATE III

discussednow in the light of fresh material.The texts presentedhere were found in

the royal archives at Hattu'a, the Hittite capital near the Turkish village of Bogaz-
kay Central Anatolia. They are written in Hittite, but from the Hurrian names they
in
contain and from the fact that fragments of a Hurrian version were found at the same
place it is evident that the Hittite version goes back to a Hurrian original. The tablets
actually found were written between 1400 and 1200 B.c.; the original composition may be
slightly older and may date from the height of the Hurrian culture in the fifteenth century.
Attention to these texts was first drawn by E. O. Forrer in 1935 at the International Con-
gress of Orientalists held in Rome. The first part of the most interesting text was published
in German translation and transliteration by Forrer in 19361 together with short excerpts
from other fragments. In 1938, I published some notes on Forrer's text,2 on the basis of
which E. A. Speiser, in 1942, wrote an article investigating the Babylonian elements of this
myth.3 The cuneiform edition of all relevant Hittite texts was published by H. Otten in
19434 and reached Turkey in the same year. Since then, I have studied these texts and, after
a preliminary attempt to arrange the various fragments,5 I published a German edition of
the whole material in 1946,6 containing transliteration, translation, philological commentary
and a discussion of the contents of the texts and of their relation to Greek, Babylonian and
Phoenician mythology.
Since the Editor of this JOURNALkindly asked me for a contribution to its special number
devoted to the history of the Greek epic, I take the opportunity to present this material to
the English-reading public7 and especially to classical scholars. In the present paper, there-
fore, I shall give first an outline of the texts, with the better preserved parts in full transla-
tion, followed by a short discussion of their foreign relations. Readers who want more de-
tails may consult the German book.
The mythological texts under discussion center around the Hurrian god Kumarbi who
corresponds, as we shall see, to Kronos. Apart from some fragments which cannot yet be
' E. O. Forrer, Eine Geschichtedes Gdtterkdnigtums 6 Kumarbi. Mythen vom churritischen Kronos, aus
aus dem Hatti-Reiche in Melanges Franz Cumont den hethitischen Fragmenten zusammengestellt, iiber-
(=Annuaire de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire setzt und erkldrt (Istanbuler Schriften, no. 16) 1946
orientaleset slaves, iv [1936]), pp. 687-713. [printed in Istanbul, sold through:] Europa-Verlag,
2
Zeitschrft fiir Assyriologie, xliv (n.s., x), pp. 90 ff. ZiUrich-NewYork (Abbr.: Kum.). -A Turkish edition
3 E. A. Speiser, An Intrusive Hurro-Hittite Myth, in (in which only the philological commentary is omitted)
JAOS, lxii (1942), pp. 98-102; seen by the present appeared in 1945 as a publication of the Turkish
writer only in 1945. Historical Society: Kumarbi Efsanesi (Tiirk Tarih
4
Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazkdi (abbr. KUB) Kurumu Yay-nlarnndan,vii, no. 11) 1945, [translated
xxxiii: Mythische und magische Texte in hethitischer by] Sedat Alp.
Sprache, nos. 92-122. ?I am indebted to my colleague, Prof. McCallien,
1 In a review of KUB, xxxiii in Orientalia
(n.s.) xii for corrections of the language.
(1943), pp. 344-355.

123
194 HANS GUSTAV GtTERBOCK

placed, there are two main compositions. The first may be called "Theogony"; the Hittite
title of the text, unfortunately, is broken away. The second text is called "Song of Ulli-
kummi" in the colophon; it consists of more than two (probably three) tablets which have
come down in several copies, the fragments of which can be arranged with a fair degree of
probability.
The first part of the text which we call "Theogony" deals with the "Kingship in Heaven."
Unfortunately, this text has come down to us in a single copy which, moreover, is in a very
bad state of preservation. Of the four columns containing about 90 lines each, only the first
half of the first column is clear (it is the part published by Forrer, cf. note 1). It runs as
follows."
(L.1 mutilated) ... L21etthe mighty [... .] gods hearken, let Na[ra], L3[Napsara,Mink]i, Am-
munki hearken, let Ammezzaddu, L4[ ...... ] .., father (and) mother, hearken!
uLet [ .... ], Ishara, father (and) mother, hearken, let Enlil, L6[...... ] who are mighty (and)
.... gods, L7[ ... ] and [..- ]ulkulimma hearken!9
Formerly, L8in [fo]rmeryears, Alalu was king in heaven. Alalu Lgis sitting on the throne, and the
mighty Anu,o?the first of the gods, is standing Lloinfront of him. He bows down to his feet and puts
the cups for drinking L11intohis hand.
L12Ninefull years"1 Alalu was king in heaven. In the ninth year, L13Anufought against Alalu: he
overcame Alalu, L14(SO that) he fled from him and went12down to the dark earth. L15Hewent down to
the dark earth, (while Anu) sat on his throne. L16Anu is sitting on the throne, and the mighty Kumarbi
is giving him to drink. L17Hebows down to his feet and puts the cups for drinking into his hands.
L18Ninefull years" Anu was king in heaven. In the ninth year, Anu L19 fought against Kumarbi:
Kumarbi, in the place of Alalu, L20fought against Anu. Anu could not withstand Kumarbi's eyes L2lany
more; he escaped from L22Kumarbi'shand and fled. Anu, as a bird, flew toward heaven. L23Afterhim
Kumarbi rushed and he took Anu by the feet L24andpulled him down from heaven.
L25He bit his "knees," (so that) his manhood was absorbedin Kumarbi's interior L261like . . . . .1
When Kumarbi had swallowed Anu's manhood, L27herejoiced and laughed. Anu turned back to
him L28andto Kumarbi he spake: "Thou feelest joy L29aboutthine interior, because thou hast swal-
lowed my manhood.
L30Do not feel joy about thine interior! Into thine interior I have laid L31a seed: first I have impreg-
nated thee with the heavy Weather-God(?);14 L32secondlyI have impregnated thee with the river
Aranzah'5 of .... ; L33thirdlyI have impregnated thee with the heavy god Talmi u.16Three fearful
L34gods I have laid as a seed into thine interior. In the end thou shalt have L35/6to strike the rocks
of the .... mountains with thy head!"
8 In the translation, paragraphs correspond to the 12The traces of the mutilated verb look like pa-it.
sections separated by horizontal strokes in the original. If this reading is correct, na-an-kdn must be a mistake
Square brackets indicate restorations of words lost in for na-a?-kdn. If nankan is considered as correct, one
the original (restorations which are certain are not in- needs a transitive verb and has to accept a double
indicated); parentheses include words required by the change of subject: "He (Alalu) fled ... and he (Anu)
English idiom. Words the reading or translation of drovehim ... He (Alalu) went ... ."
which is uncertain are printed in italics; capitals are 13For this translation cf. Kum., p. 35.
used for names and words written by an ideogram the 14 This reading, first proposed by Dr. Kemal Balkan
Hittite reading of which is unknown. (Kum., p. 35), seems to me now almost certainly cor-
9 Most of the gods mentioned in this introduction rect in view of the further contents of our texts. -
are known as the "Former Gods," i.e. gods of the old The Hurrian name of the Weather-God is Telub. Our
ages. On this conception see below, p. 132. texts, however, do not use the Hurrian name; they
10 Anu, Akkadianized form of Sumerian An use the ideogram with Hittite phonetic complements,
"Heaven"; cf. Oi5pavos. Alalu is mentioned in Sumerian the complete Hittite reading of which is still unknown.
lists of gods as one of the "fathers of Anu." 15 I.e. Tigris.
16 TaSmiguis a satellite of the Weather-God.
1~Lit.: "nine counted years." Most probably not
ordinary years but "ages."
 THE HITTITE VERSION OF THE HURRIAN KUMARBI MYTHS 125
L37When Anu had finishedhis speechhe w[ent]up to heaven.L38Thereupon he hid, out of his mouth
he spat, [Kumarbi,]L39thewise king. Out of his mouth he spat ... [ ...... ] 4omixed.What Ku-
marbi[had]s[pat],L41. .........
L42Theangry [Kuma]rbi [into] Nippu[r17...... ] L3[. . ] went....... [ .... ] [ . . . ..
sat. Kumarbi did not [ ...... ]. L4"[ ...... ] he counts. Seven (? or: nine?) months pass[ed,
.... ] (broken).

The second half of the first column is lost. Of the second column, parts of 87 lines exist,
but its surface is so much obliterated that a translation is impossible. It seems to deal with
the miraculous birth of the Weather-God. There is one passage which seems to be of special
interest. In lines 4~ f. one reads: "Give me [the chi]ld (??). [ ..... ] I shall eat"; in line 44
the verbal form "I (shall) eat" in
reappears, connection with the name of the Weather-God,
and in line 51 "Kumarbi begins to eat," whereas in the following lines "mouth" and "teeth"
are mentioned. In the following paragraph a new cult seems to be introduced, and in this
connection it is said that a diorite stone has been thrown (1. 60 f.). We shall return to these
details; unfortunately the text is so fragmentary that it is not possible to make a more
definite statement about its contents.
Of the third column of the text only the ends of about 50 lines exist, so that not a single
sentence is complete. What can be made out of the contents of this column seems to point
to a struggle between gods. Once we read (1. 19-22): "The Weather-God grew angry in his
heart, [... ] to the bull Seri'8 he spake: '[ . ] come [aga]inst [me] for battle'." In a later
section of the column, part of a speech is preserved in which someone mentions his being
cursed.
Of the fourth column, only the beginnings of the last few lines are preserved; apparently,
here, Earth gives birth to two children. One of them seems to be a girl, since a spindle is
mentioned as a gift. This reminds us of the three children Anu has foretold to Kumarbi.
Since the latter had spat out the seed he had first swallowed, it may be that Earth had be-
come pregnant with it. The first child, then, ought to be the Weather-God whose birth was
probably told in col. II (in another fragment'9 he calls Earth his mother). The remaining
two children, then, would be the Tigris and Tasmisu, and the fact that rivers were repre-
sented as female in Hittite art20would suit our observation that one of the children is a girl.
Since the colophon of this tablet is broken, we do not know whether the text ended here
or whether it continued on other tablets. Two fragments which show some resemblance
to our first text might belong to the same composition.21 One of them deals with the tem-
porary appointment to kingship of a god whose name is written by the Sumerian ideogram
LAMA.
The "song of Ullikummi," which is distinct from the "Theogony," as is evident from its
title and separate numbering of tablets, evidently deals with events taking place after the
story of that text. Here, the Weather-God is already king, but Kumarbi refuses to accept
this change of power and therefore tries to defeat him with the help of a monster called
Ullikummi. The text runs as follows:22

17 The famous Babylonian city where Enlil, the 20 According to texts describing statues: Keilschrift-
supreme god of the Sumerians, had his shrine. On texte aus Boghazkli (abbr. KBo), ii, 13 obv. 22 f.;
Enlil =Kumarbi, see p. 132. Giltterbock, Orientalia, (n.s.) xv, pp. 491 ff.
8i eri is known as one of the divine bulls attached
21
Texts 1 b and 1 c in Kum.
to the Weather-God's chariot. 22 For the arrangement of the fragments and refer-

19 Kum., p. 10, Text 1 b, line 9. ences to the cuneiform editions see Kum.
126 HANS GUSTAV GtTERBOCK
FIRST TABLET.

Fragmenta. (L.1 destroyed) L2[In wh]ich mind there is wisdom, [ ..... ] L3usesto take [ ..... ].
I shall sing IAofKumarbi, the father of all gods.
L5Kumarbitakes wisdom into his mind Land brings up a "bad day" as "evil creature"; L7he plans
evil against the Weather-God L*andbrings up a rebel against the Weather-God.
L9Kumarbi[takes] wisdom into his mind L10andpins it on like a bead.
LluWhen Kumarbi had taken wisdom into his mind, L12he promptly rose from his seat. LI3Hetook
a stick into his hand, un[to his feet] L14he p[ut] the swift shoes [ .. . (?)]. LI5Hewent out of (his) city
Urki123 L11andhe came to .... (broken; lacuna of ca. 60 lines).
In Fragment b Impaluri, Kumarbi's messenger, is talking to the Sea.
Fragment c (perhaps in part parallel to Fragment b) contains the Sea's reply.
L"TheSea spake again to Impaluri: L5"OImpaluri! Hear these my words! L6Goand repeat them
before Kumarbi!
L7Go and tell Kumarbi: 'Why LShastthou come in angry mood against the (my ?) house, Lg(so
that) trembling seized the house, L1ifear seized the servants? For thee, L11cedarwood hath already
been broken, L12dishes have already been cooked for thee, LW3and singers hold their L14instruments
day and night Lisready for three. Get up L16andcome to my house!' "24
L17Andhe rose, Kumarbi, L18and Impaluri went in front of him. (L19-20 . 25) L21Andhe went to
the house of the Sea.
L22TheSea spake: "Let them set up a stool L2aforKumarbi to sit down, L241et them put a table be-
fore him, L251etthem bring him to eat, L261et them bring him beer to drink!" L27Thecooks brought
dishes, the cup-bearers brought him .. .-wine L28todrink. They drank once, they drank twice, L29they
drank three times, they drank four times, they drank five times, L30they drank six times, they drank
seven times. Kumarbi L31spake to Mukisanu, his vezir: L32"OMukisanu, my vezir! To the word
I speak to thee L33lendthine ear! Into thy hand take a stick, L34[unto thy feet] put the shoes, and to
[ ..... go!] L35[ .... ] and into the waters [ .... ] L36[And ... these wor]ds before the waters
[repeat!] ... " (broken).

All these events: Kumarbi's leaving his own town, the visit paid to the Sea26 and the order
given to Mukisanu, seem to be the preliminaries for what follows: the birth of Ullikummi.
Fragment d deals with this event, but the part telling the story of the birth itself is broken.
Mention is made of stones and rock, a son of Kumarbi, midwives and the goddesses called
GUL-ge? and MAU in Hittite, Hudenna and IHudellurrain Hurrian, who nurse the child.
The child, then, is put on the knees of his father, who is to bestow the name on him. He
orders him to destroy the city of Kummiya,27 where the Weather-God lives, to fight the
Weather-God and Tasmisu and to do some more work of destruction, and names him
Ullikummi. After a lacuna this fragment continues:
L8AKumarbi spake these words to Impaluri: L49"OImpaluri! To the words I speak to thee Lsolend
thine ear! Into thy hand Ll51take a stick, unto thy feet put the swift shoes! L52[Hurry and] go to the
Irlirra-gods! L53[And. . . these] words speak before the Irlirras: L5'[Come!] Kumarbi, father of the

23Situated probably in the region east of the Tigris.

seems to marry the daughter of the Sea, a girl called
24The text omits the repetition of the message and [P]irtap'uruhi or [I]ntapiuruhi (after Laroche's read-
goes on immediately with its result. ing; cf. his forthcoming review of Kum., in Revue
25Two lines, mutilated in one copy, omitted in hittite et asianique), and measuring one biru, i.e. the
another. measure of two hours' walk! Whether these fragments
26 Thereis anotherfragmentdealingwith a visit the belong here we do not know (cf. Kum., pp. 83 ff.).
Sea paid to Kumarbi(Kum.,Text 4 a); accordingto 27 Somewhere in Upper Mesopotamia, exact location
still another fragment (Kum., Text 4 b) Kumarbi unknown.
 THE HITTITE VERSION OF THE HURRIAN KUMARBI MYTHS 127

gods, calleth ye! L55[. .. ] about what matter he calleth ye, L56[yeknow not]. Now come promptly!
L57TheIrfirras will take the child and they L58[willcarry it] to the dark earth.... " (broken).
In Fragment e which follows immediately Impaluri carries out this order and repeats
Kumarbi's words verbally before the Irsirras (11.1-13). It then goes on:
L14Whenthe Irsirras heard these words, L15[they .... ] made haste Ll6[and hurr]ied. And they
coveredthe distance Ll7in one [and]came to Kumarbi. L18/9Thereupon, Kumarbi spake to the Ir irras:
L20"[Take this child] and [make] him L21lnto a present [and] carry him to the dark earth! L2Make
haste and hurry! L23Andput him unto Upelluri's28 L24rightshoulder as a ... .! L251none day he shall
grow one yard, L26ina month he shall grow one IKU29 . . . " (Two obscure lines, then broken).
Fragment f (following immediately): L6Whenthe Irsirras heard these words, L7they took [the
child] from Kumarbi's knees. The Irsirras Lslifted him and pressed [him] against their breast L91like
a garment. They lifted [him up] and [put] him L10onEnlil's30 knees . . [ .... En]lil lifted his eyes
Ll1and s[aw] the child: [The child] was standing in front of the deity, L12andhis body [ ..... ] was
made of diorite stone.
L13Enlil spake [to the Ir~irras]: L14"Whois this [child]? Did the GUL-Ne?and L1lMAH-goddesses
bring [him] up? Who of the great gods shall [ever]see [him]? L16 .... L17 . . . . As Kumarbi brought
up L18theWeather-God, [in the same way he now brought up] this Diorite L19asa rebel!"
L20When Enlil [had finished] these words, L21they put the child on Upelluri's right shoulder as a
[ . . . ...
L22The Diorite grows,and the mighty L23[gods] bringhim up. In one day he growsone yard, L24in
one month he grows one IKU. .31
.....
L22Whenfifteen days [had passed], the stone was grown up. He [stood] in the sea on his knees
L231ikea pillar; the stone stood out of the water, L24andhis height was like [.... ]. And the sea
L26came up to the place of his belt like a garment. L26The stone was lifted like a .... , and above, in
heaven, L27he reached the temples and the ...-house.
L2STheSun-God looked [down] from heaven and saw Ullikummi. L29When the Sun-God saw
Ullikummi,32the Sun-God L30[spake to himself]: "Who [is] this swift god there in the sea? L31Hisbody
doeth not resemble that of [theother]gods!"'33

The mutilated end of this fragment seems to contain a description of the Sun-God's
fear and anger. Thereafter, we find the Sun-God visiting the Weather-God.
Fragment g: The Weather-God and his servant Tasmisu are talking about this visit.
L12The Weather-God spake to Tasmisu: Let them set up [a chair for the Sun-God], L13let them
prepare a table for him to eat!"
L14Whilethey were speaking thus, the Sun-God [arrived]. L15Tosit they set up a chair for him, but
he did not [sit down]. L16They prepared a table, but he did not ho[ld out his hand.34A cup] L17they
gave him, but he did not put his lip34to it.
Ll8The Weather-God spake to the Sun-God: "Which major-domo hath L19set up [a bad chair]
(so that) thou didst not sit down? Which steward hath served bad [dishes], L20(so that) thou didst
not eat? Which cup-bearer hath served bad [drink], L21(so that) thou didst not drink?"
This is the end of the first tablet in one of the copies. We may assume that the Sun-
28 A giant carrying heaven and earth, according to we have used the numbering of lines of another frag-
Second Tablet, Fragment g (p. 129). ment.
29A measureof length. 32In the text, subject and object of this phrase
30 Enlil, the supreme god of the Sumerians. In our seem to have been changed by mistake.
texts he is distinct from Kumarbi, although, according 33 For this translation see Kum., p. 126.
to anothertradition,Kumarbitakes his place in the 34I am indebted to Prof. J. Friedrich for the sug-
theological system. Cf. note 17 and below, p. 132. gestion of these translations; cf. now Friedrich, in
31 Two lines of obscure meaning. In the following Journal of Cuneiform Studies, i, pp. 286 ff., and 291.
 128 HANS GUSTAV GtJTERBOCK
God's indifference toward the pleasures of the table are due to the fearful experience he has
just had, and that in the missing part of the text he probably tells his host what he saw.
SECONDAND THIRDTABLETS.
After a lacuna of approximately 40 lines there comes a fragment which, in one copy,
belongs to the second tablet, whereas in another copy its first part forms the end of the first
tablet. We call it Fragment a of the Second Tablet. It is in a bad state of preservation. From
what can be made out, the Weather-God, together with his sister Ivtar,35walks up to the
peak of Mount HEazzi.This mountain which, in religious texts, occurs as one of the sacred
mountains of the Weather-God, was called Mons Casius by the Greeks and Romans, Zaphon
by the Semites; it is situated on the Syrian sea-shore south of the mouth of the Orontes
river. From here, the Weather-God and his sister see the diorite monster Ullikummi
standing in the sea. At this sight, "L16theWeather-God sat down on the earth, and tears
flowed [out of his eyes] L17likestreams." He utters his fear, and Istar tries to console him.
The rest of the fragments of the Ullikummi epic cannot be arranged with certainty.36
In a fragment which perhaps comes next and which, therefore, may be called Fragment b,
we find the gods assembled near the sea, perhaps still at Mount Hazzi where the Weather-
God and Istar first saw the monster. The seventy gods descend towards the sea and try to
fight the stone, but in vain. The stone monster reaches the gate of the Weather-God's
residential town Kummiya.
L21Whenhe stood at the city gate L22of Kummiya [ .... ], the Diorite rose [above]HIebat37and the
te[mple(s)], L23(so that) Hebat could not hear news of the gods any more L24and could not see the
with her eyes any more.
Weather-Godand guwaliyatta38
L25Hebatspake the [words] to Takiti:39 16"I do not hear the heavy word [of the Weather-God],
and I do not hear news of Suwaliyatta L27andall the gods! This Diorite whom L28theycall U[lli-
kummi], perhaps hath he overcome L29my husband, the heavy [ .... ] Weather-God!"
spake to Takiti : "Hear u'my words! Into thy hand take a stick, unto thy feet [put]
L3oHebat
the sw[ift] shoes! L32Thegods [ ............. ] go! Perhaps L33theDiorite hath killed [my
husband,the Weather-God,the hea]vy king. [Bring]me w[ord]!"
The next lines describe Takiti's departure. In the following lacuna of a. 20 lines, the story
of how this attempt failed was probably told.
Fragment c (the first part of col. II of the same tablet) runs as follows:
L'When Talmilu heard the Weather-God's words, L2hepromptly rose. Into his hand he took a
stick, L3unto his feet he put the swift shoes. L4Andhe went up to a high tower, L5oppositeHebat40
he took (a stand, saying): "My [lord will stay] at a low-place ',until he hath fulfilled the years that
are decreed for him!" L'When Hebat saw Talmigu L8shealmost fell down from the roof: had she
L9takena step, she would have fallen down from the roof, but the palace-women Lioheldher and did
not let her (fall). When Talmilu had Llfinished his words, he went down from the tower L12and
went near the Weather-God. Talmilu spake again to the Weather-God: L•3"Whereshall we sit?
(Shall we sit) on Mount Kandurna? L14[If]we sit on Mount Kandurna, Lls[anoth]erwill sit on Mount
Lalapaduwa!41 L'6Whereshall we carry [ .... ]? There will be no king in heaven!"

35 Her name is written with the ideogram read 37 Te'ub's wife, queen of gods in the Hurrian
IUtarin Akkadian,Saulga in Hurrian.The phonetic pantheon.
complementsin our text point to herHittite namethe 38 Tevub's vezir, correspondingto the Babylonian
completereadingof whichis unknown. god Ninurta.
36 We follow here the orderof fragmentsproposed 39A goddesswho belongsto.Hebat's court.
in Kum., p. 52, where a comparativetable of these 40 Who is on the roofof her palace,see below.

fragmentsand of their formerarrangement,followed 41 The locationof these two mountainsis unknown.

in the Germantranslation,can be found.

 THE HITTITE VERSION OF THE HURRIAN KUMARBI MYTHS 129

L'7Tagmi'uspake again to the Weather-God:"O Weather-God,my lord! [Hear] LlSmywords!

To the words I speak to thee L191end
[thine ear]! Come, let us go to the city of Abzuwa before
Ea42!....",
Tasmisu urges his master to ask Ea's help. The Weather-God agrees and they carry out
this plan. At the point where they arrive at Ea's abode the text is broken. Between the last
existing line of col. II and the first line preserved in col. III of this tablet, more than 80
lines are lost. Into this lacuna may belong some fragments which describe an assembly of
the gods.
In Fragment d Ea blames Kumarbi for his evil conduct. If he is going to annihilate man-
kind, there will remain nobody to feed the gods with offerings. Ea says:
u'"Shallit happen that the Weather-God,the hero king of Kummiya, will have to take Lothe
knife himself?Or shall it happen that IJtar and Hebat Llwillhave to turn the handmill them-
selves?4
3...
Fragment e seems to contain Kumarbi's reply.
Fragmentf, the reverse of our Fragment a, is not clear.
In Fragment g (the third column of the same big tablet the obverse of which we have
rendered above as Fragments b and c) the leaving of the assembly is mentioned in line 5.
Later on, we find Ea speaking first to Enlil, then visiting Upelluri and addressing him in the
following way:
LoEa spake [again] to Upelluri: "Knowest thou not, L310 Upelluri? Hath no one brought thee
word? L32Doestthou not know the swift god whom Kumarbi hath fashioned L33againstthe gods? And
that Kumarbi .... is planning "4deathfor the Weather-God and fashioning L35arebel against him?
The Diorite who grew L36inthe water, doest thou not know him? Like a... L37heis lifted, and
heaven, the holy temples L3SandHebat he covered! (Is it) because thou, Upelluri, art remote from
the dark earth, L39(that)thou doest not know this swift god?"
'0 Upelluri spake again to Ea: "When heaven 'Aland earth were built on me I knew nothing!
12And when it happened that heaven and earth were cut asunder with a knife, 143thistoo I knew not!
Now, something is hurting I"my right shoulder, but I do not know who that god is!"
"1When Ea heard these words, he turned Upelluri's '6right shoulder around: there, the Diorite
stood on Upelluri's A47rightshoulder like a pillar!
""Ea spake again to the Former Gods: "Hear ""my words, O Former Gods who know the old
words! uoOpen them again, the ancient seal-houses ul(that date from) father's and grandfather's
(time)! And let them bring the old fathers' seal u2and let them seal them (the seal-houses) again with
it! Let them take out L53theold knife with which heaven and earth have been cut asunder! "m[Let
them cut] the diorite Ullikummi off underneath his feet, u5whom Kumarbi [fashioned] as a rebel
against the gods!"
By cutting off Ullikummi who, as we have seen, had grown on the giant Upelluri's shoul-
der, Ea, apparently, breaks his power. In a fragment which, if our arrangement is right, may
fit into the following gap, the gods are still afraid of the stone monster. They say (Frag-
ment h):
L4"Our knees u[... ]tremble, our head turns Ll61ikea potter's wheel, and like the kid's L7menu-
disease....."
But this fear, now, is groundless. So Ea, in Fragment i (col. IV of the big tablet containing

42Ea, the Babyloniangod of wisdomand witchcraft, 43As today in oriental countries, slaughteringof
rules over and dwells in the undergroundfresh-water animalsis done by men, grindingof cerealsby women
ocean, called apsa in Akkadian.Our text has taken only.
this wordas the name of a town, Abzuw.
 130 HANS GUSTAV GtUTERBOCK

Fragments b, c, and g), sends a message to the gods through Ta'mi'u, first, it seems, scold-
ing them for their groundless fear, then reassuring them:
Ll3[Ea] spake again [to Taimiu]: "First I slew him, L14the[fearful] Diorite. Go and fight him again!
L'SLet[him] stand up no longer like a pillar!" Talmigu L16[ . .. rejoiced, he clapped his hands"
three times, (so that) L17[thegods]above heardit. He clappedhis handstwice, (so that) the Weather-
God, the hero L18king of Kummiya,heardit. And they came to the place of assembly, L19-20andall
of the gods bellowedlike bulls at the dioriteUllikummi.
L21TheWeather-Godjumpedon to his wagonlike a ... , and in a thunderL22he went downtoward
the sea. And he fought him, the Weather-God(fought) the Diorite.
L23The Diorite spake [again]to the [Weather-God]:". ... ."
The speech of Ullikummi is badly preserved, and the rest of the text is missing. We may
assume, however, that it contained the description of the final battle in which the gods
overcame Ullikummi and the Weather-God reestablished his kingship. A small fragment
dealing with a battle may or may not belong here.45In any case, the end of the text must,
in at least some of the copies, have been written on a third tablet.41
The two main compositions outlined above lend themselves easily to comparison with
Greek mythology. It is clear that, in the first text, Anu ("Heaven") corresponds to Ouranos;
Kumarbi, "father of the gods," to Kronos, and the Weather-God Tesub, king of the Hur-
rian pantheon, to Zeus. One difference between the two traditions lies in the fact that our
text knows of one more generation before Anu = Ouranos:before him, Alalu was already king
in heaven. The details, too, are very similar: Kumarbi emasculates his father Anu47 as
Kronos does his father Ouranos; from this act several deities come into existence in both
mythologies: Te'ub, the river Tigris, and the god Tasmisu in our text, the Erinyes, the
Giants, the Melic Nymphs and Aphrodite according to Hesiod. It is foretold to Kronos that
his son will dethrone him, and therefore he devours his children, only Zeus being spared by
a fraud of his mother. She deceives Kronos with a stone which is afterwards worshipped in
Pytho. In our text Anu warns Kumarbi against the Weather-God whom he has just be-
gotten, and we seem to have traces of Kumarbi's eating a child and of the mention of a
stone in connection with the introduction of a new cult. Even if one disregards these last
details as being too uncertain -the second column of our "Theogony" being really in a hope-
less state which does not allow any definite statement-there remain enough parallels.
Not only the main idea of several generations of gods ruling one after another is common
to both mythologies, but even some details which cannot be accidental are the same: the
grandfather of the actual supreme god is called "Heaven" (Ouranos and Anu respectively)
and is defeated through emasculation by his successor in Hesiod's Theogony as well as in
our text.
For the "Song of Ullikummi," too, a Greek parallel can be found. When this story of
battles between gods first became clear from the fragments, I thought of the Titanomachia.
In fact, there is one detail that might be compared: just as Zeus cannot overcome the
44 Or: "uttered a cry of joy." 47 Our text, it is true, does not call these gods father
41 Kum., p. 23, II. Tafel, a; cf. ibid., pp. 49 and 53. and son; but Alalu is called father of Anu in a Baby-
46 The Hittites did not use a fixed division of tablets lonian list (see note 10), Kumarbi calls himself "son
as the scribes of Assurbanipal did; we have seen that of A[nu]" in one of our texts (Kum., p. 22, Fragment d,
the second tablet began at different points in two of 11, and p. 75), and the fact that the Weather-God is
our copies. Therefore and because of the fragmentary Kumarbi's son becomes clear from our texts; cf. espe-
state of our text we cannot say where the second tablet cially Ullikummi, First tablet, Fragment f, lines 17
ended in the individual copies. f., p. 127.
 THE HITTITE VERSION OF THE HURRIAN KUMARBI MYTHS 131
Titans before he goes down to Tartaros and asks for the help of the Hekatoncheiroi, so
Tesub in our text is powerless until he secures the help of Ea who dwells in the subterranean
ocean. But the situation as a whole is quite different. Zeus, by conquering the Titans,
becomes king of the universe; in the Ullikummi text, on the other hand, Tesub is already
king, and Kumarbi, the dethroned old ruler, tries to overcome him with the help of the
monster Ullikummi. This situation corresponds to that of the Typhoeus episode in Hesiod's
Theogony. Typhoeus appears as a new enemy, after Zeus' victory over the Titans, and
tries to rob Zeus of his kingship. It is true that in Hesiod's epic there are some details which
do not fit our story: Typhoeus is not the son of Kronos but of Gaia, and he is not a stone
giant but a kind of a dragon with a hundred snakes' heads. But some Greek writers of later
periods have preserved some details which come, indeed, very close to our text."4 In the
Bibliotheca of Apollodoros (I, 39 ff.), Typhon is so high that he reaches the sky. The great
struggle, in this text, is still located at the Ka~Lov6posas in the Hittite version, and for the
continuation of Apollodoros' story, the loss and recovery of the sinews of Zeus, W. Porzig
has already found another Hittite parallel.49The text adduced by Porzig is the second ver-
sion of the Illuyanka myth,50 where Illuyanka, whose name is written with the determina-
tive for "snake," in a first struggle overcomes the Weather-God and steals his heart and
eyes; they are recovered by a son of the Weather-God who marries Illuyanka's daughter
and, in entering the house of his father-in-law, has the right to ask for presents. Having
thus regained his old power the Weather-God finally slays Illuyanka but has to kill his own
son too, because he now belongs to his wife's family. In this text the fight takes place by the
sea, a location which is not motivated by the context but makes good sense in connection
(see pl. II) with the later tradition locating Typhon in the Corycian cave and with the Ulli-
kummi myth. One ought not to be troubled by the connection of the Typhon tale with two
different Hittite sources. If Typhon bears some traits of Illuyanka, he may very well have
others from Ullikummi. And his description by the classical authors as a dragon on one side,
as a sky-reaching being on the other, seems to reflect the same two sources. Even the detail
that Ullikummi is Kumarbi's son, which is not found in Hesiod's and Apollodoros' versions
of the myth, was not completely unknown in Greek tradition: a scholion to the Iliad
(B 783) lets him grow in Cilicia from an egg impregnated by Kronos.
What matters for our comparison of the "Song of Ullikummi" with the myth of Typhon
is its general position in the story and the location of the battle near Mount Hazzi/Casius.
From the localization of Typhon in Cilicia some scholars have already concluded that this
myth is of oriental origin. Our Ullikummi text which furnishes a good parallel to the Greek
tradition now proves the validity of this view.
If the Ullikummi story corresponds to the Typhon episode, one has to look for another
parallel to the Titanomachia. I think the place where one has to look for it is the third col-
umn of our first text where the remains of the broken context seem to indicate that the
Weather-God has to fight some enemies. For the Titans as a group of gods belonging to the
generation of Kronos and confined to the Tartaros after their defeat, one might adduce
48 Not being a specialist in classics, I had to rely on asiatische Forschungen,i (1930), pp. 379-386.
general works for the following passage. Cf., e.g., the 50 Last German translation by A. Gatze in his
articles "Typhoeus, Typhon" and "Theogonien" in Kleinasien (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft,Kul-
Roschers ausfiihrl. Lexikon der griech. und r6m. turgeschichtedes alten Orients, 1933), pp. 131 f. The
Mythologie(by J. Schmidt and K. Ziegler respectively), fact that this myth has come down to us in two ver-
where references to the sources and to previous litera- sions of which ours is the later was first recognized by
ture can be found. the same author, loc.cit., p. 131, note 1.
49 Walter Porzig, Illujankas und Typhon, in Klein-
132 HANS GUSTAV GtYTERBOCK
the "Former Gods" who, according to their name, are the gods of past ages and, in the
Ullikummi text, dwell in a remote place where Ea addresses them."1
Having thus traced back the Theogony, the Titanomachia and the myth of Typhon
through our Hittite versions of Hurrian texts to the Hurrians, we have to discuss two ques-
tions: that of the origin of these ideas and that of the way by which they were handed down
to the Greeks.
With regard to the first question it is obvious that our texts contain Babylonian elements.
The names Alalu, Anu, Enlil and Ea are Babylonian.52 Moreover, Ea, in the Ullikummi
myth, plays exactly the same role as in Babylonian mythology. For the conception of sev-
eral generations of gods and of the younger generation fighting the older, some evidence can
be found scattered in various Babylonian sources.5' It is curious, however, that no literary
composition corresponding to our myths has so far been found in Babylonian literature, not
even in the Sumerian mythological text made available in the last years through the publi-
cations of S. N. Kramer. Whether such compositions are lost by accident or whether they
never existed or lived in oral tradition only, we cannot tell. At present we can only say
that the Hurrian originals of the texts, known to us through their Hittite version, represent
the first literary composition of myths some motives of which are already found in Baby-
lonia.
In the Babylonian theological system the god who was king of the gods in the old age
is Enlil. In the notes on the translation we have already said that Kumarbi can be equated
with Enlil. A bilingual religious text from Boigazkbiy actually gives "Kumarbi" as Hittite
"translation" of "Enlil" used in the Akkadian part.54And with the role Kumarbi plays in
the Ullikummi text one may compare Enlil's role in the Babylonian Deluge story where it
is he who annihilates mankind. When Kumarbi, in our first text, enters Nippur, the cult-
place of Enlil, the conception of his identity with Enlil is reflected therein. On the other
hand, the same text mentions Enlil among the gods who are invited to listen to the story,
and in the Ullikummi text the child is carried from Kumarbi to Enlil who, accordingly, is
considered as a different person. One ought not to attribute too much importance to such
inconsistencies and to demand too much logic from mythology. Evidently the identification
of Kumarbi with Enlil was made by some of the Hurrian or Hittite theologians but was not
known (not yet known? or forgotten?) by the authors of our texts.
The age when Enlil ruled the world is actually known in history. In the Sumerian period
of the third millennium Enlil was the supreme god. Only after the rise of the Semitic First
Dynhsty of Babylon at the beginning of the second millennium was his place taken by
Marduk, the local god of Babylon, to whom, as the texts say, Enlilship was transferred.
The idea that one generation of gods is replaced by another, therefore, seems to reflect a
historical event in this one case. Kumarbi has practically no cult in Hittite
times,55just as
Enlil was not worshipped outside Nippur after the end of the Sumerian period, and the same

51Second tablet, Fragment g. Cf. O. R. Gurney, 53Discussed by Speiser in his article quoted in note
LAAA, xxvii (1940), pp. 81 f., for further details con- 8, where more details and references to the sources may
cerning the "Former Gods." be found. Cf. Kum., pp. 105 ff.
52 One has to distinguish between Sumerian and 54 KUB, IV, 1, iv, 22/24; cf. A. Ungnad, Subartu
Akkadian names used as ideograms for Hurrian or (Berlin, 1933), p. 64, n. 1.
Hittite gods, as DU for Tebub, DISTAR for gaulga, 55Among the Hurrian personal names of the Nuzi
DUTU forSimegi etc., and real Babylonian names. The documents there are none formed with Kumarbi. Cf.
fact that the names mentioned above are spelled out Gelb-Purves-McRae, Nuzi Personal Names, OIP, Ivii
and inflected in Hittite: A-la-lu-u?, A-nu-us, El-li-il-lu- (1943).
us, A-a-as, shows that they are of the second type.
 THE HITTITE VERSION OF THE HURRIAN KUMARBI MYTHS 133
seems to be true for Kronos.56The possibility of tracing the figures of Kronos and Kumarbi
back to Enlil, whose loss of worship was the result of a historical event, now helps us to
understand the character of these two gods better.
How did these myths reach the Greeks? Forrer,57after having rejected the idea that they
were taken over by the Mycenaeans contemporary to the Hittites, thinks of western Anatolia
where the Greeks might have heard of them in the time of Homer and Hesiod. This assump-
tion does not seem likely to me, for literary tradition was interrupted at the downfall of
the Hittite Empire about 1200 B.C., and the texts under discussion are so elaborate and seem
to be so much the product of learned theologians rather than popular tales, that one can
hardly assume their being handed down for centuries in oral tradition. Another explanation,
which was first proposed by B. Landsberger, seems more likely to me: that these myths
reached the Greeks by way of Phoenicia. Not only did the Greeks themselves consider the
Phoenicians as their masters, but through the discovery of the epic texts of Ras Shamra
(ancient Ugarit) we know that a literature of this kind was flourishing in Phoenicia in the
time of the Hittite Empire. The statement of Philo Byblius that he got his information on
Phoenician mythology from the works of a man called Sanchuniaton who lived "in the time
of the War of Troy" has gained much probability through the discovery of the Ras Shamra
texts. Since the same texts show clearly that there was a strong Hurrian element in the
population of northern Syria in those times, it is easy to understand how Hurrian myths
reached Phoenicia.
Philo knows of the same subsequent generations of gods as our texts. The first generation
is represented by Eliun or Hypsistos ("The Highest"); next comes Ouranos whose Semitic
name is not given by Philo;58 the third is El or Kronos. In a Hurrian text from Ras Shamra
there occurs the double name El-Kumarbi which confirms our identification of Kumarbi
with Kronos, since El is equated here to Kumarbi as he is equated to Kronos by Philo.
In the Semitic poems of Ras Shamra, El is the old ruler, while Baal is allowed to build a
palace of his own and therefore may be considered as El's successor. Baal, then, would cor-
respond to Tesub and Zeus.59Before the discovery of the Ras Shamra and Bogazkoiy texts,
scholars used to distrust Philo who, according to them, had taken his story from Hesiod.
That this is a wrong accusation now becomes clear from our texts. Especially the fact that
Philo still has a generation anteceding Ouranos, which was omitted in Greek mythology, is
a strong argument for the assumption that he got his material not from Hesiod but from
an old source. The question whether the Greeks got their mythology from Phoenicia or
not can now be answered in the affirmative. But the Phoenicians were not the inventors
of these myths; they were merely the intermediaries between the Hurrians and the Greeks.
A word must be said about the form of our Hittite texts. Their most striking feature is
the fact that they are composed in prose. Sumerian, Akkadian and Ugaritic epics are written
5
As far as I can see from literature. Cf. the article 59 After completion of this paper I received, through
"Kronos" in Pauly-Wissowa's Realenzyklopadie der kindness of the author, Albright's book, Archaeology
klassischen Altertumswissenschaft,XI, 2 (1992), cols. and the Religion of Israel (second edition, Baltimore,
1982 ff. (by Pohlenz). 1946). In chapter III one finds a detailed description of
57In his article quoted in note 1, pp. 711 f. Phoenician mythology and of the contents of the Ras
58 Philo knows of two gods whose Semitic names Shamra epics. For comparison with the Kumarbi
contain the word for "heaven": Beelsamen "Lord of myths note especially Albright's remarks on El and
Heaven" and Samemroumos "Highest Heaven," Ouranos (pp. 72 f.) and on Baal =Hadad (pp. 73 f.).
rendered as Hypsouranios by Philo. But these gods are The main idea of a feud between the old and the new
treated in another passage of Philo's work and are not generation of gods becomes quite clear now from Al-
the same as his Ouranos. bright's synopsis of the Baal Epic.
134 HANS GUSTAV GUTTERBOCK
in verse, and our texts are called "songs" with a term written by the Sumerian ideogram.
But it is impossible to read our Hittite texts in a manner that would sound like rhythm or
verse. From their contents one would call them epics, and their style, too, shows charac-
teristics typical of the epic style. They begin with a prooemium; they use stereotyped
phrases for certain repeated actions or situations, such as "A spake again to B," "To the
words I speak to thee lend thine ear," the taking of a stick, the putting on of the swift
shoes, etc.; they use "epitheta ornantia" as "swift shoes," "dark earth," etc. The verbal
repetition of whole passages, where an order of message is carried out, the motives of the
assembly of gods, of speeches held in battle, and others belong to the same epic style. Paral-
lels from Sumerian, Akkadian, Ugaritic and Greek epics can be readily adduced for all these
details.
With these new texts I hope to have made a little contribution to the knowledge of Hur-
rian literature as well as to the history of the Greek epic. The relations of the latter with the
oriental world can now, I think, be regarded as well established.
UNIVERSITY OF ANKARA HANS GUSTAV GirTERBOCK
 A.

C.

B. D.

THE CORYCIAN CAVE. A: MOUNT CASIUS, SEEN FROM THE SITE OF EL-MINA; B: GENERAL VIEW OF THE DEPRESSI
GROTTO WITH THE BYZANTINE CHURCH, SEEN FROM WITHIN; D: THE MOUTH OF THE GROTTO, SEEN FROM W