PROJECT REPORT

Flange coupling with shaft

Project Of Machine Design

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

Group Members:

Muhammad Waqas UW-14-ME-BSC-089

Table Of Content

Serial Topics Page

I Title Page 1

II Table Of Contents 3

III Introduction 4

IV Literature Review 5

V Acknowledgment 6

VI Theoretical Analysis

VII CAD /CAM Model 7

VIII Summary

XI Conclusion
VIII
4|Page

ABSTRACT
The major aim of this project to design the flange coupling by using the
software Pro E.The concept behind this project is to design such a mechanism
which maintain a constant angular velocity ratio between two gears is that the
common normal at the point of contact should meet the line joining the centers
at a fixed point.This mechanism transmit relative motion from driver to driven
and also driven to driver. We are introducing the Self Driving mechanism(in
which driver and driven both used to transmit relative motion from pinion track
and rack to pinion) instead of Self Locking (at which just driver transmit
relative motion to driven). The driver gear is the primary gear and the driven
gears are the secondary gears. The secondary gears are in mesh with the primary
gear.
A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair
of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. The circular pinion
engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar which is called the “rack“.Rack and Pinion
mechanism is increasingly used in automobiles due to their superior
performance characteristics. Because of differing vehicle parameters, even very
similar vehicles must have different steering systems. Small changes in linkage
dimensions, to accommodate space constraints, can result in significant changes
in steering performance. Thus, each proposed design must be thoroughly
analyzed and evaluated.. It provides designers with the capability to input
vehicle parameters, run a simple solver, and converge to an optimized steering
system in seconds. Designers can also search through different possibilities
quickly and find the best solutions for the constraints that are present. It also
allows the design of leading or trailing systems, provides the ability to select the
percentage of Ackermann steering desired, input estimated production tolerance
or position errors
5|Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Our greatest thanks to ALMIGHTY ALLAH Who bestowed me with the
ability and potential to complete this project .We also thankful to our Instructor
Sir Wajhat who gave us a basic knowledge of Flange Coupling and helped us
alot to give direction for designing this kind of useful project.

.
6|Page

SUMMARY
.A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears
which convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the
pinion" engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion
applied to the pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby
translating the rotational motion of the pinion into linear motion. For example,
in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or a railcar
engages a rack between the rails and forces a train up a steep slope. For every
pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the
profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius. (I.e. a toothed straight
edge.)A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and
dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper
cutter.
Rack and Pinion mechanism is increasingly used in automobiles due to
their superior performance characteristics. Because of differing vehicle
parameters, even very similar vehicles must have different steering systems.
Small changes in linkage dimensions, to accommodate space constraints, can
result in significant changes in steering performance. Thus, each proposed
design must be thoroughly analyzed and evaluated.. It provides designers with
the capability to input vehicle parameters, run a simple solver, and converge to
an optimized steering system in seconds. Designers can also search through
different possibilities quickly and find the best solutions for the constraints that
are present. It also allows the design of leading or trailing systems, provides the
ability to select the percentage of Ackermann steering desired, input estimated
production tolerance or position errors
 7|Page

A rack and pinion gear system composed of two gears. The normal round gear
is called “pinion” gear and straight or flat gear is called “Rack” gear

Pinion GEAR:
Pinion gear has small pitch circle and usually have 20 teeth .A gear or
cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth,or cogs, which
mesh with another toothed part in order to transmit torque, in most
cases with teeth on the one gear being ofidentical shape, and often
also with that shape on the other gear.Two or more gears working in
tandem are called a transmissionand can produce a mechanical
advantage through a gear ratioand thus may be considered a simple
machine. Geared devicescan change the speed, torque, and direction
of a power source.The most common situation is for a gear to mesh
with anothergear; however, a gear can also mesh with a non-rotating
toothedpart, called a rack, thereby producing translation instead of
rotation.
There are two types of gears which is used as a pinion gear

1) Spur Gear-
Parallel and co-planer shafts connected by gears are called spur gears.
The arrangement is called spur gearing.

Spur gears have straight teeth and are parallel to the axis of the wheel.
Spur gears are the most common type of gears. The advantages of
spur gears are their simplicity in design, economy of manufacture and
maintenance, and absence of end thrust. They impose only radial
loads on the bearings.
 8|Page

2) Helical Gear-
Helical gears have their teeth inclined to the axis of the shafts in the
form of a helix, hence the name helical gears.

These gears are usually thought of as high speed gears. Helical gears
can take higher loads than similarly sized spur gears. The motion of
helical gears is smoother and quieter than the motion ofspur gears.
9|Page

Application
Stair lifts
Most Stair lifts today are operating using the Rack & Pinion system.

Rack steering in an automobile

Rack Railways.
Rack railways are mountain railways that use a rack built into the center of the
track and a pinion on their locomotives. This allows them to work on steep
gradients, up to 45 degrees, as opposed to conventional railways which rely on
friction alone for locomotion. Additionally, the rack and pinion addition
provides these trains with controlled brakes, and reduces the effects of snow or
ice on the rails.

Actuators
10 | P a g e

A rack and pinion with two racks and one pinion is used in actuators. An
example is pneumatic rack and pinion actuators that can be used to control
valves in pipeline transport. The actuators in the picture on the right are used to
control the valves of large water pipeline. In the top actuator, a gray control
signal line can be seen connecting to a solenoid valve (the small black box
attached to the back of the top actuator), which is used as the pilot for the
actuator. The solenoid valve controls the air pressure coming from the input air
line (the small green tube). The output air from the solenoid valve is fed to the
chamber in the middle of the actuator, increasing the pressure. The pressure in
the actuator's chamber pushes the pistons away. While the pistons are moving
apart from each other, the attached racks are also moved along the pistons in the
opposite directions of the two racks. The two racks are meshed to a pinion at the
direct opposite teeth of the pinion. When the two racks move, the pinion is
turned, causing the attached main valve of the water pipe to turn.
11 | P a g e

Disadvantages
 Some poor quality rack and pinion drive systems don't ride smoothly.
(Make sure you're buying a quality unit from a reliable source.)
 Standard rack and pinion drive requires a limited amount of
lubrication on a regular basis, as the moving parts are metal.
12 | P a g e

Methodology
We design Flange Coupling on Pro E by using
following Steps
13 | P a g e

CONCLUSION
 On base of fundamental knowledge of Rake and Pinion Gear mechanism
we design the rake and pinion gear by using Auto cad software
 This mechanism maintain a constant angular velocity ratio between two
gears is that the common normal at the point of contact should meet the
line joining the centers at a fixed point
 It transmits relative motion from driver to driven and also driven to
driver by introducing the Self Driving mechanism(in which driver and
driven both used to transmit relative motion from pinion track and rack to
pinion) instead of Self Locking (at which just driver transmit relative
motion to driven).
14 | P a g e

DESIGN MODEL
15 | P a g e