2016 Easa Syllabus

Annex II to ED Decision 2016/008/R
Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material

to Part-FCL (Learning Objectives (LOs)) — Amendment 2
Points AMC1 FCL.310, FCL.515(b) and FCL.615(b) are amended as follows:
AMC1 FCL.310; FCL.515(b); FCL.615(b)

Introductory text and all tables in (a) are deleted and replaced with ‘(a) Aeroplanes and helicopters
Learning Objectives (LOs)

Table of contents
A. SUBJECT 010 — AIR LAW .............................................................................................................................5

B. SUBJECT 021 — AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWER PLANT
AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT........................................................................................66
C. SUBJECT 022 — INSTRUMENTATION ......................................................................................................139
D. SUBJECT 031 — MASS AND BALANCE .....................................................................................................191
E. SUBJECT 032 — PERFORMANCE (AEROPLANE) .......................................................................................203
F. SUBJECT 033 — FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING ..........................................................................224
G. SUBJECT 034 — PERFORMANCE (HELICOPTER) ......................................................................................240
H. SUBJECT 040 — HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS .................................................................251
I. SUBJECT 050 — METEOROLOGY ..............................................................................................................287
J. SUBJECT 061 — GENERAL NAVIGATION...................................................................................................334
K. SUBJECT 062 — RADIO NAVIGATION ......................................................................................................365
L. SUBJECT 070 — OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES .........................................................................................424
M. SUBJECT 081 — PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT (AEROPLANE) ..........................................................................459
N. SUBJECT 082 — PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT (HELICOPTER) ...........................................................................505
O. SUBJECT 091 — VFR COMMUNICATIONS ...............................................................................................539
P. SUBJECT 092 — IFR COMMUNICATIONS .................................................................................................545
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DETAILED THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE SYLLABUS AND LOs FOR ATPL, CPL AND IR
GENERAL
The detailed theoretical knowledge syllabus outlines the topics that should be taught and
examined in order to meet the theoretical knowledge requirements appropriate to ATPL, MPL,
CPL and IR.
For each topic in the detailed theoretical knowledge syllabus, one or more LOs are set out in the
chapters as shown below.
Reference Subject Chapter

010 Air law and ATC procedures A.
020 Aircraft general knowledge
021 Airframe and systems, electrics, power plant and B.
emergency equipment
022 Instrumentation C.
030 Flight performance and planning
031 Mass and balance D.
032 Performance (Aeroplane) E.
033 Flight planning and monitoring F.
034 Performance (Helicopter) G.
040 Human performance and limitations H.
050 Meteorology I.
060 Navigation
061 General navigation J.
062 Radio navigation K.
070 Operational procedures L.
080 Principles of flight
081 Principles of flight (Aeroplane) M.
082 Principles of flight (Helicopter) N.
090 Communications
091 VFR communications O.
092 IFR communications P.
The applicable LOs for each licence or the instrument rating are marked with an ‘x’.
The LOs define the theoretical knowledge that a student should have assimilated upon successful
completion of an approved theoretical knowledge course prior to undertaking the theoretical
knowledge examinations. They refer to measurable statements of the skills and knowledge that a
student should be able to demonstrate following a defined element of training.
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The LOs are intended to be used by an approved training organisation (ATO) when developing the
Part-FCL theoretical knowledge elements of the appropriate course. It should be noted, however, that
the LOs do not provide a ready-made ground-training syllabus for individual ATOs, and should not be
seen by organisations as a substitute for thorough course design. Adherence to the LOs should become
part of the ATO’s compliance monitoring scheme as required by ORA.GEN.200(a)(6). Any consequential
changes to the organisation’s documentation should not result in an approval process in accordance
with ORA.GEN.130(a). In any case, the ATO should remain responsible for ensuring that the respective
theoretical knowledge training courses are carried out while taking into account the LOs provided in
this AMC.
TRAINING AIMS
After completion of the training, a student should be able to apply the acquired knowledge and skills
to:
— understand the capabilities and limitations of the equipment used;
— identify sources of information and analyse information relevant to the operat ion;
— identify hazards, assess risks and manage threats;
— apply solutions to common problems including errors.
Specific examples of the application of knowledge and skills will be provided in the respective appendix
to a subject, if needed.
INTERPRETATION
The abbreviations used are ICAO abbreviations listed in ICAO Doc 8400 ‘ ICAO Abbreviations and
Codes’, or those listed in GM1 FCL.010.
Where an LO refers to a definition, e.g. ‘Define the following terms’ or ‘Define and understand’ or
‘Explain the definitions in ...’, candidates are also expected to be able to recognise a given definition.
Below is a table showing the short references to legislation and standards:
Reference Legislation/Standard
The Basic Regulation Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 20 February 2008 (as amended)
The Aircrew Regulation Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 of
3 November 2011 (as amended)
Part-FCL Annex I to Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/ 2011 of
Part-MED Annex IV to Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/ 2011 of
CS-23, CS-25, CS-27, CS-29, Refer to the CS parts in Book 1 of the correspondingly
CS-E and CS-Definitions numbered EASA Certification Specifications
AMC-23, AMC-25, etc. Refer to the AMC parts in Book 2 of the correspondingly
numbered EASA Certification Specifications
Single European Sky Regulation (EC) No 549/2004 of the European Parliament
Regulations and of the Council of 10 March 2004 laying down the
framework for the creation of the single European sky (the
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framework Regulation)
Regulation (EC) No 550/2004 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the provision of
air navigation services in the single European sky (the
service provision Regulation)
and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the organisation
and use of the airspace in the single European sky (the
airspace Regulation)
and of the Council of 10 March 2004 on the
interoperability of the European Air Traffic Management
network (the interoperability Regulation)
Passenger Rights Regulation Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 11 February 2004 establishing
common rules on compensation and assistance to
passengers in the event of denied boarding and of
cancellation or long delay of flights, and repealing
Regulation (EEC) No 295/91
RTCA/EUROCAE Refers to correspondingly numbered documents
Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics/European
Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
ITU Radio Regulation International Telecommunication Union Radio Regulation
NASA TM-85652 National Aeronautics and Space Administration —
Technical Memorandum 85652
‘Applicable operational requirements’ means Annexes I, II, III, IV and V to Commission Regulation (EU)
No 965/2012 of 5 October 2012 (as amended).
The Jeppesen Student Pilots’ Training Route Manual (SPTRM), otherwise known as the ‘Training Route
Manual’ (TRM), contains planning data plus aerodrome and approach charts that may be used in
theoretical knowledge training courses.
Specimen data manuals, CAP 697 for Aeroplanes and CAP 758 for Helicopters, may be used in training
courses and for reference during theoretical knowledge examinations. Where the competent authority
does not permit the use of these manuals during examinations, alternative data manuals shall be
provided to support the relevant questions. Definitions that are included in these data manuals are
explained in the relevant manual.
Some numerical data, e.g. speeds, altitudes/levels and masses, used in questions for theoretical
knowledge examinations may not be representative for helicopter operations but the data is
satisfactory for the calculations required.
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A. SUBJECT 010 — AIR LAW
(1) The subjects ‘Air law’ and ‘ATC procedures’ are primarily based on ICAO documentation and
European Union regulations.
(2) National law should not be taken into account for theoretical-examination purposes; it should remain
relevant though during practical training and operational flying.
Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

reference Learning Objectives
ATPL CPL ATPL/ ATPL CPL
IR
010 00 00 00 AIR LAW
010 01 00 00 INTERNATIONAL LAW: CONVENTIONS,
AGREEMENTS AND ORGANISATIONS
010 01 01 00 The Convention on International Civil
Aviation (Chicago) — ICAO DOC 7300
LO Explain the historical background that led x x x x x
to the establishment of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, Chicago, 7
December 1944.
010 01 01 01 Part I — Air navigation
LO Be familiar with the general contents of x x x x x
relevant parts of the following chapters:
— general principles and application
of the Convention;
— flight over territory of Contracting
States;
— nationality of aircraft;
— measures to facilitate air
navigation;
— conditions to be fulfilled with
respect to aircraft;
— international standards and
recommended practices (SARPs),
especially notification of
differences and validity of
endorsed certificates and licences.
LO General principles x x x x x
Describe the application of the following
terms in civil aviation:
— sovereignty;
— territory, high seas, according to
the UN Convention on the High
Seas.
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LO Define the following terms and explain x x x x x
how they apply to international air
traffic:
— right of non-scheduled flight
(including the two technical
freedoms of the air);
— scheduled air services;
— cabotage;
— landing at customs airports;
— applicability of air regulations;
— rules of the air;
— search of aircraft.
LO Describe the duties of Contracting States x x x x x
in relation to:
— documents carried on board of the
aircraft:
 certificate of registration;
 certificates of airworthiness;
 licences of personnel;
 recognition of certificates
and licences;
— cargo restrictions;
— photographic apparatus.
010 01 01 02 Part II — The International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO)
LO Describe the objectives of ICAO. x x x x x
LO Explain the organisation and duties of x x x x x

the ICAO Assembly, Council and Air
Navigation Commission (ANC).
LO Explain the organisation and duties of x x x x x

the ICAO Headquarters and Regional
Offices.
LO Describe the worldwide ICAO regions. x x x x x

LO Be familiar with the hierarchy of the x x x x x
ICAO publications (SARPs, Docs):
— annexes to the Convention;
— documents.
010 01 02 00 Other conventions and agreements
010 01 02 01 The International Air Services Transit
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Agreement (ICAO Doc 7500)
LO Explain the two technical freedoms of x x x x x

the air.
010 01 02 02 The International Air Transport
Agreement
LO Explain the three commercial freedoms x x x x x

of the air.
LO Describe the legal situation within the x x x x x

EU with regard to the Freedoms of the
Air.
010 01 02 03 Suppression of unlawful acts against

the safety of civil aviation; the
Conventions of Tokyo, Den Haag and
Montreal
LO Explain the facts that led to the x x x x x
Conventions and Supplements
concerning unlawful acts against the
safety of civil aviation.
LO Explain the content of the Convention on x x x x x
Unlawful Acts Committed on Board
Aircraft.
(Doc 8364 — Convention on Offences
and Certain Other Acts Committed on
Board Aircraft, Tokyo, 14 September
1963)
Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of
Aircraft.
(Doc 8920 — Convention for the
Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of
Aircraft, Den Haag, 16 December 1970,
and Protocol for the Suppression of
Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil
Aviation, Montreal, 23 September 1971)
Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence
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at Airports Serving International Civil
Aviation in accordance with Doc 8966 —
Convention for the Suppression of
Aviation, done at Montreal on
23 September 1971, and signed at
Montreal on 24 February 1988).
LO Describe the measures and actions to be x x x x x
taken by the PIC of an aircraft in order to
suppress unlawful acts against the safety
of the aircraft.
(Doc 9518 — Protocol supplementary to
the Convention for the Suppression of
Aviation, done at Montreal on
23 September 1971, and signed at
Montreal on 24 February 1988)
010 01 02 04 Bilateral agreements
LO Explain the reason for the existence of x x x

bilateral agreements for scheduled air
transport
(Digest of Bilateral Air Transport
Agreements, ICAO Doc 9511).
010 01 02 05 International private law

LO Explain the Conventions and Protocols x x x x x
designed to cover liability towards
persons and goods in accordance with
the Warsaw System based on the
Convention for the Unification of Certain
Rules Relating to International Carriage
by Air, Warsaw, 2 October 1929.
LO Explain the legal significance of the issue x x x x x
of a passenger ticket and/or of
baggage/cargo documents.
LO Describe the consequences for an airline x x x x x
and/or the PIC when a passenger ticket
is not issued.
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IR
LO Explain that the liability towards persons x x x x x
and goods may be unlimited on the basis
of the Montreal Convention of
28 May 1999.
LO Explain the consequences of the EU x x x x x
Regulation about passenger rights in
case of delay, cancellation or denied
boarding.
LO Explain the liability limit in relation to x x x x x
destruction, loss, damage or delay of
baggage.
010 01 02 06 Operators’ and pilots’ liabilities
towards persons and goods on the
ground in case of damage and injury
caused by the operation of the aircraft
LO Explain the Conventions and Protocols x x x x x

designed to cover liability towards
persons and goods on the ground based
on the International Convention for rules
relating to Damage Caused by aircraft,
signed at Rome on 29 May 1933 and on
7 October 1952, and at Montreal on
23 September 1978.
010 01 02 07 The Convention of Rome (1933) and

other documents related to rights in
aircraft.
LO Understand the rules relating to x x x x x
international recognition of rights in
aircraft and the rules relating to
precautionary arrest of aircraft.
010 01 03 00 World organisations
010 01 03 01 The International Air Transport

Association (IATA)
LO Describe the general organisation and x x x

objectives of IATA.
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010 01 04 00 European organisations
010 01 04 01 European Aviation Safety Agency

(EASA)
LO Describe the general organisation and x x x x x

objectives of EASA.
LO Describe the role of EASA in European x x x x x

civil aviation.
LO Describe the role of the National x x x x x
Aviation Authorities (NAAs) in relation
to EASA.
LO Give an overview of the EASA x x x x x
Regulations’ structure.
LO Describe the relationship between EASA, x x x x x
ICAO and other organisations.
010 01 04 02 EUROCONTROL
LO Describe the objectives of the x x x x x

Convention relating to the Cooperation
for the Safety of Air Navigation
(EUROCONTROL) and the Single
European Sky (SES) Regulations.
010 01 04 03 European Civil Aviation Conference
(ECAC)
LO Give a brief summary of the European x x x x x

Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC).
010 02 00 00 AIRWORTHINESS OF AIRCRAFT
010 02 01 00 ICAO Annex 8 and the related

Certification Specifications
LO Explain the definitions of ICAO Annex 8. x x x x x

LO Explain how the Airworthiness Standards x x x x x
of ICAO Annex 8 and the Certification
Specifications (CSs) are related to each
other.
LO State which aircraft the Standards of x x x x x
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ICAO Annex 8 and the CSs shall apply to.
010 02 02 00 Certificate of Airworthiness (CofA)
LO State the issuing authority of a CofA. x x x x x
LO State the necessity to have a CofA. x x x x x
LO Explain the various elements that are x x x x x
required for a CofA.
LO State who shall determine an aircraft’s x x x x x
continuing airworthiness.
LO Describe how a Certificate of x x x x x
Airworthiness can be renewed or may
remain valid.
010 03 00 00 AIRCRAFT NATIONALITY AND
REGISTRATION MARKS
010 03 01 00 Definitions of ICAO Annex 7
LO Recall the definitions of the following x x x x x

terms:
— aircraft;
— heavier-than-air aircraft;
— State of Registry.
010 03 02 00 Aircraft nationality, common and
registration marks to be used
LO State the location of nationality and x x
common and registration marks.
LO Explain the combination of nationality x x x x x
and registration marks (sequence, use of
hyphen).
LO State who is responsible for assigning x x x x x
registration marks.
010 04 00 00 PERSONNEL LICENSING
010 04 01 00 ICAO Annex 1
010 04 01 01 Differences between ICAO Annex 1 and

the Aircrew Regulation
LO Describe the relationship and x x x x x x
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differences between ICAO Annex 1 and
the Aircrew Regulation.
010 04 02 00 Part-FCL
010 04 02 01 Definitions
LO Define the following: x x x x x x

category of aircraft, cross-country, dual
instruction time, flight time, SPIC,
instrument time, instrument flight time,
instrument ground time, MCC, multi-
pilot aircraft, night, private pilot,
proficiency check, renewal, revalidation,
skill test, solo flight time, type of aircraft.
010 04 02 02 Content and structure
LO Explain the structure of Part FCL. x x x x x x
LO Understand the difference between Part- x x x x x x
FCL and AMC/GM to Part-FCL.
LO Explain the requirements to act as a x x x x x x
flight crew member of a civil aircraft
registered in a Member State.
LO State to what extent Member States will x x x x x x
accept certificates issued by other
Member States.
LO List the two factors that are relevant to x x x x x x
the exercise of the privileges of a licence.
LO State the circumstances in which a x x x x x x
language-proficiency endorsement is
required.
LO List the restrictions for licence holders x x x x x
with an age of 60 years or more.
LO Explain the term ‘competent authority’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the obligation to carry and x x x x x x
present documents (e.g. a flight crew
licence) under Part-FCL.
010 04 02 03 Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL)
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LO State the requirements for the issue of a x x x x x
CPL.
LO State the privileges of a CPL. x x x x x
010 04 02 04 Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL)
and Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL)
LO State the requirements for the issue of x x x
an ATPL and MPL.
LO State the privileges of an ATPL and MPL. x x x
010 04 02 05 Ratings
LO Explain the requirements for class x x
ratings, their validity and privileges.
LO Explain the requirements for type x x x x x
LO Explain the requirements for instrument x x x
010 04 03 00 Part-MED
LO Describe the relevant content of Part-MED x x x x x x
— Medical Requirements (administrative
parts and requirements related to
licensing only).
LO State the requirements for a medical x x x x x x
certificate.
LO Name the kind of medical certificate x x x x x
required when exercising the privileges of
a CPL or ATPL.
LO State the actions to be taken in case of a x x x x x x

decrease in medical fitness.
010 05 00 00 RULES OF THE AIR

LO Explain the definitions of ICAO Annex 2. x x x x x x
010 05 02 00 Applicability of the Rules of the Air
LO Explain the territorial application of the x x x x x
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ICAO Rules of the Air.
LO Explain the compliance with the Rules of x x x x x
the Air.
LO State who on board an aircraft is primarily x x x x x
responsible for the operation of the
aircraft in accordance with the Rules of the
Air.
LO Indicate under what circumstances x x x x x
departure from the Rules of the Air may
be allowed.
LO Explain the duties of the PIC concerning x x x
pre-flight actions in case of an IFR flight.
LO State who has the final authority as to x x x x x
the disposition of the aircraft.
LO Explain the problematic in the use of x x x x x x
psychoactive substances by flight crew
members.
010 05 03 00 General rules
LO Describe the rules for the avoidance of x x x x x
collisions.
LO Describe the lights to be displayed by x x x x x
aircraft.
LO Understand marshalling signals. x x x x x
LO State the basic requirements for x x x x x
minimum height for the flight over
congested areas of cities, towns or
settlements, or over an open-air
assembly of persons.
LO Define when the cruising levels shall be x x x x x
expressed in terms of flight levels (FL).
LO Define under what circumstances x x x x x
cruising levels shall be expressed in
terms of altitudes.
LO Explain the limitation for proximity to x x x x x
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other aircraft and the right-of-way rules,
including holding at runway-holding
positions and lighted stop bars.
LO Describe the meaning of light signals x x x x x
displayed to and by the aircraft.
LO Describe the requirements when x x x
carrying out simulated instrument
flights.
LO Indicate the basic rules for an aircraft x x x x x
operating on and in the vicinity of an
aerodrome (AD).
LO Explain the requirements for the x x x x x
submission of an ATS flight plan.
LO Explain why a time check has to be x x x x x x
obtained before the flight.
LO Explain the actions to be taken in case of x x x x x x
flight-plan change or delay.
LO State the actions to be taken in case of x x x x x x
inadvertent changes to track, true
airspeed (TAS) and time estimate
affecting the current flight plan.
LO Explain the procedures for closing a x x x x x
flight plan.
LO State for which flights an air traffic x x x x x
control clearance shall be obtained.
LO State how a pilot may request an air x x x x x
traffic control clearance.
LO State the action to be taken if an air x x x x x
traffic control clearance is not
satisfactory to a pilot-in-command.
LO Describe the required actions to be x x x
carried out if the continuation of a
controlled VFR flight in VMC is not
practicable anymore.
LO Describe the provisions for transmitting x x x x x x
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a position report to the appropriate ATS
unit including time of transmission and
normal content of the message.
LO Describe the necessary action when an x x x x x x
aircraft experiences a COM failure.
LO State what information an aircraft being x x x x x x
subjected to unlawful interference shall
give to the appropriate ATS unit.
010 05 04 00 Visual Flight Rules (VFRs)
LO Describe the Visual Flight Rules as x x x x x
contained in Chapter 4 of ICAO Annex 2.
010 05 05 00 Instrument Flight Rules (IFRs)
LO Describe the Instrument Flight Rules as x x x
contained in Chapter 5 of ICAO Annex 2.
010 05 06 00 Interception of civil aircraft
LO List the possible reasons for intercepting x x x x x
a civil aircraft.
LO State what primary action should be x x x x x
carried out by an intercepted aircraft.
LO State which frequency should primarily x x x x x
be tried in order to contact an
intercepting aircraft.
LO State on which mode and code a x x x x x
transponder on board the intercepted
aircraft should be operated.
LO Recall the interception signals and x x x x x
phrases.
010 06 00 00 PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION

SERVICES — AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS
(PANS-OPS)
010 06 01 00 Foreword and introduction
LO Translate the term ‘PANS-OPS’ into plain x x x
language.
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LO State the general aim of PANS-OPS Flight x x x
Procedures (ICAO Doc 8168, Volume I).
010 06 02 00 Definitions and abbreviations
LO Recall all definitions included in ICAO x x x

Doc 8168, Volume I, Part I, Chapter 1.
LO Interpret all abbreviations as shown in x x x
ICAO Doc 8168, Volume I, Part I,
Chapter 2.
010 06 03 00 Departure procedures
010 06 03 01 General criteria (assuming all engines

operating)
LO Name the factors dictating the design of x x x

instrument-departure procedures.
LO Explain in which situations the criteria x x x

for omnidirectional departures are
applied.
010 06 03 02 Standard instrument departures (SIDs)
LO Define the terms ‘straight departure’ x x x

and ‘turning departure’.
LO State the responsibility of the operator x x x

when unable to utilise the published
departure procedures.
010 06 03 03 Omnidirectional departures
LO Explain when the ‘omnidirectional x x x

method’ is used for departure.
LO Describe the solutions when an x x x

omnidirectional procedure is not
possible.
010 06 03 04 Published information
LO State the conditions for the publication x x x

of a SID and/or RNAV route.
LO Describe how omnidirectional x x x

departures are expressed in the
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appropriate publication.
010 06 03 05 Area Navigation (RNAV) departure

procedures and RNP-based departures
LO Explain the relationship between x x x

RNAV/RNP-based departure procedures
and those for approaches.
010 06 04 00 Approach procedures
010 06 04 01 General criteria
LO General criteria (except the table x x x
‘Speeds for procedure calculations’) of
the approach procedure design:
— instrument approach areas;
— accuracy of fixes;
— fixes formed by intersections;
— intersection fix-tolerance factors;
— other fix-tolerance factors;
— approach area splays;
— descent gradient.
LO Name the five possible segments of an x x x
instrument approach procedure.
LO Give reasons for establishing aircraft x x x
categories for the approach.
LO State the maximum angle between the x x x
final approach track and the extended
RWY centre line to still consider a non-
precision-approach as being a ‘straight-in
approach’.
LO State the minimum obstacle clearance x x x
provided by the minimum sector
altitudes (MSAs) established for an
aerodrome.
LO Describe the point of origin, shape, size x x x
and subdivisions of the area used for
MSAs.
LO State that a pilot shall apply wind x x x
corrections when carrying out an
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instrument-approach procedure.
LO Name the most significant performance x x x
factor influencing the conduct of
instrument-approach procedures.
LO Explain why a pilot should not descend x x x
below OCA/Hs which are established for:
— precision-approach procedures;
— non-precision-approach
procedures;
— visual (circling) procedures.
LO Describe in general terms the relevant x x x
factors for the calculation of operational
minima.
LO Translate the following acronyms into x x x
plain language:
DA, DH, OCA, OCH, MDA, MDH, MOC,
DA/H, OCA/H, MDA/H.
LO Explain the relationship between the x x x
terms:
DA, DH, OCA, OCH, MDA, MDH, MOC,
DA/H, OCA/H, MDA/H.
010 06 04 02 Approach-procedure design
LO Describe how the vertical cross section for x x x
each of the five approach segments is
broken down into the various areas.
LO State within which area of the cross x x x
section the Minimum Obstacle Clearance
(MOC) is provided for the whole width of
the area.
LO Define the terms ‘IAF’, ‘IF’, ‘FAF’, ‘MAPt’ x x x
and ‘TP’.
LO Name the area within which the plotted x x x
point of an intersection fix may lie.
LO Explain by which factors the dimensions x x x
of an intersection fix are determined.
LO State the accuracy of facilities providing x x x
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track (VOR, ILS, NDB).
LO Describe the ‘other fix-tolerance factors’: x x x
surveillance radar (Terminal Area Radar
(TAR)), En Route Surveillance Radar
(RSR), DME, 75 MHz marker beacon,
fixes overhead a station (VOR, NDB).
LO Describe the basic information relating x x x
to approach-area splays.
LO State the optimum descent gradient x x x
(preferred for a precision approach) in
degrees and per cent.
010 06 04 03 Arrival and approach segments
LO Name the five standard segments of an x x x
instrument APP procedure and state the
beginning and end for each of them.
LO Describe where an ARR route normally x x x
ends.
LO State whether or not omnidirectional or x x x
sector arrivals can be provided.
LO Explain the main task of the initial APP x x x
segment.
LO Describe the maximum angle of x x x
interception between the initial APP
segment and the intermediate APP
segment (provided at the intermediate
fix) for a precision approach and a non-
precision approach.
LO Describe the main task of the x x x
intermediate APP segment.
LO State the main task of the final APP x x x
segment.
LO Name the two possible aims of a final x x x
APP.
LO Explain the term ‘final approach point’ in x x x
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case of an ILS approach.
LO State what happens if an ILS GP becomes x x x
inoperative during the APP.
010 06 04 04 Missed approach
LO Name the three phases of a missed- x x x
approach procedure and describe their
geometric limits.
LO Describe the main task of a missed- x x x
approach procedure.
LO State at which height/altitude the missed x x x
approach is assured to be initiated.
LO Define the term ‘missed approach point x x x
(MAPt)’.
LO Describe how an MAPt may be x x x
established in an approach procedure.
LO State the pilot’s reaction if, upon x x x
reaching the MAPt, the required visual
reference is not established.
LO Describe what a pilot is expected to do in x x x
the event a missed approach is initiated
prior to arriving at the MAPt.
LO State whether the pilot is obliged to x x x
cross the MAPt at the height/altitude
required by the procedure or whether
they are allowed to cross the MAPt at an
altitude/height greater than that
required by the procedure.
010 06 04 05 Visual manoeuvring (circling) in the
vicinity of the aerodrome
LO Describe what is meant by ‘visual x x x
manoeuvring (circling)’.
LO Describe how a prominent obstacle in x x x
the visual manoeuvring (circling) area
outside the final-approach and missed-
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approach area has to be considered for
the visual circling.
LO State for which category of aircraft the x x x
obstacle-clearance altitude/ height
within an established visual-
manoeuvring (circling) area is
determined.
LO Describe how an MDA/H is specified for x x x
visual manoeuvring (circling) if the
OCA/H is known.
LO State the conditions to be fulfilled before x x x
descending below MDA/H in a visual-
manoeuvring (circling) approach.
LO Describe why there can be no single x x x
procedure designed that will cater for
conducting a circling approach in every
situation.
LO State how the pilot is expected to x x x
behave after initial visual contact during
a visual manoeuvring (circling).
LO Describe what the pilot is expected to do x x x
if visual reference is lost while circling to
land from an instrument approach.
010 06 04 06 Area Navigation (RNAV) approach
procedures based on VOR/DME
LO Describe the provisions that must be x x x
fulfilled before carrying out VOR/DME
RNAV approaches.
LO Explain the disadvantages of the x x x
VOR/DME RNAV system.
LO List the factors the navigational accuracy x x x
of the VOR/DME RNAV system depends
on.
LO State whether the VOR/DME/RNAV x x x
approach is a precision or a non-
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precision procedure.
010 06 04 07 Use of FMS/RNAV equipment to follow
conventional non-precision approach
procedures
LO State the provisions for flying the x x x
conventional non-precision approach
procedures using FMS/RNAV equipment.
010 06 05 00 Holding procedures
010 06 05 01 Entry and holding
LO Explain why deviations from the in-flight x x x

procedures of a holding established in
accordance with Doc 8168 are
dangerous.
LO State that if for any reasons a pilot is x x x
unable to conform to the procedures for
normal conditions laid down for any
particular holding pattern, they should
advise ATC as early as possible.
LO Describe how right-turn holdings can be x x x
transferred to left-turn holding patterns.
LO Describe the shape and terminology x x x
associated with the holding pattern.
LO State the bank angle and rate of turn to x x x
be used whilst flying in a holding pattern.
LO Explain why pilots in a holding pattern x x x
should attempt to maintain tracks and
how this can be achieved.
LO Describe where outbound timing begins x x x
in a holding pattern.
LO State where the outbound leg in a x x x
holding terminates if the outbound leg is
based on DME.
LO Describe the three heading-entry sectors x x x
for entries into a holding pattern.
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LO Define the terms ‘parallel entry’, ‘offset x x x
entry’ and ‘direct entry’.
LO Determine the correct entry procedure x x x
for a given holding pattern.
LO State the still air time for flying the x x x
outbound entry heading with or without
DME.
LO Describe what the pilot is expected to do x x x
when clearance is received specifying
the time of departure from the holding
point.
010 06 05 02 Obstacle clearance (except table)

LO Describe the layout of the basic holding x x x
area, entry area and buffer area of a
holding pattern.
LO State which obstacle clearance is x x x
provided by a minimum permissible
holding level referring to the holding
area, the buffer area (general only) and
over high terrain or in mountainous
areas.
010 06 06 00 Altimeter-setting procedures
010 06 06 01 Basic requirements and procedures

LO Describe the two main objectives of x x x x x x
altimeter settings.
LO Define the terms ‘QNH’ and ‘QFE’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the different terms for altitude x x x x x x
or flight levels respectively which are the
references during climb or descent to
change the altimeter setting from QNH
to 1013.2 hPa and vice versa.
LO Define the term ‘Flight Level (FL)’. x x x x x x
LO State where flight level zero shall be x x x x x x
located.
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LO State the interval by which consecutive x x x x x x
flight levels shall be separated.
LO Describe how flight levels are numbered. x x x x x x
LO Define the term ‘Transition Altitude’. x x x x x x
LO State how Transition Altitudes shall x x x x x x
normally be specified.
LO Explain how the height of the Transition x x x x x x
Altitude is calculated and expressed in
practice.
LO State where Transition Altitudes shall be x x x x x x
published.
LO Define the term ‘Transition Level’. x x x x x x
LO State when the Transition Level is x x x x x x
normally passed on to the aircraft.
LO State how the vertical position of the x x x x x x
aircraft shall be expressed at or below
the Transition Altitude and Transition
Level.
LO Define the term ‘Transition Layer’. x x x x x x
LO Describe when the vertical position of an x x x x x x
aircraft passing through the transition
layer shall be expressed in terms of flight
levels and when in terms of altitude.
LO State when the QNH altimeter setting x x x x x x
shall be made available to departing
aircraft.
LO Explain when the vertical separation of x x x x x x
an aircraft during en route flight shall be
assessed in terms of altitude and when
in terms of flight levels.
LO Explain when, in air–ground x x x x x x
communications during an en route
flight, the vertical position of an aircraft
shall be expressed in terms of altitude
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and when in terms of flight levels.
LO Describe why QNH altimeter-setting x x x x x x
reports should be provided from
sufficient locations.
LO State how a QNH altimeter setting shall x x x x x x
be made available to aircraft
approaching a controlled aerodrome for
landing.
LO State under which circumstances the x x x x x x
vertical position of an aircraft above the
transition level may be referenced to
altitudes.
010 06 06 02 Procedures for operators and pilots

LO State the three requirements that x x x x x x
selected altitudes or selected flight
levels should have.
LO Describe a pre-flight operational test in x x x x x x
case of QNH setting and in case of QFE
setting including indication (error)
tolerances referred to the different test
ranges.
LO State on which setting at least one x x x x x x
altimeter shall be set prior to take-off.
LO State where during the climb the x x x x x x
altimeter setting shall be changed from
QNH to 1013.2 hPa.
LO Describe when a pilot of an aircraft x x x x x x
intending to land at an AD shall obtain
the transition level.
LO Describe when a pilot of an aircraft x x x x x x

intending to land at an AD shall obtain
the actual QNH altimeter setting.
LO State where the altimeter settings shall x x x x x x

be changed from 1013.2 hPa to QNH
during descent for landing.
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010 06 07 00 Simultaneous operation on parallel or
near-parallel instrument runways
LO Describe the difference between x x x x x x
independent and dependent parallel
approaches.
LO Describe the following different x x x x x x
operations:
— simultaneous instrument
departures;
— segregated parallel
approaches/departures;
— semi-mixed and mixed operations.
LO Know about ‘NOZ’ and ‘NTZ’. x x x x x x
LO Name the aircraft equipment x x x x x x
requirements for conducting parallel
instrument approaches.
LO State under which circumstances parallel x x x x x x
instrument approaches may be
conducted.
LO State the radar requirements for x x x x x x
simultaneous, independent, parallel
instrument approaches and how weather
conditions effect these.
LO State the maximum angle of interception x x x x x x
for an ILS localiser CRS or MLS final APP
track in case of simultaneous,
independent, parallel instrument
approaches.
LO Describe the special conditions for tracks x x x x x x

on missed approach procedures and
departures in case of simultaneous,
parallel operations.
010 06 08 00 Secondary surveillance radar

(transponder) operating procedures
010 06 08 01 Operation of transponders

LO State when and where the pilot shall x x x x x x
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operate the transponder.
LO State the modes and codes that the pilot x x x x x x
shall operate in the absence of any ATC
directions or regional air navigation
agreements.
LO Indicate when the pilot shall operate x x x x x x
Mode C.
LO State when the pilot shall ‘SQUAWK x x x x x x
IDENT’.
LO State the transponder mode and code to x x x x x x
indicate:
— a state of emergency;
— a communication failure;
— unlawful interference.
LO Describe the consequences of a x x x x x x
transponder failure in flight.
LO State the primary action of the pilot in x x x x x x
the case of an unserviceable
transponder before departure when no
repair or replacement at the given
aerodrome is possible.
010 06 08 02 Operation of ACAS equipment
LO Describe the main reason for using x x x x x x
ACAS.
LO Indicate whether the ‘use of ACAS x x x x x x
indications’ described in Doc 8168 is
absolutely mandatory.
LO Explain the pilots’ reaction required to x x x x x x
allow ACAS to fulfil its role of assisting
pilots in the avoidance of potential
collisions.
LO Explain why pilots shall not manoeuvre x x x x x x
their aircraft in response to Traffic
Advisories only.
LO Explain the significance of Traffic x x x x x x
Advisories in view of possible Resolution
Advisories.
LO State why a pilot should follow x x x x x x
Resolution Advisories immediately.
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LO List the reasons which may force a pilot x x x x x x
to disregard a Resolution Advisory.
LO Decide how a pilot shall react if there is x x x x x x
a conflict between Resolution Advisories
in case of an ACAS/ACAS coordinated
encounter Resolution Advisories.
LO Explain the importance of instructing x x x x x x
ATC immediately that a Resolution
Advisory has been followed.
LO Explain the duties of a pilot as far as ATC x x x x x x
is concerned when a Resolution Advisory
situation is resolved.
010 07 00 00 AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AND AIR TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
010 07 01 00 ICAO Annex 11 — Air Traffic Services
LO Recall the definitions given in ICAO x x x x x x
Annex 11.
010 07 01 02 General
LO Name the objectives of Air Traffic x x x x x x
Services (ATS).
LO Describe the three basic types of Air x x x x x x
Traffic Services.
LO Describe the three basic types of Air x x x x x x
Traffic Control services (ATC).
LO Indicate when aerodrome control x x x x x x
towers shall provide an accurate time
check to pilots.
LO State on which frequencies a pilot can x x x x x x
expect ATS to contact them in case of an
emergency.
LO Understand the procedure for the x x x x x
transfer of an aircraft from one ATC unit
to another.
010 07 01 03 Airspace
LO Describe the purpose for establishing x x x x x x
FIRs including UIRs.
LO Understand the various rules and x x x x x x
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services that apply to the various classes
of airspace.
LO Explain which airspace shall be included x x x x x x
in an FIR or UIR.
LO State the designation for those portions x x x x x x
of the airspace where flight information
service (FIS) and alerting service shall be
provided.
LO State the designations for those portions x x x x x x
of the airspace where ATC service shall
be provided.
LO Indicate whether or not CTAs and CTRs x x x x x x
designated within an FIR shall form part
of that FIR.
LO Name the lower limit of a CTA as far as x x x x x x
ICAO standards are concerned.
LO State whether or not the lower limit of a x x x x x x
CTA has to be established uniformly.
LO Explain why a UIR or Upper CTA should x x x x x x
be delineated to include the Upper
Airspace within the lateral limits of a
number of lower FIRs or CTAs.
LO Describe in general the lateral limits of x x x x x x
CTRs.
LO State the minimum extension (in NM) of x x x x x x
the lateral limits of a CTR.
LO State the upper limits of a CTR located x x x x x x
within the lateral limits of a CTA.
010 07 01 04 Air Traffic Control services
LO Name all classes of airspace in which x x x x x x
ATC shall be provided.
LO Name the ATS units providing ATC x x x x x x
service (area control service, approach
control service, aerodrome control
service).
LO Describe which unit(s) may be assigned x x x x x x
with the task to provide specified
services on the apron.
LO Name the purpose of clearances issued x x x x x x
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by an ATC unit.
LO Describe the aim of clearances issued by x x x x x x
ATC with regard to IFR, VFR or special
VFR flights, and refer to the different
airspaces.
LO List the various (five possible) parts of x x x x x x
an ATC clearance.
LO Describe the various aspects of x x x x x x
clearance coordination.
LO State how ATC shall react when it x x x x x x
becomes apparent that traffic,
additional to that already accepted,
cannot be accommodated within a given
period of time at a particular location or
in a particular area, or can only be
accommodated at a given rate.
LO Explain why the movement of persons, x x x x x x
vehicles and towed aircraft on the
manoeuvring area of an AD shall be
controlled by the AD TWR (as
necessary).
010 07 01 05 Flight Information Service (FIS)
LO State for which aircraft FIS shall be x x x x x x
provided.
LO State whether or not FIS shall include x x x x x x
the provision of pertinent SIGMET and
AIRMET information.
LO State which information FIS shall include x x x x x x
in addition to SIGMET and AIRMET
information.
LO Indicate which other information the FIS x x x x x x
shall include in addition to the special
information given in ANNEX 11.
LO Name the three major types of x x x x x x
operational FIS broadcasts.
LO Give the meaning of the acronym ATIS in x x x x x x
plain language.
LO Show that you are acquainted with the x x x x x x
basic conditions for transmitting an ATIS
as indicated in ANNEX 11.
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LO Mention the four possible ATIS x x x x x x
messages.
LO List the basic information concerning x x x x x x
ATIS broadcasts (e.g. frequencies used,
number of ADs included, updating,
identification, acknowledgment of
receipt, language and channels, ALT
setting).
LO Understand the content of an ATIS x x x x x
message and the factors involved.
LO State the reasons and circumstances x x x x x x
when an ATIS message shall be updated.
010 07 01 06 Alerting service
LO Indicate who provides the alerting x x x x x
service.
LO State who is responsible for initiating x x x x x
the appropriate emergency phase.
LO Indicate the aircraft to which alerting x x x x x
service shall be provided.
LO Name the unit which shall be notified by x x x x x
the responsible ATS unit immediately
when an aircraft is considered to be in a
state of emergency.
LO Name the three stages of emergency x x x x x
and describe the basic conditions for
each kind of emergency.
LO Demonstrate knowledge of the meaning x x x x x
of the expressions INCERFA, ALERFA and
DETRESFA.
LO Describe the limiting conditions for the x x x x x
information of aircraft in the vicinity of
an aircraft being in a state of
emergency.
010 07 01 07 Principles governing RNP and ATS route
designators
LO State the meaning of the expressions x x x x x
RNP 4, RNP 1, etc.
LO State the factors that RNP is based on. x x x x x
LO Describe the reason for establishing a x x x x x
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system of route designators and
Required Navigation Performance (RNP).
LO State whether or not a prescribed RNP x x x x x
type is considered an integral part of the
ATS route designator.
LO Demonstrate general knowledge of the x x x x x
composition of an ATS route designator.
010 07 02 00 ICAO Document 4444 — Air Traffic
Management
010 07 02 01 Foreword (Scope and purpose)
LO Explain in plain language the meaning of x x x x x x
the acronym ‘PANS-ATM’.
LO State whether or not the procedures x x x x x x
prescribed in ICAO Doc 4444 are
directed exclusively to ATS services
personnel.
LO Describe the relationship between ICAO x x x x x x
Doc 4444 and other documents.
LO State whether or not a clearance issued x x x x x x
by ATC units does include prevention of
collision with terrain, and if there is an
exception to this, name the exception.
LO Recall all definitions given in x x x x x x
Doc 4444 except the following:
accepting unit/controller, AD taxi circuit,
aeronautical fixed service (AFS),
aeronautical fixed station, air-taxiing,
allocation, approach funnel, assignment,
data convention, data processing,
discrete code, D-value, flight status,
ground effect, receiving unit/controller,
sending unit/controller, transfer of
control point, transferring
unit/controller, unmanned free balloon.
010 07 02 03 ATS system capacity and Air Traffic Flow
Management (ATFM)
LO Explain when and where ATFM service x x x x x x
shall be implemented.
010 07 02 04 General provisions for Air Traffic
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Services
LO Describe who is responsible for the x x x x x x
provision of flight information and
alerting service within a Flight
Information Region (FIR) within
controlled airspace and at controlled
aerodromes.
010 07 02 05 ATC clearances
LO Explain ‘the sole scope and purpose’ of x x x x x x
an ATC clearance.
LO State which information the issue of an x x x x x x
ATC clearance is based on.
LO Describe what a PIC should do if an ATC x x x x x x
clearance is not suitable.
LO Indicate who bears the responsibility for x x x x x x
adhering to the applicable rules and
regulations whilst flying under the
control of an ATC unit.
LO Name the two primary purposes of x x x x x x
clearances issued by ATC units.
LO State why clearances must be issued x x x x x x
‘early enough’ to en route aircraft.
LO Explain what is meant by the expression x x x x x x
‘clearance limit’.
LO Explain the meaning of the phrases x x x x x x
‘cleared via flight planned route’,
‘cleared via (designation) departure’ and
‘cleared via (designation) arrival’ in an
ATC clearance.
LO List which items of an ATC clearance x x x x x x
shall always be read back by the flight
crew.
010 07 02 06 Horizontal speed control instructions
LO Explain the reason for speed control by x x x x x x
ATC.
LO Define the maximum speed changes that x x x x x x
ATC may impose.
LO State within which distance from the x x x x x x
threshold the PIC must not expect any
kind of speed control.
010 07 02 07 Change from IFR to VFR flight
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LO Explain how the change from IFR to VFR x x x
can be initiated by the PIC.
LO Indicate the expected reaction of the x x x
appropriate ATC unit upon a request to
change from IFR to VFR.
010 07 02 08 Wake turbulence
LO State the wake-turbulence categories of x x x x x x
aircraft.
LO State the wake-turbulence separation x x x x x x
minima.
LO Describe how a ‘heavy’ aircraft shall x x x x x x
indicate this in the initial radio-
telephony contact with ATS.
010 07 02 09 Altimeter-setting procedures
LO Define the following terms: x x x x x x
— transition level;
— transition layer; and
— transition altitude.
LO Indicate how the vertical position of an x x x x x x
aircraft in the vicinity of an aerodrome
shall be expressed at or below the
transition altitude, at or above the
transition level, and while climbing or
descending through the transition layer.
LO Describe when the height of an aircraft x x x x x x
using QFE during an NDB approach is
referred to the landing threshold instead
of the aerodrome elevation.
LO Indicate how far altimeter settings x x x x x x
provided to aircraft shall be rounded up
or down.
LO Define the expression ‘lowest usable x x x x x x
flight level’.
LO Determine how the vertical position of x x x x x x
an aircraft on an en route flight is
expressed at or above the lowest usable
flight level and below the lowest usable
flight level.
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LO State who establishes the transition level x x x x x x
to be used in the vicinity of an
aerodrome.
LO Decide how and when a flight crew x x x x x x
member shall be informed about the
transition level.
LO State whether or not the pilot can x x x x x x
request the transition level to be
included in the approach clearance.
LO State in what kind of clearance the QNH x x x x x x
altimeter setting shall be included.
010 07 02 10 Position reporting
LO Describe when position reports shall be x x x x x x

made by an aircraft flying on routes
defined by designated significant points.
LO List the six items that are normally x x x x x x
included in a voice position report.
LO Name the requirements for using a x x x x x x
simplified position report with flight
level, next position (and time over) and
ensuing significant points omitted.
LO Name the item of a position report x x x x x x
which must be forwarded to ATC with
the initial call after changing to a new
frequency.
LO Indicate the item of a position report x x x x x x
which may be omitted if SSR Mode C is
used.
LO Explain in which circumstances the x x x x x x
indicated airspeed should be included in
a position report.
LO Explain the meaning of the acronym x x x x x x
‘ADS’.
LO State to which unit an ADS report shall x x x x x x
be made.
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LO Describe how ADS reports shall be made. x x x x x x
LO Describe which expression shall precede x x x x x x
the level figures in a position report if
the level is reported in relation to
1013.2 hPa (standard pressure).
010 07 02 11 Reporting of operational and

meteorological information
LO List the occasions when special air x x x x x x
reports shall be made.
010 07 02 12 Separation methods and minima
LO Explain the general provisions for the x x x
separation of controlled traffic.
LO Name the different kinds of separation x x x
used in aviation.
LO Understand the difference between the x x x
type of separation provided within the
various classes of airspace and the
various types of flight.
LO State who is responsible for the x x x
avoidance of collision with other aircraft
when operating in VMC.
LO State the ICAO documents in which x x x
details of current separation minima are
prescribed.
LO Describe how vertical separation is x x x
obtained.
LO State the required vertical separation x x x
minimum.
LO Describe how the cruising levels of aircraft x x x
flying to the same destination and in the
expected approach sequence are
correlated with each other.
LO Name the conditions that must be adhered x x x
to when two aircraft are cleared to
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maintain a specified vertical separation
between them during climb or descent.
LO List the two main methods for horizontal x x x
separation.
LO Describe how lateral separation of x x x
aircraft at the same level may be
obtained.
LO Explain the term ‘geographical x x x
separation’.
LO Describe track separation between x x x
aircraft using the same navigation aid or
method.
LO Describe the three basic means for the x x x
establishment of longitudinal separation.
LO Describe the circumstances under which x x x
a reduction in separation minima may be
allowed.
LO Indicate the standard horizontal radar x x x
separation in NM.
LO Describe the method of the Mach- x
number technique.
LO State the wake-turbulence radar x x x
separation for aircraft in the APP and
DEP phases of a flight when an aircraft is
operating directly behind another
aircraft at the same ALT or less than
300 m (1 000 ft) below.
010 07 02 13 Separation in the vicinity of
aerodromes
LO Define the expression ‘Essential Local x x x x x x
Traffic’.
LO State which possible decision the PIC x x x x x x
may choose to take if departing aircraft
are expedited by suggesting a take-off
direction which is not ‘into the wind’.
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LO State the condition to enable ATC to x x x x x x
initiate a visual approach for an IFR
flight.
LO Indicate whether or not separation shall x x x x x x
be provided by ATC between an aircraft
executing a visual approach and other
arriving or departing aircraft.
LO State in which case, when the flight crew x x x x x x
are not familiar with the instrument
approach procedure being carried out,
only the final approach track has to be
forwarded to them by ATC.
LO Describe which flight level should be x x x x x x
assigned to an aircraft first arriving over
a holding fix for landing.
LO Talk about the priority that shall be given x x x x x x
to aircraft for a landing.
LO Understand the situation when a pilot of x x x x x x
an aircraft in an approach sequence
indicates their intention to hold for
weather improvements.
LO Explain the term ‘Expected Approach x x x x x x
Time’ and the procedures for its use.
LO State the reasons which could probably x x x x x x
lead to the decision to use another take-
off or landing direction than the one into
the wind.
LO Name the possible consequences for a x x x x x x
PIC if the ‘RWY-in-use’ is not considered
suitable for the operation involved.
010 07 02 14 Miscellaneous separation procedures
LO Be familiar with the separation of x x x x x x
aircraft holding in flight.
LO Be familiar with the minimum separation x x x x x x
between departing aircraft.
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LO Be familiar with the minimum separation x x x x x x
between departing and arriving aircraft.
LO Be familiar with the non-radar wake- x x x x x x
turbulence longitudinal separation
minima.
LO Know about a clearance to ‘maintain x x x x x x
own separation’ while in VMC.
LO Give a brief description of ‘essential x x x x x x
traffic’ and ‘essential traffic information’.
LO Describe the circumstances under which x x x x x x
a reduction in separation minima may be
allowed.
010 07 02 15 Arriving and departing aircraft
LO List the elements of information which x x x x x x
shall be transmitted to an aircraft as early
as practicable if an approach for landing is
intended.
LO List the information to be transmitted to x x x x x x
an aircraft at the commencement of final
approach.
LO List the information to be transmitted to x x x x x x
an aircraft during final approach.
LO Acquaint yourself with all the x x x x x x
information regarding arriving and/or
departing aircraft on parallel or near-
parallel runways, including knowledge
about NTZ and NOZ and the various
combinations of parallel arrivals and/or
departures.
LO State the sequence of priority between x x x x x x
aircraft landing (or in the final stage of
an approach to land) and aircraft
intending to depart.
LO Explain the factors that influence the x x x x x x
approach sequence.
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LO State the significant changes in the x x x x x x
meteorological conditions in the take-off
or climb-out area that shall be transmitted
without delay to a departing aircraft.
LO Describe what information shall be x x x x x x
forwarded to a departing aircraft as far as
visual or non-visual aids are concerned.
LO State the significant changes that shall be x x x x x x
transmitted as early as practicable to an
arriving aircraft, particularly changes in the
meteorological conditions.
010 07 02 16 Procedures for aerodrome control
service
LO Describe the general tasks of the x x x x x x
Aerodrome Control Tower (TWR) when
issuing information and clearances to
aircraft under its control.
LO List for which aircraft and their given x x x x x x
positions or flight situations the TWR
shall prevent collisions.
LO Name the operational failure or x x x x x x
irregularity of AD equipment which shall
be reported to the TWR immediately.
LO State that, after a given period of time, the x x x x x x
TWR shall report to the ACC or FIC if an
aircraft does not land as expected.
LO Describe the procedures to be observed by x x x x x x
the TWR whenever VFR operations are
suspended.
LO Explain the term ‘RWY-in-use’ and its x x x x x x
selection.
LO List the information the TWR should give x x x x x x
to an aircraft:
— prior to taxiing for take-off;
— prior to take-off;
— prior to entering the traffic circuit.
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LO Explain that a report of surface wind x x x x x x
direction given to a pilot by the TWR is
magnetic.
LO Explain the exact meaning of the x x x x x x

expression ‘runway vacated’.
010 07 02 17 Radar services

LO State to what extent the use of radar in air x x x x x x
traffic services may be limited.
LO State what radar-derived information shall x x x x x x
be available for display to the controller as
a minimum.
LO Name the two basic identification x x x x x x
procedures used with radar.
LO Define the term ‘PSR’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the circumstances under which x x x x x x
an aircraft provided with radar service
should be informed of its position.
LO List the possible forms of position x x x x x x
information passed on to the aircraft by
radar services.
LO Define the term ‘radar vectoring’. x x x x x x
LO State the aims of radar vectoring as shown x x x x x x
in ICAO Doc 4444.
LO State how radar vectoring shall be x x x x x x
achieved.
LO Describe the information which shall be x x x x x x
given to an aircraft when radar vectoring is
terminated and the pilot is instructed to
resume own navigation.
LO Explain the procedures for the conduct x x x x x x
of Surveillance Radar Approaches (SRA).
LO Describe what kind of action (concerning x x x x x x
the transponder) the pilot is expected to
perform in case of emergency if they
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have previously been directed by ATC to
operate the transponder on a specific
code.
010 07 02 18 Air traffic advisory service
LO Describe the objective and basic principles x x x x x x
of the air traffic advisory service.
LO State to which aircraft air traffic advisory x x x x x x
service shall be provided.
LO Explain why air traffic advisory service x x x x x x
does not deliver ‘clearances’ but only
‘advisory information’.
010 07 02 19 Procedures related to emergencies,

communication failure and
contingencies
LO State the mode and code of SSR x x x x x x
equipment a pilot might operate in a
(general) state of emergency or
(specifically) in case the aircraft is
subject to unlawful interference.
LO State the special rights an aircraft in a x x x x x x
state of emergency can expect from ATC.
LO Describe the expected action of aircraft x x x x x x
after receiving a broadcast from ATS
concerning the emergency descent of an
aircraft.
LO State how it can be ascertained, in case x x x x x x
of a failure of two-way communication,
whether the aircraft is able to receive
transmissions from the ATS unit.
LO Explain the assumption based on which x x x x x x
separation shall be maintained if an
aircraft is known to experience a COM
failure in VMC or in IMC.
LO State on which frequencies appropriate x x x x x x
information, for an aircraft encountering
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two-way COM failure, shall be sent by
ATS.
LO Describe the expected actions of an ATS x x x x x x
unit after having been informed that an
aircraft is being intercepted in or outside
its area of responsibility.
LO State what is meant by the expression x x x x x x
‘strayed aircraft’ and ‘unidentified
aircraft’.
LO Explain the minimum level for fuel- x x x x x x
dumping and the reasons for this.
LO Explain the possible request of ATC to an x x x x x x
aircraft to change its RTF call sign.
010 07 02 20 Miscellaneous procedures
LO Explain the meaning of ‘AIRPROX’. x x x x x x
LO Determine the task of an air traffic x x x x x x

incident report.
010 08 00 00 AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICE

010 08 01 00 Introduction
LO State, in general terms, the objective of x x x x x x
the Aeronautical Information Service.
LO Recall the following definitions: x x x x x x
Aeronautical Information Circular (AIC),
Aeronautical Information Publication
(AIP), AIP amendment, AIP supplement,
AIRAC, danger area, Integrated
Aeronautical Information Package,
international airport, international
NOTAM office (NOF), manoeuvring area,
movement area, NOTAM, Pre-flight
Information Bulletin (PIB), prohibited
area, restricted area, SNOWTAM,
ASHTAM.
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010 08 03 00 General
LO State during which period of time x x x x x x
aeronautical information service shall be
available with reference to an aircraft
flying in the area of responsibility of an
AIS, provided a 24-hour service is not
available.
LO Name (in general) the kind of x x x x x x
aeronautical information/data which an
AIS service shall make available in a
suitable form to flight crews.
LO Summarise the duties of aeronautical x x x x x x
information service concerning
aeronautical information data for the
territory of the State.
LO Understand the principles of x x x x x x
WGS 84.
010 08 04 00 Integrated Aeronautical Information
Package
LO Name the different elements that make x x x x x x
up an Integrated Aeronautical
Information Package.
010 08 04 01 Aeronautical Information Publication

(AIP)
LO State the primary purpose of the AIP. x x x x x x
LO Name the different parts of the AIP. x x x x x x
LO State in which main part of the AIP the x x x x x x
following information can be found:
— differences from the ICAO
Standards, Recommended
Practices and Procedures;
— location indicators, aeronautical
information services, minimum
flight altitude, VOLMET service,
SIGMET service;
— general rules and procedures
(especially general rules, VFR, IFR,
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ALT-setting procedure,
interception of civil aircraft,
unlawful interference, air traffic
incidents);
— ATS airspace (especially FIR, UIR,
TMA);
— ATS routes (especially lower ATS
routes, upper ATS routes, area
navigation routes);
— aerodrome data including aprons,
TWYs and check
locations/positions data;
— navigation warnings (especially
prohibited, restricted and danger
areas);
— aircraft instruments, equipment
and flight documents;
— AD surface-movement guidance
and control system and markings;
— RWY physical characteristics,
declared distances, APP and RWY
lighting;
— AD radio navigation and landing
aids;
— charts related to an AD;
— entry, transit and departure of
aircraft, passengers, crew and
cargo.
LO State how permanent changes to the AIP x x x x x x
shall be published.
LO Explain what kind of information shall be x x x x x x
published in the form of AIP
Supplements.
LO Describe how conspicuousness of AIP x x x x x x
Supplement pages is achieved.
010 08 04 02 NOTAMs
LO Describe how information shall be x x x x x x
published which in principle would belong
to NOTAMs but includes extensive text
and/or graphics.
LO Summarise essential information which x x x x x x
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leads to the issuance of a NOTAM.
LO State to whom NOTAMs shall be x x x x x x
distributed.
LO Explain how information regarding snow, x x x x x x
ice and standing water on AD pavements
shall be reported.
LO Describe the means by which NOTAMs x x x x x x
shall be distributed.
LO State which information an ASHTAM may x x x x x x
contain.
010 08 04 03 Aeronautical Information Regulation

and Control (AIRAC)
LO List the circumstances under which the x x x x x x
information concerned shall or should be
distributed as AIRAC.
LO State the sequence in which AIRACs shall x x x x x x
be issued and state how many days before
the effective date the information shall be
distributed by AIS.
010 08 04 04 Aeronautical Information Circulars

(AICs)
LO Describe the reasons for the publication x x x x x x
of AICs.
LO Explain the organisation and standard x x x x x x
colour codes of AICs.
LO Explain the normal publication cycle of x x x x x x
AICs.
010 08 04 05 Pre-flight and post-flight information/

data
LO List (in general) which details shall be x x x x x x
included in the aeronautical information
provided for pre-flight planning purposes
at the appropriate ADs.
LO Summarise the additional current x x x x x x
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information relating to the AD of
departure that shall be provided as pre-
flight information.
LO Describe how a recapitulation of current x x x x x x
NOTAM and other information of urgent
character shall be made available to
flight crews.
LO State which post-flight information from x x x x x x
aircrews shall be submitted to AIS for
distribution as required by the
circumstances.
010 09 00 00 AERODROMES (ICAO Annex 14,

Volume I — Aerodrome Design and
Operations)
010 09 01 00 General
LO Recognise all definitions of ICAO Annex x x x x x x
14 except the following:
accuracy, cyclic redundancy check, data
quality, effective intensity, ellipsoid
height (geodetic height), geodetic
datum, geoid, geoid undulation,
integrity (aeronautical data), light
failure, lighting system reliability,
orthometric height, station declination,
usability factor, Reference code.
LO Describe, in general terms, the intent of x x x x x x
the AD reference code as well as its
composition of two elements.
010 09 02 00 Aerodrome data
010 09 02 01 Aerodrome reference point

LO Describe where the aerodrome x x x x x x
reference point shall be located and
where it shall normally remain.
010 09 02 02 Pavement strengths
LO Explain the terms PCN and ACN and x x x x x x
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describe their mutual dependence.
LO Describe how the bearing strength for x x x x x x
an aircraft with an apron mass equal to
or less than 5 700 kg shall be reported.
010 09 02 03 Declared distances
LO List the four most important declared x x x x x x
RWY distances and indicate where you
can find guidance on their calculation in
ICAO Annex 14.
LO Recall the definitions for the four main x x x x x x
declared distances.
010 09 02 04 Condition of the movement area and
related facilities
LO Understand the purpose of informing x x x x x x
AIS and ATS units about the condition of
the movement area and related
facilities.
LO List the matters of operational significance x x x x x x
or affecting aircraft performance which
should be reported to AIS and ATS units to
be transmitted to aircraft involved.
LO Describe the four different types of x x x x x x
water deposit on runways.
LO Name the three defined states of frozen x x x x x x
water on the RWY.
LO Understand the five levels of braking x x x x x
action including the associated
coefficients and codes.
010 09 03 00 Physical characteristics
010 09 03 01 Runways
LO Describe where a threshold should x x x x x x
normally be located.
LO Acquaint yourself with the general x x x x x x
considerations concerning runways
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associated with a stopway or clearway.
LO State where in Annex 14 you can find x x x x x x

detailed information about the required
runway width dependent upon code
number and code letter.
010 09 03 02 Runway strips
LO Explain the term ‘runway strip’. x x x x x x
010 09 03 03 Runway-end safety area
LO Explain the term ‘RWY-end safety area’. x x x x x x
010 09 03 04 Clearway
LO Explain the term ‘clearway’. x x x x x x
010 09 03 05 Stopway
LO Explain the term ‘stopway’. x x x x x x
010 09 03 06 Radio-altimeter operating area
LO Describe where a radio-altimeter x x x x x x
operating area should be established and
how far it should extend laterally and
longitudinally.
010 09 03 07 Taxiways
LO Describe the condition which must be x x x x x x
fulfilled to maintain the required clearance
between the outer main wheels of an
aircraft and the edge of the taxiway.
LO Describe the reasons and the x x x x x x
requirements for rapid-exit taxiways.
LO State the reason for a taxiway widening x x x x x x
in curves.
LO Explain when and where holding bays x x x x x x
should be provided.
LO Describe where runway holding positions x x x x x x
shall be established.
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LO Define the term ‘road holding position’. x x x x x x
LO Describe where intermediate taxiway x x x x x x
holding positions should be established.
010 09 04 00 Visual aids for navigation
010 09 04 01 Indicators and signalling devices

LO Describe the wind-direction indicators x x x x x x
with which ADs shall be equipped.
LO Describe a landing-direction indicator. x x x x x x
LO Explain the capabilities of a signalling x x x x x x
lamp.
LO State which characteristics a signal area x x x x x x
should have.
LO Interpret all indications and signals that x x x x x x
may be used in a signals area.
010 09 04 02 Markings
LO Name the colours used for the various x x x x x x
markings (RWY, TWY, aircraft stands,
apron safety lines).
LO State where a RWY designation marking x x x x x x
shall be provided and how it is designed.
LO Describe the application and x x x x x x
characteristics of:
— RWY-centre-line markings;
— THR marking;
— touchdown-zone marking;
— RWY-side-stripe marking;
— TWY-centre-line marking;
— runway holding position marking;
— intermediate holding position
marking;
— aircraft-stand markings;
— apron safety lines;
— road holding position marking;
— mandatory instruction marking;
— information marking.
010 09 04 03 Lights
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LO Describe mechanical safety considerations x x x x x x
regarding elevated approach lights and
elevated RWY, stopway and taxiway lights.
LO Describe the relationship of the intensity x x x x x x
of RWY lighting, the approach-lighting
system and the use of a separate intensity
control for different lighting systems.
LO List the conditions for the installation of x x x x x x
an AD beacon and describe its general
characteristics.
LO Name the different kinds of operations x x x x x x
for which a simple APP lighting system
shall be used.
LO Describe the basic installations of a simple x x x x x x
APP lighting system including the
dimensions and distances normally used.
LO Describe the principle of a precision APP x x x x x x
category I lighting system including
information such as location and
characteristics.
Remark: This includes the ‘Calvert’ system
with additional crossbars.
LO Describe the principle of a precision APP x
category II and III lighting system including
information such as location and
characteristics, especially mentioning the
inner 300 m of the system.
LO Describe the wing bars of PAPI and APAPI. x x x x x x
LO Interpret what the pilot will see during x x x x x x
approach using PAPI, APAPI, T-VASIS and
AT-VASIS.
LO Interpret what the pilot will see during x x x
approach using HAPI.
LO Explain the application and characteristics x x x x x x
of:
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— RWY-edge lights;
— RWY-threshold and wing-bar
lights;
— RWY-end lights;
— RWY-centre-line lights;
— RWY-lead-in lights;
— RWY-touchdown-zone lights;
— stopway lights;
— taxiway-centre-line lights;
— taxiway-edge lights;
— stop bars;
— intermediate holding position
lights;
— RWY-guard lights;
— road holding position lights.
LO Understand the timescale within which x x x x x
aeronautical ground lights shall be made
available to arriving aircraft.
010 09 04 04 Signs
LO State the general purpose for installing x x x x x x
signs.
LO Explain which signs are the only ones on x x x x x x
the movement area utilising red.
LO List the provisions for illuminating signs. x x x x x x
LO State the purpose for installing mandatory x x x x x x
instruction signs.
LO Name the kind of signs which shall be x x x x x x
included in the mandatory instruction
signs.
LO Name the colours used for mandatory x x x x x x
instruction signs.
LO Describe by which sign a pattern ‘A’ x x x x x x
runway-holding position (i.e. at an
intersection of a taxiway and a non-
instrument, non-precision approach or
take-off RWY) marking shall be
supplemented.
LO Describe by which sign a pattern ‘B’ x x x x x x
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runway-holding position (i.e. at an
intersection of a taxiway and a precision
approach RWY) marking shall be
supplemented.
LO Describe the location of: x x x x x x
— a RWY designation sign at a
taxiway/RWY intersection;
— a ‘NO ENTRY’ sign;
— a RWY holding position sign.
LO Name the sign with which it shall be x x x x x x
indicated that a taxiing aircraft is about to
infringe an obstacle-limitation surface or
to interfere with the operation of radio
navigation aids (e.g. ILS/MLS
critical/sensitive area).
LO Describe the various possible inscriptions x x x x x x
on RWY designation signs and on holding-
position signs.
LO Describe the inscription on an x x x x x x
intermediate holding-position sign on a
taxiway.
LO State when information signs shall be x x x x x x
provided.
LO Describe the colours used in connection x x x x x x
with information signs.
LO Describe the possible inscriptions on x x x x x x
information signs.
LO Explain the application, location and x x x x x x
characteristics of aircraft stand-
identification signs.
LO Explain the application, location and x x x x x x
characteristics of road holding-position
signs.
010 09 04 05 Markers
LO Explain why markers located near a x x x x x x
runway or taxiway shall be limited to
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their height.
LO Explain the application and x x x x x x
characteristics of:
— unpaved RWY-edge markers;
— TWY-edge markers;
— TWY-centre-line markers;
— unpaved TWY-edge markers;
— boundary markers;
— stopway-edge markers.
010 09 05 00 Visual aids for denoting obstacles
010 09 05 01 Marking of objects

LO State how fixed or mobile objects shall x x x x x x
be marked if colouring is not practicable.
LO Describe marking by colours (fixed or x x x x x x
mobile objects).
LO Explain the use of markers for the x x x x x x
marking of objects, overhead wires,
cables, etc.
LO Explain the use of flags for the marking x x x x x x
of objects.
010 09 05 02 Lighting of objects

LO Name the different types of lights to x x x x x x
indicate the presence of objects which
must be lighted.
LO State the time period(s) of the 24 hours x x x x x x
of a day during which high-intensity
lights are intended for use.
LO Describe (in general terms) the location x x x x x x
of obstacle lights.
LO Describe (in general and for normal x x x x x x
circumstances) the colour and sequence of
low-intensity obstacle lights, medium-
intensity obstacle lights and high-intensity
obstacle lights.
LO State where you can find information x x x x x x
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about lights to be displayed by aircraft.
010 09 06 00 Visual aids for denoting restricted use

of areas
LO Describe the colours and meaning of x x x x x x
‘closed markings’ on RWYs and taxiways.
LO State how the pilot of an aircraft moving x x x x x x
on the surface of a taxiway, holding bay or
apron shall be warned that the shoulders
of these surfaces are ‘non-load-bearing’.
LO Describe the pre-threshold marking x x x x x x
(including colours) when the surface
before the threshold is not suitable for
normal use by aircraft.
010 09 07 00 Aerodromes operational services,
equipment and installations
010 09 07 01 Rescue and Firefighting (RFF)
LO Name the principal objective of a rescue x x x x x x
and firefighting service.
LO List the most important factors bearing x x x x x x
on effective rescue in a survivable
aircraft accident.
LO Explain the basic information the AD x x x x x x
category (for rescue and firefighting)
depends upon.
LO Describe what is meant by the term x x x x x x
‘response time’ and state its normal and
maximum limits.
LO State the reasons for emergency-access x x x x x x
roads and for satellite firefighting
stations.
010 09 07 02 Apron management service
LO Describe the reason for providing a special x x x x x x
apron management service and state what
has to be observed if the AD control tower
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is not participating in the apron
management service.
LO State who has a right-of-way against x x x x x x
vehicles operating on an apron.
010 09 07 03 Ground-servicing of aircraft
LO Describe the necessary actions during the x x x x x x
ground-servicing of an aircraft with regard
to the possible event of a fuel fire.
010 09 08 00 Attachment A to ICAO Annex 14,
Volume 1 — Supplementary Guidance
Material
010 09 08 01 Declared distances
LO List the four types of ‘declared distances’ x x x x x x
on a runway and also the appropriate
abbreviations.
LO Explain the circumstances which lead to x x x x x x
the situation that the four declared
distances on a runway are equal to the
length of the runway.
LO Describe the influence of a clearway, x x x x x x
stopway and/or displaced threshold upon
the four ‘declared distances’.
010 09 08 02 Radio-altimeter operating areas
LO Describe the purpose of a radio-altimeter x x x x x x
operating area.
LO Describe the physical characteristics of a x x x x x x
radio-altimeter operating area.
LO Describe the dimensions of a radio- x x x x x x
altimeter operating area.
LO Describe the position of a radio-altimeter x x x x x x
operating area.
010 09 08 03 Approach lighting systems
LO Name the two main groups of approach x x x x x x
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lighting systems.
LO Describe the two different versions of a x x x x x x
simple approach lighting system.
LO Describe the two different basic versions x x x x x x
of precision approach lighting systems for
CAT I.
LO Describe the diagram of the inner 300 m of x
the precision approach lighting system in
the case of CAT II and III.
LO Describe how the arrangement of an x x x x x x
approach lighting system and the location
of the appropriate threshold are
interrelated between each other.
010 10 00 00 FACILITATION (ICAO Annex 9)
010 10 01 00 General
010 10 01 01 Foreword
LO Explain the aim of ANNEX 9 as indicated in x x x x x
the Foreword.
010 10 01 02 Definitions (ICAO Annex 9)
LO Understand the definitions. x x x x x

010 10 02 00 Entry and departure of aircraft
010 10 02 01 General Declaration
LO Describe the purpose and use of aircraft x x x x x
documents — as far as the ‘General
Declaration’ is concerned.
LO State whether or not a ‘General x x x x x
Declaration’ will be required by a
Contracting State under normal
circumstances.
LO State the kind of information concerning x x x x x
crew members whenever a ‘General
Declaration’ is required by a Contracting
State.
010 10 02 02 Entry and departure of crew
LO Explain entry requirements for crew. x x x x x
LO Explain the reasons for the use of Crew x x x x x
Member Certificates (CMC) for flight crews
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and cabin attendants engaged in
International Air Transport.
LO Explain in which cases Contracting States x x x x x

shall accept the CMC as an identity
document instead of a passport or visa.
LO State whether the entry privileges for x x x x x
crews of scheduled international air
services can be extended to other flight
crews of aircraft operated for
remuneration or hire but not engaged in
scheduled International Air Services.
010 10 02 03 Entry and departure of passengers and
baggage
LO Explain the entry requirements for x x x x x
passengers and their baggage.
LO Explain the requirements and x x x x x
documentation for unaccompanied
baggage.
LO Be familiar with the documentation x x x x x
required for the departure and entry of
passengers and their baggage.
LO Be familiar with the arrangements in the x x x x x
event of a passenger being declared an
inadmissible person.
LO Describe the pilots authority towards x x x x x
unruly passengers.
010 10 02 04 Entry and departure of cargo
LO Explain entry requirements for cargo.
LO Be familiar with the documentation x x x x x
required for the entry and departure of
cargo.
010 11 00 00 SEARCH AND RESCUE
010 11 01 00 Essential Search and Rescue (SAR)
definitions in ICAO Annex 12
LO Define the following: x x x x x
alert phase, distress phase, emergency
phase, operator, pilot-in-command,
rescue co-ordination centre, State of
registry, uncertainty phase.
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010 11 02 00 Organisation
LO Describe how Contracting States shall x x x x x
arrange for the establishment and
prompt provisions of SAR services.
LO Explain the establishment of SAR Regions x x x x x
by Contracting States.
LO Describe the areas within which SAR x x x x x
services shall be established by
Contracting States.
LO State the period of time per day within x x x x x
which SAR services shall be available.
LO Describe for which areas rescue x x x x x
coordination centres shall be
established.
010 11 03 00 Operating procedures for non-SAR
crews
LO Explain the SAR operating procedures x x x x x
for the pilot-in-command who arrives
first at the scene of an accident.
LO Explain the SAR operating procedures x x x x x
for the pilot-in-command intercepting a
distress transmission.
010 11 04 00 Search and rescue signals
LO Explain the ‘ground–air visual signal x x x x x
code’ for use by survivors.
LO Explain the signals to be used for ‘air– x x x x x
ground signals’.
010 12 00 00 SECURITY
010 12 01 00 Essential definitions of ICAO Annex 17
LO Define the following terms: x x x x x

airside, aircraft security check,
screening, security, security control,
security-restricted area, unidentified
baggage.
010 12 02 00 General principles

LO State the objectives of security. x x x x x
LO Explain where further information in x x x x x
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addition to ICAO Annex 17 concerning
aviation security is available.
010 12 03 00 Organisation
LO Understand the required activities x x x x x
expected at each airport serving
international civil aviation.
010 12 04 00 Preventive security measures

LO Describe the objects not allowed (for x x x x x
reasons of aviation security) on board an
aircraft engaged in international civil
aviation.
LO Explain what each Contracting State is x x x x x
supposed to do concerning originating
passengers and their cabin baggage prior
to boarding an aircraft engaged in
international civil aviation operations.
LO State what each Contracting State is x x x x x
supposed to do if passengers subjected
to security control have mixed after a
security screening point.
LO Explain what has to be done at airports x x x x x
serving international civil aviation to
protect cargo, baggage, mail stores and
operator supplies against an act of
unlawful interference.
LO Explain what has to be done when x x x x x
passengers, who are obliged to travel
because of judicial or administrative
proceedings, are supposed to board an
aircraft.
LO Understand what has to be considered if x x x x x
law-enforcement officers carry weapons
on board.
LO Describe what is meant by ‘access x x x x x
control’ at an aerodrome.
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010 12 05 00 Management of response to acts of
unlawful interference
LO Describe the assistance each Contracting x x x x x
State shall provide to an aircraft
subjected to an act of unlawful seizure.
LO State the circumstances which could x x x x x
prevent a State to detain an aircraft on the
ground after being subjected to an act of
unlawful seizure.
010 12 06 00 Operators’ security programme

LO Understand the principles of the written x x x x x
operator security programme each
Contracting State requires from
operators.
010 12 07 00 Security procedures in other

documents, i.e. ICAO Annex 2, ICAO
Annex 6, ICAO Annex 14, ICAO Doc 4444
010 12 07 01 ICAO Annex 2 — Rules of the Air,

Attachment B — Unlawful interference
LO Describe what the PIC should do unless x x x x x
considerations on board the aircraft
dictate otherwise.
LO Describe what the PIC should do if: x x x x x
— the aircraft must depart from its
assigned track;
— the aircraft must depart from its
assigned cruising level;
— the aircraft is unable to notify an
ATS unit of the unlawful
interference.
LO Describe what the PIC should attempt to x x x x x
do with regard to broadcast warnings to
decide at which level the crew is
proceeding if no applicable regional
procedures for in-flight contingencies have
been established.
Page 62 of 551

IR
010 12 07 02 ICAO Annex 6, Chapter 13 — Security
LO Describe the special considerations x x x x x
referring to flight crew compartment
doors with regard to aviation security.
LO Explain what an operator shall do to x x x x x
minimise the consequences of acts of
LO Explain what an operator shall do to have x x x x x
appropriate employees available who can
contribute to the prevention of acts of
sabotage or other forms of unlawful
interference.
010 12 07 03 ICAO Annex 14, Chapter 3 — Physical

characteristics
LO Describe what minimum distance an x x x x x

isolated aircraft parking position (after
the aircraft has been subjected to
unlawful interference) should have from
other parking positions, buildings or
public areas.
010 12 07 04 ICAO Doc 4444
LO Describe the considerations that must x x x x x

take place with regard to a taxi clearance
in case an aircraft is known or believed
to have been subjected to unlawful
interference.
010 13 00 00 AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
010 13 01 00 Essential definitions of ICAO Annex 13
LO Define the following: x x x x x
accident, aircraft, flight recorder,
incident, investigation, maximum mass,
operator, serious incident, serious injury,
State of Design, State of Manufacture,
State of Occurrence, State of the
Page 63 of 551

IR
Operator, State of Registry.
LO Define the difference between ‘serious x x x x x
incident’ and ‘accident’.
LO Determine whether a certain occurrence x x x x x
has to be defined as a serious incident or
as an accident.
LO Recognise the description of an accident or x x x x x
incident.
010 13 02 00 Applicability of ICAO Annex 13
LO Describe the geographical limits, if any, x x x x x
within which the specifications given in
Annex 13 apply.
010 13 03 00 ICAO accident and incident investigation
LO State the objective(s) of the investigation x x x x x
of an accident or incident according to
Annex 13.
LO Understand the general procedures for x x x x x
the investigation of an accident or
incident according to Annex 13.
010 13 04 00 Accident and incident investigation in
accordance with EU documents
LO Be familiar with Council Directive x x x x x
94/56/EC of 21 November 1994
establishing the fundamental principles
governing the investigation of civil
aviation accidents and incidents.
LO Be familiar with Council Directive x x x x x
2003/42/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 13 June 2003 on
occurrence reporting in civil aviation.
LO Be familiar with the differences between x x x x x
the procedures for accident and incident
investigation in EU regulations compared
to ICAO Annex 13.
Page 64 of 551

IR
010 14 00 00 Regulation (EC) No 216/2008
(the Basic Regulation)
LO Certificate, commercial operation, x x x x x
complex motor-powered aircraft, flight
simulation training device and rating.
010 14 02 00 Applicability
LO Explain the applicability of the Basic x x x x x
Regulation.
Page 65 of 551
B. SUBJECT 021 — AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWER PLANT AND EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
B. SUBJECT 021 — AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWER PLANT AND EMERGENCY
EQUIPMENT
Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Learning Aeroplane Helicopter IR

reference Objectives
IR
020 00 00 00 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
021 00 00 00 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE —

AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS,
POWER PLANT, EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
021 01 00 00 SYSTEM DESIGN, LOADS, STRESSES,

MAINTENANCE
021 01 01 00 System design
021 01 01 01 Design concepts
LO Describe the following structural design x x x x x
philosophy:
— safe life;
— fail-safe (multiple load paths);
— damage-tolerant.
LO Describe the following system design x x x x x
philosophy:
— redundancy.
021 01 01 02 Level of certification
LO Explain and state the safety objectives x
associated with failure conditions
(AMC 25.1309, Fig. 2).
probability of a failure and the severity of
the failure effects.
LO Explain why some systems are duplicated x x x
or triplicated.
Page 66 of 551
021 01 02 00 Loads and stresses

LO Explain the following terms: x x x x x
— stress,
— strain,
— tension,
— compression,
— buckling,
— bending,
— torsion,
— static loads,
— dynamic loads,
— cyclic loads,
— elastic and plastic deformation.
Remark: Stress is the internal force per unit
area inside a structural part as a result of
external loads. Strain is the deformation
caused by the action of stress on a
material. It is normally given as the change
in dimension expressed in a percentage of
the original dimensions of the object.
LO Describe the relationship between stress x x x x x
and strain for a metal.
021 01 03 00 Fatigue
LO Describe the phenomenon of fatigue. x x x x x
LO Explain the relationship between the x x x x x

magnitude of the alternating stress and the
number of cycles (S/N diagram or Wöhler
curve).
LO Explain the implication of stress- x x x x x
concentration factor.
021 01 04 00 Corrosion
LO Describe the following types of corrosion: x x x x x
— oxidation,
— electrolytic.
LO Describe the interaction between fatigue x x x x x
and corrosion (stress corrosion).
021 01 05 00 Maintenance
021 01 05 01 Maintenance methods: hard time and on
condition
Page 67 of 551

— hard-time maintenance;
— on-condition maintenance.
021 02 00 00 AIRFRAME
021 02 01 00 Construction and attachment methods
LO Describe the principles of the following x x x x x
construction methods:
— monocoque;
— semi-monocoque;
— cantilever;
— sandwich, including honey comb;
— truss.
LO Describe the following attachment x x x x x
methods:
— riveting,
— welding,
— bolting,
— pinning,
— adhesives (bonding).
LO State that sandwich structural parts need x x x x x
additional provisions to carry concentrated
loads.
021 02 02 00 Materials
LO Explain the following material properties: x x x x x
— elasticity,
— plasticity,
— stiffness,
— strength,
— strength-to-density ratio.
LO Compare the above properties as they x x x x x
apply to aluminium alloys, magnesium
alloys, titanium alloys, steel and
composites.
LO Explain the need to use alloys rather than x x x x x
pure metals.
LO Explain the principle of a composite x x x x x
material.
LO Describe the function of the following x x x x x
components:
— matrix, resin or filler;
— fibres.
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LO State the advantages and disadvantages of x x x x x

composite materials compared with metal
alloys by considering the following:
— strength-to-weight ratio;
— capability to tailor the strength to the
direction of the load;
— stiffness;
— electrical conductivity (lightning);
— resistance to fatigue;
— resistance to corrosion and cost.
LO State that the following are composite-fibre x x x x x
materials:
— carbon,
— glass,
— aramid (Kevlar).
021 02 03 00 Aeroplane: wings, tail surfaces and control
surfaces
021 02 03 01 Design and construction
LO Describe the following types of x x
construction:
— cantilever,
— non-cantilever (braced).
021 02 03 02 Structural components
LO Describe the function of the following x x
structural components:
— spar and its components (web and
girder or cap),
— rib,
— stringer,
— skin,
— torsion box.
021 02 03 03 Loads, stresses and aeroelastic vibrations
(‘flutter’)
LO Describe the vertical and horizontal loads x x
on the ground.
LO Describe the loads in flight for symmetrical x x
and asymmetrical conditions, considering
both vertical and horizontal loads and loads
due to engine failure.
LO Describe the principle of flutter, flutter x x
damping and resonance for the wing and
control surfaces.
Page 69 of 551
LO Explain the significance on stress relief and x x

flutter of the following:
— chord-wise and span-wise position of
masses (e.g. engines, fuel and balance
masses, control balance masses);
— torsional stiffness;
— bending flexibility.
LO Describe the following design x x
configurations:
— conventional (low or mid set)
tailplane;
— T-tail.
021 02 04 00 Fuselage, landing gear, doors, floor,
windscreen and windows
LO Describe the following types of fuselage x x x x x
construction:
— monocoque,
— semi-monocoque.
LO Describe the construction and the function x x x x x
of the following structural components of a
fuselage:
— frames;
— bulkhead;
— stiffeners, stringers, longerons;
— skin, doublers;
— floor suspension (crossbeams);
— floor panels;
— firewall.
LO Describe the loads on the fuselage due to x x
pressurisation.
LO Describe the following loads on a main x x
landing gear:
— touch-down loads (vertical and
horizontal)
— taxi loads on bogie gear (turns).
LO Describe the structural danger of a nose- x x
wheel landing with respect to:
— fuselage loads;
— nose-wheel strut loads.
LO Describe the structural danger of a tail x x
strike with respect to:
— fuselage and aft bulkhead damage
(pressurisation).
Page 70 of 551
LO Describe the door and hatch construction x x

for pressurised and unpressurised
aeroplanes including:
— door and frame (plug type);
— hinge location;
— locking mechanism.
LO Explain the advantages and disadvantages x x
of the following fuselage cross sections:
— circular;
— double bubble (two types);
— oval;
— rectangular.
LO State that flight-deck windows are x x
constructed with different layers.
LO Explain the function of window heating for x x
structural purposes.
LO Explain the implication of a direct-vision x x
window (see CS 25.773(b)(3)).
LO State the need for an eye-reference x x
position.
LO Explain the function of floor venting (blow- x x
out panels).
LO Describe the construction and fitting of x x x
sliding doors.
021 02 05 00 Helicopter: flight controls structural
aspects
LO List the functions of flight controls. x x x
LO Describe and explain the different flight x x x

control design concepts for conventional,
tandem, coaxial, side by side, NOTAR and
Fenestron-equipped helicopters.
LO Explain the advantages, disadvantages and x x x
limitations of the respective designs above.
LO Explain the function of the synchronised x x x
elevator.
LO Describe the construction methods and x x x
alignment of vertical and horizontal
stabilisers.
Page 71 of 551
021 02 05 02 Structural components and materials

LO Name the main components of flight and x x x
control surfaces.
LO Describe the fatigue life and methods of x x x
checking for serviceability of flight and
control surface components and materials.
021 02 05 03 Loads, stresses and aeroelastic vibrations
LO Describe and explain where the main x x x
stresses are applied to components.
LO Describe the dangers and stresses x x x
regarding safety and serviceability in flight
when the manufacturer’s design envelope
is exceeded.
LO Explain the procedure for: x x x
— static chord-wise balancing;
— static span-wise balancing;
— blade alignment;
— dynamic chord-wise balancing;
— dynamic span-wise balancing.
LO Explain the process of blade tracking x x x
including:
— the pre-track method of blade
tracking;
— the use of delta incidence numbers;
— aircraft configuration whilst carrying
out tracking;
— factors affecting blade-flying profile;
— ground tracking and in-flight trend
analysis;
— use of pitch-link and blade-trim tab
adjustments;
— tracking techniques, including
stroboscopic and electronic.
LO Describe the early indications and x x x
vibrations which are likely to be
experienced when the main rotor blades
and tail rotor are out of balance and/or
tracking, including the possible early
indications due to possible fatigue and
overload.
Page 72 of 551
LO Explain how a vibration harmonic can be set up x x x

in other components which can lead to their
early failure.
LO Describe the three planes of vibration x x x
measurement, i.e. vertical, lateral, fore and
aft.
021 02 06 00 Structural limitations
LO Define and explain the following maximum x x
structural masses:
— maximum ramp mass;
— maximum take-off mass;
— maximum zero-fuel mass;
— maximum landing mass.
Remark: These limitations may also be
found in the relevant part of subjects 031,
032 and 034.
LO Explain that airframe life is limited by x x
fatigue, created by alternating stress and
the number of load cycles.
LO Explain the maximum structural masses: x x x
— maximum take-off mass.
LO Explain that airframe life is limited by x x x
fatigue, created by load cycles.
021 03 00 00 HYDRAULICS
021 03 01 00 Hydromechanics: basic principles
LO Explain the concept and basic principles of x x x x x
hydromechanics including:
— hydrostatic pressure;
— Pascal’s law;
— the relationship between pressure,
force and area;
— transmission of power: multiplication
of force, decrease of displacement.
021 03 02 00 Hydraulic systems
021 03 02 01 Hydraulic fluids: types, characteristics,
limitations
Page 73 of 551
LO List and explain the desirable properties of x x x x x

a hydraulic fluid:
— thermal stability;
— corrosiveness;
— flashpoint and flammability;
— volatility;
— viscosity.
LO State that hydraulic fluids are irritating for x x x x x
skin and eyes.
LO List the two different types of hydraulic x x x x x
fluids:
— synthetic,
— mineral.
LO State that different types of hydraulic fluids x x x x x
cannot be mixed.
LO State that at the pressures being x x x x x
considered, hydraulic fluid is considered
incompressible.
021 03 02 02 System components: design, operation,
degraded modes of operation, indications
and warnings
LO Explain the working principle of a hydraulic x x x x x
system.
LO Describe the difference in principle of x x x x x
operation between a constant pressure
system and a system pressurised only on
specific demand (open-centre).
LO State the differences in principle of x x x x x
operation between a passive hydraulic
system (without a pressure pump) and an
active hydraulic system (with a pressure
pump).
LO List the main advantages and disadvantages x x x x x
of system actuation by hydraulic or purely
mechanical means with respect to:
— weight,
— size,
— force.
LO List the main users of hydraulic systems. x x x x x
Page 74 of 551
LO State that hydraulic systems can be x x x x x

classified as either high pressure (typically
3 000 psi or higher) and low pressure
(typically up to 2 000 psi).
LO State that the normal hydraulic pressure of x x x x x
most large transport aircraft is 3 000 psi.
LO Explain the working principle of a low- x x x x x
pressure (0–2000 psi) open centred system
using an off loading valve and an RPM
dependent pump.
LO Explain the advantages and disadvantages x x x x x
of a high pressure system over a low -
pressure system.
LO Describe the working principle and x x x x x
functions of pressure pumps including:
— constant pressure pump (swash plate
or cam plate);
— pressure pump whose output is
dependent on pump RPM (gear type).
LO State that for an aeroplane, the power x x
sources of a hydraulic pressure pump can
be:
— manual;
— engine gearbox;
— electrical;
— air (pneumatic and ram-air turbine);
— hydraulic (power transfer unit) or
reversible motor pumps.
LO State that for a helicopter, the power x x x
sources of a hydraulic pressure pump can
be:
— manual,
— engine,
— gearbox,
— electrical.
Page 75 of 551
LO Describe the working principle and x x x x x

functions of the following hydraulic-system
components:
— reservoir (pressurised and
unpressurised);
— accumulators;
— case drain lines and fluid cooler
return lines;
— piston actuators (single and double
acting);
— hydraulic motors;
— filters;
— non-return (check) valves;
— relief valves;
— restrictor valves;
— elector valves (linear and basic rotary
selectors, two and four ports);
— bypass valves;
— shuttle valves;
— fire shut-off valves;
— priority valves;
— fuse valves;
— pressure and return pipes.
LO Explain why many transport aeroplanes x x
have ‘demand’ hydraulic pumps.
LO Explain how redundancy is obtained by x x x x x
giving examples.
LO Interpret the hydraulic system schematic x x x x x
appended to these LOs (to be introduced at
a later date).
LO Explain the implication of a high system x x x x x
demand.
LO Explain the implication of a system internal x x x x x
leakage including hydraulic lock of piston
actuators.
LO List and describe the instruments and alerts x x x x x
for monitoring a hydraulic system.
LO State the indications and explain the x x x x x
implications of the following malfunctions:
— system leak or low level;
— low pressure;
— high temperature.
Page 76 of 551
021 04 00 00 LANDING GEAR, WHEELS, TYRES, BRAKES

021 04 01 00 Landing gear
021 04 01 01 Types
LO Name, for an aeroplane, the following x x
different landing-gear configurations:
— nose wheel,
— tail wheel.
LO Name, for a helicopter, the following x x x
different landing-gear configurations:
— nose wheel,
— tail wheel,
— skids.
021 04 01 02 System components, design, operation,
indications and warnings, on-ground/in-
flight protections, emergency extension
systems
LO Explain the function of the following x x
components of a landing gear:
— oleo leg/shock strut;
— axles;
— bogies and bogie beam;
— drag struts;
— side stays/struts;
— torsion links;
— locks (over centre);
— gear doors and retraction
mechanisms (normal and emergency
operation).
LO Explain the function of the following x x x
components of a landing gear:
— oleo leg/shock strut;
— axles;
— drag struts;
— side stays/struts;
— torsion links;
— locks (over centre);
— gear doors and retraction
mechanisms (normal and emergency
operation).
LO Name the different components of a x x
landing gear, using the diagram appended
to these LOs.
Page 77 of 551
LO Describe the sequence of events of the x x x x x

landing gear during normal operation.
LO State how landing-gear position indication x x x x x
and alerting is implemented.
LO Describe the various protection devices to x x x x x
avoid inadvertent gear retraction on the
ground:
— ground lock (pins);
— protection devices in the gear-
retraction mechanism.
LO Explain the speed limitations for gear x x
operation (VLO and VLE).
LO Describe the sequence for emergency gear x x x x x
extension:
— unlocking;
— operating;
— down-locking.
Describe some methods for emergency x x x x x
gear extension including:
— gravity/free fall;
— air or nitrogen pressure;
— manually/mechanically.
021 04 02 00 Nose-wheel steering: design, operation
LO Explain the operating principle of x x x x x
nose-wheel steering.
LO Explain, for a helicopter, the functioning of x x x
differential braking with free-castoring
nose wheel.
LO Describe, for an aeroplane, the functioning x x
of the following systems:
— differential braking with free-
castoring nose wheel;
— tiller or hand wheel steering;
— rudder pedal nose-wheel steering.
LO Explain the centring mechanism of the nose x x
wheel.
LO Define the term ‘shimmy’ and the possible x x x x x
consequences for the nose and the main-
wheel system.
Page 78 of 551
LO Explain the purpose of main-wheel (body) x x

steering.
Page 79 of 551
021 04 03 00 Brakes
021 04 03 01 Types and materials
LO Describe the basic operating principle of a x x x x x
disk brake.
LO State the different materials used in a disc x x x x x
brake (steel, carbon).
LO Describe their characteristics, advantages x x x x x
and disadvantages such as:
— weight;
— temperature limits;
— internal-friction coefficient;
— wear.
indications and warnings
LO State the limitation of brake energy and x x
describe the operational consequences.
LO Explain how brakes are actuated. x x x x x
LO Identify the task of an auto-retract or in- x x

flight brake system.
LO State that brakes can be torque-limited. x x
LO Describe the function of a brake x x x x x

accumulator.
LO Describe the function of the parking brake. x x x x x
LO Explain the function of wear indicators. x x
LO Explain the reason for the brake- x x

temperature indicator.
LO State that the main power source for x x
brakes in normal operation and for
alternate operation for large transport
aeroplanes is hydraulic.
021 04 03 03 Anti-skid
LO Describe the operating principle of an x x
anti-skid system where the brake
performance is based on maintaining the
optimum wheel-slip value.
Page 80 of 551
LO Explain the purpose of the wheel-speed x x

signal (tachometer) and of the aeroplane
reference speed signal to the anti-skid
computer, considering:
— slip ratio for maximum braking
performance;
— locked-wheel prevention (protection
against deep skid on one wheel);
— touchdown protection (protection
against brake-pressure application
during touchdown);
— hydroplane protection.
LO Give examples of the impact of an anti-skid x x
system on performance.
021 04 03 04 Autobrake
LO Describe the operating principle of an x x
autobrake system.
LO State that the anti-skid system must be x x
available when using autobrakes.
LO Explain the difference between the three x x
possible levels of operation of an autobrake
system:
— OFF (system off or reset);
— Arm/Disarm (arm: the system is ready
to operate under certain conditions);
— Operative/Inoperative or Activated/
Deactivated (application of pressure
on brakes).
021 04 04 00 Wheels, rims and tyres
021 04 04 01 Types, structural components and
materials, operational limitations, thermal
plugs
LO Describe the different types of tyres such x x x x x
as:
— tubeless;
— diagonal (cross ply);
— radial (circumferential bias).
— ply rating;
— tyre tread;
— tyre creep;
— retread (cover).
Page 81 of 551
LO Explain the function of thermal/fusible x x

plugs.
LO Explain the implications of tread separation x x
and tyre burst.
LO State that the ground speed of tyres is x x
limited.
LO Describe material and basic construction of x x
the rim of an aeroplane wheel.
021 04 05 00 Helicopter equipment
LO Explain flotation devices and how they are x x x
operated.
LO Explain the IAS limitations before, during x x x
and after flotation-device deployment.
021 05 00 00 FLIGHT CONTROLS
021 05 01 00 Aeroplane: primary flight controls
Remark: The manual, irreversible and

reversible flight control systems as
discussed in 021 05 01 01, 05 01 02 and 05
01 03 are all considered to be mechanical
flight control systems. Fly-by-wire flight
control systems are discussed in 021 05 04
00.
LO Define a ‘primary flight control’. x x
LO List the following primary flight control x x

surfaces:
— elevator;
— aileron, roll spoilers;
— rudder.
LO List the various means of control surface x x
actuation including:
— manual;
— fully powered (irreversible);
— partially powered (reversible).
021 05 01 01 Manual controls
LO Explain the basic principle of a fully manual x x
control system.
Page 82 of 551
021 05 01 02 Fully powered controls (irreversible)

LO Explain the basic principle of a fully x
powered control system.
LO Explain the concept of irreversibility in a x
flight control system.
LO Explain the need for a ‘feel system’ in a x
fully powered control system.
LO Explain the operating principle of a x
stabiliser trim system in a fully powered
control system.
LO Explain the operating principle of rudder x
and aileron trim in a fully powered control
system.
021 05 01 03 Partially powered controls (reversible)
LO Explain the basic principle of a partially x x
powered control system.
LO Explain why a ‘feel system’ is not necessary x x
in a partially powered control system.
indications and warnings, degraded modes
of operation, jamming
LO List and describe the function of the x x
following components of a flight control
system:
— actuators;
— control valves;
— cables or electrical wiring;
— control surface position sensors.
LO Explain how redundancy is obtained in x x
primary flight control systems of large
transport aeroplanes.
LO Explain the danger of control jamming and x x
the means of retaining sufficient control
capability.
LO Explain the methods of locking the controls x x
on the ground and describe ‘gust or control
lock’ warnings.
Page 83 of 551
LO Explain the concept of a rudder-deflection x x

limitation (rudder limiter) system and the
various means of implementation (rudder
ratio changer, variable stops, blow-back).
021 05 02 00 Aeroplane: secondary flight controls
and warnings
LO Define a ‘secondary flight control’. x x
List the following secondary flight control x x

surfaces:
— lift-augmentation devices (flaps and
slats);
— speed brakes;
— flight and ground spoilers;
— trimming devices such as trim tabs,
trimmable horizontal stabiliser.
LO Describe secondary flight control actuation x x
methods and sources of actuating power.
LO Explain the function of a mechanical lock x x
when using hydraulic motors driving a
screw jack.
LO Describe the requirement for limiting x x
speeds for the various secondary flight
control surfaces.
LO For lift-augmentation devices, explain the x x
load-limiting (relief) protection devices and
the functioning of an autoretraction
system.
LO Explain how a flap/slat asymmetry x x
protection device functions.
LO Describe the function of an autoslat x x
system.
LO Explain the concept of control surface x x
blow-back (aerodynamic forces overruling
hydraulic forces).
021 05 03 00 Helicopter: flight controls
LO Explain the methods of locking the controls x x x
on the ground.
Page 84 of 551
LO Describe main-rotor droop stops and how x x x

static rotor flapping is restricted.
LO Describe the need for linear and rotary x x x
control input/output.
LO Explain the principle of phase lag and x x x
advance angle.
LO Describe the following four axes of control x x x
operation, their operating principle and
their associated cockpit controls:
— collective control;
— cyclic fore and aft (pitch axis);
— cyclic lateral (roll axis);
— yaw.
LO Describe the swash plate or azimuth star x x x
control system including the following:
— swash plate inputs;
— the function of the non-rotating
swash plate;
— the function of the rotating swash
plate;
— how swash plate tilt is achieved;
— swash plate pitch axis;
— swash plate roll axis;
— balancing of pitch/roll/collective
inputs to the swash plate to equalise
torsional loads on the blades.
LO Describe the main-rotor spider control x x x
system including the following:
— the collective beam;
— pitch/roll/collective inputs to the
collective beam;
— spider drive.
LO Describe the need for control system x x x
interlinks, in particular:
— collective/yaw;
— collective/throttle;
— cyclic/stabilator;
— interaction between cyclic controls
and horizontal/stabilator.
LO State the need for ‘feel systems’ in the x x x
hydraulic actuated flight control system.
LO Describe the purpose of a trim system. x x x
Page 85 of 551
LO Describe the purpose of a cyclic beep-trim x x x

system that utilises parallel trim actuators
to enable the pilot to control the aircraft.
LO List and describe the different types of trim x x x
systems.
LO Explain the basic components of a trim x x x
system, in particular:
— force-trim switch;
— force gradient;
— parallel trim actuator;
— cyclic 4-way trim switch;
— interaction of trim system with an
SAS/SCAS/ASS stability system;
— trim-motor indicators.
LO Describe the different types of control x x x
runs.
LO Explain the use of control stops. x x x
021 05 04 00 Aeroplane: Fly-by-Wire (FBW) control

systems
LO Explain that a FBW flight control system is x x
composed of the following:
— pilot’s input command (control
stick/column);
— electrical signalling, including:
 pilot input to computer;
 computer to flight control
surfaces;
 feedback from aircraft
response to computer;
— flight control computers;
— actuators;
— control surfaces.
LO State the advantages and disadvantages of x x
a FBW system in comparison with a
conventional flight control system
including:
— weight;
— pilot workload;
— flight-envelope protection.
LO Explain why a FBW system is always x x
irreversible.
LO State the existence of degraded modes of x x
operation.
Page 86 of 551
021 05 05 00 Helicopter: Fly-by-Wire (FBW) control

systems
LO To be introduced at a later date. x x x
021 06 00 00 PNEUMATICS — PRESSURISATION AND

AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
021 06 01 00 Pneumatic/bleed air supply
021 06 01 01 Piston-engine air supply
LO State the method of supplying air for the x x x x x
pneumatic systems for piston engine
aircraft.
LO State that air supply is required for the x x x x x
following systems:
— instrumentation,
— heating,
— de-icing.
021 06 01 02 Gas turbine engine: bleed air supply
LO State that the possible bleed air sources for x x x x x
gas turbine engine aircraft are the
following:
— engine,
— APU,
— ground supply.
LO State that for an aeroplane a bleed air x x
supply can be used for the following
systems or components:
— anti-icing;
— engine air starter;
— pressurisation of a hydraulic reservoir;
— air-driven hydraulic pumps;
— pressurisation and air conditioning.
LO State that for a helicopter a bleed air x x x
supply can be used for the following
systems or components:
— anti-icing;
— engine air starter;
— pressurisation of a hydraulic reservoir.
Page 87 of 551
LO State that the bleed air supply system can x x x x x

comprise the following:
— pneumatic ducts;
— isolation valve;
— pressure-regulating valve;
— engine bleed valve (HP/IP valves);
— fan-air pre-cooler;
— temperature and pressure sensors.
LO Interpret the pneumatic system schematic x x x x x
appended to these LOs (to be introduced at
a later date).
LO Describe the cockpit indications for bleed x x x x x
air systems.
LO State how the bleed air supply system is x x x x x
controlled and monitored.
LO List the following air bleed malfunctions: x x x x x
— over-temperature;
— over-pressure;
— low pressure;
— overheat/duct leak.
021 06 02 00 Helicopter: air-conditioning systems
021 06 02 01 Types, system components, design,
operation, degraded modes of operation,
LO Describe the purpose of an air-conditioning x x x
system.
LO Explain how an air-conditioning system is x x x
controlled.
LO Describe the vapour cycle air-conditioning x x x
system including system components,
design, operation, degraded modes of
operation and system malfunction
indications.
Page 88 of 551
LO Identify the following components from a x x x

diagram of an air-conditioning system and
describe the operating principle and
function:
— air-cycle machine (pack, bootstrap
system);
— pack-cooling fan;
— water separator;
— mixing valves;
— flow-control valves;
— isolation valves;
— recirculation fans;
— filters for recirculation;
— temperature sensors.
LO List and describe the controls, indications x x x
and warnings related to an air-conditioning
system.
021 06 03 00 Aeroplane: pressurisation and air-
conditioning system
and warnings
LO State that a pressurisation and an air- x x
conditioning system of an aeroplane
controls:
— ventilation,
— temperature,
— pressure.
LO State that in general humidity is not x x
controlled.
LO Explain that the following components x x
constitute a pressurisation system:
— pneumatic system as the power
source;
— outflow valve;
— outflow valve actuator;
— pressure controller;
— excessive differential pressure-relief
valve;
— negative differential pressure-relief
valve.
Page 89 of 551
LO Explain that the following components x x

constitute an air-conditioning system and
describe their operating principles and
function:
— air-cycle machine (pack, bootstrap
system);
— pack-cooling fan;
— water separator;
— mixing valves;
— flow-control valves (outflow valve);
— isolation valves;
— ram-air valve;
— recirculation fans;
— filters for recirculated air;
— temperature sensors.
Remark: The bootstrap system is the only
air-conditioning system considered for
Part-FCL aeroplane examinations.
LO Describe the use of hot trim air. x x
LO Define the following terms: x x

— cabin altitude;
— cabin vertical speed;
— differential pressure;
— ground pressurisation.
LO Describe the operating principle of a x x
pressurisation system.
LO Describe the emergency operation by x x
manual setting of the outflow valve
position.
LO Describe the working principle of an x x
electronic cabin-pressure controller.
LO State how the maximum operating altitude x x
is determined.
LO State: x x
— the maximum allowed value of cabin
altitude;
— a typical value of maximum
differential pressure for large
transport aeroplanes (8 to 9 psi);
— the relation between cabin altitude,
the maximum differential pressure
and maximum aeroplane operating
altitude.
Page 90 of 551
LO Identify the aural warning when cabin x x

altitude exceeds 10 000 ft.
LO List the indications of the pressurisation x x
system.
021 07 00 00 ANTI-ICING AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS
021 07 01 00 Types, design, operation, indications and
warnings, operational limitations
LO Explain the concepts of de-icing and x x x x x
anti-icing.
LO Name the components of an aircraft which x x x x x
can be protected from ice accretion.
LO State that on some aeroplanes the tail does x x
not have an ice-protection system.
LO State the different types of anti-icing/de- x x x x x
icing systems (hot air, electrical, fluid).
LO Describe the operating principle of these x x x x x
systems.
LO Describe the operating principle of the x x
inflatable boot de-icing system.
021 07 02 00 Ice-warning systems: types, operation, and
indications
LO Describe the different operating principles x x
of the following ice detectors:
— mechanical systems using air
pressure;
— electromechanical systems using
resonance frequencies.
LO Describe the principle of operation of ice- x x
warning systems.
021 07 03 00 Helicopter blade-heating systems
LO Explain the limitations on blade heating x x x
and the fact that on some helicopters the
heating does not heat all the main rotor
blades at the same time.
021 08 00 00 FUEL SYSTEM
021 08 01 00 Piston engine
021 08 01 01 Fuel: types, characteristics, limitations
Page 91 of 551
LO State the types of fuel used by piston x x x x x

engine (diesel, AVGAS, MOGAS) and their
associated limitations.
LO State the main characteristics of these fuels x x x x x
and give typical values regarding their flash
points, freezing points and density.
021 08 01 02 Design, operation, system components,
indications
LO State the tasks of the fuel system. x x x x x
LO Name the following main components of a x x x x x

fuel system, and state their location and
their function.
— lines;
— boost pump;
— pressure valves;
— filter, strainer;
— tanks (wing, tip, fuselage);
— vent system;
— sump;
— drain;
— fuel-quantity sensor;
— temperature sensor.
LO Describe a gravity fuel feed system and a x x x x x
pressure feed fuel system.
LO Describe the construction of the different x x x x x
types of fuel tanks and state their
advantages and disadvantages:
— drum tank,
— bladder tank,
— integral tank.
LO Explain the function of cross-feed. x x x x x
LO Define the term ‘unusable fuel’. x x x x x
LO List the following parameters that are x x x x x

monitored for the fuel system:
— fuel quantity (low-level warning);
— fuel temperature.
021 08 02 00 Turbine engine
021 08 02 01 Fuel: types, characteristics, limitations
LO State the types of fuel used by gas turbine x x x x x
engine (JET-A, JET-A1, JET-B).
Page 92 of 551
LO State the main characteristics of these fuels x x x x x

and give typical values regarding their flash
points, freezing points and density.
LO State the existence of additives for x x x x x
freezing.
021 08 02 02 Design, operation, system components,
indications
LO State the tasks of the fuel system. x x x x x
LO Name the main components of a fuel x x x x x

system, and state their location and their
function:
— lines;
— centrifugal boost pump;
— pressure valves;
— fuel shut-off valve;
— filter, strainer;
— tanks (wing, tip, fuselage, tail);
— bafflers;
— sump;
— vent system;
— drain;
— fuel-quantity sensor;
— temperature sensor;
— refuelling/defuelling system;
— fuel dump/jettison system.
LO Interpret the fuel-system schematic x x
appended to these LOs.
LO Explain the limitations in the event of loss x x x x x
of booster pump fuel pressure.
LO Describe the construction of the different x x x x x
types of fuel tanks and state their
advantages and disadvantages:
— drum tank,
— bladder tank,
— integral tank.
LO Explain the function of cross-feed and x x x x x
transfer.
LO Define the term ‘unusable fuel’. x x x x x
LO Describe the use and purpose of drip sticks x x x x x

(manual magnetic indicators).
LO Explain the considerations for fitting a fuel x x x x x
dump/jettison system.
Page 93 of 551
LO List the following parameters that are x x x x x

monitored for the fuel system:
— fuel quantity (low-level warning);
— fuel temperature.
021 09 00 00 ELECTRICS
021 09 01 00 General, definitions, basic applications:
circuit breakers, logic circuits.
021 09 01 01 Static electricity
LO Explain static electricity. x x x x x
LO Describe a static discharger and explain its x x x x x

purpose.
LO Explain why an aircraft must first be x x x x x
grounded before refuelling/defuelling.
LO Explain the reason for electrical bonding. x x x x x
021 09 01 02 Direct current

LO State that a current can only flow in a x x x x x
closed circuit.
LO Explain the basic principles of conductivity x x x x x
and give examples of conductors,
semiconductors and insulators.
LO State the operating principle of mechanical x x x x x
(toggle, rocker, push and pull), thermo,
time and proximity switches.
LO Define ‘voltage’, ‘current and resistance’, x x x x x
and state their unit of measurement.
LO Explain Ohm’s law in qualitative terms. x x x x x
LO Explain the effect on total resistance when x x x x x

resistors are connected in series or in
parallel.
LO State that resistances can have a positive or x x x x x
a negative temperature coefficient (PTC/
NTC) and state their use.
LO Define ‘electrical work and power’ in x x x x x
qualitative terms and state the unit of
measurement.
Page 94 of 551
LO Define the term ‘electrical field’ and x x x x x

‘magnetic field’ in qualitative terms and
explain the difference with the aid of the
Lorentz force (Electromotive Force (EMF)).
LO Explain the term ‘capacitance’ and explain x x x x x
the use of a capacitor as a storage device.
021 09 01 03 Alternating current
LO Explain the term ‘alternating current’ (AC). x x x x x
LO Define the term ‘phase’. x x x x x
LO Explain the principle of single-phase and x x x x x

three-phase AC and state its use in the
aircraft.
LO Define ‘frequency’ in qualitative terms and x x x x x
state the unit of measurement.
LO Explain the use of a particular frequency in x x x x x
aircraft.
LO Define ‘phase shift’ in qualitative terms. x x x x x
021 09 01 04 Resistors, capacitors, inductance coil

LO Describe the relation between voltage and x x x x x
current of an ohmic resistor in an AC/DC
circuit.
current of a capacitor in an AC/DC circuit.
current of a coil in an AC/DC circuit.
021 09 01 05 Permanent magnets
LO Explain the term ‘magnetic flux’. x x x x x
LO State the pattern and direction of the x x x x x

magnetic flux outside the magnetic poles
and inside the magnet.
021 09 01 06 Electromagnetism
LO State that an electrical current produces a x x x x x
magnetic field and define the direction of
that field.
Page 95 of 551
LO Describe how the strength of the magnetic x x x x x

field changes if supported by a
ferromagnetic core.
LO Explain the purpose and the working x x x x x
principle of a solenoid.
LO Explain the purpose and the working x x x x x
principle of a relay.
LO Explain the principle of electromagnetic x x x x x
induction.
LO List the parameters affecting the x x x x x
inductance of a coil.
LO List the parameters affecting the induced x x x x x
voltage in a coil.
021 09 01 07 Circuit breakers
LO Explain the operating principle of a fuse x x x x x
and a circuit breaker.
LO Explain how a fuse is rated. x x x x x
LO State the difference between a ‘trip-free’ x x x x x

and ‘non-trip-free’ circuit breaker.
LO List the following different types of circuit x x x x x
breakers:
— thermal circuit breaker;
— magnetic circuit breaker.
021 09 01 08 Semiconductors and logic circuits
LO State the differences between x x x x x
semiconductor materials and conductors
and explain how the conductivity of
semiconductors can be altered.
LO State the principal function of diodes, such x x x x x
as rectification and voltage limiting.
LO State the principal function of transistors, x x x x x
such as switching and amplification.
LO Explain the following five basic functions: x x x x x
AND, OR, NOT, NOR and NAND.
LO Describe their associated symbols. x x x x x
LO Interpret logic diagrams using a x x x x x

combination of these functions.
Page 96 of 551
021 09 02 00 Batteries
021 09 02 01 Types, characteristics and limitations
LO State the function of an aircraft battery.
LO Name the types of rechargeable batteries x x x x x

used in aircraft.
LO Compare lead-acid and nickel-cadmium (Ni- x x x x x
Cd) batteries with respect to weight,
voltage, load behaviour, self-discharge,
charging characteristics, thermal runaway
and storage life.
LO Explain the term ‘cell voltage’. x x x x x
LO State that a battery is composed of several x x x x x

cells.
LO Explain the difference between battery x x x x x
voltage and charging voltage.
LO State the charging voltage that corresponds x x x x x
with different battery voltages.
LO Define the term ‘capacity of batteries’ and x x x x x
state the unit of measurement used.
LO State the effect of temperature on battery x x x x x
capacity.
LO State the relationship between voltage and x x x x x
capacity when batteries are connected in
series or in parallel.
LO State that in the case of loss of all x x x x x
generated power (battery power only) the
remaining electrical power is time-limited.
021 09 03 00 Generation
Page 97 of 551
Remark: For standardisation purposes, the x x x x x

following standard expressions are used:
— DC generator: produces DC output;
— DC alternator: produces internal AC,
rectified by integrated rectifying unit,
the output is DC;
— AC generator: produces AC output;
— starter generator: integrated
combination of a DC generator with
DC output and a starter motor using
battery DC;
— permanent magnet alternator/
generator: produces AC output
without field excitation using a
permanent magnet.
021 09 03 01 DC generation
LO Describe the working principle of a simple x x x x x
DC alternator and name its main
components.
LO State in qualitative terms how voltage x x x x x
depends on the number of windings, field
strength, RPM and load.
LO List the differences between a DC x x x x x
generator and a DC alternator with regard
to voltage response at low RPM, power–
weight ratio, and brush sparking.
LO Explain the principle of voltage control. x x x x x
LO Explain why reverse current flow from the x x x x x

battery to the generator must be
prevented.
LO Describe the operating principle of a starter x x x x x
generator and state its purpose.
021 09 03 02 AC generation
LO Describe the components of a three-phase x x x x x
AC generator and the operating principle.
LO State that the generator field current is x x x x x
used to control voltage.
LO State in qualitative terms the relation x x x x x
between frequency, number of pole pairs
and RPM of a three-phase generator.
Page 98 of 551
LO Explain the term ‘wild-frequency x x x x x

generator’.
LO Describe how a three-phase AC generator x x x x x
can be connected to the electrical system.
LO Describe the purpose and the working x x x x x
principle of a permanent magnet
alternator/generator.
LO List the following different power sources x x
that can be used for an aeroplane to drive
an AC generator:
— engine,
— APU,
— RAT,
— hydraulic.
LO List the following different power sources x x x
that can be used for a helicopter to drive
an AC generator:
— engine,
— APU,
— gearbox.
021 09 03 03 Constant Speed Drive (CSD) and Integrated
Drive Generator (IDG) systems.
LO Describe the function and the working x x
principle of a CSD.
LO Explain the parameters of a CSD that are x x
monitored.
LO Describe the function and the working x x
principle of an IDG.
LO Explain the consequences of a mechanical x x
disconnection during flight for a CSD and an
IDG.
021 09 03 04 Transformers, transformer rectifier units,
static inverters
LO State the function of a transformer and its x x x x x
operating principle.
LO State the function of a Transformer x x x x x
Rectifier Unit (TRU), its operating principle
and the voltage output.
Page 99 of 551
LO State the function of static inverters, their x x x x x

operating principle and the voltage output.
021 09 04 00 Distribution
021 09 04 01 General
LO Explain the function of a bus (bus bar). x x x x x
LO Describe the function of the following x x x x x

buses:
— main bus,
— tie bus,
— essential bus,
— emergency bus,
— ground bus,
— battery bus,
— hot (battery) bus.
LO State that the aircraft structure can be used x x x x x
as a part of the electrical circuit (common
earth) and explain the implications for
electrical bonding.
LO Explain the function of external power. x x x x x
LO State that a priority sequence exists x x x x x

between the different sources of electrical
power on ground and in flight.
LO Introduce the term ‘load sharing’. x x x x x
LO Explain that load sharing is always achieved x x x x x

during parallel operations.
LO Introduce the term ‘load shedding’. x x x x x
LO Explain that an AC load can be shed in case x x x x x

of generator overload.
LO Interpret an electrical-system schematic x x x x x
(appended to these LOs).
Remark: The system described is a split
system.
021 09 04 02 DC distribution
LO Describe a simple DC electrical system of a x x x x x
single-engine aircraft.
Page 100 of 551

LO Describe a DC electrical system of a multi- x x x x x

engine aircraft (CS-23/CS-27) including the
distribution consequences of loss of
generator(s) or bus failure.
LO Describe the DC part of an electrical system x x x x x
of a transport aircraft (CS-25/CS-29)
including the distribution consequences of
loss of DC supply or bus failure.
LO Give examples of DC consumers. x x x x x
021 09 04 03 AC distribution
LO Describe the AC electrical system of a x x x x x
transport aircraft for split and parallel
operation.
LO Describe the distribution consequences of: x x x x x
— APU electrical supply and external
power priority switching;
— loss of (all) generator(s);
— bus failure.
LO Give examples of AC consumers. x x x x x
LO Explain the conditions to be met for x x x x x

paralleling AC generators.
LO Explain the terms ‘real and reactive loads’. x x x x x
LO State that real/reactive loads are x x x x x

compensated in the case of paralleled AC
generators.
021 09 04 04 Electrical load management and
monitoring systems: automatic generators
and bus switching during normal and
failure operation, indications and
warnings
LO Give examples of system control, x x x x x
monitoring and annunciators.
LO Describe, for normal (on ground/in flight) x x x x x
and degraded modes of operation, the
following functions of an electrical load
management system:
— distribution,
— monitoring,
— protection (overloading, over/under
voltage, incorrect frequency).
Page 101 of 551

LO State which parameters are used to x x x x x

monitor an electrical system for parallel
and split system operation.
LO Describe how batteries are monitored. x x x x x
LO State that Ni-Cd batteries are monitored to x x x x x

avoid damage resulting from excessive
temperature increase (thermal runaway).
LO Interpret various different ammeter x x x x x
indications of an ammeter which monitors
the charge current of the battery.
021 09 05 00 Electrical motors
021 09 05 01 General
LO State that the purpose of an electric motor x x x x x
is to convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
021 09 05 02 Operating principle
LO Explain the operating principle of an x x x x x
electric motor as being an electrical current
carrying conductor inside a magnetic field
that experiences a Lorentz/electromotive
(EMF) force.
LO State that electrical motors can be AC or DC x x x x x
type.
021 09 05 03 Components
LO Name the following components of an x x x x x
electric motor and explain their function:
— rotor (rotating part of an electric
motor);
— stator (stationary part of an electric
motor).
021 10 00 00 PISTON ENGINES
Remark: This topic includes diesel engines

and petrol engines.
021 10 01 00 General
021 10 01 01 Types of internal-combustion engines:
basic principles, definitions
Page 102 of 551

LO Define the following terms and expressions: x x x x x

— RPM;
— torque;
— Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP);
— power output;
— specific fuel consumption;
— mechanical efficiency, thermal
efficiency, volumetric efficiency;
— compression ratio, clearance volume,
swept (displaced) volume, total
volume.
LO Describe the influence of compression ratio x x x x x
on thermal efficiency.
Page 103 of 551

021 10 01 02 Engine: design, operation, components

and materials
LO Describe the following main engine x x x x x
components and state their function.
— crankcase,
— crankshaft,
— connecting rod,
— piston,
— piston pin,
— piston rings,
— cylinder,
— cylinder head,
— valves,
— valve springs,
— push rod,
— camshaft,
— rocker arm,
— camshaft gear,
— bearings.
LO State the materials used for the following x x x x x
engine components:
— crankcase,
— crankshaft,
— connecting rod,
— piston,
— piston pin,
— cylinder,
— cylinder head,
— valves,
— camshaft.
LO Name and identify the various types of x x x x x
engine design with regard to cylinder
arrangement, such as:
— horizontal opposed,
— in line,
— radial,
— and working cycle
(four stroke: petrol and diesel).
LO Describe the gas-state changes, the valve x x x x x
positions and the ignition timing during the
four strokes of the theoretical piston-
engine cycle.
LO Explain the main differences between the x x x x x
theoretical (Otto cycle) and the practical
four-stroke piston-engine cycles.
Page 104 of 551

LO Describe the differences between petrol x x x x x

engines and diesel engines with respect to:
— means of ignition;
— maximum compression ratio;
— air or mixture supply to the cylinder;
— specific power output (kW/kg);
— thermal efficiency;
— pollution from the exhaust.
021 10 02 00 Fuel
021 10 02 01 Types, grades, characteristics, limitations
LO Name the type of fuel used for petrol x x x x x
engines including its colour (AVGAS).
LO Name the types of fuel used for diesel x x x x x
engines (kerosene or diesel).
LO Define the term ‘octane rating’. x x x x x
LO Describe the combustion process in a x x x x x

piston-engine cylinder for both petrol and
diesel engines.
LO Define the term ‘flame front velocity’ and x x x x x
describe its variations depending on the
fuel-air mixture for petrol engines.
LO Define the term ‘detonation’ and describe x x x x x
the causes and effects of detonation for
both petrol and diesel engines.
LO Define the term ‘pre-ignition’ and describe x x x x x
the causes and effects of pre-ignition for
both petrol and diesel engines.
LO Identify the conditions and power settings x x x x x
that promote detonation for petrol
engines.
LO Describe how detonation in petrol engines x x x x x
is recognised.
LO Name the anti-detonation petrol fuel x x x x x
additive (tetraethyl lead).
LO Describe the method and occasions for x x x x x
checking the fuel for water content.
LO State the typical value of fuel density for x x x x x
aviation gasoline and diesel fuel.
Page 105 of 551

LO Explain volatility, viscosity and vapour x x x x x

locking for petrol and diesel fuels.
021 10 03 00 Engine fuel pumps
LO Describe the need for a separate engine- x x x x x
driven fuel pump.
LO List the different types of engine-driven x x x x X
fuel pumps:
— gear type,
— vane type.
021 10 04 00 Carburettor/injection system
021 10 04 01 Carburettor: design, operation, degraded
modes of operation, indications and
warnings
LO State the purpose of a carburettor. x x x x x
LO Describe the operating principle of the x x x x x

simple float chamber carburettor.
LO Describe the method of achieving reliable x x x x x
idle operation.
LO Describe the methods of obtaining mixture x x x x x
control over the whole operating engine
power setting range (compensation jet,
diffuser).
LO Describe the methods of obtaining mixture x x x x x
control over the whole operating altitude
range.
LO Explain the purpose and the operating x x x x x
principle of an accelerator pump.
LO Explain the purpose of power enrichment. x x x x x
LO Describe the function of the carburettor x x x x x

heat system.
LO Explain the effect of carburettor heat on x x x x x
mixture ratio and power output.
LO Explain the purpose and the operating x x x x x
principle of a primer pump.
LO Discuss other methods for priming an x x x x x
engine (acceleration pumps).
Page 106 of 551

LO Explain the danger of carburettor fire, x x x x x

including corrective measures.
021 10 04 02 Injection: design, operation, degraded
modes of operation, indications and
warnings
LO Describe the low pressure, continuous flow x x x x x
type, fuel injection system used on light
aircraft piston petrol engines with the aid
of a schematic diagram.
LO Explain the advantages of an injection x x x x x
system compared with a carburettor
system.
LO Explain the requirement for two different x x x x x
pumps in the fuel injection system and
describe their operation.
LO Describe the task and explain the operating x x x x x
principle of fuel and mixture control valves
in the injection system for petrol engines.
LO Describe the task and explain the operating x x x x x
principle of the fuel manifold valve, the
discharge nozzles and the fuel-flow meter
in the fuel injection system for petrol
engines.
LO Describe the injection system of a diesel x x x x x
engine and explain the function of the
following components:
— high-pressure fuel injection pump;
— common-rail principle;
— fuel lines;
— fuel injectors.
021 10 04 03 Icing
LO Describe the causes and effects of x x x x x
carburettor icing and the action to be taken
if carburettor icing is suspected.
LO Name the meteorological conditions under x x x x x
which carburettor icing may occur.
LO Describe the indications of the presence of x x
carburettor icing with both a fixed pitch
and a constant speed propeller.
Page 107 of 551

LO Describe the indications of the presence of x x x

carburettor icing with a helicopter.
LO Describe the indications that will occur x x x x x
upon selection of carburettor heat
depending on whether ice is present or not.
LO Explain the reason for the use of alternate x x x x x
air on fuel injection systems and describe
its operating principle.
LO State the meteorological conditions under x x x x x
which induction-system icing may occur.
021 10 05 00 Cooling systems
021 10 05 01 Design, operation, indications and
warnings
LO Specify the reasons for cooling a piston x x x x x
engine.
LO Describe the design features to enhance x x
cylinder air cooling for aeroplanes.
LO Describe the design features to enhance x x x
cylinder air cooling for helicopters (e.g.
engine-driven impeller and scroll assembly,
baffles).
LO Compare the advantages of liquid and air- x x x x x
cooling systems.
LO Identify the cylinder head temperature x x x x x
indication to monitor engine cooling.
LO Describe the function and the operation of x x
cowl flaps.
021 10 06 00 Lubrication systems
021 10 06 01 Lubricants: characteristics, limitations
LO Describe the term ‘viscosity’ including the x x x x x
effect of temperature.
LO Describe the viscosity grade numbering x x x x x
system used in aviation.
021 10 06 02 Design, operation, indications and
warnings
Page 108 of 551

LO State the functions of a piston-engine x x x x x

lubrication system.
LO Describe the working principle of a dry- x x x x x
sump lubrication system and describe the
functions of the following components:
— oil tank (reservoir) and its internal
components: hot well, de-aerator,
vent, expansion space;
— check valve (non-return valve);
— pressure pump and pressure-relief
valve;
— scavenge pump;
— filters (suction, pressure and
scavenge);
— oil cooler;
— oil cooler bypass valve (anti-surge and
thermostatic);
— pressure and temperature sensors;
— lines.
LO Describe a wet-sump lubrication system. x x x x x
LO State the differences between a wet and a x x x x x

dry-sump lubrication system.
LO State the advantages/disadvantages of x x x x x
each system.
LO List the following factors that influence oil x x x x x
consumption:
— oil grade,
— cylinder and piston wear,
— condition of piston rings.
LO Describe the interaction between oil x x x x x
pressure, oil temperature and oil quantity.
021 10 07 00 Ignition circuits
021 10 07 01 Design, operation
Page 109 of 551

LO Describe the working principle of a x x x x x

magneto-ignition system and the functions
of the following components:
— magneto,
— contact-breaker points,
— capacitor (condenser),
— coils or windings,
— ignition switches,
— distributor,
— spark plug,
— high-tension (HT) cable.
LO State why piston engines are equipped with x x x x x
two electrically independent ignition
systems.
LO State the function and operating principle x x
of the following methods of spark
augmentation:
— starter vibrator (booster coil),
— impulse-start coupling.
LO State the function and operating principle x x x
of the following methods of spark
augmentation:
— starter vibrator (booster coil),
— both magnetos live.
LO Explain the function of the magneto check. x x x x x
LO State the reasons for using the correct x x x x x

temperature grade for a spark plug.
LO Explain the function of ignition timing x x x x x
advance or retard.
LO Explain how combustion is initiated in x x x x x
diesel engines.
021 10 08 00 Mixture
021 10 08 01 Definition, characteristic mixtures, control
instruments, associated control levers,
indications
Page 110 of 551


— mixture,
— chemically correct ratio
(stoichiometric),
— best power ratio,
— lean (weak) mixture (lean or rich side
of the EGT top),
— rich mixture.
LO State the typical fuel-to-air ratio values or x x x x x
range of values for the above mixtures.
LO Describe the advantages and disadvantages x x x x x
of weak and rich mixtures.
LO Describe the relation between engine- x x x x x
specific fuel consumption and mixture
ratio.
LO Describe the use of the exhaust gas x x x x x
temperature as an aid to mixture-setting.
LO Explain the relation between mixture ratio, x x x x x
cylinder head temperature, detonation and
pre-ignition.
LO Explain the absence of mixture control in x x x x x
diesel engines.
021 10 09 00 Aeroplane: propellers
021 10 09 01 Definitions, general
Remark: Definitions and aerodynamic x x

concepts are detailed in subject 081, topic
07 (Propellers) but need to be appreciated
for this subject as well.
021 10 09 02 Constant-speed propeller: design,
operation, system components
constant-speed propeller system under
normal flight operations with the aid of a
schematic.
LO Explain the need for a Manifold Absolute x x
Pressure (MAP) indicator to control the
power setting with a constant-speed
propeller.
LO State the purpose of a torque-meter. x x
Page 111 of 551

LO State the purpose and describe the x x

operation of a low-pitch stop (centrifugal
latch).
LO Describe the operating principle of a single- x x
acting and a double-acting variable pitch
propeller for single and multi-engine
aeroplanes.
LO Describe the function and the basic x x
operating principle of synchronising and
synchro-phasing systems.
LO Explain the purpose and the basic operating x x
principle of an auto-feathering system
including un-feathering.
021 10 09 03 Reduction gearing: design
LO State the purpose of reduction gearing. x x
LO Explain the principles of design for x x

reduction gearing.
021 10 09 04 Propeller handling: associated control
levers, degraded modes of operation,
LO Describe the checks to be carried out on a x x
constant-speed propeller system after
engine start.
LO Describe the operation of a constant-speed x x
propeller system during flight at different
true airspeeds and RPM including an
overspeeding propeller.
variable pitch propeller when feathering
and unfeathering, including the operation
of cockpit controls.
variable pitch propeller when reverse pitch
is selected, including the operation of
cockpit controls.
LO Describe the operation of the propeller x x
levers during different phases of flight.
021 10 10 00 Performance and engine handling
Page 112 of 551

021 10 10 01 Performance
LO Engine performance: define ‘pressure x x x x x
altitude’ and ‘density altitude’.
LO Describe the effect on power output of a x x x x x
petrol and diesel engine taking into
consideration the following parameters:
— ambient pressure, exhaust back
pressure;
— temperature;
— density altitude;
— humidity.
LO Explain the term ‘normally aspirated x x x x x
engine’.
LO Power-augmentation devices: explain the x x x x x
requirement for power augmentation
(turbocharging) of a piston engine.
LO Describe the function and the principle of x x x x x
operation of the following main
components of a turbocharger:
— turbine,
— compressor,
— waste gate,
— waste-gate actuator,
— absolute-pressure controller,
— density controller,
— differential-pressure controller.
LO Explain the difference between an altitude- x x x x x
boosted turbocharger and a ground-
boosted turbocharger.
LO Explain turbo lag. x x x x x
LO Define the term ‘critical altitude’. x x x x x
LO Explain the function of an intercooler. x x x x x
LO Define the terms ‘full-throttle height’ and x x x x x

‘rated altitude’.
021 10 10 02 Engine handling
LO State the correct procedures for setting the x x x x x
engine controls when increasing or
decreasing power.
Page 113 of 551


— take-off power;
— maximum continuous power.
LO Describe the term ‘hydraulicing’ and the x x x x x
precautions to be taken prior to engine
start.
LO Describe the start problems associated with x x x x x
extreme cold weather.
LO FADEC for a piston engine: To be x x x x x
introduced at a later date.
021 11 00 00 TURBINE ENGINES
021 11 01 00 Basic principles
021 11 01 01 Basic generation of thrust and the thrust
formula
LO Describe how thrust is produced by a basic x x
gas turbine engine.
LO Describe the simple form of the thrust x x
formula for a basic, straight turbojet and
perform simple calculations (including
pressure thrust).
LO State that thrust can be considered to x x
remain approximately constant over the
whole aeroplane subsonic speed range.
021 11 01 02 Design, types of turbine engines,
components
LO List the main components of a basic gas x x x x x
turbine engine.
— inlet,
— compressor,
— combustion chamber,
— turbine,
— outlet.
LO Describe the system of station numbering x x x x x
in a gas turbine engine.
LO Describe the variation of static pressure, x x x x x
temperature and axial velocity in a gas
turbine engine under normal operating
conditions and with the aid of a working
cycle diagram.
Page 114 of 551

LO Describe the differences between absolute, x x x x x

circumferential (tangential) and axial
velocity.
LO List the different types of gas turbine x x
engines:
— straight jet,
— turbo fan,
— turbo prop.
LO State that a gas turbine engine can have x x x x x
one or more spools.
LO Describe how thrust is produced by x x
turbojet and turbofan engines.
LO Describe how power is produced by x x
turboprop engines.
LO Describe the term ‘equivalent horsepower’ x x
(= thrust horsepower + shaft horsepower).
LO Explain the principle of a free turbine or x x x x x
free-power turbine.
LO Define the term ‘bypass ratio’ and perform x x
simple calculations to determine bypass
ratio.
LO Define the terms ‘propulsive power’, x x
‘propulsive efficiency’, ‘thermal efficiency’
and ‘total efficiency’.
LO Describe the influence of compressor- x x x x x
pressure ratio on thermal efficiency.
LO Explain the variations of propulsive x x
efficiency with forward speed for turbojet,
turbofan and turboprop engines.
LO Define the term ‘specific fuel consumption’ x x
for turbojets and turboprops.
021 11 01 03 Coupled turbine engine: design, operation,
components and materials
LO Name the main assembly parts of a coupled x x x
turbine engine and explain the operation of
the engine.
Page 115 of 551

LO Explain the limitations of the materials x x x

used with regard to maximum turbine
temperature, engine and drive train torque
limits.
LO Describe the possible effects on engine x x x
components when limits are exceeded.
LO Explain that when engine limits are x x x
exceeded, this event must be reported.
021 11 01 04 Free turbine engine: design, components
and materials
LO Describe the design methods to keep the x x x
engine’s size small for installation in
helicopters.
LO List the main components of a free turbine x x x
engine.
LO Describe how the power is developed by a x x x
turboshaft/free turbine engine.
LO Explain how the exhaust gas temperature is x x x
used to monitor turbine stress.
021 11 02 00 Main-engine components
021 11 02 01 Aeroplane: air intake
LO State the functions of the engine air x x
inlet/air intake.
LO Describe the geometry of a subsonic (pitot- x x
type) air inlet.
LO Explain the gas-parameter changes in a x x
subsonic air inlet at different flight speeds.
LO Describe the reasons for, and the dangers x x
of, the following operational problems
concerning the engine air inlet:
— airflow separation,
— inlet icing,
— inlet damage,
— Foreign Object Damage (FOD),
— heavy in-flight turbulence.
021 11 02 02 Compressor and diffuser
LO State the purpose of the compressor. x x x x x
Page 116 of 551


centrifugal and an axial flow compressor.
single stage and describe their function for
a centrifugal compressor:
— impeller,
— diffuser.
single stage and describe their function for
an axial compressor:
— rotor vanes,
— stator vanes.
LO Describe the gas-parameter changes in a x x x x x
compressor stage.
LO Define the term ‘pressure ratio’ and state a x x x x x
typical value for one stage of a centrifugal
and an axial flow compressor and for the
complete compressor.
LO State the advantages and disadvantages of x x x x x
increasing the number of stages in a
centrifugal compressor.
LO Explain the difference in sensitivity for x x x x x
Foreign Object Damage (FOD) of a
centrifugal compressor compared with an
axial flow type.
LO Explain the convergent air annulus through x x x x x
an axial flow compressor.
LO Describe the reason for twisting the x x x x x
compressor blades.
LO State the tasks of inlet guide vanes (IGVs). x x x x x
LO State the reason for the clicking noise x x x x x

whilst the compressor slowly rotates on the
ground.
LO State the advantages of increasing the x x x x x
number of spools.
LO Explain the implications of tip losses and x x x x x
describe the design features to minimise
the problem.
Page 117 of 551

LO Explain the problems of blade bending and x x x x x

flapping and describe the design features
to minimise the problem.
— compressor stall,
— engine surge.
LO State the conditions that are possible x x x x x
causes of stall and surge.
LO Describe the indications of stall and surge. x x x x x
LO Describe the design features used to x x x x x

minimise the occurrence of stall and surge.
LO Describe a compressor map (surge x x x x x
envelope) with RPM lines, stall limit, steady
state line and acceleration line.
LO Describe the function of the diffuser. x x x x x
021 11 02 03 Combustion chamber

LO Define the purpose of the combustion x x x x x
chamber.
LO List the requirements for combustion. x x x x x

combustion chamber.
LO Explain the reason for reducing the airflow x x x x x
axial velocity at the combustion chamber
inlet (snout).
LO State the function of the swirl vanes x x x x x
(swirler).
LO State the function of the drain valves. x x x x x
LO Define the terms ‘primary airflow’ and x x x x x

‘secondary airflow’ and explain their
purpose.
LO Explain the following two mixture ratios: x x x x x
— primary airflow to fuel,
— total airflow (within the combustion
chamber) to fuel.
LO Describe the gas-parameter changes in the x x x x x
combustion chamber.
Page 118 of 551

LO State a typical maximum value of the outlet x x x x x

temperature of the combustion chamber.
LO Describe the following types of combustion x x x x x
chamber and state the differences between
them:
— can type;
— can-annular, cannular or tubo-
annular;
— annular;
— reverse-flow annular.
LO Describe the principle of operation of a x x x x x
simplex and a duplex fuel spray nozzle
(atomiser).
021 11 02 04 Turbine
LO Explain the purpose of a turbine in x x x x x
different types of gas turbine engines.
LO Describe the principles of operation of x x x x x
impulse, reaction and impulse-reaction
axial flow turbines.
LO Name the main components of a turbine x x x x x
stage and their function.
LO Describe the working principle of a turbine. x x x x x
LO Describe the gas-parameter changes in a x x x x x

turbine stage.
LO Describe the function and the working x x x x x
principle of active clearance control.
LO Describe the implications of tip losses and x x x x x
the means to minimise them.
LO Explain why the available engine thrust is x x x x x
limited by the turbine inlet temperature.
LO Explain the divergent gas-flow annulus x x x x x
through an axial-flow turbine.
LO Describe turbine-blade convection, x x x x x
impingement and film cooling.
LO Explain the high mechanical-thermal stress x x x x x
in the turbine blades and wheels.
LO Explain the term ‘creep’. x x x x x
Page 119 of 551

LO Explain the consequences of creep on the x x x x x

turbine.
LO Explain the terms ‘low-cycle fatigue’ and x x x x x
‘high-cycle fatigue’.
021 11 02 05 Aeroplane: exhaust
LO Name the following main components of x x
the exhaust unit and their function:
— jet pipe,
— propelling nozzle,
— exhaust cone.
LO Describe the working principle of the x x
exhaust unit.
LO Describe the gas-parameter changes in the x x
exhaust unit.
LO Define the term ‘choked exhaust nozzle’ x
(not applicable to turboprops).
LO Explain how jet exhaust noise can be x x
reduced.
021 11 02 06 Helicopter: air intake
LO Name and explain the main task of the x x x
engine air intake.
LO Describe the use of a convergent air-intake x x x
ducting on helicopters.
LO Describe the reasons for and the dangers of x x x
the following operational problems
concerning engine air intake:
— airflow separations,
— intake icing,
— intake damage,
— foreign object damage,
— heavy in-flight turbulence.
LO Describe the conditions and circumstances x x x
during ground operations when foreign
object damage is most likely to occur.
LO Describe and explain the principles of air x x x
intake filter systems that can be fitted to
some helicopters for operations in icing
and sand conditions.
Page 120 of 551

LO Describe the function of the heated pads x x x

on some helicopter air intakes.
021 11 02 07 Helicopter: exhaust
LO Name the following main components of x x x
the exhaust unit and their function.
— jet pipe,
— exhaust cone.
LO Describe the working principle of the x x x
exhaust unit.
LO Describe the gas-parameter changes in the x x x
exhaust unit.
021 11 03 00 Additional components and systems
021 11 03 01 Engine fuel system
LO Name the main components of the engine x x x x x
fuel system and state their function.
LO Name the two types of engine-driven high- x x x x x
pressure pumps, such as:
— gear-type,
— swash plate-type.
LO State the tasks of the fuel control unit. x x x x x
LO List the possible input parameters to a fuel x x x x x

control unit to achieve a given thrust/
power setting.
021 11 03 02 Engine control system
LO State the tasks of the engine control x x x x x
system.
Page 121 of 551

LO List the following different types of engine x x x x x

control systems (refer to
AMC to CS-E 50 Engine control system (1)
Applicability) and state their respective
engine control (output) parameters:
— hydro mechanical (Main Engine
Control (MEC));
— hydro mechanical with a limited
authority electronic supervisor (Power
Management System/Control
(PMS/PMC));
— single channel full-authority engine
control with hydro-mechanical
backup;
— dual channel full-authority electronic
engine control system with no backup
or any other combination (FADEC).
LO Describe a FADEC as a full-authority dual- x x x
channel system including functions such as
an electronic engine control unit, wiring,
sensors, variable vanes, active clearance
control, bleed configuration, electrical
signalling of TLA (see also AMC to CS-E-50),
and an EGT protection function and engine
overspeed.
LO Explain how redundancy is achieved by x x x
using more than one channel in a FADEC
system.
LO State the consequences of a FADEC single x x x
input data failure.
LO State that all input and output data are x x x
checked by both channels.
LO State that a FADEC system uses its own x x x
sensors and that in some cases also data
from aircraft systems is used.
LO State that a FADEC must have its own x x x
source of electrical power.
021 11 03 03 Engine lubrication
LO State the tasks of an engine lubrication x x
system.
Page 122 of 551

LO Name the following main components of a x x

lubrication system and state their function:
— oil tank and centrifugal breather,
— oil pumps (pressure and scavenge
pumps),
— oil filters (including the bypass),
— oil sumps,
— chip detectors,
— coolers.
LO Explain that each spool is fitted with at x x
least one ball bearing two or more roller
bearings.
LO Explain the use of compressor air in oil- x x
sealing systems (e.g. labyrinth seals).
021 11 03 04 Engine auxiliary gearbox
LO State the tasks of the auxiliary gearbox. x x
LO Describe how the gearbox is driven and x x

lubricated.
021 11 03 05 Engine ignition
LO State the task of the ignition system. x x
LO Name the following main components of x x

the ignition system and state their
function.
— power sources,
— trembler mechanism (vibrator),
— transformer,
— diodes,
— capacitors,
— discharge gap (high-tension tube),
— igniters.
LO State why jet turbine engines are equipped x x
with two electrically independent ignition
systems.
LO Explain the different modes of operation of x x
the ignition system.
021 11 03 06 Engine starter
LO Name the main components of the starting x x
system and state their function.
LO Explain the principle of a turbine engine x x
start.
Page 123 of 551

LO Describe the following two types of x x

starters:
— electric,
— pneumatic.
LO Describe a typical start sequence (on x x
ground/in flight) for a turbofan.
LO Define ‘self-sustaining RPM’. x x
021 11 03 07 Reverse thrust

LO Name the following main components of a x x
reverse-thrust system and state their
function:
— reverse-thrust select lever,
— power source (pneumatic or
hydraulic),
— actuators,
— doors,
— annunciations.
LO Explain the principle of a reverse-thrust x x
system.
LO Identify the advantages and disadvantages x x
of using reverse thrust.
LO Describe and explain the following different x x
types of thrust-reverser systems:
— hot-stream reverser,
— clamshell or bucket-door system,
— cold-stream reverser (only turbofan
engines),
— blocker doors,
— cascade vanes.
LO Explain the implications of reversing the x x
cold stream (fan reverser) only on a high
bypass ratio engine.
LO Describe the protection features against x x
inadvertent thrust-reverse deployment in
flight as present on most transport
aeroplanes.
LO Describe the controls and indications x x
provided for the thrust-reverser system.
Page 124 of 551

021 11 03 08 Helicopter specifics on design, operation

and components for:
Additional components and systems such
as lubrication system, ignition circuit,
starter, accessory gearbox
LO State the task of the lubrication system. x x x
LO List and describe the common helicopter x x x

lubrication systems.
LO Name the following main components of a x x x
helicopter lubrication system:
— reservoir;
— pump assembly;
— external oil filter;
— magnetic chip detectors, electronic
chip detectors;
— thermostatic oil coolers;
— breather.
LO Identify and name the components of a x x x
helicopter lubrication system from a
diagram.
LO Identify the indications used to monitor a x x x
lubrication system including warning
systems.
LO Explain the differences and appropriate use x x x
of straight oil and compound oil, and
describe the oil numbering system for
aviation use.
LO Explain and describe the ignition circuit for x x x
engine start and engine relight facility
when the selection is set for both
automatic and manual functions.
LO Explain and describe the starter motor and x x x
the sequence of events when starting, and
that for most helicopters the starter
becomes the generator after the starting
sequence is over.
LO Explain and describe why the engine drives x x x
the accessory gearbox.
021 11 04 00 Engine operation and monitoring
021 11 04 01 General
Page 125 of 551

LO Explain the following aeroplane engine x x

limitations:
— take-off,
— go-around,
— maximum continuous thrust/power,
— maximum climb thrust/power.
LO Explain spool-up time. x x x x x
LO Explain the reason for the difference x x

between ground and approach flight idle
values (RPM).
LO State the parameters that can be used for x x x x x
setting and monitoring the thrust/power.
LO Describe the terms ‘alpha range’, x x
‘beta range’ and ‘reverse thrust’ as applied
to a turboprop power lever.
LO Explain the dangers of inadvertent beta- x x
range selection in flight for a turboprop.
LO Explain the purpose of engine trending. x x x x
LO Explain how the exhaust gas temperature is x x x x

used to monitor turbine stress.
LO Describe the effect of engine acceleration x x x x
and deceleration on the EGT.
LO Describe the possible effects on engine x x x x
components when EGT limits are exceeded.
LO Explain why engine-limit exceedances must x x x x
be reported.
LO Explain the limitations on the use of the x x
thrust-reverser system at low forward
speed.
LO Explain the term ‘engine seizure’. x x x x
LO State the possible causes of engine seizure x x x x

and explain their preventative measures.
LO Explain the reason for the difference in the x x x x
pressures of the fuel and oil in the heat
exchanger.
LO Explain oil-filter clogging (blockage) and the x x x x
implications for the lubrication system.
Page 126 of 551

LO Give examples of monitoring instruments x x x x

of an engine.
021 11 04 02 Starting malfunctions
LO Describe the indications and the possible x x
causes of the following aeroplane starting
malfunctions:
— false (dry or wet) start,
— tailpipe fire (torching),
— hot start,
— abortive (hung) start,
— no N1 rotation,
— no FADEC indications.
LO Describe the indications and the possible x x x
causes of the following helicopter starting
malfunctions:
— false (dry or wet) start,
— tailpipe fire (torching),
— hot start,
— abortive (hung) start,
— no N1 rotation,
— freewheel failure,
LO — no FADEC indications. x x
021 11 04 03 Re-light envelope
LO Explain the re-light envelope. x x
021 11 05 00 Performance aspects

021 11 05 01 Thrust, performance aspects, and
limitations
LO Describe the variation of thrust and specific x x
fuel consumption with altitude at constant
TAS.
LO Describe the variation of thrust and specific x x
fuel consumption with TAS at constant
altitude.
LO Explain the term ‘flat-rated engine’ by x x
describing the change of take-off thrust,
turbine inlet temperature and engine RPM
with OAT.
LO Define the term ‘Engine Pressure Ratio’ x x
(EPR).
Page 127 of 551

LO Explain the use of reduced (flexible) and x x

derated thrust for take-off, and explain the
advantages and disadvantages when
compared with a full-rated take-off.
LO Describe the effects of use of bleed air on x x
RPM, EGT, thrust and specific fuel
consumption.
021 11 05 02 Helicopter engine ratings, engine
performance and limitations, engine
handling: torque, performance aspects,
engine handling and limitations.
LO Describe engine rating torque limits for x x x
take-off, transient and maximum
continuous.
LO Describe turbine outlet temperature (TOT) x x x
limits for take-off.
LO Explain why TOT is a limiting factor for x x x
helicopter performance.
LO Describe and explain the relationship x x x
between maximum torque available and
density altitude, which leads to decreasing
torque available with the increase of
density altitude.
LO Explain that hovering downwind on some x x x
helicopters will noticeably increase the
engine TOT.
LO Explain the reason why the engine x x x
performance is less when aircraft
accessories are switched on, i.e. anti-ice,
heating, hoist, filters.
LO Describe the effects of use of bleed air on x x x
engine parameters.
LO Explain that on some helicopter exceeding x x x
the TOT limit may cause the main rotor to
droop (slow down).
021 11 06 00 Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
021 11 06 01 Design, operation, functions, operational
limitations
Page 128 of 551

LO State that an APU is a gas turbine engine x x x

and list its tasks.
LO State the difference between the two types x x x
of APU inlets.
LO Define ‘maximum operating and maximum x x x
starting altitude’.
LO Name the typical APU control and x x x
monitoring instruments.
LO Describe the APU’s automatic shutdown x x x
protection.
021 12 00 00 PROTECTION AND DETECTION SYSTEMS
021 12 01 00 Smoke detection
021 12 01 01 Types, design, operation, indications and
warnings
LO Explain the operating principle of the x x
following types of smoke detection sensors:
— optical,
— ionising.
LO Give an example of warnings, indications x x
and function tests.
021 12 02 00 Fire-protection systems
021 12 02 01 Fire extinguishing (engine and cargo
compartments)
LO Explain the operating principle of a built-in x x x x x
fire-extinguishing system and describe its
components.
LO State that two discharges must be provided x x
for each engine (see CS 25.1195(c)).
021 12 02 02 Fire detection
LO Explain the following principles involved in x x x x x
fire detection:
— resistance and capacitance,
— gas pressure.
LO Explain fire-detection applications such as: x x x x x
— bimetallic,
— continuous loop,
— gaseous loop (gas-filled detectors).
Page 129 of 551

LO Explain why generally double-loop systems x x x x x

are used.
LO Give an example of warnings, indications x x x x x
and function test of a fire-protection
system.
021 12 03 00 Rain-protection system
LO Explain the principle and method of x x
operation of the following windshield rain-
protecting systems for an aeroplane:
— wipers,
— liquids (rain repellent),
— coating.
LO Explain the principle and method of x x x
operation of wipers for a helicopter.
021 13 00 00 OXYGEN SYSTEMS
LO Describe the basic operating principle of a x x
cockpit oxygen system and describe the
following different modes of operation:
— normal (diluter demand),
— 100 %,
— emergency.
LO Describe the operating principle and the x x
purposes of the following two portable
oxygen systems:
— smoke hood,
— portable bottle.
LO Describe the following two oxygen systems x x
that can be used to supply oxygen to
passengers:
— fixed system (chemical oxygen
generator or gaseous);
— portable.
LO Describe the actuation methods (automatic x x
and manual) and the functioning of a
passenger oxygen mask.
LO Compare chemical oxygen generators to x x
gaseous systems with respect to:
— capacity,
— flow regulation.
LO State the dangers of grease or oil related to x x
the use of oxygen systems.
Page 130 of 551

021 14 00 00 HELICOPTER: MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEMS

021 14 01 00 Variable rotor speed
LO Explain the system when pilots can ‘beep’ x x x
the NR an additional amount when
manoeuvring, landing and taking off,
normally at higher altitudes to obtain extra
tail-rotor thrust, which makes manoeuvring
more positive and safer.
LO Explain the system for ‘beeping’ the N R to x x x
its upper limit to enable safer take-off.
021 14 02 00 Active vibration suppression
LO Explain and describe how the active x x x
vibration suppression system works
through high-speed actuators and
accelerometer inputs.
021 14 03 00 Night-vision goggles
LO To be introduced at a later date. x x x
021 15 00 00 HELICOPTER: ROTOR HEADS

021 15 01 00 Main rotor
021 15 01 01 Types
LO Describe the following rotor-head systems: x x x
— teetering,
— articulated,
— hingeless,
— bearingless.
LO Describe the following configuration of x x x
rotor systems and their advantages and
disadvantages:
— tandem,
— coaxial,
— side by side.
LO Explain how flapping, dragging and x x x
feathering is achieved in each rotor-head
system.
021 15 01 02 Structural components and materials,
stresses, structural limitations
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LO Identify from a diagram the main structural x x x

components of the main types of rotor-
head system.
LO List and describe the methods used on how x x x
to detect damage and cracks.
LO Explain and describe the structural x x x
limitations to respective rotor systems,
including the dangers of negative G inputs
to certain rotor-head systems.
LO Describe the various rotor-head lubrication x x x
methods.
LO Describe the material technology used in x x x
rotor-head design, including construction
using the following materials or mixture of
materials:
— composites,
— fibreglass,
— alloys,
— elastomers.
021 15 01 04 Adjustment
LO Describe and explain the methods of x x x
adjustment which are possible on various
helicopter rotor-head assemblies.
021 15 02 00 Tail rotor
021 15 02 01 Types
LO Describe the following tail-rotor systems: x x x
— delta 3 hinge;
— multi-bladed delta 3 effect;
— Fenestron or ducted fan tail rotor;
— No Tail Rotor (NOTAR) high-velocity
air jet flows from adjustable nozzles
(the Coandă effect).
LO Identify from a diagram the main structural x x x
components of the four main types of tail-
rotor systems.
LO Explain and describe the methods to detect x x x
damage and cracks on the tail rotor and
assembly.
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LO Explain and describe the structural x x x

limitations to the respective tail-rotor
systems and possible limitations regarding
the turning rate of the helicopter.
LO Explain and describe the following methods x x x
that helicopter designers use to minimise
tail-rotor drift and roll:
— reducing the couple arm (tail rotor on
a pylon);
— offsetting the rotor mast;
— use of ‘bias’ in cyclic control
mechanism.
LO Explain pitch-input mechanisms. x x x
LO Explain the relationship between tail-rotor x x x

thrust and engine power.
LO Describe how the vertical fin on some x x x
helicopters reduces the power demand of
the Fenestron.
LO List and describe the various tail-rotor x x x
designs and construction methods used on
current helicopters in service.
LO Describe the rigging and adjustment of the x x x
tail-rotor system to obtain optimum
position of the pilot’s yaw pedals.
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021 16 00 00 HELICOPTER: TRANSMISSION

021 16 01 00 Main gearbox
021 16 01 01 Different types, design, operation,
limitations
LO Describe the following main principles of x x x
helicopter transmission systems for single
and twin-engine helicopters:
— drive for the main and tail rotor;
— accessory drive for the generator(s)
alternator(s), hydraulic and oil pumps,
oil cooler(s) and tachometers.
LO Describe the reason for limitations on x x x
multi-engine helicopter transmissions in
various engine-out situations.
LO Describe how the passive vibration control x x x
works with gearbox mountings.
021 16 02 00 Rotor brake
LO Describe the main function of the disc type x x x
of rotor brake.
LO Describe both hydraulic and cable operated x x x
rotor-brake systems.
LO Describe the different options for the x x x
location of the rotor brake.
LO List the following operational x x x
considerations for the use of rotor brakes:
— rotor speed at engagement of rotor
brake;
— risk of blade sailing in windy
conditions;
— risk of rotor-brake overheating and
possible fire when brake is applied
above the maximum limit, particularly
when spilled hydraulic fluid is
present;
— avoid stopping blades over jet-pipe
exhaust with engine running;
— cockpit annunciation of rotor-brake
operation.
021 16 03 00 Auxiliary systems
LO Explain how the hoist/winch can be driven x x x
by an off-take from the auxiliary gearbox.
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LO Explain how power for the air-conditioning x x x

system is taken from the auxiliary gearbox.
021 16 04 00 Driveshaft and associated installation
LO Describe how power is transmitted from x x x
the engine to the main rotor gearbox.
LO Describe the material and construction of x x x
the driveshaft.
LO Explain the need for alignment between x x x
the engine and the main rotor gearbox.
LO Identify how temporary misalignment x x x
occurs between driving and driven
components.
LO Explain the use of: x x x
— flexible couplings;
— Thomas couplings;
— flexible disc packs;
— driveshaft support bearings and
temperature measurement;
— subcritical and supercritical
driveshafts.
driveshaft speed and torque.
LO Describe the methods with which power is x x x
delivered to the tail rotor.
LO Describe and identify the construction and x x x
materials of tail rotor/Fenestron
driveshafts.
021 16 05 00 Intermediate and tail gearbox
LO Explain and describe the various x x x
arrangements when the drive changes
direction and the need for an intermediate
or tail gearbox.
LO Explain the lubrication requirements for x x x
intermediate and tail-rotor gearboxes and
methods of checking levels.
LO Explain how on most helicopters the tail- x x x
rotor gearbox contains gearing, etc., for the
tail-rotor pitch-change mechanism.
021 16 06 00 Clutches
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LO Explain the purpose of a clutch. x x x
Describe and explain the operation of a: x x x

— centrifugal clutch,
— actuated clutch.
LO List the typical components of the various x x x
clutches.
LO Identify the following methods by which x x x
clutch serviceability can be ascertained:
— brake-shoe dust;
— vibration;
— main-rotor run-down time;
— engine speed at time of main-rotor
engagement;
— belt tensioning;
— start protection in a belt-drive clutch
system.
021 16 07 00 Freewheels
LO Explain the purpose of a freewheel. x x x
LO Describe and explain the operation of a: x x x
— cam and roller type freewheel,
— sprag-clutch type freewheel.
LO List the typical components of the various x x x
freewheels.
LO Identify the various locations of freewheels x x x
in power plant and transmission systems.
LO Explain the implications regarding the x x x
engagement and disengagement of the
freewheel.
021 17 00 00 HELICOPTER: BLADES
021 17 01 00 Main-rotor blade
021 17 01 01 Design, construction
LO Describe the different types of blade x x x
construction and the need for torsional
stiffness.
LO Describe the principles of heating x x x
systems/pads on some blades for anti-
icing/de-icing.
LO List the materials used in the construction x x x
of main-rotor blades.
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LO List the main structural components of a x x x

main-rotor blade and their function.
021 17 01 03 Stresses
LO Describe main-rotor blade-loading on the x x x
ground and in flight.
LO Describe where the most common stress x x x
areas are on rotor blades.
LO Explain the structural limitations in terms x x x
of bending and rotor RPM.
LO Explain the use of trim tabs. x x x
021 17 01 06 Tip shape

LO Describe the various blade-tip shapes used x x x
by different manufacturers and compare
their advantages and disadvantages.
LO Describe how on some rotor-blade tips, x x x
static and dynamic balancing weights are
attached to threaded rods and screwed
into sockets in the leading edge spar and
others in a support embedded into the
blade tip.
021 17 02 00 Tail-rotor blade
021 17 02 01 Design, construction
LO Describe the most common design of tail- x x x
rotor blade construction, consisting of
stainless steel shell reinforced by a
honeycomb filler and stainless steel leading
abrasive strip.
LO Explain that ballast weights are located at x x x
the inboard trailing edge and tip of blades,
and that the weights used are determined
when the blades are manufactured.
LO Describe how anti-icing/de-icing systems x x x
are designed into the blade construction of
some helicopters.
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LO List the materials used in the construction x x x

of tail-rotor blades.
LO List the main structural components of a x x x
tail-rotor blade and their function.
021 17 02 03 Stresses
LO Describe the tail-rotor blade-loading on the x x x
ground and in flight.
LO Describe the structural limitations of tail- x x x
rotor blades.
LO Describe the method of checking the strike x x x
indicators placed on the tip of some tail-
rotor blades.
LO Describe the adjustment of yaw pedals in x x x
the cockpit to obtain full control authority
of the tail rotor.
Page 138 of 551

C. SUBJECT 022 — INSTRUMENTATION

reference Objectives ATPL CPL ATPL/ ATPL CPL
IR
020 00 00 00 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
022 00 00 00 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE —

INSTRUMENTATION
022 01 00 00 SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTS

022 01 01 00 Pressure gauge
LO Define ‘pressure’, ‘absolute pressure’ and x x x x x
‘differential pressure’.
LO List the following units used for pressure: x x x x x
— Pascal,
— bar,
— inches of mercury (in Hg),
— pounds per square inch (PSI).
LO State the relationship between the x x x x x
different units.
LO List and describe the following different x x x x x
types of sensors used according to the
pressure to be measured:
— aneroid capsules,
— bellows,
— diaphragms,
— bourdon tube.
LO Solid-state sensors (to be introduced at a x x x x x
later date)
LO For each type of sensor identify x x x x x
applications such as:
— liquid-pressure measurement (fuel,
oil, hydraulic);
— air-pressure measurement (bleed-air
systems, air-conditioning systems);
— Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP)
gauge.
LO Pressure probes for Engine Pressure Ratio x x
(EPR).
LO Give examples of display for each of the x x x x x
applications above.
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LO Explain the need for remote-indicating x x x x x
systems.
022 01 02 00 Temperature sensing
LO Explain temperature. x x x x x
LO List the following units that can be used for x x x x x

temperature measurement:
— Kelvin,
— Celsius,
— Fahrenheit.
LO State the relationship between these x x x x x
different units.
LO Describe and explain the operating x x x x x
principles of the following types of sensors:
— expansion type (bimetallic strip),
— electrical type (resistance,
thermocouple).
LO State the relationship for a thermocouple x x x x x
between the electromotive force and the
temperature to be measured.
LO For each type, identify applications such as: x x x x x
— gas-temperature measurement
(ambient air, bleed-air systems, air-
conditioning systems, air inlet,
exhaust gas, gas turbine outlets);
— liquid-temperature measurement
(fuel, oil, hydraulic).
LO Give examples of display for each of the x x x x x
applications above.
022 01 03 00 Fuel gauge
LO State that the quantity of fuel can be x x x x x
measured by volume or mass.
LO List the following units used for fuel x x x x x
quantity when measured by mass:
— kilogramme;
— pound.
LO State the relationship between these x x x x x
different units.
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LO Define ‘capacitance’ and ‘permittivity’, and x x x x x
state their relationship with density.
LO List and explain the parameters that can X X X X X
affect the measurement of the volume
and/or mass of the fuel in a wing fuel tank:
— temperature;
— aircraft accelerations and attitudes,
and explain how the fuel-gauge
system design compensates for these
changes.
LO Describe and explain the operating x x x x x
principles of the following types of fuel
gauges:
— float system;
— capacitance type fuel-gauge system;
— ultrasound type of fuel gauge: to be
introduced at a later date.
022 01 04 00 Fuel flowmeters
LO Define ‘fuel flow’ and where it is measured. x x x x x
LO State that fuel flow may be measured by x x x x x

volume or mass per unit of time.
LO List the following units used for fuel flow x x x x x
when measured by mass per hour:
— kilogrammes/hour,
— pounds/hour.
LO List the following units used for fuel flow x x x x x
when measured by volume per hour:
— litres/hour,
— US gallons/hour.
types of fuel flowmeter:
— mechanical,
— electrical (analogue),
— electronic (digital),
and explain how the signal can be
corrected to measure mass flow.
LO Explain how total fuel consumption is x x x x x
obtained.
022 01 05 00 Tachometer
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LO List the following types of tachometers: x x x x x
— mechanical (rotating magnet);
— electrical (three-phase tacho-
generator);
— electronic (impulse measurement
with speed probe and phonic wheel);
— and describe the operating principle
of each type.
LO For each type, identify applications such as x x x x x
engine-speed measurement (crankshaft
speed for piston engines, spool speed for
gas turbine engines), wheel-speed
measurement for anti-skid systems (anti-
skid systems for aeroplane only), and give
examples of display.
LO State that engine speed is most commonly x x x x x
displayed as a percentage.
022 01 06 00 Thrust measurement
LO List and describe the following two x x
parameters used to represent thrust: N1,
EPR.
LO Explain the operating principle of the EPR x x
gauge and the consequences for the pilot in
case of a malfunction including blockage
and leakage.
LO Give examples of display for N1 and EPR. x x
022 01 07 00 Engine torquemeter

LO Define ‘torque’. x x x x x
LO Explain the relationship between power, x x x x x

torque and RPM.
LO List the following units used for torque: x x x x x
— Newton meters,
— inch or foot pounds.
LO State that engine torque can be displayed x x x x x
as a percentage.
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types of torquemeters:
— mechanical,
— electronic,
and explain their operating principles.
LO Compare the two systems with regard to x x x x x
design and weight.
LO Give examples of display. x x x x x
022 01 08 00 Synchroscope
LO State the purpose of a synchroscope. x x
LO Explain the operating principle of a x x

synchroscope.
LO Give examples of display. x x
022 01 09 00 Engine-vibration monitoring

LO State the purpose of a vibration-monitoring x x
system for a jet engine.
vibration-monitoring system using the
following two types of sensors:
— piezoelectric crystal,
— magnet.
LO State that no specific unit is displayed for a x x
vibration-monitoring system.
LO Give examples of display. x x
022 01 10 00 Time measurement

LO Explain the use of time/date measurement x x x x x
and recording for engines and system
maintenance.
022 02 00 00 MEASUREMENT OF AIR-DATA PARAMETERS
022 02 01 00 Pressure measurement
LO Define ‘static, total and dynamic pressures’ x x x x x x
and state the relationship between them.
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LO Define ‘impact pressure’ as total pressure x x x x x x
minus static pressure and discuss the
conditions when dynamic pressure equals
impact pressure.
022 02 01 02 Pitot/static system: design and errors
LO Describe the design and the operating x x x x x x
principle of a:
— static source,
— pitot tube,
— combined pitot/static probe.
LO For each of these indicate the various x x x x x x
locations, and describe the following
associated errors:
— position errors;
— instrument errors;
— errors due to a non-longitudinal axial
flow (including manoeuvre-induced
errors);
and the means of correction and/or
compensation.
LO Describe a typical pitot/static system and x x x x x x
list the possible outputs.
LO Explain the redundancy and the x x x x x x
interconnections of typical pitot/static
systems.
LO Explain the purpose of heating and x x x x x x
interpret the effect of heating on sensed
pressure.
LO List the affected instruments and explain x x x x x x
the consequences for the pilot in case of a
malfunction including blockage and
leakage.
LO Describe alternate static sources and their x x x x x x
effects when used.
LO Solid-state sensors (to be introduced at a x x x x x x
later date).
022 02 02 00 Temperature measurement
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LO Define ‘OAT’, ‘SAT’, ‘TAT’ and ‘measured x x x x x x
temperature’.
LO Define ‘ram rise’ and ‘recovery factor’. x
LO State the relationship between the x

different temperatures according to Mach
number.
022 02 02 02 Design and operation
LO Describe the following types of air- x x x x x x
temperature probes and their features:
— expansion type: bimetallic strip, direct
reading;
— electrical type wire resistance, remote
reading.
LO For each of these indicate the various x x x x x x
locations, and describe the following
associated errors:
— position errors,
— instrument errors,
and the means of correction and/or
compensation.
LO Explain the purpose of heating and x x x x x x
interpret the effect of heating on sensed
temperature.
022 02 03 00 Angle-of-attack measurement
LO Describe the following two types of angle- x x
of-attack sensors:
— null-seeking (slotted) probe,
— vane detector.
LO For each type, explain the operating x x
principles.
LO Explain how both types are protected x x
against ice.
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LO Give examples of systems that use the x x
angle of attack as an input, such as:
— air-data computer;
— Stall Warning Systems;
— flight-envelope protection systems.
LO Give examples of different types of angle- x x
of-attack (AoA) displays.
022 02 04 00 Altimeter
LO Define ‘ISA’. x x x x x x
LO List the following two units used for x x x x x x

altimeters:
— feet,
— metres,
— height, altitude;
— indicated altitude, true altitude;
— pressure altitude, density altitude.
LO Define the following barometric references: x x x x x x
‘QNH’, ‘QFE’, ‘1013,25’.
LO Explain the operating principles of an x x x x x x
altimeter.
LO Describe and compare the following three x x x x x x
types of altimeters:
— simple altimeter (single capsule);
— sensitive altimeter (multi-capsule);
— servoassisted altimeter.
LO Give examples of associated displays: x x x x x x
pointer, multi-pointer, drum, vertical
straight scale.
LO Describe the following errors: x x x x x x
— pitot/static system errors;
— temperature error (air column not at
ISA conditions);
— time lag (altimeter response to change
of height);
and the means of correction.
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LO Give examples of altimeter corrections x x x x x x
table from an Aircraft Operating Handbook
(AOH).
LO Describe the effects of a blockage or a x x x x x x
leakage on the static pressure line.
022 02 05 00 Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
LO List the two units used for VSI: x x x x x x
— metres per second,
— feet per minute,
LO Explain the operating principles of a VSI. x x x x x x
LO Describe and compare the following two x x x x x x

types of vertical speed indicators:
— barometric type,
— inertial type (inertial information
provided by an inertial reference unit).
LO Describe the following VSI errors: x x x x x x
— pitot/static system errors,
— time lag,
and the means of correction.
LO Describe the effects on a VSI of a blockage x x x x x x
or a leakage on the static pressure line.
LO Give examples of a VSI display. x x x x x x
022 02 06 00 Airspeed Indicator (ASI)

LO List the following three units used for x x x x x x
airspeed:
— nautical miles/hour (knots),
— statute miles/hour,
— kilometres/hour,
LO Define ‘IAS’, ‘CAS’, ‘EAS’, ‘TAS’ and state x x x x x x
and explain the relationship between these
speeds.
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LO Describe the following ASI errors and state x x x x x x
when they must be considered:
— pitot/static system errors,
— compressibility error,
— density error.
LO Explain the operating principles of an ASI x x x x x x
(as appropriate to aeroplanes or
helicopters).
LO Give examples of an ASI display: pointer, x x x x x x
vertical straight scale.
LO Interpret ASI corrections tables as used in x x x x x x
an Aircraft Operating Handbook (AOH).
LO Define and explain the following colour x x
codes that can be used on an ASI:
— white arc (flap operating speed
range);
— green arc (normal operating speed
range);
— yellow arc (caution speed range);
— red line (VNE);
— blue line (best rate of climb speed,
one-engine-out for multi-engine
piston light aeroplanes).
LO Describe the effects on an ASI of a blockage x x x x x x
or a leakage in the static and/or total
pressure line(s).
022 02 07 00 Machmeter
LO Define ‘Mach number’ and ‘Local Speed of x
Sound’ (LSS), and perform simple
calculations that include these terms.
LO Describe the operating principle of a x
Machmeter.
LO Explain why a Machmeter suffers only from x
pitot/static system errors.
LO Give examples of a Machmeter display: x
pointer, drum, vertical straight scale,
digital.
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LO Describe the effects on a Machmeter of a x
blockage or a leakage in the static and/or
total pressure line(s).
LO State the relationship between Mach x
number, CAS and TAS, and interpret their
variations according to FL and temperature
changes.
LO State the existence of MMO. x
022 02 08 00 Air-Data Computer (ADC)

LO Explain the operating principle of an ADC. x x x
LO List the following possible input data: x x x

— TAT,
— static pressure,
— total pressure,
— measured temperature,
— angle of attack,
— flaps and landing gear position,
— stored aircraft data.
LO List the following possible output data: x x x
— IAS,
— TAS,
— SAT,
— TAT,
— Mach number,
— angle of attack,
— altitude,
— vertical speed,
— VMO/MMO pointer.
LO For each output, list the datum/data x x x
sensed and explain the principle of
calculation.
LO Explain how position, instrument, x x x
compressibility and density errors can be
compensated/corrected to achieve a TAS
calculation.
LO Explain why accuracy is improved for each x x x
output datum when compared to raw data.
LO Give examples of instruments and/or x x x
systems which may use ADC output data.
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LO State that an ADC can be a stand-alone x x x
system or integrated with the Inertial
Reference Unit (ADIRU).
LO Explain the ADC architecture for air-data x x x
measurement including sensors, processing
units and displays, as opposed to stand-
alone air-data measurement instruments.
LO Explain the advantage of an ADC for air- x x x
data information management compared
to raw data.
022 03 00 00 MAGNETISM — DIRECT-READING
COMPASS AND FLUX VALVE
022 03 01 00 Earth’s magnetic field
LO Describe the magnetic field of the Earth. x x x x x x
LO Explain the properties of a magnet. x x x x x x

— magnetic variation,
— magnetic dip (inclination).
022 03 02 00 Aircraft magnetic field
LO Define and explain the following terms: x x x x x x
— magnetic and non-magnetic material;
— hard and soft iron;
— permanent magnetism and
electromagnetism.
LO Explain the principles and the reasons for: x x x x x x
— compass swinging (determination of
initial deviations);
— compass compensation (correction of
deviations found);
— compass calibration (determination of
residual deviations).
LO List the causes of the aircraft’s magnetic x x x x x x
field and explain how it affects the accuracy
of the compass indications.
LO Describe the purpose and the use of a x x x x x x
deviation correction card.
022 03 03 00 Direct-reading magnetic compass
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LO Define the role of a direct-reading magnetic x x x x x x
compass.
LO Describe and explain the design of a x x x x x x
vertical card-type compass.
LO Describe the deviation compensation. x x x x x x
LO Describe and interpret the effects of the x x x x x x

following errors:
— acceleration,
— turning,
— attitude,
— deviation.
LO Explain how to use and interpret the direct- x x x x x x
reading compass indications during a turn.
022 03 04 00 Flux valve
LO Explain the purpose of a flux valve. x x x x x x
LO Explain its operating principle. x x x x x x
LO Indicate various locations and precautions x x x x x x

needed.
LO Give the remote-reading compass system x x x x x x
as example of application.
LO State that because of the electromagnetic x x x x x x
deviation correction, the flux-valve output
itself does not have a deviation correction
card.
LO Describe and interpret the effects of the x x x x x x
following errors:
— acceleration,
— turning,
— attitude,
— deviation.
022 04 00 00 GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS
022 04 01 00 Gyroscope: basic principles
LO Define a ‘gyro’. x x x x x x
LO Explain the fundamentals of the theory of x x x x x x

gyroscopic forces.
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LO Define the ‘degrees of freedom’ of a gyro. x x x x x x
Remark: As a convention, the degrees of
freedom of a gyroscope do not include its
own axis of rotation (the spin axis).
LO Explain the following terms: x x x x x x
— rigidity,
— precession,
— wander (drift/topple).
LO Distinguish between: x x x x x x
— real wander and apparent wander;
— apparent wander due to the rotation
of the Earth and transport wander.
LO Describe a free (space) gyro and a tied x x x x x x
gyro.
LO Describe and compare electrically and x x x x x x
pneumatically-driven gyroscopes.
LO Explain the construction and operating x x x x x x
principles of a:
— rate gyro,
— rate-integrating gyro.
022 04 02 00 Rate-of-turn indicator — Turn coordinator
— Balance (slip) indicator
LO Explain the purpose of a rate-of-turn and x x x x x x
balance (slip) indicator.
LO Define a ‘rate-one turn’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the construction and principles of x x x x x x

operation of a rate-of-turn indicator.
LO State the degrees of freedom of a rate-of- x x x x x x
turn indicator.
LO Explain the relation between bank angle, x x x x x x
rate of turn and TAS.
LO Explain why the indication of a rate-of-turn x x x x x x
indicator is only correct for one TAS and
when turn is coordinated.
LO Describe the construction and principles of X X X X X x
operation of a balance (slip) indicator.
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IR
LO Explain the purpose of a balance (slip) x x x x x x
indicator.
LO Describe the indications of a rate-of-turn x x x x x x
and balance (slip) indicator during a
balanced, slip or skid turn.
LO Describe the construction and principles of x x x x x x
operation of a turn coordinator (or turn-
and-bank indicator).
LO Compare the rate-of-turn indicator and the x x x x x x
turn coordinator.
022 04 03 00 Attitude indicator (artificial horizon)
LO Explain the purpose of the attitude x x x x x x
indicator.
LO Describe the different designs and x x x x x x
principles of operation of attitude
indicators (air-driven, electric).
LO State the degrees of freedom. x x x x x x
LO Describe the gimbal system. x x x x x x
LO Describe the effects of the aircraft’s x x x x x x

acceleration and turns on instrument
indications.
LO Describe the attitude display and x x x x x x
instrument markings.
LO Explain the purpose of a vertical gyro unit. x x x x x x
LO List and describe the following components x x x x x x

of a vertical gyro unit:
— inputs: pitch and roll sensors;
— transmission and amplification
(synchros and amplifiers);
— outputs: display units such as Attitude
Direction Indicator (ADI), auto-flight
control systems.
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IR
LO State the advantages and disadvantages of x x x x x x
a vertical gyro unit compared to an attitude
indicator with regard to:
— design (power source, weight and
volume);
— accuracy of the information displayed;
— availability of the information for
several systems (ADI, AFCS).
022 04 04 00 Directional gyroscope
LO Explain the purpose of the directional x x x x x x
gyroscope.
LO Describe the following two types of x x x x x x
directional gyroscopes:
— air-driven directional gyro;
— electric directional gyro.
LO State the degrees of freedom. x x x x x x
LO Describe the gimbal system. x x x x x x
LO Define the following different errors: x x x x x x

— design and manufacturing
imperfections (random wander);
— apparent wander (rotation of the
Earth);
— transport wander (movement relative
to the Earth’s surface);
and explain their effects.
LO Calculate the apparent wander (apparent x x x x x x
drift rate in degrees per hour) of an
uncompensated gyro according to latitude.
022 04 05 00 Remote-reading compass systems
LO Describe the principles of operation of a x x x x x x
remote-reading compass system.
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IR
LO Using a block diagram, list and explain the x x x x x x
function of the following components of a
remote-reading compass system:
— flux detection unit;
— gyro unit;
— transducers, precession amplifiers,
annunciator;
— display unit (compass card,
synchronising and set-heading knob,
DG/compass switch).
a remote-reading compass system
compared to a direct-reading magnetic
compass with regard to:
— design (power source, weight and
volume);
— deviation due to aircraft magnetism;
— turning and acceleration errors;
— attitude errors;
— accuracy and stability of the
information displayed;
— availability of the information for
several systems (compass card, RMI,
AFCS).
022 04 06 00 Solid-state systems — AHRS (the following x x x x x x
paragraph is to be introduced at a later
date)
LO State that the Micro-Electromechanical x x x x x x
Sensors (MEMS) technology can be used to
make:
— solid-state accelerometers;
— solid-state rate sensor gyroscopes;
— solid-state magnetometers
(measurement of the Earth’s magnetic
field).
LO Describe the basic principle of a solid-state x x x x x x
Attitude and Heading Reference System
(AHRS) using a solid-state 3-axis rate
sensor, 3-axis accelerometer and a 3-axis
magnetometer.
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IR
LO Compare the solid-state AHRS with the x x x x x x
mechanical gyroscope and flux-gate system
with regard to:
— size and weight,
— accuracy,
— reliability,
— cost.
022 05 00 00 INERTIAL NAVIGATION AND REFERENCE
SYSTEMS (INS AND IRS)
022 05 01 00 Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)
(stabilised inertial platform)
LO Explain the basic principles of inertial x x x
navigation.
022 05 01 02 Design
LO List and describe the main components of a x x x
stabilised inertial platform.
LO Explain the different corrections made to x x x
stabilise the platform.
LO List the following two effects that must be x x x
compensated for:
— Coriolis,
— centrifugal.
LO Explain the alignment of the system, the x x x
different phases associated and the
conditions required.
LO Explain the Schuler condition and give the x x x
value of the Schuler period.
022 05 01 03 Errors, accuracy
LO State that there are three different types of x x x
errors:
— bounded errors,
— unbounded errors,
— other errors.
LO Give average values for bounded and x x x
unbounded errors according to time.
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IR
LO State that an average value for the position x x x
error of the INS according to time is 1,5
NM/hour or more.
022 05 01 04 Operation
LO Give examples of INS control and display x x x
panels.
LO Give an average value of alignment time at x x x
midlatitudes.
LO List the outputs given by an INS. x x x
LO Describe and explain the consequences x x x

concerning the loss of alignment by an INS
in flight.
022 05 02 00 Inertial Reference Systems (IRS) (strapped-
down)
LO Describe the operating principle of a x x x
strapped-down IRS.
LO State the differences between a strapped- x x x
down inertial system (IRS) and a stabilised
inertial platform (INS).
022 05 02 02 Design
LO List and describe the following main x x x
components of an IRS:
— rate sensors (laser gyros),
— inertial accelerometers,
— high-performance processors,
— display unit.
LO Explain the construction and operating x x x
principles of a Ring Laser Gyroscope (RLG).
LO Explain the different computations and x x x
corrections to be made to achieve data
processing.
LO Explain the alignment of the system, the x x x
different phases associated and the
conditions required.
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IR
LO Explain why the Schuler condition is still x x x
required.
LO Describe the ‘lock-in’ (laser lock) x x x
phenomena and the means to overcome it.
LO State that an IRS can be a stand-alone x x x
system or integrated with an ADC (ADIRU).
022 05 02 03 Errors, accuracy
LO Compare IRS and INS for errors and x x x
accuracy.
LO Compare IRS and INS, and give recent x x x
examples of control panels.
LO List the outputs given by an IRS. x x x
LO Give the advantages and disadvantages of x x x

an IRS compared to an INS.
022 06 00 00 AEROPLANE: AUTOMATIC FLIGHT
CONTROL SYSTEMS
022 06 01 00 General: Definitions and control loops
LO State the following purposes of an x x
Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS):
— enhancement of flight controls;
— reduction of pilot workload.
LO Define and explain the following two x x
functions of an AFCS:
— aircraft control: control of the
aeroplane’s movement about its
centre of gravity (CG);
— aircraft guidance: guidance of the
aeroplane’s CG (flight path).
LO Define and explain ‘closed loop’ and open x x
loop.
LO Explain that the inner loop is for aircraft x x
control and outer loop is for aircraft
guidance.
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IR
LO List the following different elements of a x x
closed-loop control system and explain
their function:
— input signal;
— error detector;
— signal processing (computation of
output signal according to control
laws);
— output signal;
— control element;
— feedback signal.
022 06 02 00 Autopilot system: design and operation
LO Define the three basic control channels. x x
LO List the following different types of x x

autopilot systems: 1-axis, 2-axis and 3-axis.
LO List and describe the main components of x x
an autopilot system.
LO Explain and describe the following lateral x x
modes: roll, heading, VOR/LOC, NAV or
LNAV.
LO Describe the purpose of control laws for x x
pitch and roll modes.
LO Explain and describe the following x x
longitudinal (or vertical) modes: pitch,
vertical speed, level change, altitude hold
(ALT), profile or VNAV, G/S.
LO Give basic examples for pitch and roll x x
channels of inner loops and outer loops
with the help of a diagram.
LO Explain the influence of gain variation on x x
precision and stability.
LO Explain gain adaptation with regard to x x
speed, configuration or flight phase.
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IR
LO Explain and describe the following common x x
(or mixed) modes: take-off, go-around and
approach.
Remark: The landing sequence is studied in
022 06 04 00.
LO List the different types of actuation x x
configuration and compare their
advantages/disadvantages.
LO List the inputs and outputs of a 3-axis x x
autopilot system.
LO Describe and explain the synchronisation x x
function.
LO Give examples of engagement and x x
disengagement systems and conditions.
LO Define the ‘Control Wheel Steering’ (CWS) x x
mode according to CS-25
(see AMC 25.1329, paragraph 4.3).
LO Describe the CWS mode operation. x x
LO Describe with the help of a control panel of x x

an autopilot system and a flight mode
annunciator/indicator the actions and the
checks performed by a pilot through a
complete sequence:
— from Heading (HDG) selection to
VOR/LOC guidance (arm/capture/
track);
— from Altitude selection (LVL change)
to Altitude (ALT) hold (arm/intercept/
hold).
LO Describe and explain the different phases x x
and the associated annunciations/
indications from level change to altitude
capture and from heading mode to VOR/
LOC capture.
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IR
LO Describe and explain the existence of x x
operational limits for lateral modes (LOC
capture) with regard to speed/angle of
interception/distance to threshold, and for
longitudinal modes (ALT or G/S capture)
with regard to V/S.
022 06 03 00 Flight Director: design and operation
LO State the purpose of a Flight Director (FD) x x
system.
LO List and describe the main components of x x
an FD system.
LO List the different types of display. x x
LO Explain the differences between an FD x x

system and an Autopilot (AP) system.
LO Explain how an FD and an AP can be used x x
together, separately (AP with no FD, or FD
with no AP), or none of them.
LO Give examples of different situations with x x
the respective indications of the command
bars.
022 06 04 00 Aeroplane: Flight Mode Annunciator
(FMA)
LO Explain the purpose and the importance of x x
the FMA.
LO State that the FMA provides: x x
— AFCS lateral and vertical modes;
— auto-throttle modes;
— FD selection, AP engagement and
automatic landing capacity;
— failure and alert messages.
022 06 05 00 Autoland: design and operation
LO Explain the purpose of an autoland system. x
LO List and describe the main components of x

an autoland system.
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IR
LO Define the following terms: x
— ‘fail passive system’;
— ‘fail operational’ (fail active) system;
— alert height;
according to CS-AWO.
LO Describe and explain the autoland x
sequence and the associated
annunciations/indications from initial
approach to roll-out (AP disengagement) or
go-around.
LO List and explain the operational limitations x
to perform an autoland.
022 07 00 00 HELICOPTER: AUTOMATIC FLIGHT
CONTROL SYSTEMS
022 07 01 01 Stabilisation
LO Explain the similarities and differences x x x
between SAS and AFCS (the latter can
actually fly the helicopter to perform
certain functions selected by the pilot).
Some AFCSs just have altitude and heading
hold whilst others include a vertical speed
or IAS hold mode, where a constant rate of
climb/decent or IAS is maintained by the
AFCS.
022 07 01 02 Reduction of pilot workload
LO Appreciate how effective the AFCS is in x x x
reducing pilot workload by improving basic
aircraft control harmony and decreasing
disturbances.
Page 162 of 551

022 07 01 03 Enhancement of helicopter capability

LO Explain how an AFCS improves helicopter x x x
flight safety during:
— search and rescue because of
increased capabilities;
— flight by sole reference to
instruments;
— underslung load operations;
— white-out conditions in snow-covered
landscapes;
— an approach to land with lack of visual
cues.
LO Explain that the Search and Rescue (SAR) x x x
modes of AFCS include the following
functions:
— ability to autohover;
— automatically transition down from
cruise to a predetermined point or
over-flown point;
— ability for the rear crew to move the
helicopter around in the hover;
— the ability to automatically transition
back from the hover to cruise flight;
— the ability to fly various search
patterns.
LO Explain that the earlier autohover systems x x x
use Doppler velocity sensors and the later
systems use inertial sensors plus GPS, and
normally include a two-dimensional hover-
velocity indicator for the pilots.
LO Explain why some SAR helicopters have x x x
both radio-altimeter height hold and
barometric altitude hold.
022 07 01 04 Failures
LO Explain the various redundancies and x x x
independent systems that are built into the
AFCSs.
LO Appreciate that the pilot can override the x x x
system in the event of a failure.
LO Explain a series actuator ‘hard over’ which x x x
equals aircraft attitude runaway.
Page 163 of 551

LO Explain the consequences of a saturation of x x x

the series actuators.
022 07 02 00 Components: Operation
022 07 02 01 Basic sensors
LO Explain the basic sensors in the system and x x x
their functions.
LO Explain that the number of sensors will be x x x
dependent on the number of couple modes
of the system.
022 07 02 02 Specific sensors
LO Explain the function of the microswitches x x x
and strain gauges in the system which
sense pilot input to prevent excessive
feedback forces from the system.
022 07 02 03 Actuators
LO Explain the principles of operation of the x x x
series and parallel actuators, spring-box
clutches and the autotrim system.
LO Explain the principle of operation of the x x x
electronic hydraulic actuators in the
system.
022 07 02 04 Pilot/system interface: control panels,
system indication, warnings
LO Describe the typical layout of the AFCS x x x
control panel.
LO Describe the system indications and x x x
warnings.
LO Explain the functions of the redundant x x x
sensors’ simplex and duplex channels
(single/dual channel).
022 07 03 00 Stability Augmentation System (SAS)
022 07 03 01 General principles and operation
Page 164 of 551

LO Explain the general principles and x x x

operation of an SAS with regard to:
— rate damping;
— short-term attitude hold;
— effect on static stability;
— effect on dynamic stability;
— aerodynamic cross-coupling;
— effect on manoeuvrability;
— control response;
— engagement/disengagement;
— authority.
LO Explain and describe the general working x x x
principles and primary use of SAS by
damping pitch, roll and yaw motions.
LO Describe a simple SAS with forced trim x x x
system which uses magnetic clutch and
springs to hold cyclic control in the position
where it was last released.
LO Explain the interaction of trim with x x x
SAS/Stability and Control Augmentation
System (SCAS).
LO Appreciate that the system can be x x x
overridden by the pilot and individual
channels deselected.
LO Describe the operational limits of the x x x
system.
LO Explain why the system should be turned x x x
off in severe turbulence or when extreme
flight attitudes are reached.
LO Explain the safety design features built into x x x
some SASs to limit the authority of the
actuators to 10–20 % of the full-control
throw in order to allow the pilot to override
if actuators demand an unsafe control
input.
LO Explain how cross-coupling produces an x x x
adverse effect on roll to yaw coupling,
when the helicopter is subject to gusts.
LO Explain the collective-to-pitch coupling, x x x
side-slip-to-pitch coupling and inter-axis
coupling.
Page 165 of 551

022 07 04 00 Autopilot — Automatic stability

equipment
LO Explain the general autopilot principles x x x
with regard to:
— long-term attitude hold;
— fly-through;
— changing the reference (beep trim,
trim release).
022 07 04 02 Basic modes (3/4 axes)
LO Explain the AFCS operation on cyclic axes x x x
(pitch/roll), yaw axis, and on collective
(fourth axis).
022 07 04 03 Automatic guidance (upper modes of
AFCS)
LO Explain the function of the attitude-hold x x x
system in an AFCS.
LO Explain the function of the heading-hold x x x
system in an AFCS.
LO Explain the function of the vertical-speed x x x
hold system in an AFCS.
LO Explain the function of the navigation- x x x
coupling system in an AFCS.
LO Explain the function of the VOR/ILS- x x x
coupling system in an AFCS.
LO Explain the function of the hover-mode x x x
system in an AFCS (including Doppler and
radio altimeter systems).
LO Explain the function of the SAR mode x x x
(automatic transition to hover and back to
cruise) in an AFCS.
022 07 04 04 Flight Director: design and operation
LO Explain the purpose of a Flight Director (FD) x x x
system.
LO List the different types of display. x x x
Page 166 of 551

LO State the difference between the FD system x x x

and the autopilot system. Explain how each
can be used independently.
LO List and describe the main components of x x x
an FD system.
LO Give examples of different situations with x x x
the respective indications of the command
bars.
LO Explain the architecture of the different x x x
FDs fitted to helicopters and the
importance to monitor other instruments
as well as the FD, because on some
helicopter types which have the collective
setting on the FD, there is no protection
against a collective transmission
overtorque.
LO Describe the collective setting and yaw x x x
depiction on FD for some helicopters.
022 07 04 05 Automatic Flight Control Panel (AFCP)
LO Explain the purpose and the importance of x x x
the AFCP.
LO State that the AFCP provides: x x x
— AFCS basic and upper modes;
— FD selection, SAS and AP engagement;
— failure and alert messages.
022 08 00 00 TRIMS — YAW DAMPER — FLIGHT-
ENVELOPE PROTECTION
022 08 01 00 Trim systems: design and operation
LO Explain the purpose of the trim system. x x
LO State the existence of a trim system for x x

each of the three axes.
LO Give examples of trim indicators and their x x
function.
LO Describe and explain an automatic pitch- x x
trim system for a conventional aeroplane.
LO Describe and explain an automatic pitch- x
trim system for a fly-by-wire aeroplane.
Page 167 of 551

LO State that for a fly-by-wire aeroplane the x

automatic pitch-trim system operates also
during manual flight.
LO Describe the consequences of manual x x
operation on the trim wheel when the
automatic pitch-trim system is engaged.
LO Describe and explain the engagement and x x
disengagement conditions of the autopilot
according to trim controls.
LO Define ‘Mach trim’ and state that the x x
Mach-trim system can be independent.
LO State that for a fly-by-wire aeroplane an x x
autotrim system can be available for each
of the three axes.
Remark: For the fly-by-wire LOs, please
refer to reference 21.5.4.0.
022 08 02 00 Yaw damper: design and operation
LO Explain the purpose of the yaw-damper x x
system.
LO List and describe the main components of a x x
yaw-damper system.
LO Explain the purpose of the Dutch-roll filter x x
(filtering of the yaw input signal).
LO Explain the operation of a yaw-damper x x
system and state the difference between a
yaw-damper system and a 3-axis autopilot
operation on the rudder channel.
022 08 03 00 Flight-Envelope Protection (FEP)
LO Explain the purpose of the FEP. x
LO List the input parameters of the FEP. x
LO Explain the following functions of the FEP: x

— stall protection,
— overspeed protection.
Page 168 of 551

LO State that the stall protection function and x

the overspeed protection function apply to
both mechanical/conventional and fly-by-
wire control systems, but other functions
(e.g. pitch or bank limitation) can only
apply to fly-by-wire control systems.
Page 169 of 551

022 09 00 00 AUTO-THROTTLE — AUTOMATIC THRUST

CONTROL SYSTEM
LO State the purpose of the auto-throttle (AT) x
system.
LO Explain the operation of an AT system with x
regard to the following modes:
— take-off/go-around;
— climb or Maximum Continuous Thrust
(MCT): N1 or EPR targeted;
— speed;
— idle thrust;
— landing (‘flare’ or ‘retard’).
LO Describe the control loop of an AT system x
with regard to:
— inputs: mode selection unit and
switches (disengagement and
engagement: TO-GA switches), radio
altitude, air–ground logic switches;
— error detection: comparison between
reference values (N1 or EPR, speed)
and actual values;
— signal processing (control laws of the
thrust-lever displacement according to
error signal);
— outputs: AT servo-actuator;
— feedback: Thrust Lever Angle (TLA),
data from ADC (TAS, Mach number),
engine parameters (N1 or EPR).
LO State the existence of AT systems where x
thrust modes are determined by the lever
position (no thrust mode panel or thrust
rating panel, no TOGA switches).
LO Explain the limitations of an AT system in x
case of turbulence.
022 10 00 00 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
022 10 01 00 Voice communication, data link
transmission
022 10 01 01 Definitions and transmission modes
LO State the purpose of a data link x
transmission system.
LO Compare voice communication versus data x
link transmission systems.
Page 170 of 551

LO State that VHF, HF and SATCOM devices x

can be used for voice communication and
data link transmission.
LO State the advantages and disadvantages of x
each transmission mode with regard to:
— range;
— line-of-sight limitations;
— quality of the signal received;
— interference due to ionospheric
conditions;
— data transmission speed.
LO State that the satellite communication x
networks do not cover extreme polar
regions.
LO Define ‘downlink and uplink x
communications’.
LO State that a D-ATIS is an ATIS message x
received by data link.
022 10 01 02 Systems: Architecture, design and
operation
LO Name the two following data link service x
providers:
— SITA,
— ARINC,
and state their function.
LO Describe the ACARS network. x
LO Describe the two following systems using x

the VHF/HF/SATCOM data link
transmission:
— Aircraft Communication Addressing
and Reporting System (ACARS);
— Air Traffic Service Unit (ATSU).
Page 171 of 551

LO List and describe the following possible x

onboard components of an ATSU:
— communications management unit
(VHF/HF/SATCOM);
— Data Communication Display Unit
(DCDU);
— Multi-Control Display Unit (MCDU) for
AOC, ATC and messages from the crew
(downlink communication);
— ATC message visual warning;
— printer.
LO Give examples of Airline Operations x
Communications (AOC) data link messages
such as:
— Out of the gate, Off the ground, On
the ground, Into the gate (OOOI);
— load sheet;
— passenger information (connecting
flights);
— weather reports (METAR, TAF);
— maintenance reports (engine
exceedances);
— free-text messages.
LO Give examples of Air Traffic x
Communications (ATC) data link messages
such as:
— departure clearance,
— oceanic clearance.
022 10 02 00 Future Air Navigation Systems (FANS)
LO State the existence of the ICAO x
Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/
Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM)
concept.
LO Define and explain the ‘FANS concept’ x
(including FANS A and FANS B).
LO State that FANS A uses the ACARS network. x
LO List and explain the following FANS A x

applications:
— ATS Facility Notification (AFN);
— Automatic Dependent Surveillance
(ADS);
— Controller–Pilot Data Link
Communications (CPDLC).
Page 172 of 551

LO Compare the ADS application with the x

secondary surveillance radar function, and
the CPDLC application with VHF
communication systems.
LO State that an ATC centre can use the ADS x
application only, or the CPDLC application
only, or both of them (not including AFN).
LO Describe a notification phase (LOG ON) and x
state its purpose.
LO List the different types of messages of the x
CPDLC function and give examples of CPDLC
data link messages.
LO List the different types of ADS contracts: x
— periodic,
— on demand,
— on event,
— emergency mode.
LO State that the controller can modify the x
‘periodic’, ‘on demand’ and ‘on event’
contracts or the parameters of these
contracts (optional data groups), and that
these modifications do not require crew
notification.
LO Describe the ‘emergency mode’. x
022 11 00 00 FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS)

LO Remark: The use of an FMS as a navigation
system is detailed in Radio Navigation
(062), reference 062 05 04 00.
022 11 01 00 Design
LO State the purpose of an FMS. x x x
LO Describe a typical dual FMS architecture. x x x
LO Describe the different possible x x x

configurations of this architecture during
degraded modes of operation.
Page 173 of 551

LO List the possible inputs and outputs of an x x x

FMS.
Remark: No standard of FMS can be given
because the FMS is type specific for aircraft
manufacturers and the FMS standard is
defined by the airline customer.
LO Describe the interfaces of the FMS with x x x
AFCS.
LO Describe the interfaces of the FMS with the x
AT system.
022 11 02 00 Navigation database, aircraft database
LO Describe the contents and the main x x x
features of the navigation database and of
the aircraft database: read-only
information, updating cycle.
LO Define and explain the ‘performance x x x
factor’.
022 11 03 00 Operations, limitations
LO List and describe data computation and x x x
functions including position computations
(multisensors), flight management,
lateral/vertical navigation and guidance.
LO State the difference between computations x x x
based on measured data (use of sensors)
and computations based on database
information and give examples.
LO Define and explain the ‘Cost Index’ (CI). x
LO Describe navigation accuracy computations x x x

and approach capability, degraded modes
of operation: back-up navigation, use of
raw data to confirm position/RAIM function
for RNAV procedures.
LO Describe fuel computations with standard x x x
and non-standard configurations including
one engine out, landing gear down, flaps,
spoilers, use of the anti-icing system,
increase of consumption due to an
MEL/CDL item, etc.
Page 174 of 551

LO Describe automatic radio navigation and x x x

tuning (COMM, NAV).
022 11 04 00 Man–machine interface (Multifunction
Control Display Unit (MCDU))
LO Give examples and describe the basic x x x
functions of the man–machine interface
(MCDU).
022 12 00 00 ALERTING SYSTEMS, PROXIMITY SYSTEMS
022 12 01 00 General
LO State definitions, category, criteria and x x x x x
characteristics of alerting systems
according to CS 25/AMJ 25.1322 for
aeroplanes and CS-29 for helicopters as
appropriate.
022 12 02 00 Flight Warning Systems (FWS)
LO State the purpose of an FWS and list the x x x x
typical sources (abnormal situations) of a
warning and/or an alert.
LO List the main components of an FWS. x x x x
022 12 03 00 Stall Warning Systems (SWS)

LO State the function of an SWS. x x
LO State the characteristics of an SWS x x

according to CS 25.207(c).
LO List the different types of stall warning x x
systems.
LO List the main components of an SWS. x x
LO List the inputs and outputs of an SWS. x x
022 12 04 00 Stall protection

LO State the function of a stall protection x
system.
LO List the different types of stall protection x
systems including the difference between
mechanical and fly-by-wire controls.
LO List the main components of a stall x
protection system.
Page 175 of 551

LO List the inputs and outputs of a stall x

protection system.
LO Explain the difference between a stall x
warning system and a stall protection
system.
022 12 05 00 Overspeed warning
LO Explain the purpose of an overspeed x x
warning system (VMO/MMO pointer).
LO Explain the design of a mechanical VMO/ x x
MMO pointer.
LO State that for large aeroplanes, an aural x x
warning must be associated to the
overspeed warning if an electronic display
is used (see AMC 25.11, paragraph 10.b(2),
p. 2-GEN-22).
LO Give examples of VMO/MMO pointer: x x
barber pole pointer, barber pole vertical
scale.
022 12 06 00 Take-off warning
LO State the purpose of a take-off warning x
system and list the typical abnormal
situations which generate a warning (see
AMC 25.703, paragraphs 4 and 5).
022 12 07 00 Altitude alert system
LO State the function and describe an altitude x x x x x x
alert system.
LO List and describe the different types of x x x x x x
displays and possible alerts.
022 12 08 00 Radio altimeter
LO State the function of a low-altitude radio x x x x x x
altimeter.
LO Describe the principle of the distance x x x x x x
(height) measurement.
LO State the bandwidth and frequency range x x x x x x
used.
Page 176 of 551

LO List the different components of a radio x x x x x x

altimeter and describe the different types
of displays.
LO List the systems using radio-altimeter x x x x x x
information.
LO State the range and accuracy of a radio x x x x x x
altimeter.
LO Describe and explain the cable-length x x x x x x
compensation.
022 12 09 00 Ground-proximity warning systems
(GPWS)
022 12 09 01 GPWS: design, operation, indications
LO State the purpose of a ground-proximity x x x
warning system (GPWS).
LO List the components of a GPWS. x x x
LO List the inputs and outputs of a GPWS. x x x
LO List and describe the different modes of x x x

operation of a GPWS.
022 12 09 02 Terrain-Avoidance Warning System
(TAWS), other name: Enhanced GPWS
(EGPWS)
LO State the purpose of a TAWS for aeroplanes x x x
and HTAWS for helicopters and explain the
difference from a GPWS.
LO List the components of a TAWS/ HTAWS. x x x
LO List the inputs and outputs of a TAWS/ x x x

HTAWS.
LO Give examples of terrain displays and list x x x
the different possible alerts.
LO Give examples of time response left to the x x x
pilot according to look-ahead distance,
speed and aircraft performances.
LO Explain why the TAWS/HTAWS must be x x x
coupled to a precise-position sensor.
022 12 09 03 Runway awareness and advisory system
(to be introduced at a later date)
Page 177 of 551

LO Explain that a runway awareness and x

advisory system is a software upgrade of
the existing TAWS (EGPWS) to reduce
runway incursions.
022 12 10 00 ACAS/TCAS principles and operations x x x x x x
LO State that ACAS II is an ICAO standard for x x x x x x

anti-collision purposes.
LO State that TCAS II version 7 is compliant x x x x x x
with the ACAS II standard.
LO Explain that ACAS II is an anti-collision x x x x x x
system and does not guarantee any specific
separation.
LO Describe the purpose of an ACAS II system x x x x x x
as an anti-collision system.
LO Define a ‘Resolution Advisory’ (RA) and a x x x x x x
‘Traffic Advisory’ (TA).
LO State that RAs are calculated in the vertical x x x x x x
plane only (climb or descent).
LO Explain the difference between a corrective x x x x x x
RA and a preventive RA (no modification of
vertical speed).
LO Explain that if two aircraft are fitted with x x x x x x
ACAS II, the RA will be coordinated.
LO State that ACAS II equipment can take into x x x x x x
account several threats simultaneously.
LO State that a detected aircraft without x x x x x x
altitude-reporting can only generate a TA.
LO Describe the TCAS II system in with regard x x x x x x
to:
— antenna used;
— computer and links with radio
altimeter, air-data computer and
mode-S transponder.
LO Identify the inputs and outputs of TCAS II. x x x x x x
LO Explain the principle of TCAS II x x x x x x

interrogations.
LO State that the standard detection range is x x x x x x
approximately 30 NM.
Page 178 of 551

LO State that the normal interrogation period x x x x x x

is 1 second.
LO Explain the principle of ‘reduced x x x x x x
surveillance’.
LO Explain that in high-density traffic areas the x x x x x x
period can be extended to
5 seconds and the transmission power
reduction can reduce the range detection
down to 5 NM.
LO Identify the equipment which an intruder x x x x x x
must be fitted with in order to be detected
by TCAS II.
LO Explain in the anti-collision process: x x x x x x
— that the criteria used to trigger an
alarm (TA or RA) are the time to reach
the closest point of approach (called
TAU) and the difference of altitude;
— that an intruder will be classified as
‘proximate’ when being less than 6
NM and 1 200 ft from the TCAS-
equipped aircraft;
— that the time limit to CPA is different
depending on aircraft altitude, is
linked to a sensitivity level (SL), and
state that the value to trigger an RA is
from 15 to 35 seconds;
— that, in case of an RA, the intended
vertical separation varies from 300 to
600 ft (700 ft above FL420), depending
on the SL;
— that below 1 000 ft above ground, no
RA can be generated;
— that below 1 450 ft (radio-altimeter
value) ‘increase descent’ RA is
inhibited;
— that, in high altitude, performances of
the type of aircraft are taken into
account to inhibit ‘climb’ and ‘increase
climb’ RA.
Page 179 of 551

LO List and interpret the following information x x x x x x

available from TCAS:
— the different possible statuses of a
detected aircraft: other, proximate,
intruder;
— the appropriate graphic symbols and
their position on the horizontal
display;
— different aural warnings.
LO Explain that an RA is presented as a x x x x x x
possible vertical speed on a TCAS indicator
or on the Primary Flight Display (PFD).
LO Describe the possible presentation of an RA x x x x x x
on a VSI or on a PFD.
LO Explain that the pilot must not interpret x x x x x x
the horizontal track of an intruder upon the
display.
022 12 11 00 Rotor/engine overspeed alert system
022 12 11 01 Design, operation, displays, alarms
LO Describe the basic design principles, x x x
operation, displays and warning/alarm
systems fitted to different helicopters.
022 13 00 00 INTEGRATED INSTRUMENTS —
ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS
022 13 01 00 Electronic display units
022 13 01 01 Design, limitations
LO List the different technologies used, e.g. x x x x x x
CRT and LCD, and the associated
limitations:
— cockpit temperature,
— glare.
022 13 02 00 Mechanical integrated instruments:
Attitude and Director Indicator
(ADI)/Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
LO Describe an ADI and an HSI. x x x x x x
LO List all the information that can be x x x x x x

displayed for either instruments.
022 13 03 00 Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS)
Page 180 of 551

Remarks:
1 — The use of EFIS as navigation display
system is also detailed in Radio Navigation
(062), reference 062 05 05 02 (EFIS
instruments).
2 — Reference to AMC 25-1322 can be used
for aeroplanes only.
022 13 03 01 Design, operation
LO List and describe the different components x x x x x x
of an EFIS.
LO List the following possible inputs and x x x x x x
outputs of an EFIS:
— control panel,
— display units,
— symbol generator,
— remote-light sensor.
LO Describe the function of the symbol x x x x x x
generator unit.
022 13 03 02 Primary Flight Display (PFD), Electronic
Attitude Director Indicator (EADI)
LO State that a PFD (or an EADI) presents a x x x x x x
dynamic colour display of all the
parameters necessary to control the
aircraft.
Page 181 of 551

LO List and describe the following information x x x x x x

that can be displayed on the PFD unit of an
aircraft:
— flight mode annunciation;
— basic T:
• attitude,
• IAS,
• altitude,
• heading/track indications;
— vertical speed;
— maximum-airspeed warning;
— selected airspeed;
— speed-trend vector;
— selected altitude;
— current barometric reference;
— steering indications (FD command
bars);
— selected heading;
— flight path vector (FPV);
— radio altitude;
— decision height;
— ILS indications;
— ACAS (TCAS) indications;
— failure flags and messages.
LO List and describe the following information x
that can also be displayed on the PFD unit
of an aeroplane:
— take-off and landing reference speeds;
— minimum airspeed;
— lower selectable airspeed;
— Mach number.
022 13 03 03 Navigation Display (ND), Electronic
Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI)
LO State that an ND (or an EHSI) provides a x x x x x x
mode-selectable colour flight navigation
display.
LO List and describe the following four modes x x x x x x
displayed on an ND unit:
— MAP (or ARC),
— VOR (or ROSE VOR),
— APP (or ROSE LS),
— PLAN.
Page 182 of 551

LO List and explain the following information x x x x x x

that can be displayed with the MAP (or
ARC) mode on an ND unit:
— selected and current track;
— selected and current heading
(magnetic or true-north reference);
— cross-track error;
— origin and destination airport with
runway selected;
— bearings to or from the tuned and
selected stations;
— active and/or secondary flight plan;
— range marks;
— ground speed;
— TAS and ground speed;
— wind direction and speed;
— next-waypoint distance and estimated
time of arrival;
— additional navigation facilities (STA),
waypoint (WPT) and airports (ARPT);
— weather radar information;
— traffic information from the ACAS
(TCAS);
— terrain information from the TAWS or
HTAWS (EGPWS);
LO List and explain the following information x x x x x x
that can be displayed with the VOR/APP (or
ROSE VOR/ROSE LS) mode on an ND unit:
— selected and current heading
(magnetic or true-north reference)
— VOR course or ILS localizer course
— VOR (VOR or ROSE VOR mode) or LOC
course deviation (APP or ROSE LS);
— glide-slope pointer (APP or ROSE LS);
— frequency or identifier of the tuned
station;
— ground speed;
Page 183 of 551

LO List and explain the following information x x

that can be displayed with the PLAN mode
on an ND unit:
— origin and destination airport with
runway selected;
— active and/or secondary flight plan;
— range marks;
— ground speed;
— next-waypoint distance and estimated
time of arrival;
— additional navigation facilities (STA),
waypoint (WPT) and airports (ARPT);
LO Give examples of possible transfers x x x x x x
between units.
LO Give examples of EFIS control panels. x x x x x x
022 13 04 00 Engine parameters, crew warnings, aircraft

systems, procedure and mission display
systems
LO State the purpose of the following systems: x x x
— engine instruments centralised display
unit;
— crew alerting system associated with
an electronic checklist display unit;
— that the aircraft systems display unit
enables the display of normal and
degraded modes of operation of the
aircraft systems.
LO Describe the architecture of each system x x x
and give examples of display.
LO Give the following different names by x
which engine parameters, crew warnings,
aircraft systems and procedures display
systems are known:
— Multifunction Display Unit (MFDU);
— Engine Indication and Crew Alerting
Systems (EICAS);
— Engine and Warning Display (EWD);
— Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor
(ECAM).
Page 184 of 551

LO Give the names of the following different x x

display systems and describe their main
functions:
— Vehicle Engine Monitoring Display
(VEMD);
— Integrated Instruments Display System
(IIDS).
LO State the purpose of a mission display unit. x x
LO Describe the architecture of each system x x

and give examples of display.
022 13 05 00 Engine first limit indicator
LO Describe the principles of design and x x x
operation, and compare the different
indications and displays available.
LO Describe what information can be displayed x x x
on the screen, when in the limited screen
composite mode.
022 13 06 00 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB)
(to be introduced at a later date)
022 14 00 00 MAINTENANCE, MONITORING AND
RECORDING SYSTEMS
LO State the basic technologies used for this x x x x x x
equipment and its performances.
Remark: No knowledge of the applicable
operational requirements is necessary.
022 14 01 00 Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR)
LO State the purpose of a CVR. x
LO List the main components of a CVR: x

— a shock-resistant tape recorder
associated with an underwater
locating device;
— an area microphone;
— a control unit with the following
controls: auto/on, test and erase, and
a headset jack.
Page 185 of 551

LO List the following main parameters x

recorded on the CVR:
— voice communications transmitted
from or received on the flight deck;
— the aural environment of the flight
deck;
— voice communication of flight crew
members using the aeroplane’s
interphone system;
— voice or audio signals introduced into
a headset or speaker;
— voice communication of flight crew
members using the public address
system, when installed.
022 14 02 00 Flight Data Recorders (FDR)
LO State the purpose of an FDR. x
LO List the main components of an FDR: x

— a data interface and acquisition unit;
— a recording system (digital flight data
recorder);
— two control units (start sequence,
event mark setting).
LO List the following main parameters x
recorded on the FDR:
— time or relative time count;
— attitude (pitch and roll);
— airspeed;
— pressure altitude;
— heading;
— normal acceleration;
— propulsive/thrust power on each
engine and cockpit thrust/power lever
position, if applicable;
— flaps/slats configuration or cockpit
selection;
— ground spoilers and/or speed brake
selection.
LO State that additional parameters can be x
recorded according to FDR capacity and the
applicable operational requirements.
022 14 03 00 Maintenance and monitoring systems
022 14 03 01 Helicopter Operations Monitoring
Programme (HOMP): design, operation,
performance
Page 186 of 551

LO Describe the HOMP as a helicopter version x x

of the aeroplane Flight Data Monitoring
(FDM) programmes.
LO State that the HOMP software consists of x x
three integrated modules:
— Flight Data Events (FDE);
— Flight Data Measurements (FDM);
— Flight Data Traces (FDT).
LO Describe and explain the information flow x x
of HOMP.
LO Describe HOMP operation and x x
management processes.
022 14 03 02 Integrated Health & Usage Monitoring
System (IHUMS): design, operation,
performance
LO Describe the main features of IHUMS: x x
— rotor system health;
— cockpit voice recorder/flight data
recorder;
— gearbox system health;
— engine health;
— exceedance monitoring;
— usage monitoring;
— transparent operation;
— ground station features;
— exceedance monitoring;
— monitoring;
— gearbox health;
— rotor track & balance;
— engine performance trending;
— usage monitoring;
— quality controlled to level 2.
LO Describe the ground station features of x x
IHUMS.
Page 187 of 551

LO Summarise the benefits of IHUMS x x

including:
— reduced risk of catastrophic failure of
rotor or gearbox;
— improved rotor track & balance giving
lower vibration levels;
— accurate recording of flight
exceedances;
— cockpit voice recorder/flight data
recorder allows accurate accident
/incident investigation & HOMP;
— maintenance cost savings.
LO State the benefits of IHUMS and HOMP. x x
022 14 03 03 Aeroplane Condition Monitoring System

(ACMS): general, design, operation
LO State the purpose of an ACMS. x
LO Describe the structure of an ACMS x

including:
— inputs: aircraft systems (such as air
conditioning, autoflight, flight
controls, fuel, landing gear,
navigation, pneumatic, APU, engine),
MCDU;
— data management unit;
— recording unit: digital recorder;
— outputs: printer, ACARS or ATSU.
LO State that maintenance messages sent by x
an ACMS can be transmitted without crew
notification.
022 15 00 00 DIGITAL CIRCUITS AND COMPUTERS
022 15 01 00 Digital circuits and computers: General,
definitions and design
LO Define a ‘computer’ as a machine for x x x
manipulating data according to a list of
instructions.
Page 188 of 551

LO List the following main components of a x x x

stored-programme (‘Von Neumann
architecture’) on a basic computer:
— Central Processing Unit (CPU)
including the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) and the control unit;
— memory;
— input and output devices
(peripherals);
and state their functions.
LO State the existence of the different buses x x x
and their function.
LO Define the terms ‘hardware’ and ‘software’. x x x
LO Define and explain the terms ‘multitasking’ x x x

and ‘multiprocessing’.
LO With the help of the relevant 022 x x x
references, give examples of airborne
computers, such as ADC, FMS, GPWS, etc.,
and list the possible peripheral equipment
for each system.
LO Describe the principle of the following x x x
technologies used for memories:
— chip circuit,
— magnetic disk,
— optical disk.
022 15 02 00 Software: General, definitions and
certification specifications
LO State the difference between assembly x x x
languages, high-level languages and
scripting languages.
LO Define the term ‘Operating System’ (OS) x x x
and give different examples including
airborne systems such as FMS or ATSU (for
aeroplanes only).
LO State the existence of ‘Software x x x
Considerations in Airborne Systems and
Equipment Certification’ (see document
referenced RTCA/DO-178B or EUROCAE
ED-12B).
Page 189 of 551

LO List the specific levels of safety criticality x x x

according to the EUROCAE ED-12B
document.
Page 190 of 551

D. SUBJECT 031 — MASS AND BALANCE
(1) MASS DEFINITIONS
Allowed take-off mass

The mass taking into consideration all possible limitations for take -off including restrictions caused by
regulated take-off mass and regulated landing mass.
Area load or floor load

The load (or mass) distributed over a defined area. Units of measurement used:
SI: N/m 2, kg/m 2;
Non-SI: psi, lb/ft 2.
Basic empty mass

The mass of an aircraft plus standard items such as: unusable fuel; full operating fluids; fire
extinguishers; emergency oxygen equipment. (The lowest mass that is used in FCL exams.)
Dry operating mass

The total mass of an aircraft ready for a specific type of operation excluding all usable fuel and traffic
load. This mass includes items such as:
— crew and crew baggage;
— catering and removable passenger service equipment (food, beverages, potable water, lavatory
chemicals, etc.);
— special operational equipment (e.g. stretchers, rescue hoist, cargo sling).
In-flight mass
The mass of an aircraft in flight at a specified time.
Landing mass
The mass of the aircraft at landing.
Maximum structural in-flight mass with external loads (applicable to helicopters only)
The maximum permissible total mass of the helicopter with external loads.
Maximum structural landing mass

The maximum permissible total mass of the aircraft at landing under normal circumstances.
Maximum structural mass

The maximum permissible total mass of the aircraft at any time. It will be given only if there is no
difference between maximum structural taxi mass, maximum structural take-off mass and maximum
structural landing mass.
Maximum structural take-off mass

The maximum permissible total mass of the aircraft at commencement of take-off.
Maximum (structural) taxi mass or maximum (structural) ramp mass

The maximum permissible total mass of the aircraft at commencement of taxiing.
Minimum mass (applicable to helicopters only)

The minimum permissible total mass for specific helicopter operations.
Operating mass
The dry operating mass plus fuel but without traffic load.
Performance-limited landing mass
Page 191 of 551

The mass subject to the destination airfield limitations. It must never exceed the maximum structural
limit.
Performance-limited take-off mass

The take-off mass subject to departure airfield limitations. It must never exceed the maximum
structural limit.
Ramp mass (see taxiing mass)
Regulated landing mass

The lower of performance-limited landing mass and maximum structural landing mass.
Regulated take-off mass

The lower of performance limited take-off mass and maximum structural take-off mass.
Running (or linear) load

The load (or mass) distributed over a defined length of a cargo compartment irrespective of load
width. Units of measurement used:
SI: N/m, kg/m;
Non-SI: lb/in, lb/ft.
Take-off fuel
The total amount of usable fuel at take-off.
Take-off mass
The mass of the aircraft including everything and everyone contained in it at the commencement of
take-off.
Taxi mass or ramp mass

The mass of the aircraft at the commencement of taxiing.
Traffic load
The total mass of passengers, baggage and cargo including any non-revenue load.
Zero-fuel mass
The dry operating mass plus traffic load but excluding fuel.
Page 192 of 551

Syllabus Syllabus details details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR
IR
030 00 00 00 FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
031 00 00 00 MASS AND BALANCE —

AEROPLANES/HELICOPTERS
031 01 00 00 PURPOSE OF MASS-AND-BALANCE

CONSIDERATIONS
031 01 01 00 Mass limitations
031 01 01 01 Importance with regard to structural
limitations
LO Describe the relationship between aircraft x x x x x
mass and structural stress.
Remark: See also 021 01 01 00.
LO Describe that mass must be limited to x x x x x
ensure adequate margins of strength.
031 01 01 02 Importance with regard to performance
Remark: See also subjects 032/034 and
081/082.
LO Describe the relationship between aircraft x x x x x
mass and performance.
LO Describe that aircraft mass must be limited x x x x x
to ensure adequate aircraft performance.
LO Describe that the actual aircraft mass must x x x x x
be known during flight as the basis for
performance-related decisions.
031 01 02 00 Centre-of-gravity (CG) limitations
031 01 02 01 Importance with regard to stability and
controllability
Remark: See also subjects 081/082.
LO Describe the relationship between CG x x x x
position and stability/controllability of the
aircraft.
LO Describe the consequences if CG is in front x x x x x
of the forward limit.
LO Describe the consequences if CG is behind x x x x x
the aft limit.
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IR
031 01 02 02 Importance with regard to performance
Remark: See also subjects 032/034 and
081/082.
LO Describe the relationship between CG x x x x
position and aircraft performance.
LO Describe the effects of CG position on x x x x x
performance parameters (speeds, altitude,
endurance and range).
031 02 00 00 LOADING
031 02 01 00 Terminology
031 02 01 01 Mass terms
LO Define the following mass terms: x x x x x
— basic empty mass;
— dry operating mass;
— operating mass;
— take-off mass;
— landing mass;
— ramp/taxiing mass;
— in-flight mass (gross mass);
— zero-fuel mass.
031 02 01 02 Load terms (including fuel terms)
Remark: See also subject 033.
LO Define the following load terms: x x x x x
— payload/traffic load;
— block fuel;
— taxiing fuel;
— take-off fuel;
— trip fuel;
— reserve fuel (contingency, alternate,
final reserve and additional fuel);
— extra fuel.
various load-and-mass components listed
above.
LO Calculate the mass of particular x x x x x
components from other given
components.
Page 194 of 551

IR
LO Convert fuel mass, volume and density x x x x x
given in different units used in aviation.
031 02 02 00 Mass limits
LO Define the following structural limitations: x x x x x
LO Maximum zero-fuel mass. x
LO Maximum ramp/taxiing mass. x
LO Maximum take-off mass. x x x x x
LO Maximum in-flight (gross) mass. x x x x x
Maximum in-flight (gross) mass with x x x

LO
external load.
LO Maximum landing mass. x x x x x
031 02 02 02 Performance limitations
LO Define the following performance x x x x x
limitations:
— performance-limited take-off mass;
— performance-limited landing mass;
— regulated take-off mass;
— regulated landing mass.
031 02 02 03 Cargo-compartment limitations
LO Define the following cargo-compartment x x x x x
limitations:
LO Maximum floor load (maximum load per x x x x x
unit of area).
LO Maximum running load (maximum load x x x x x
per unit of fuselage length).
031 02 03 00 Mass calculations
031 02 03 01 Maximum masses for take-off and landing
LO Calculate the maximum mass for take-off x x x x
(regulated take-off mass) given mass-and-
load components and structural/
performance limits.
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IR
LO Calculate the maximum mass for landing x x x x
(regulated landing mass) given mass-and-
load components and structural/
performance limits.
LO Calculate the allowed mass for take-off. x x x x
031 02 03 02 Allowed traffic load and fuel load

LO Calculate the maximum allowed traffic x x x x x
load and fuel load in order not to exceed
the given allowed take-off mass.
LO Calculate ‘under load’/’over load’ given x x x x x
allowed mass for take-off, operating mass
and actual traffic load.
031 02 03 03 Use of standard masses for passengers,
baggage and crew
LO Extract the appropriate standard masses x x x x x
for passengers, baggage and crew from
relevant documents or operator
requirements.
LO Calculate the traffic load by using standard x x x x x
masses.
031 03 00 00 FUNDAMENTALS OF CENTRE-OF-GRAVITY
CALCULATIONS
031 03 01 00 Definition of Centre of Gravity (CG)
LO Define and explain the meaning of ‘CG’. x x x x x
031 03 02 00 Conditions of equilibrium (balance of

forces and balance of moments)
LO Define ‘datum’ (reference point), ‘moment x x x x x
arm’ and ‘moment’.
LO Name the conditions of equilibrium. x x x x x
031 03 03 00 Basic calculations of CG
LO Resolve numerical problems using the x x x x x
principle of equilibrium of forces and
moments.
Page 196 of 551

IR
031 04 00 00 MASS-AND-BALANCE DETAILS OF
AIRCRAFT
031 04 01 00 Contents of mass-and-balance
documentation
031 04 01 01 Datum, moment arm
LO Name where the datum and moment arms x x x x x
for aircraft can be found.
LO Extract the appropriate data from given x x x x x
documents.
031 04 01 02 CG position as distance from datum
LO Name where the CG position for an
x x x x x
aircraft at basic empty mass can be found.
LO Name where the CG limits for an aircraft
x x x x x
can be found.
LO Extract the CG limits from given aircraft
x x x x x
documents.
LO State the different forms in presenting CG
position as distance from datum or other x x x x x
references.
031 04 01 03 CG position as percentage of Mean
Aerodynamic Chord (% MAC)
Remark: Knowledge of the definition of
MAC is covered under reference 081 01 01
05.
LO Extract % MAC information from aircraft x x
documents.
LO Explain the principle of using % MAC for x x
the description of the CG position.
LO Calculate the CG position as % MAC. x x
031 04 01 04 Longitudinal CG limits
LO Extract the appropriate data from given x x x x x
sample documents.
031 04 01 05 Lateral CG limits
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IR
LO Extract the appropriate data from given x x x
sample documents.
031 04 01 06 Details of passenger and cargo
compartments
LO Extract the appropriate data (e.g. seating x x x x x x
schemes, compartment dimensions and
limitations) from given sample documents.
031 04 01 07 Details of fuel system relevant to mass-
and-balance considerations
LO Extract the appropriate data (e.g. fuel-tank x x x x x x
capacities and fuel-tank positions) from
given sample documents.
031 04 02 00 Determination of aircraft empty mass and
CG position by weighing
031 04 02 01 Weighing of aircraft (general aspects)
LO Explain the general procedure and x x x x x
regulations for weighing of aircraft
(conditions, intervals, reasons and
requirements for reweighing).
Remark: See the applicable operational
requirements.
LO Extract and interpret entries from/in ‘mass x x x x x
(weight) report’ of an aircraft.
031 04 02 02 Calculation of mass and CG position of an
aircraft using weighing data
LO Calculate the mass and CG position of an x x x x x
aircraft from given reaction forces on
jacking points.
031 04 03 00 Extraction of basic empty mass and CG
data from aircraft documentation
031 04 03 01 Basic empty mass (BEM) and/or dry
operating mass (DOM)
LO Extract values for BEM and/or DOM from x x x x x
given documents.
031 04 03 02 CG position and/or moment at BEM/DOM
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LO Extract values for CG position and moment x x x x x
at BEM and/or DOM from given
documents.
031 04 03 03 Deviations from standard configuration
LO Extract values from given documents for x x x x x
deviation from standard configuration as a
result of varying crew, optional
equipment, optional fuel tanks, etc.
031 05 00 00 DETERMINATION OF CG POSITION
031 05 01 00 Methods
031 05 01 01 Arithmetic method
LO Calculate the CG position of aircraft by x x x x x
using the formula:
CG position = sum of moments/total mass.
031 05 01 02 Graphic method
LO Determine the CG position of aircraft by x x x x x
using the loading graphs given in sample
documents.
031 05 01 03 Index method
LO Explain the principle of the index method. x x x x x
LO Define the terms ‘index’, ‘loaded index’ x x x x x
and ‘dry operating index’.
LO State the advantage(s) of the index x x x x x
method.
031 05 02 00 Load and trim sheet
031 05 02 01 General considerations
LO Explain the principle and the purpose of x
load sheets.
LO Explain the principle and the purpose of x
trim sheets.
031 05 02 02 Load sheet and CG envelope for light
aeroplanes and for helicopters
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LO Add loading data and calculate masses in a x x x x x
sample load sheet.
LO Calculate moments and CG positions. x x x x x
LO Check CG position at zero-fuel mass and x x x x x

take-off mass to be within the CG envelope
including last-minute changes, if
applicable.
031 05 02 03 Load sheet for large aeroplanes
LO Explain the purpose of load-sheet sections x
and the methods for establishing ‘allowed
mass for take-off’, ‘allowed traffic load’
and ‘under load’.
and the methods for assessing load
distribution.
and methods for cross-checking the actual
and limiting mass values.
Calculate and/or complete a sample load x
LO
sheet.
031 05 02 04 Trim sheet for large aeroplanes
LO Explain the purpose of the trim sheet and x
the methods to determine the CG position.
LO Check that the zero-fuel mass index is x
within the limits.
LO Determine the fuel index by using the ‘fuel x
index correction table’ and determine the
CG position as % MAC.
LO Check that the take-off mass index is x
within the limits.
LO Determine ‘stabiliser trim units’ for take- x
off.
LO Explain the difference between certified x
and operational CG limits.
031 05 02 05 Last-minute changes
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LO Complete a load and trim sheet for last- x
minute changes.
031 05 03 01 Repositioning of CG by shifting the load
LO Calculate the mass to be moved over a x x x x x
given distance, or to/from given
compartments, to establish a defined CG
position.
LO Calculate the distance to move a given x x x x x
mass to establish a defined CG position.
031 05 03 02 Repositioning of CG by additional load or
ballast
LO Calculate the amount of additional load or x x x x x
ballast to be loaded at a given position or
compartment to establish a defined CG
position.
LO Calculate the loading position or x x x x x
compartment for a given amount of
additional load or ballast to establish a
defined CG position.
031 06 00 00 CARGO HANDLING
031 06 01 00 Types of cargo (general aspects)
LO Explain the basic idea of typical types of x x x x x
cargo, e.g. containerised cargo, palletised
cargo, bulk cargo.
031 06 02 00 Floor-area load and running-load
limitations in cargo compartments
LO Calculate the required floor-contact area x x x x x
for a given load to avoid exceeding the
maximum permissible floor load of a cargo
compartment.
LO Calculate the maximum mass of a x x x x x
container with given floor-contact area to
avoid exceeding the maximum permissible
floor load of a cargo compartment.
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LO Calculate the linear load distribution of a x x x x x
container to avoid exceeding the
maximum permissible running load.
031 06 03 00 Securement of load
LO Explain the reasons for having an adequate x x x x x
tie-down of loads.
LO Name the basic methods for securing x x x x x
loads.
Page 202 of 551

E. SUBJECT 032 — PERFORMANCE (AEROPLANE)
(1) For theoretical knowledge examination purposes:

‘Climb angle’ is assumed to be air mass-related.
‘Flight-path angle’ is assumed to be ground-related.
‘Screen height for take-off’ is the vertical distance between the take-off surface and the take-off
flight path at the end of the take-off distance.
‘Screen height for landing’ is the vertical distance between the landing surface and the landing
flight path from which the landing distance begins.
(2) For mass definitions, please refer to CHAPTER D (SUBJECT 031 — MASS AND BALANCE).

IR
032 00 00 00 PERFORMANCE — AEROPLANES
032 01 00 00 GENERAL
032 01 01 00 Performance legislation
032 01 01 01 Airworthiness requirements according to
CS-23 and CS-25
LO Interpret the European Union airworthiness x x
requirements according to CS-23 relating to
aeroplane performance.
LO Interpret the European Union airworthiness x
requirements according to CS-25 relating to
aeroplane performance.
LO Name the general differences between x
aeroplanes as certified according to CS-23
and CS-25.
032 01 01 02 Operational regulations
LO Interpret the applicable operational x x
requirements related to aeroplane
performance.
LO Name and define the performance classes x x
for commercial air transportation according
to the applicable operational requirements.
032 01 02 00 General performance theory
032 01 02 01 Stages of flight
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LO Describe the following stages of flight: x x
— take-off;
— climbing flight;
— level flight;
— descending flight;
— approach and landing.
032 01 02 02 Definitions, terms and concepts
LO Define ‘steady’ flight. x x
LO Resolve the forces during steady climbing x x

and descending flight.
LO Determine the opposing forces during x x
horizontal steady flight.
LO Interpret the ‘thrust/power required’ x x
and ’thrust/power available’ curves.
LO Describe the meaning of ‘excess thrust and x x
power’ using appropriate graphs.
LO Describe the effect of excess thrust and x x
power on speed and/or climb performance.
LO Calculate the climb gradient from given x x
thrust, drag and aeroplane mass.
LO Explain climb, level flight and descent x x
performance in relation to the combination
of thrust/power available and required.
LO Explain the difference between angle and x x
gradient.
LO Define the terms ‘climb angle’ and ‘climb x x
gradient’.
LO Define the terms ‘flight-path angle’ and x x
‘flight-path gradient’.
LO Define the terms ‘descent angle’ and x x
‘descent gradient’.
LO Explain the difference between x x
climb/descent angle and flight-path angle.
LO Define ‘service’ and ‘absolute ceiling’. x x
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LO Define the terms ‘clearway (CWY)’ and x x
‘stopway (STW)’ according to CS-Definitions.
LO Define the terms: x x
— Take-Off Run Available (TORA);
— Take-Off Distance Available (TODA);
— Accelerate-Stop Distance Available
(ASDA);
according to the applicable operational
requirements.
LO Define ‘screen height’ and list its various x x
values.
LO Define the terms ‘range’ and ‘endurance’. x x
LO Define the aeroplane’s ‘Specific Fuel x x

Consumption (SFC)’.
Remark: Engine specific fuel consumption is
covered in 021.
LO Define the aeroplane’s ‘Specific Range (SR)’. x x
032 01 02 03 Variables influencing performance

LO Name and understand the following factors x x
that affect aeroplane performance,
particularly:
— temperature;
— air density;
— wind;
— aeroplane mass;
— aeroplane configuration;
— aeroplane anti-skid system status;
— aeroplane centre of gravity;
— aerodrome runway surface;
— aerodrome runway slope.
032 02 00 00 PERFORMANCE CLASS B — SINGLE-ENGINE
AEROPLANES
032 02 01 00 Definitions of speeds used
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LO Define the following speeds according to x x
CS-23:
— stall speeds VS, VS0 and VS1;
— rotation speed VR;
— speed at 50 ft above the take-off
surface level;
— reference speed landing V REF.
032 02 02 00 Effect of variables on single-engine
aeroplane performance
LO Explain the effect of the wind component x x
on take-off and landing performance.
LO Determine the regulatory factors for take- x x
off and landing according to the applicable
operational requirements.
LO Explain the effects of temperature, wind x x
and altitude on climb performance.
LO Explain the effects of altitude and x x
temperature on cruise performance.
LO Explain the effects of mass, wind and speed x x
on descent performance.
032 02 03 00 Take-off and landing
LO Interpret the take-off and landing x x
requirements according to the applicable
LO Define the following distances: x x
— take-off distance;
— landing distance;
— ground-roll distance;
— maximum allowed take-off mass;
— maximum allowed landing mass.
LO Explain the effect of flap-setting on the x x
ground-roll distance.
032 02 04 00 Climb, cruise and descent
LO Explain the effects of the different x x

recommended power settings on range and
endurance.
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LO Explain the effects of wind and altitude on x x
maximum endurance speed.
032 02 05 00 Use of aeroplane performance data
032 02 05 01 Take-off
LO Find the minimum or maximum wind x x
component.
LO Find the take-off distance and ground-roll x x
distance.
LO Find the maximum allowed take-off mass. x x
LO Find the take-off speed. x x
032 02 05 02 Climb
LO Find the maximum rate-of-climb speed. x x
LO Find the time, distance and fuel to climb. x x
LO Find the rate of climb. x x
032 02 05 03 Cruise
LO Find power settings, cruise true airspeed x x
(TAS) and fuel consumption.
LO Find range and endurance. x x
LO Find the difference between still air x x
distance (NAM) and ground distance (NM).
032 02 05 04 Landing
LO Find the minimum or maximum wind x x
component.
LO Find the landing distance and ground-roll x x
distance.
032 03 00 00 PERFORMANCE CLASS B — MULTI-ENGINE
AEROPLANES
032 03 01 00 Definitions of terms and speeds
LO Define and explain the following terms: x x
— critical engine;
— speed for best angle of climb (VX);
— speed for best rate of climb (VY).
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LO Explain the effect of the critical engine x x
inoperative on the power required and the
total drag.
LO Explain the effect of engine failure on x x
controllability under given conditions.
032 03 02 00 Effect of variables on multi-engine
aeroplane performance
032 03 02 01 Take-off and landing
LO Explain the effect of flap-setting on the x x
LO For both fixed and constant speed x x
propellers, explain the effect of airspeed on
thrust during the take-off run.
LO Explain the effect of pressure altitude on x x
performance-limited take-off mass.
LO Explain the effect of runway conditions on x x
the take-off distance.
LO Determine the regulation factors for take- x x
off according to the applicable operational
requirements.
LO Explain the percentage of accountability for x x
headwind and tailwind components during
take-off and landing calculations.
LO Interpret obstacle clearance at take-off. x x
LO Explain the effect of selected power x x
settings, flap settings and aeroplane mass
on the rate of climb.
LO Describe the effect of engine failure on x x
take-off climb performance.
LO Explain the effect of brake release before x x
take-off power is set on the take-off and
accelerate-stop distance.
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LO Explain the effect of CG on fuel x x
consumption.
LO Explain the effect of mass on the speed for x x
best angle and best rate of climb.
LO Explain the effect of mass on the speed for x x
best angle and best rate of descent.
LO Explain the effect of temperature and x x
altitude on fuel flow.
LO Explain the effect of wind on the maximum x x
range speed and speed for maximum climb
angle.
LO Explain the effect of mass, altitude, wind, x x
speed and configuration on glide descent.
LO Describe the various cruise techniques. x x
LO Describe the effect of loss of engine power x x

on climb and cruise performance.
032 03 02 03 Landing
LO Explain the effect of runway conditions on x x
the landing distance.
LO Determine the regulatory factors for landing x x
according to the applicable operational
requirements.
032 03 03 00 Use of aeroplane performance data
032 03 03 01 Take-off
LO Find take-off field-length data. x x
LO Calculate the field-length limited take-off x x

mass.
LO Find the accelerate-go distance as well the x x
accelerate-stop distance data.
LO Find the ground-roll and take-off distance. x x
LO Calculate the maximum effort take-off data. x x
LO Calculate all engine and critical engine-out x x

take-off climb data.
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LO Calculate obstacle clearance take-off climb x x
data.
032 03 03 02 Climb
LO Find rate of climb and climb gradient. x x
LO Calculate single engine service ceiling. x x
LO Calculate obstacle clearance climb data. x x
032 03 03 03 Cruise and descent

LO Find power settings, cruise true airspeed x x
(TAS) and fuel consumption.
LO Calculate range and endurance data. x x
032 03 03 04 Landing
LO Find landing field-length data. x x
LO Find landing climb data in the event of x x

balked landing.
LO Find landing distance and ground-roll x x
distance.
LO Find short-field landing distance and x x
032 04 00 00 PERFORMANCE CLASS A — AEROPLANES
CERTIFIED ACCORDING TO CS-25 ONLY
032 04 01 00 Take-off
LO Explain the essential forces affecting the x
aeroplane during take-off.
LO State the effects of thrust-to-weight ratio x
and flap-setting on ground roll.
032 04 01 01 Definitions of terms used
LO Define the terms ‘Aircraft Classification x
Number (ACN)’ and ‘Pavement Classification
Number (PCN)’.
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LO Define and explain the following speeds in x
accordance with CS-25 or CS-Definitions:
— reference stall speed (V SR);
— reference stall speed in the landing
configuration (VSR0);
— reference stall speed in a specific
configuration (VSR1);
— 1-g stall speed at which the aeroplane
can develop a lift force (normal to the
flight path) equal to its weight (V S1g);
— minimum control speed with critical
engine inoperative (VMC);
— minimum control speed on or near the
ground (VMCG);
— minimum control speed at take-off
climb (VMCA);
— engine failure speed (V EF);
— take-off decision speed (V 1);
— rotation speed (V R);
— minimum take-off safety speed (V 2MIN);
— minimum unstick speed (V MU);
— lift-off speed (V LOF);
— max brake energy speed (V MBE);
— max tyre speed (V Max Tyre);
— reference landing speed (V REF);
— minimum control speed, approach and
landing (VMCL).
LO Explain the interdependence between of x
the above mentioned speeds if there is any.
LO Define the following distances in x
accordance with CS-25:
— take-off run with all engines operating
and one engine inoperative;
— take-off distance with all engines
operating and one engine inoperative;
— accelerate-stop distance with all
engines operating and one engine
inoperative.
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LO Define the term ‘Aeroplane-Specific Fuel x
Consumption (ASFC)’.
Remark: Engine-specific fuel consumption is
covered in subject 021.
032 04 01 02 Take-off distances
LO Explain the effects of the following runway x
(RWY) variables on take-off distances:
— RWY slope;
— RWY surface conditions: dry, wet and
contaminated;
— RWY elevation.
LO Explain the effects of the following x
aeroplane variables on take-off distances:
— aeroplane mass;
— take-off configuration;
— bleed-air configurations.
LO Explain the effects of the following x
meteorological variables on take-off
distances:
— wind;
— temperature;
— pressure altitude.
LO Explain the influence of errors in rotation x
technique on take-off distance:
— early and late rotation;
— too high and too low rotation angle;
— too high and too low rotation rate.
LO Explain the take-off distances for specified x
conditions and configuration for all engines
operating and one engine inoperative.
LO Explain the effect of using clearway on the x
take-off distance required.
LO Explain the influence of V 1 and V 2MIN on take- x
off distance.
LO Explain the time interval allowed for x
between engine failure and recognition
when assessing the TOD.
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LO Explain the effect of a miscalculation of V 1 x
on the take-off distance required.
032 04 01 03 Accelerate-stop distance
LO Explain the accelerate-stop distance for x
specified conditions and configuration for
all engines operating and one engine
inoperative.
LO Explain the effect of using a stopway on the x
accelerate-stop distance required.
LO Explain the effect of miscalculation of V 1 on x
the accelerate-stop distance required.
LO Explain the effect of runway slope on the x
accelerate-stop distance.
LO Explain the additional time allowance for x
accelerate-stop distance determination and
discuss the deceleration procedure.
LO Explain the use of brakes, anti-skid, use of x
reverse thrust, ground spoilers or lift
dumpers, brake energy absorption limits,
delayed temperature rise and tyre
limitations.
032 04 01 04 Balanced field length concept
LO Define the term ‘balanced field length’. x
LO Understand the relationship between take- x

off distance, accelerate-stop distance and V 1
when using a balanced field.
LO Describe the applicability of a balanced field x
length.
032 04 01 05 Unbalanced field length concept
LO Define the term ‘unbalanced field length’. x
LO Describe the applicability of an unbalanced x

field length.
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LO Explain the effect of a stopway on the x
allowed take-off mass and appropriate V 1
when using an unbalanced field.
LO Explain the effect of a clearway on the x
allowed take-off mass and appropriate V 1
when using an unbalanced field.
032 04 01 06 Runway Length-Limited Take-Off Mass
(RLTOM)
LO Define RLTOM for balanced and unbalanced x
field length.
032 04 01 07 Take-off climb
LO Define the segments of the actual take-off x
flight path.
LO Explain the difference between the flat- x
rated and non-flat-rated part in
performance charts.
LO Determine the changes in the configuration, x
power, thrust and speed in the take-off
flight-path segments.
LO Determine the differences in climb-gradient x
requirements for two, three and four-
engine aeroplanes.
LO State the maximum bank angle when flying x
at V2.
LO Explain the effects of aeroplane and x
meteorological variables on the take-off
climb.
LO Describe the influence of airspeed selection, x
acceleration and turns on the climb
gradients, best rate-of-climb speed and best
angle-of-climb speed.
LO Determine the climb-limited take-off mass. x
032 04 01 08 Obstacle-limited take-off
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LO Describe the operational regulations for x
obstacle clearance in the net take-off flight
path.
LO Define ‘actual and net take-off flight path x
with one engine inoperative’ in accordance
with CS-25.
LO Determine the effects of aeroplane and x
meteorological variables on the
determination of obstacle-limited take-off
mass.
LO Determine the obstacle-limited take-off x
mass.
032 04 01 09 Performance-limited take-off mass
LO Define performance-limited take-off mass. x
032 04 01 10 Take-off performance on wet and

contaminated runways
LO Explain the differences between the take- x
off performance determination on a wet or
contaminated runway and on a dry runway.
032 04 01 11 Use of reduced and derated thrust
LO Explain the advantages and disadvantages x
of using reduced and derated thrust.
LO Explain the difference between reduced and x
derated thrust.
LO Explain when reduced and derated thrust x
may and may not be used.
LO Explain the effect of using reduced and x
derated thrust on take-off performance
including take-off speeds, take-off distance,
climb performance and obstacle clearance.
LO Explain the assumed temperature method x
for determining reduced thrust
performance.
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032 04 01 12 Take-off performance using different take-
off flap settings
of using different take-off flap settings to
optimise the performance-limited take-off
mass.
032 04 01 13 Take-off performance using increased V 2
speeds (‘improved climb performance’)
of using increased V 2 speeds.
LO Explain under what circumstances this x
procedure can be used.
032 04 01 14 Brake-energy and tyre-speed limit
LO Explain the effects on take-off performance x
of brake-energy and tyre-speed limits.
LO Explain under which conditions this x
becomes limiting.
032 04 01 15 Use of aeroplane flight data
LO Determine the maximum masses that satisfy x
all the regulations for take-off from the
aeroplane performance data sheets.
LO Determine the relevant speeds for specified x
conditions and configuration from the
aeroplane performance data sheets.
032 04 02 00 Climb
032 04 02 01 Climb techniques
LO Explain the effect of climbing with constant x
IAS.
LO Explain the effect of climbing with constant x
Mach number.
LO Explain the correct sequence of climb x
speeds for jet transport aeroplanes.
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LO Determine the effect on TAS when climbing x
in and above the troposphere at constant
Mach number.
032 04 02 02 Influence of variables on climb
performance
LO Explain the effect of aeroplane mass on the x
rate of climb (ROC).
LO Explain the effect of meteorological x
variables on ROC.
LO Explain the effect of aeroplane acceleration x
during a climb with constant IAS or Mach
number.
LO Explain the effect on the operational speed x
limit when climbing at constant IAS.
LO Explain the term ‘cross over altitude’ which x
occurs during the climb speed schedule
(IAS–Mach number).
LO Calculate the time to climb. x
032 04 03 00 Cruise
032 04 03 01 Cruise techniques
LO Define the cruise procedures ‘maximum x
endurance’ and ‘maximum range’.
032 04 03 02 Maximum endurance
LO Explain fuel flow in relation to TAS and x
thrust.
LO Find the speed for maximum endurance. x
032 04 03 03 Maximum range

LO Define the term ‘maximum range’. x
032 04 03 04 Long-range cruise

LO Define the term ‘long-range cruise’. x
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LO Explain differences between flying the x
speed for long range and maximum range
with regard to fuel-flow and speed stability.
032 04 03 05 Influence of variables on cruise
performance
LO Explain the effect and CG position and x
actual mass of aircraft on range and
endurance.
LO Explain the effect of altitude on range and x
endurance.
LO Explain the effect of meteorological x
variables on range and endurance.
032 04 03 06 Cruise altitudes
LO Define the term ‘optimum altitude’. x
LO Explain the factors which affect the choice x

of optimum altitude.
LO Explain the factors which might affect or x
limit the maximum operating altitude.
LO Explain the necessity for step climbs. x
LO Describe the buffet onset boundary (BOB). x
LO Analyse the influence of bank angle, mass x

and 1.3G buffet onset factor on a step
climb.
032 04 03 07 Cost Index (CI)
LO Define the term ‘cost index’. x
LO Understand the reason for economical x

cruise speed.
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LO Determine the all-engines operating power x
settings and speeds from the aeroplane
performance data sheets for:
— maximum range;
— maximum endurance;
— high-speed and normal cruise;
— high and low-speed buffet
(speed/Mach number only).
LO Determine the selection of cruise technique x
considering cost indexing and passenger
requirements against company
requirements.
LO Determine the fuel consumption from the x
aeroplane performance data sheets for
various cruise configurations, holding,
approach and transit to an alternate in
normal conditions and after an engine
failure.
032 04 04 00 En route one engine inoperative
032 04 04 01 Drift down
LO Describe the determination of en route x
flight path data with one engine inoperative
in accordance with CS 25.123.
LO Determine the minimum obstacle-clearance x
height prescribed in the applicable
LO Define the speed during drift down. x
LO Explain the influence of deceleration on the x

drift-down profiles.
032 04 04 02 Influence of variables on the en route one
engine inoperative performance
LO Identify the factors which affect the en x
route net flight path.
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LO Find one-engine-out service ceiling, range x
and endurance from given engine
inoperative charts.
LO Find the maximum continuous power/thrust x
settings from given engine inoperative
charts.
032 04 05 00 Descent
032 04 05 01 Descent techniques
LO Explain the effect of descending at constant x
Mach number.
LO Explain the effect of descending at with x
constant IAS.
LO Explain the correct sequence of descent x
speeds for jet transport aeroplanes.
LO Determine the effect on TAS when x
descending in and above the troposphere at
constant Mach number.
LO Describe the following limiting speeds for x
descent:
— maximum operating speed (V MO);
— maximum Mach number (M MO).
LO Explain the effect of a descent at constant x
Mach number on the margin to low and
high-speed buffet.
032 04 05 02 Influence of variables on descent
performance
LO Explain the influence of mass, configuration x
and altitude on rate of descent and glide
angle.
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LO Determine the following information for all- x
engines operating and one engine
inoperative from the aeroplane
performance data sheets:
— descent rates;
— time and distance for descent;
— fuel used during descent.
032 04 06 00 Approach and landing
032 04 06 01 Approach requirements
LO Describe the CS-25 requirements for the x
approach climb.
LO Describe the CS-25 requirements for the x
landing climb.
LO Explain the effect of temperature and x
pressure altitude on approach and landing-
climb performance.
032 04 06 02 Landing field-length requirement
LO Describe the landing distance determined x
according to CS 25.125 (‘demonstrated’
landing distance).
LO Recall the landing field-length requirements x
for dry, wet and contaminated runways in
the applicable operational requirements.
LO Define the ‘Landing Distance Available x
(LDA)’.
032 04 06 03 Influence of variables on landing
performance
LO Explain the effect of runway slope, surface x
conditions and wind on the maximum
landing mass for a given runway length in
accordance with the applicable operational
requirements.
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LO Explain the effect on landing distance and x
maximum allowable landing mass of the
following devices affecting:
— deceleration;
— reverse;
— anti-skid;
— ground spoilers or lift dumpers;
— autobrakes.
LO Explain the effect of temperature and x
pressure altitude on the maximum landing
mass for a given runway length.
LO Explain the effect of hydroplaning on x
landing distance required.
032 04 06 04 Quick turnaround limit
LO Define the ‘quick turnaround limits’ and x
explain their purpose.
LO Determine the field length required for x
landing with a given landing mass from the
aeroplane performance data sheets in
accordance with the applicable operational
requirements.
LO Determine the landing and approach climb- x
limited landing mass from the aeroplane
performance data sheets.
LO Determine the landing-field length-limited x
landing mass from the aeroplane
performance data sheets.
LO Find the structural-limited landing mass x
from the aeroplane performance data
sheets.
LO Calculate the maximum allowable landing x
mass as the lowest of:
— approach climb and landing climb-
limited landing mass;
— landing-field length-limited landing
mass;
— structural-limited landing mass.
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LO Determine the maximum quick turnaround x
mass and time under given conditions from
the aeroplane performance data sheets.
LO Determine the limiting landing mass in x
respect of PCN.
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F. SUBJECT 033 — FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
(1) For mass definitions, please refer to Chapter D.

IR
033 00 00 00 FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
033 01 00 00 FLIGHT PLANNING FOR VFR FLIGHTS
Remark: Using training route manual
VFR charts or the European Central
Question Bank (ECQB) annexes.
033 01 01 00 VFR navigation plan

033 01 01 01 Routes, airfields, heights and altitudes
from VFR charts
LO Select routes and altitudes taking the x x x x x
following criteria into account:
— classification of airspace;
— controlled airspace;
— uncontrolled airspace;
— restricted areas;
— minimum safe altitude;
— VFR semicircular rules;
— conspicuous points;
— navigation aids.
LO Calculate the minimum pressure or true x x x x x
altitude from minimum grid-area
altitude using OAT and QNH.
LO Calculate the vertical and/or horizontal x x x x x
distance and time to climb to a given
level or altitude.
LO Calculate the vertical and/or horizontal x x x x x
distance and time to descend from a
given level or altitude.
LO Find the frequency and/or identifiers of x x x x x
radio-navigation aids from charts.
033 01 01 02 Courses and distances from VFR charts
LO Choose waypoints in accordance with x x x x x
specified criteria.
LO Calculate, or obtain from the chart, x x x x x
courses and distances.
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LO Find the highest obstacle within a given x x x x x
distance on either side of the course.
LO Find the following data from the chart x x x x x
and transfer them to the navigation
plan:
— waypoints and/or turning points;
— distances;
— true/magnetic courses.
033 01 01 03 Aerodrome charts and aerodrome
directory
LO Explain the reasons for studying the x x x x x
visual departure procedures and the
available approach procedures.
LO Find all visual procedures which can be x x x x x
expected at the departure, destination
and alternate airfields.
LO Find the following data from the charts x x x x x
or directory:
— aerodrome regulations and
opening hours;
— terrain high points and man-made
structures;
— altitudes;
— courses and radials;
— helipads (for helicopters only);
— any other relevant information.
033 01 01 04 Communications and radio-navigation
planning data
LO Find the communication frequencies and x x x x x
call signs for the following:
— control agencies and service
facilities;
— Flight Information Services (FIS);
— weather information stations;
— Automatic Terminal Information
Service (ATIS).
LO Find the frequency and/or identifier of x x x x x
the appropriate radio-navigation aids.
033 01 01 05 Completion of navigation plan
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LO Complete the navigation plan with the x x x x x
courses and distances as taken from
charts.
LO Find the departure and arrival routes. x x x x x
LO Determine the position of Top of Climb x x x x x

(ToC) and Top of Descend (ToD) from
given appropriate data.
LO Determine variation and calculate x x x x x
magnetic courses.
LO Calculate the True Airspeed (TAS) from x x x x x
given aircraft performance data, altitude
and Outside-Air Temperature (OAT).
LO Calculate Wind Correction Angles (WCA) x x x x x
and Drift and Ground Speeds (GS).
LO Calculate individual and accumulated x x x x x
times for each leg to destination and
alternate airfields.
033 02 00 00 FLIGHT PLANNING FOR IFR FLIGHTS
Remark: Using training route manual IFR
charts or the ECQB annexes.
033 02 01 00 IFR navigation plan
033 02 01 01 Airways and routes
LO Select the preferred airway(s) or x x x
route(s) considering:
— altitudes and flight levels;
— standard routes;
— ATC restrictions;
— shortest distance;
— obstacles;
— any other relevant data.
033 02 01 02 Courses and distances from en route
charts
LO Determine courses and distances. x x x
LO Determine bearings and distances of x x x

waypoints from radio-navigation aids.
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033 02 01 03 Altitudes
LO Define the following minimum altitudes: x x x
— Minimum En route Altitude (MEA);
— Minimum Obstacle-Clearance
Altitude (MOCA);
— Minimum Off-Route Altitude
(MORA);
— Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude
(Grid MORA);
— Maximum Authorised Altitude
(MAA);
— Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA);
— Minimum Holding Altitude (MHA).
LO Extract the following minimum altitudes x x x
from the chart(s):
— Minimum En route Altitude (MEA);
— Minimum Obstacle-Clearance
Altitude (MOCA);
— Minimum Off-Route Altitude
(MORA);
— Grid Minimum Off-Route altitude
(Grid MORA);
— Maximum Authorised Altitude
(MAA);
— Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA);
— Minimum Holding Altitude (MHA).
033 02 01 04 Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs)
and Standard Arrival Routes (STARs)
LO Explain the reasons for studying SID and x x x
STAR charts.
LO State the reasons why SID and STAR x x x
charts show procedures only in a
pictorial presentation style which is not
to scale.
LO Interpret all data and information x x x
represented on SID and STAR charts,
particularly:
— routings,
— distances,
— courses,
— radials,
— altitudes/levels,
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— frequencies,
— restrictions.
LO Identify SIDs and STARs which might be x x x
relevant to a planned flight.
033 02 01 05 Instrument-approach charts
LO State the reasons for being familiar with x x x
instrument-approach procedures and
appropriate data for departure,
destination and alternate airfields.
LO Select instrument-approach procedures x x x
appropriate for departure, destination
and alternate airfields.
LO Interpret all procedures, data and x x x
information represented on instrument-
approach charts, particularly:
— courses and radials;
— distances;
— altitudes/levels/heights;
— restrictions;
— obstructions;
— frequencies;
— speeds and times;
— Decision Altitudes/Heights (DA/H);
— (DA/H) and Minimum Descent
Altitudes/Heights (MDA/H);
— visibility and Runway Visual Ranges
(RVR);
— approach light systems.
033 02 01 06 Communications and radio-navigation
planning data
LO Find the communication frequencies and x x x
call signs for the following:
— control agencies and service
facilities;
— Flight Information Services (FIS);
— weather information stations;
— Automatic Terminal Information
Service (ATIS).
LO Find the frequency and/or identifiers of x x x
radio-navigation aids.
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033 02 01 07 Completion of navigation plan
LO Complete the navigation plan with the x x x
courses, distances and frequencies
taken from charts.
LO Find the Standard Instrument Departure x x x
and Arrival Routes to be flown and/or to
be expected.
LO Determine the position of Top of Climb x x x
(ToC) and Top of Descent (ToD) from
LO Determine variation and calculate x x x
magnetic/true courses.
LO Calculate True Airspeed (TAS) from given x x x
aircraft performance data, altitude and
Outside-Air Temperature (OAT).
LO Calculate Wind Correction Angles (WCA) x x x
/ Drift and Ground Speeds (GS).
LO Determine all relevant altitudes/levels, x x x
and particularly MEA, MOCA, MORA,
MAA, MCA, MRA and MSA.
LO Calculate individual and accumulated x x x
times for each leg to destination and
alternate airfields.
033 03 00 00 FUEL PLANNING
033 03 01 00 General
LO Convert to volume, mass and density x x x x x x
given in different units which are
commonly used in aviation.
LO Determine relevant data from the Flight x x x x x x
Manual, such as fuel capacity, fuel
flow/consumption at different power/
thrust settings, altitudes and
atmospheric conditions.
LO Calculate the attainable flight x x x x x x
time/range from given fuel flow/
consumption and available amount of
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fuel.
LO Calculate the required fuel from given x x x x x x
fuel flow/consumption and required
time/range to be flown.
LO Calculate the required fuel for a VFR x x x x x x
flight from given expected
meteorological conditions and expected
delays under defined conditions.
LO Calculate the required fuel for an IFR x x x
flight from given expected
meteorological conditions and expected
delays under defined conditions.
033 03 02 00 Pre-flight fuel planning for commercial
flights
033 03 02 01 Taxiing fuel
LO Determine the fuel required for engine x x x x x
start and taxiing by consulting the fuel-
usage tables and/or graphs from the
Flight Manual taking into account all the
relevant conditions.
033 03 02 02 Trip fuel
LO Define ‘trip fuel’ and name the segments x x x x x
of flight for which the trip fuel is
relevant.
LO Determine the trip fuel for the flight by x x x x x
using data from the navigation plan and
fuel tables and/or graphs from the Flight
Manual.
033 03 02 03 Reserve fuel and its components
Contingency fuel
LO Explain the reasons for having x x x x x
contingency fuel.
LO State and explain the requirements for x x
contingency fuel according to the
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LO Calculate the contingency fuel by using x x
requirements according to the
LO State and explain the requirements for x x x
contingency fuel according to the
LO Calculate the contingency fuel by using x
applicable operational requirements for
IFR flights.
LO Calculate the contingency fuel by using x x x
VFR flights in a hostile environment.
LO Calculate the contingency fuel by using x x x
VFR flights in a non-hostile environment.
Alternate fuel
LO Explain the reasons and regulations for x x x x x
having alternate fuel and name the
segments of flight for which the fuel is
relevant.
LO Calculate the alternate fuel in x x
accordance with the applicable
operational requirements and relevant
data from the navigation plan and the
Flight Manual.
LO Calculate the alternate fuel in x x x
operational requirements and relevant
data from the navigation plan and the
Flight Manual.
Final reserve fuel

having final reserve fuel.
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LO Calculate the final reserve fuel for an x x
aeroplane with piston engines and for
an aeroplane with turbine-power units
in accordance with the applicable
operational requirements and by using
relevant data from the Flight Manual.
LO Calculate the final reserve fuel for a VFR x x x
flight (by day with reference to visual
landmarks) in accordance with the
applicable operational requirements and
by using relevant data from the Flight
Manual.
LO Calculate the final reserve fuel for a IFR x
flight in accordance with the applicable
operational requirements and by using
relevant data from the Flight Manual.
Additional fuel
having additional fuel.
LO Calculate the additional fuel for an IFR x
flight without a destination alternate in
operational requirements for an isolated
aerodrome.
LO Calculate the additional fuel for a flight x x x
to an isolated heliport in accordance
with the applicable operational
requirements.
033 03 02 04 Extra fuel
LO Explain the reasons and regulations for x x
having extra fuel in accordance with the
LO Explain the reasons and regulations for x x x
having extra fuel in accordance with the
LO Calculate the possible extra fuel under x x x x x
given conditions.
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033 03 02 05 Calculation of total fuel and completion
of the fuel section of the navigation
plan (fuel log)
LO Calculate the total fuel required for a x x x x x
flight.
LO Complete the fuel log. x x x x x
033 03 03 00 Specific fuel-calculation procedures

033 03 03 01 Decision-point procedure
LO Explain the reasons and regulations for x
the decision-point procedure as stated
in the applicable operational
requirements.
LO Calculate the contingency fuel and trip x
fuel required in accordance with the
decision-point procedure.
033 03 03 02 Isolated-aerodrome procedure
LO Explain the basic procedures for an x
isolated aerodrome as stated in the
LO Calculate the additional fuel for x
aeroplanes with reciprocating engines
according to the isolated-aerodrome
procedures.
aeroplanes with turbine engines
according to the isolated-aerodrome
procedures.
033 03 03 03 Predetermined point procedure
LO Explain the basic idea of the x
predetermined-point procedure as
stated in the applicable operational
requirements.
aeroplanes with reciprocating engines
according to the predetermined-point
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procedure.
aeroplanes with turbine engines
according to the predetermined-point
procedure.
033 03 03 04 Fuel-tankering
LO Explain the basic idea of fuel-tankering x
procedures.
LO Explain that there is an optimum fuel x
quantity to be tankered (as a function of
the fuel-price ratio between departure
and destination airports and air distance
to fly).
LO Calculate tankered fuel by using given x
appropriate graphs, tables and/or data.
033 03 03 05 Isolated-heliport procedure
LO Explain the basic idea of the isolated- x x
heliport procedures as stated in the
LO Calculate the additional fuel according x
to the isolated-heliport procedures as
requirements for flying IFR.
LO Calculate the additional fuel according x x
to the isolated-heliport procedures as
requirements for flying VFR and
navigating by means other than by
reference to visual landmarks.
033 04 00 00 PRE-FLIGHT PREPARATION
033 04 01 00 NOTAM briefing
033 04 01 01 Ground facilities and services
LO Check that the ground facilities and x x x x x x
services required for the planned flight
are available and adequate.
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033 04 01 02 Departure, destination and alternate
aerodromes
LO Find and analyse the latest state at the x x x x x x
departure, destination and alternate
aerodromes, in particular for:
— opening hours;
— Work in Progress (WIP);
— special procedures due to Work in
Progress (WIP);
— obstructions;
— changes of frequencies for
communications, navigation aids
and facilities.
033 04 01 03 Airway routings and airspace structure
LO Find and analyse the latest en route x x x x x x
state for:
— airway(s) or route(s);
— restricted, danger and prohibited
areas;
— changes of frequencies for
communications, navigation aids
and facilities.
033 04 02 00 Meteorological briefing
033 04 02 01 Extraction and analysis of relevant data
from meteorological documents
Remark: This item is taught and
examined in subject 050.
033 04 02 02 Update of navigation plan using the
latest meteorological information
LO Confirm the optimum altitude/FL from x x x x x x
given wind, temperature and aircraft
data.
LO Confirm true altitudes from given x x x x x x
atmospheric data to ensure that
statutory minimum clearance is
attained.
LO Confirm magnetic headings and ground x x x x x x
speeds.
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LO Confirm the individual leg times and the x x x x x x
total time en route.
LO Confirm the total time en route for the x x x x x x
trip to the destination.
LO Confirm the total time from destination x x x x x x
to the alternate airfield.
033 04 02 03 Update of mass and balance
033 04 02 04 Update of performance data
examined in subject 032 for aeroplanes
and subject 034 for helicopters.
033 04 02 05 Update of fuel log
LO Calculate the revised fuel data in x x x x x x
accordance with the changed
conditions.
033 04 03 00 Point of Equal Time (PET) and Point of
Safe Return (PSR)
033 04 03 01 Point of Equal Time (PET)
LO Define ‘PET’. x x x
LO Explain the basic idea of determination x x x

of PET.
LO Calculate the position of a PET and the x x x
ETA at the PET from given relevant data.
033 04 03 02 Point of Safe Return (PSR)
LO Define ‘PSR’. x x x
LO Explain the basic idea of determination x x x

of PSR.
LO Calculate the position of a PSR and the x x x
ETA at the PSR from given relevant data.
033 05 00 00 ICAO FLIGHT PLAN (ATS Flight Plan)
033 05 01 00 Individual Flight Plan
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033 05 01 01 Format of Flight Plan
LO State the reasons for a fixed format of x x x x x x
an ICAO ATS Flight Plan (FPL).
LO Determine the correct entries to x x x x x x
complete an FPL plus decode and
interpret the entries in a completed FPL,
particularly for the following:
— aircraft identification (Item 7);
— flight rules and type of flight
(Item 8);
— number and type of aircraft and
wake-turbulence category
(Item 9);
— equipment (Item 10);
— departure aerodrome and time
(Item 13);
— route (Item 15);
— destination aerodrome, total
estimated elapsed time and
alternate aerodrome (Item 16);
— other information (Item 18);
— supplementary information
(Item 19).
033 05 01 02 Completion of an ATS Flight Plan (FPL)
LO Complete the FPL by using the x x x x x x
information from the following:
— navigation plan;
— fuel plan;
— operator’s records for basic
aircraft information.
033 05 02 00 Repetitive Flight Plan
LO Explain the difference between an x x x
Individual Flight Plan (FPL) and a
Repetitive Flight Plan (RPL).
LO Explain the basic idea of an RPL and x x x
state the general requirements for its
use.
033 05 03 00 Submission of an ATS Flight Plan (FPL)
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033 06 00 00 FLIGHT MONITORING AND IN-FLIGHT
REPLANNING
033 06 01 00 Flight monitoring
033 06 01 01 Monitoring of track and time
LO Assess deviations from the planned x x x x x x
course, headings (by maintaining
desired courses) and times.
LO State the reasons for possible x x x x x x
deviations.
LO Calculate the ground speed by using x x x x x x
actual in-flight parameters.
LO Calculate the expected leg times by x x x x x x
using actual flight parameters.
033 06 01 02 In-flight fuel management
LO Explain why fuel checks must be carried x x x x x x
out in flight at regular intervals and why
relevant fuel data must be recorded.
LO Assess deviations of actual fuel x x x x x x
consumption from planned
consumption.
LO State the reasons for possible x x x x x x
deviations.
LO Calculate the fuel quantities used, fuel x x x x x x
consumption and fuel remaining at
navigation checkpoints /waypoints.
LO Compare the actual with the planned x x x x x x
fuel consumption by means of
calculation or flight-progress chart.
LO Assess the remaining range and x x x x x x
endurance by means of calculation or
flight-progress chart.
033 06 01 03 Monitoring of primary flight
parameters
Explain the methodology for monitoring x x x x x x
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of primary flight parameters during the
application of the procedures requiring
a high flight crew workload within a
short time frame (including monitoring
of primary flight parameters, in
particular pitch, thrust and speed).
033 06 02 00 In-flight replanning in case of deviation
from planned data
LO Justify that the commander is x x x x x
responsible that even in case of
diversion the remaining fuel is not less
than the fuel required to proceed to an
aerodrome where a safe landing can be
made, with final reserve fuel remaining.
LO Perform in-flight updates, if necessary, x x x x x
based on the results of in-flight
monitoring, specifically by:
— selecting a new destination/
alternate aerodrome;
— adjusting flight parameters and
power settings.
LO Explain why, in the case of an in-flight x x x x x
update, the commander has to check
the following:
— the suitability of the new
destination and/or alternate
aerodrome;
— meteorological conditions on
revised routing and at revised
destination and/or alternate
aerodrome;
— the aircraft must be able to land
with the prescribed final reserve
fuel.
LO Assess the revised destination/ alternate x x x x x
aerodrome landing mass from given
latest data.
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G. SUBJECT 034 — PERFORMANCE (HELICOPTER)
(1) For mass definitions, please refer to Chapter D.

IR
034 00 00 00 PERFORMANCE — HELICOPTER
034 01 00 00 GENERAL
034 01 01 00 Performance legislation
034 01 01 01 Airworthiness requirements
LO Interpret the airworthiness x x x
requirements in CS-27 and CS-29 as
related to helicopter performance.
LO Name the general differences between x x x
helicopters as certified according to CS-
27 and CS-29.
034 01 01 02 Operational regulations
LO State the responsibility to comply with x x x
the operational procedures.
LO Interpret the European Union regulation x x x
on operations.
LO Use and interpret diagrams and tables x x
associated with CAT A and CAT B
procedures in order to select and
develop class 1, 2 and 3 performance
profiles according to available heliport
size and location (surface or elevated).
LO Use and interpret diagrams and tables x
associated with CAT B procedures in
order to select and develop class-3
single-engine helicopter performance
profiles according to available heliport
size and location (surface or elevated).
LO Interpret the charts showing minimum x x
clearances associated with Category A &
B procedures.
034 01 02 00 General performance theory
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034 01 02 01 Stages of flight
LO Explain the following stages of flight: x x x
— take-off,
— climb,
— level flight,
— descent,
— approach and landing.
LO Describe the necessity for different take- x x x
off and landing procedures.
034 01 02 02 Definitions and terms
LO Define the following terms: x x x
— Category A;
— Category B;
— Performance Class 1, 2 and 3;
— congested area;
— elevated heliport;
— helideck;
— heliport;
— hostile environment;
— maximum approved passenger
seating configuration;
— non-hostile environment;
— obstacle;
— rotor Radius (R);
— take-off mass;
— Touchdown and Lift-Off Area
(TLOF);
— safe forced landing;
— speed for best rate of climb (Vy);
— never exceed speed (VNE);
— velocity landing gear extended
(VLE);
— velocity landing gear operation
(VLO);
— cruising speed and maximum
cruising speed.
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LO Define the following terms: x x
— reported headwind component;
— Take-off Decision Point (TDP);
— Defined Point After Take-Off
(DPATO) ;
— Take-Off Distance Required
(TODR);
— Take-Off Distance Available
(TODA);
— Distance Required (DR);
— Rejected Take-Off Distance
Required (RTODR);
— Rotation Point (RP);
— Committal Point (CP);
— Defined Point Before Landing
(DPBL);
— Landing Decision Point (LDP);
— Landing Distance Available (LDA);
— Landing Distance Required (LDR);
— Take-off safety speed (V 1);
— Take-off safety speed for Cat A
rotorcraft (V TOSS)(V2).
LO Understand the meaning and x x
significance of the acronyms AEO and
OEI.
LO Define the terms ‘climb angle’ and ‘climb x x
gradient’.
LO Define the terms ‘flight-path angle’ and x x
‘flight-path gradient’.
LO Define ‘V maxRange’ (speed for maximum x x x
range) and V maxEnd (speed for maximum
endurance).
LO Define and calculate the gradient by x x
using power, wind and helicopter mass.
LO Explain the terms ‘operational ceiling’ x x x
and ‘absolute ceiling’.
LO Explain the term ‘service ceiling OEI’. x x
LO Understand the difference between x x x

Hovering In Ground Effect (HIGE) and
Hovering out of Ground Effect (HOGE).
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034 01 02 03 Power required/power available curves
LO Understand and interpret the graph x x x

power required/power available versus
TAS.
034 01 02 04 Critical height-velocity graphs
LO Understand and interpret the critical x x x
height-velocity graphs.
034 01 02 05 Influencing variables on performance
LO Explain how the following factors effect x x x
helicopter performance:
— humidity;
— temperature;
— wind;
— helicopter mass;
— helicopter configuration;
— helicopter CG.
034 02 00 00 PERFORMANCE CLASS 3 — SINGLE-
ENGINE HELICOPTERS ONLY
034 02 01 00 Effect of variables on single-engine
helicopter performance
LO Determine wind component, altitude x x x
and temperature for hovering, take-off
and landing.
LO Explain that operations are only from/to x x x
heliports and over such routes, areas
and diversions contained in a non-hostile
environment where a safe forced landing
can be carried out.
(Consider the exception: Operations may
be conducted in a hostile environment
when approved).
LO Explain the effect of temperature, wind x x x
and altitude on climb, cruise and descent
performance.
034 02 02 00 Take-off and landing (including hover)
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LO Explain the take-off and landing x x x
requirements.
LO Explain the maximum allowed take-off x x x
and landing mass.
LO Explain that mass has to be restricted to x x x
HIGE.
LO Explain that if HIGE is unlikely to be x x x
achieved, then mass must be restricted
to HOGE.
LO State that the helicopter must be x x x
capable of flying its intended track
without flying below the appropriate
minimum flight altitude and be able to
perform a safe forced landing.
LO Explain the effect of altitude on the x x x
maximum endurance speed.
034 02 04 00 Use of helicopter performance data
034 02 04 01 Take-off (including hover)
LO Find the maximum wind component. x x x
LO Find the maximum allowed take-off mass x x x

for certain conditions.
LO Find the critical height-velocity x x x
parameters.
034 02 04 02 Climb
LO Find the time, distance and fuel to climb x x x
LO Find the rate of climb under given x x x
conditions and the best rate-of-climb
speed VY.
034 02 04 03 Cruise
LO Find the cruising speed and fuel x x x
consumption for certain conditions.
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LO Calculate the range and endurance x x x
under given conditions.
034 02 04 04 Landing (including hover)
LO Find the maximum wind component. x x x
LO Find the maximum allowed landing mass x x x

LO Find the critical height-velocity x x x
parameters.
034 03 00 00 PERFORMANCE CLASS 2
General remark:
The LOs for Performance Class 2 are
principally identical with those of
Performance Class 1. (See 034 04 00 00)
Additional LOs are shown below.
034 03 01 00 Operations without an assured safe
forced landing capability
LO State the responsibility of the operator x x
in order to assure a safe forced landing.
034 03 02 00 Take-off
LO State the climb and other requirements x x
for take-off.
034 03 03 00 Take-off Flight Path
LO State the height above the take-off x x
surface at which at least the
requirements for the take-off flight path
for Performance Class 1 are to be met.
034 03 04 00 Landing
LO State the requirements for the climb x x
capability for OEI.
LO State the options for a Performance x x
Class 2 operation in case of critical
power-unit failure at any point in the
approach path.
LO State the limitations for operations x x
to/from a helideck.
034 04 00 00 PERFORMANCE CLASS 1 — HELICOPTERS
CERTIFICATED ACCORDING TO CS-29
ONLY
034 04 01 00 Take-off
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034 04 01 01 Take-off distances
LO Explain the effects of the following x x
variables on the flight path and take-off
distances:
— take-off with HIGE or HOGE;
— take-off procedure;
— obstacle clearances both laterally
and vertically;
— take-off from non-elevated
heliports;
— take-off from elevated heliports or
helidecks;
— take-off from a Touchdown and
Lift-Off Area (TLOF).
variables on take-off distances:
— mass;
— take-off configuration;
— bleed-air configurations.
meteorological variables on take-off
distances:
— wind;
— temperature;
— pressure altitude.
LO Explain the take-off distances for x x
specified conditions and configuration
for AEO and OEI.
LO Explain the effect of obstacles on the x x
take-off distance required.
LO Explain the influence of V 1 and VTOSS x x
speeds on the take-off distance.
LO State the assumed reaction time x x
between engine failure and recognition.
LO Explain the effect of calculation of TDP x x
and V1 on the take-off distance required.
LO Explain that the flight must be carried x x
out visually up to TDP.
034 04 01 02 Rejected take-off distance required
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LO Explain the rejected take-off distance x x
required for specified conditions and
configuration for AEO and OEI.
LO Explain the effect of calculation of V 1 on x x
the rejected take-off distance required.
LO Explain the time-to-decide allowance x x
(decision time) and deceleration
procedure.
034 04 01 03 Landing distance from TDP with V 1 to a
complete stop on the ground
LO Understand the relationship of take-off x x
distance and landing distance from TDP
with V1 to a complete ground stop.
034 04 01 04 Take-off climb
LO Define the segments of the take-off x x
flight path.
LO Explain the effect of changes in the x x
configuration on power and speed in the
segments.
LO Explain the climb-gradient requirements x x
for OEI.
LO State the minimum altitude over the x x
take-off path when flying at V 1 to VTOSS.
LO Describe the influence of airspeed x x
selection, acceleration and turns on the
climb gradient and best rate-of-climb
speed.
034 04 01 05 Obstacle-limited take-off
LO Describe the operational regulations for x x
obstacle clearance of the take-off flight
path in the departure sector with OEI.
034 04 01 06 Use of helicopter flight data
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LO Determine from the helicopter x x
performance data sheets the maximum
masses that satisfy all the regulations for
take-off.
034 04 02 00 Climb
034 04 02 01 Climb techniques
LO Explain the effect of climbing with best x x
rate-of-climb speed (V Y).
LO Explain the influence of altitude on V Y. x x

LO Find the rate of climb and calculate the x x
time to climb to a given altitude.
034 04 03 00 Cruise
034 04 03 01 Cruise techniques
LO Explain the cruise procedures for x x
‘maximum endurance’ and ‘maximum
range’.
034 04 03 02 Maximum endurance
LO Explain fuel flow in relation to TAS. x x
LO Explain the speed for maximum x x

endurance.
034 04 03 03 Maximum range
LO Explain the speed for maximum range. x x
034 04 03 04 Maximum cruise

LO Explain the speed for maximum cruise. x x
034 04 03 05 Cruise altitudes

LO Explain the factors which might affect or x x
limit the operating altitude.
LO Understand the relation between power x x
setting, fuel consumption, cruising speed
and altitude.
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LO Determine the fuel consumption from x x
the helicopter performance data sheets
in accordance with altitude and
helicopter mass.
034 04 04 00 En route one engine inoperative
034 04 04 01 Requirements for en route flights for
OEI
LO State the flight-path clearance x x
requirements.
LO Explain the drift-down techniques. x x
LO State the reduction in the flight-path x x

width when navigational accuracy can be
achieved.
LO Find the single-engine service ceiling, x x
range and endurance from given engine-
inoperative charts.
LO Find the maximum continuous power x x
settings from given engine-inoperative
charts.
LO Find the amount of fuel to be jettisoned x x
to reduce helicopter mass.
LO Calculate the relevant parameters for x x
drift-down procedures.
034 04 05 00 Descent
LO Find the rate of descent and calculate x x
the time to descent to a given altitude.
034 04 06 00 Landing
034 04 06 01 Landing requirements
LO State the requirements for landing. x x
034 04 06 02 Landing procedures
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LO Explain the procedure for critical power- x x
unit failure prior to and after the landing
decision point.
LO Explain that the portion of flight after x x
the landing decision point must be
carried out visually.
LO Explain the procedures and required x x
obstacle clearances for landings on
different heliports/helidecks.
LO Determine from the helicopter x x
performance data sheets the maximum
masses that satisfy all the regulations for
landing.
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IR
040 00 00 00 HUMAN PERFORMANCE
040 01 00 00 HUMAN FACTORS: BASIC CONCEPTS

040 01 01 00 Human factors in aviation
040 01 01 01 Becoming a competent pilot
LO State that competency is based on the x x x x x x
knowledge, skill and ability of the
individual pilot.
LO Outline the factors in training that will x x x x x x
ensure the future competency of the
individual pilot.
040 01 02 00 Accident statistics
LO Give an estimate of the accident rate in x x x x x x
commercial aviation in comparison to
other means of transport.
LO State in general terms the percentage of x x x x x x
aircraft accidents which are caused by
human factors.
LO Summarise the accident trend in modern x x x x x x
aviation.
LO Identify the role of accident statistics in x x x x x x
developing a strategy for future
improvements to flight safety.
040 01 03 00 Flight safety concepts
LO Explain the three components of the x x x x x x
Threat and Error Management (TEM)
model.
LO Explain and give examples of latent x x x x x x
threats.
LO Explain and give examples of x x x x x x
environmental threats.
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LO Explain and give examples of x x x x x x
organisational threats.
LO Explain and give a definition of ‘error’ x x x x x x
according to the TEM model of ICAO
Annex 1.
LO Give examples of different x x x x x x
countermeasures which may be used in
order to manage threats, errors and
undesired aircraft states.
LO Explain and give examples of procedural x x x x x x
error.
LO Explain and give examples of ‘undesired x x x x x x
aircraft states’.
LO Describe and compare the elements of the x x x x x x
SHELL model.
LO Summarise the relevance of the SHELL x x x x x x
model to the work in the cockpit.
LO Analyse the interaction between the x x x x x x
various components of the SHELL model.
LO Explain how the interaction between x x x x x x
individual crew members can affect flight
safety.
LO Identify and explain the interaction x x x x x x
between flight crew and management as a
factor in flight safety.
040 01 04 00 Safety culture
LO Distinguish between ‘open cultures’ and x x x x x x
‘closed cultures’.
LO Illustrate how safety culture is reflected in x x x x x x
national culture.
LO Question the established expression x x x x x x
‘safety first’ in a commercial entity.
LO Explain James Reason’s ‘Swiss Cheese x x x x x x
Model’.
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LO State the important factors that promote x x x x x x
a good safety culture.
LO Distinguish between ‘just culture’ and x x x x x x
‘non-punitive culture’.
LO Name the five components which form x x x x x x
safety culture (according to James
Reason).
040 02 01 00 Basics of flight physiology
040 02 01 01 The atmosphere
LO State the units used in measuring total x x x x x x
and partial pressures of the gases in the
atmosphere.
LO State in terms of % and mm Hg the values x x x x x x
of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases
present in the atmosphere.
LO State that the volume percentage of the x x x x x x
gases in ambient air will remain constant
for all altitudes at which conventional
aircraft operate.
LO State the physiological significance of the x x x x x x
following laws:
— Boyle’s Law;
— Dalton’s Law;
— Henry’s Laws;
— the General Gas Law.
LO State the ICAO standard temperature at x x x x x x
Mean Sea Level and the Standard
Temperature Lapse Rate.
LO State at what approximate altitudes in the x x x x x x
standard atmosphere the atmospheric
pressure will be ¼, ½ and ¾ of MSL
pressure.
LO State the effects of increasing altitude on x x x x x x
the overall pressure and partial pressures
of the various gases in the atmosphere.
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LO Explain the differences in gas expansion x x x x x x
between alveolar and ambient air when
climbing.
LO State the condition required for human x x x x x x
beings to be able to survive at any given
altitude.
LO State and explain the importance of x x x x x x
partial pressure.
040 02 01 02 Respiratory and circulatory system
LO List the main components of the x x x x x x
respiratory system and their function.
LO Identify the different volumes of air in the x x x x x x
lungs and state the normal respiratory
rate.
LO State how oxygen and carbon dioxide are x x x x x x
transported throughout the body.
LO Explain the process by which oxygen is x x x x x x
transferred to the tissues and carbon
dioxide is eliminated from the body and
the oxygen requirement of tissues.
LO Explain the role of carbon dioxide in the x x x x x x
control and regulation of respiration.
LO Describe the basic processes of external x x x x x x
respiration and internal respiration.
LO List the factors determining pulse rate. x x x x x x
LO Name the major components of the x x x x x x
circulatory system and describe their
function.
LO State the values for a normal pulse rate x x x x x x
and the average cardiac output (heart rate
× stroke volume) of an adult at rest.
LO Name the four chambers of the heart and x x x x x x
state the function of the individual
chambers.
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LO Differentiate between arteries, veins and x x x x x x
capillaries in their structure and function.
LO State the functions of the coronary x x x x x x
arteries and veins.
LO Define ‘systolic’ and ‘diastolic’ blood x x x x x x
pressure.
LO State the normal blood pressure ranges x x x x x x
and units of measurement.
LO State that in an average pilot blood x x x x x x
pressure will rise slightly with age as the
arteries lose their elasticity.
LO List the main constituents of the blood x x x x x x
and describe their functions.
LO Stress the function of haemoglobin in the x x x x x x
circulatory system.
LO Define ‘anaemia’ and state its common x x x x x x
causes.
LO Indicate the effect of increasing altitude x x x x x x
on haemoglobin oxygen saturation.
Hypertension and hypotension

LO Define ‘hypertension’ and ‘hypotension’. x x x x x x
LO List the effects that high and low blood x x x x x x

pressure will have on some normal
functions of the human body.
LO State that both hypotension and x x x x x x
hypertension may disqualify the pilot from
obtaining a medical clearance to fly.
LO List the factors which can lead to x x x x x x
hypertension in an individual.
LO State the corrective actions that may be x x x x x x
taken to reduce high blood pressure.
LO Stress that hypertension is the major x x x x x x
factor of ‘strokes’ in the general
population.
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Coronary artery disease
LO Differentiate between ‘angina’ and ‘heart x x x x x x
attack’.
LO Explain the major risk factors for coronary x x x x x x
disease.
LO State the role played by physical exercise x x x x x x
in reducing the chances of developing
coronary disease.
Hypoxia
LO Define the two major forms of hypoxia x x x x x x
(hypoxic and anaemic), and the common
causes of both.
LO State the symptoms of hypoxia. x x x x x x
LO State why living tissues require oxygen. x x x x x x
LO State that healthy people are able to x x x x x x
compensate for altitudes up to
approximately 10 000–12 000 ft.
LO Name the three physiological thresholds x x x x x x
and allocate the corresponding altitudes
for each of them.
LO State the altitude at which short-term x x x x x x
memory begins to be affected by hypoxia.
LO Define the term ‘Time of Useful x x x x x x
Consciousness’ (TUC).
LO State that TUC varies between individuals, x x x x x x
but the approximate values are:
a) for a person seated (at rest)
b) for a person moderately active
20 000 ft a) 30 min
b) 5 min
30 000 ft a) 1–2 min
b) not required
35 000 ft a) 30–90 sec
b) not required
40 000 ft a) 15–20 sec
b) not required
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LO Explain the dangers of flying above x x x x x x
10 000 ft without using additional oxygen
or being in a pressurised cabin.
LO List the factors determining the severity of x x x x x x
hypoxia.
LO State the precautions to be taken when x x x x x x
giving blood.
LO State the equivalent altitudes when x x x x x x
breathing ambient air and 100 % oxygen
for MSL and approximately 10 000, 30 000
and 40 000 ft.
Hyperventilation
LO Describe the role of carbon dioxide in x x x x x x
hyperventilation.
LO Define the term ‘hyperventilation’. x x x x x x
LO List the factors causing hyperventilation. x x x x x x
LO State that hyperventilation may be caused x x x x x x
by psychological or physiological reasons.
LO List the signs and symptoms of x x x x x x
hyperventilation.
LO Describe the effects of hyperventilation x x x x x x
on muscular coordination.
LO List the measures which may be taken to x x x x x x
counteract hyperventilation.
Decompression sickness/illness
LO State the normal range of cabin pressure x x x x x x
altitude in pressurised commercial aircraft
and describe its protective function for
aircrew and passengers.
LO Identify the causes of decompression x x x x x x
sickness in flight operation.
LO State how decompression sickness can be x x x x x x
prevented.
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LO State the threshold for the onset of x x x x x x
decompression sickness in terms of
altitude.
LO State the approximate altitude above x x x x x x
which decompression sickness is likely to
occur.
LO List the symptoms of decompression x x x x x x
sickness.
LO Indicate how decompression sickness may x x x x x x
be treated.
LO List the vital actions the crew has to x x x x x x
perform when cabin pressurisation is lost.
LO Define the hazards of diving and flying, x x x x x x
and give the recommendations associated
with these activities.
Acceleration
LO Define ‘linear’, ‘angular’ and ‘radial x x x x x x
acceleration’.
LO Describe the effects of acceleration on the x x x x x x
circulation and blood volume distribution.
LO List the factors determining the effects of x x x x x x
acceleration on the human body.
LO Describe the measures which may be x x x x x x
taken to increase tolerance to positive
acceleration.
LO List the effects of positive acceleration x x x x x x
with respect to type, sequence and the
corresponding G-load.
Carbon monoxide
LO State how carbon monoxide may be x x x x x x
produced.
LO State how the presence of carbon x x x x x x
monoxide in the blood affects the
distribution of oxygen.
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LO List the signs and symptoms of carbon- x x x x x x
monoxide poisoning.
LO Indicate how carbon-monoxide poisoning x x x x x x
can be treated and countermeasures that
can be adopted.
040 02 01 03 High-altitude environment
Ozone
LO State how an increase in altitude may x x x
change the proportion of ozone in the
atmosphere.
LO List the possible harmful effects of ozone. x x x
Radiation
LO State the sources of radiation at high x x x
altitude.
LO List the effects of excessive exposure to x x x
radiation.
LO State the effect of sun storms on the x x x
amount of radiation at high altitude.
LO List the harmful effects that may result x x x
from the extra radiation that may be
generated as the result of a sun storm
(solar flares).
LO List the methods of reducing the effects of x x x
extra radiation that may be generated as
the result of a sun storm (solar flares).
Humidity
LO Define the terms ‘humidity’ and ‘relative x x x
humidity’.
LO List the factors which affect the relative x x x
humidity of both the atmosphere and
cabin air.
LO State the methods of reducing the effects x x x
of insufficient humidity.
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LO List the physiological effects of dry cabin x x x
air on the human body and indicate
measures to diminish these effects. Stress
the effects that low humidity can have on
the efficient functioning of the eye.
Extreme temperatures
LO Explain the change in the need for oxygen x x x
of the human body when exposed to
extreme environmental temperatures.
040 02 02 00 Man and environment: the sensory
system
LO List the different senses. x x x x x x
LO State the multisensory nature of human x x x x x x

perception.
040 02 02 01 Central, peripheral and autonomic
nervous systems
LO Name the main parts of the central x x x x x x
nervous system.
LO State the basic functions of the Central x x x x x x
Nervous System (CNS), the Peripheral
Nervous System (PNS) and the Autonomic
(vegetative) Nervous System (ANS).
LO Discuss broadly how information is x x x x x x
processed by the nervous systems and the
role of reflexes.
LO Define the division of the peripheral x x x x x x
nerves into sensory and motor nerves.
LO State that a nerve impulse is an x x x x x x
electrochemical phenomenon.
LO Define the term ‘sensory threshold’. x x x x x x
LO Define the term ‘sensitivity’, especially in x x x x x x
the context of vision.
LO Give examples of sensory adaptation. x x x x x x
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LO Define the term ‘habituation’ and state its x x x x x x
implication for flight safety.
LO Define the biological control systems as x x x x x x
neurohormonal processes that are highly
self-regulated in the normal environment.
040 02 02 02 Vision
Functional anatomy
LO Name the most important parts of the eye x x x x x x
and the pathway to the visual cortex.
LO State the basic functions of the parts of x x x x x x
the eye.
LO Define ‘accommodation’. x x x x x x
LO Distinguish between the functions of the x x x x x x
rod and cone cells.
LO Describe the distribution of rod and cone x x x x x x
cells in the retina and explain their
relevance on vision.
Visual foveal and peripheral vision
LO Explain the terms ‘visual acuity’, ‘visual x x x x x x
field’, ‘central vision’, ‘peripheral vision’
and ‘fovea’ and explain their function in
the process of vision.
LO List the factors which may degrade visual x x x x x x
acuity and the importance of ‘lookout’.
LO State the limitations of night vision and x x x x x x
the different scanning techniques by both
night and day (regularly spaced eye
movements each covering an overlapping
sector of about 10°).
LO Explain the adaptation mechanism in x x x x x x
vision to cater for reduced and increased
levels of illumination.
LO State the time necessary for the eye to x x x x x x
adapt both to dark and bright light.
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LO State the effect of hypoxia and smoking x x x x x x
on night vision.
LO Explain the nature of colour blindness and x x x x x x
the significance of the ‘blind spot’ on the
retina in detecting other traffic in flight.
Binocular and monocular vision
LO Distinguish between monocular and x x x x x x
binocular vision.
LO Explain the basis of depth perception and x x x x x x
its relevance to flight performance.
LO List the possible monocular cues for depth x x x x x x
perception.
LO State the problems of vision associated x x x x x x
with higher energy blue light and
ultraviolet rays.
Defective vision
LO Explain long sightedness, short x x x x x x
sightedness and astigmatism.
LO List the causes of and the precautions that x x x x x x
may be taken to reduce the probability of
vision loss due to:
— presbyopia,
— cataracts,
— glaucoma.
LO List the types of sunglasses which could x x x x x x
cause perceptional problems in flight.
LO List the measures which may be taken to x x x x x x
protect oneself from flash blindness.
LO State the possible problems associated x x x x x x
with contact lenses.
LO State the current rules/regulations x x x x x x
governing the wearing of corrective
spectacles and contact lenses when
operating as a pilot.
040 02 02 03 Hearing
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Descriptive and functional anatomy
LO State the audible range of the human ear. x x x x x x
LO State the unit of measure for the intensity x x x x x x
of sound.
LO Name the most important parts of the ear x x x x x x
and the associated neural pathway.
LO State the basic functions of the different x x x x x x
parts of the auditory system.
LO Differentiate between the functions of the x x x x x x
vestibular apparatus and the cochlea in
the inner ear.
LO State the role of the Eustachian tube in x x x x x x
equalising pressure between the middle
ear and the environment.
LO Indicate the effects of colds or flu on the x x x x x x
ability to equalise pressure in the above.
Hearing loss
LO Define the main causes of the following x x x x x x
hearing defects/loss:
— ‘conductive deafness’;
— ‘Noise-Induced Hearing Loss’ (NIHL);
— ‘presbycusis’.
LO Summarise the effects of environmental x x x x x x
noise on hearing.
LO State the decibel level of received noise x x x x x x
that will cause NIHL.
LO Indicate the factors, other than noise x x x x x x
level, which may lead to NIHL.
LO Identify the potential occupational risks x x x x x x
which may cause hearing loss.
LO List the main sources of hearing loss in the x x x x x x
flying environment.
LO List the precautions that may be taken to x x x x x x
reduce the probability of onset of hearing
loss.
040 02 02 04 Equilibrium
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Functional anatomy
LO List the main elements of the vestibular x x x x x x
apparatus.
LO State the functions of the vestibular x x x x x x
apparatus on the ground and in flight.
LO Distinguish between the component parts x x x x x x
of the vestibular apparatus in the
detection of linear and angular
acceleration as well as on gravity.
LO Explain how the semicircular canals are x x x x x x
stimulated.
Motion sickness
LO Describe airsickness and its accompanying x x x x x x
symptoms.
LO Indicate that vibration can cause x x x x x x
undesirable human responses because of
the resonance of the skull and the
eyeballs.
LO List the causes of motion sickness. x x x x x x
LO Describe the necessary actions to be taken x x x x x x

to counteract the symptoms of motion
sickness.
040 02 02 05 Integration of sensory inputs
LO State the interaction between vision, x x x x x x
equilibrium, proprioception and hearing
to obtain spatial orientation in flight.
LO Define the term ‘illusion’. x x x x x x
LO Give examples of visual illusions based on x x x x x x

shape constancy, size constancy, aerial
perspective, atmospheric perspective, the
absence of focal or ambient cues,
autokinesis, vectional false horizons and
surface planes.
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LO Relate these illusions to problems that x x x x x x
may be experienced in flight and identify
the danger attached to them.
LO State the conditions which cause the x x x x x x
‘black-hole’ effect and ‘empty-field
myopia’.
LO Give examples of approach and landing x x x x x x
illusions, state the danger involved and
give recommendations to avoid or
counteract these problems.
LO State the problems associated with x x x x x x
flickering lights (strobe lights, anti-
collision lights, etc.).
LO Give examples of vestibular illusions such x x x x x x
as somatogyral (the Leans), Coriolis,
somatogravic and G-effect illusions.
LO Relate the above-mentioned vestibular x x x x x x
illusions to problems encountered in flight
and state the dangers involved.
LO List and describe the function of the x x x x x x
proprioceptive senses (‘seat-of-the-pants’
sense).
LO Relate illusions of the proprioceptive x x x x x x
senses to the problems encountered
during flight.
LO State that the ‘seat-of-the-pants’ sense is x x x x x x
completely unreliable when visual contact
with the ground is lost or when flying in
IMC or poor visual horizon.
LO Differentiate between vertigo, Coriolis x x x x x x
effect and spatial disorientation.
LO Explain the flicker effect (stroboscopic x x x x x x
effect) and discuss the countermeasures.
LO Explain how spatial disorientation can x x x x x x
result from a mismatch in sensory input
and information processing.
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LO List the measures to prevent and/or x x x x x x
overcome spatial disorientation.
040 02 03 00 Health and hygiene
040 02 03 01 Personal hygiene
LO Summarise the role of personal hygiene as x x x x x x
a factor in human performance.
040 02 03 02 Body rhythm and sleep
LO Name some internal body rhythms and x x x
their relevance to sleep.
LO Explain the term ‘circadian rhythm’. x x x
LO State the approximate duration of a ‘free- x x x

running’ rhythm.
LO Explain the significance of the ‘internal x x x
clock’ in regulating the normal circadian
rhythm.
LO State the effect of the circadian rhythm of x x x
body temperature on an individual’s
performance standard and the effect on
an individual’s sleep patterns.
LO List and describe the stages of a sleep x x x
cycle.
LO Differentiate between REM and non-REM x x x
sleep.
LO Explain the function of sleep and describe x x x
the effects of insufficient sleep on
performance.
LO Explain the simple calculations for the x x x
sleep/wake credit/debit situation.
LO Explain how sleep debit can become x x x
cumulative.
LO State the time formula for the adjustment x x x
of body rhythms to the new local time
scale after crossing time zones.
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LO State the problems caused by circadian x x x
disrhythmia (jet lag) with regard to an
individual’s performance and sleep.
LO Differentiate between the effects of x x x
westbound and eastbound travel.
LO Explain the interactive effects of circadian x x x
rhythm and vigilance on a pilot’s
performance during flight as the duty day
elapses.
LO Describe the main effects of lack of sleep x x x
on an individual’s performance.
LO List the possible coping strategies for jet x x x
lag.
040 02 03 03 Problem areas for pilots
Common minor ailments
LO State the role of the Eustachian tube in x x x x x x
equalising pressure between the middle
ear and the environment.
LO State that the in-flight environment may x x x x x x
increase the severity of symptoms which
may be minor while on the ground.
LO List the negative effects of suffering from x x x x x x
colds or flu on flight operations especially
with regard to the middle ear, the sinuses,
and the teeth.
LO Indicate the effects of colds or flu on the x x x x x x
ability to equalise pressure between the
middle ear and the environment.
LO State when a pilot should seek medical x x x x x x
advice from an AME, and when the
aeromedical section of an authority
should be informed.
LO Describe the measures to prevent and/or x x x x x x
clear problems due to pressure changes
during flight.
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Entrapped gases and barotrauma
LO Define ‘barotrauma’. x x x x x x
LO Differentiate between otic, sinus, x x x x x x
gastrointestinal and aerodontalgia (of the
teeth) barotraumas and explain avoidance
strategies.
LO Explain why the effects of otic barotrauma x x x x x x
can be worse in the descent.
Gastrointestinal upsets
LO State the effects of gastrointestinal upsets x x x x x x
that may occur during flight.
LO List the precautions that should be x x x x x x
observed to reduce the occurrence of
gastrointestinal upsets.
LO Indicate the major sources of x x x x x x
gastrointestinal upsets.
Obesity
LO Define ‘obesity’. x x x x x x
LO State the cause of obesity. x x x x x x
LO State the harmful effects of obesity on the x x x x x x

following:
— possibility of developing coronary
problems;
— increased chances of developing
diabetes;
— ability to withstand G forces;
— the development of problems with
the joints of the limbs;
— general circulatory problems;
— ability to cope with hypoxia and/or
decompression sickness.
LO State the relationship between obesity and x x x x x x
Body Mass Index (BMI).
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LO Calculate the BMI of an individual (given x x x x x x
weight in kilograms and height in metres)
and state whether this BMI indicates that
the individual is underweight, overweight,
obese or within the normal range of body
weight.
LO Describe the problems associated with Type x x x x x x
2 (mostly adult) diabetes
— risk factors;
— insulin resistance;
— complications (vascular,
neurological) and the consequences
for the medical licence;
— pilots are not protected from Type 2
diabetes more than other people.
Back pain
LO Describe the typical back problems x x x x x x
(unspecific back pain, slipped disc) that
pilots have. Explain also the ways of
preventing and treating these problems:
— good sitting posture;
— lumbar support;
— good physical condition;
— in-flight exercise, if possible;
— physiotherapy.
Food hygiene
LO Explain the significance of food hygiene x x x x x x
with regard to general health.
LO Stress the importance of and methods to x x x x x x
be adopted by aircrew especially when
travelling abroad to avoid contaminated
food and liquids.
LO List the major contaminating sources in x x x x x x
foodstuffs.
LO State the major constituents of a healthy x x x x x x
diet.
LO State the measure to avoid hypoglycaemia. x x x x x x
LO State the role vitamins and trace elements x x x x x x

are playing in a healthy diet.
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LO State the importance of adequate x x x x x x
hydration.
Tropical climates
LO List the problems associated with x x x
operating in tropical climates.
LO State the possible causes/sources of x x x
incapacitation in tropical or poorly
developed countries with reference to:
— standards of hygiene;
— quality of water supply;
— insectborne diseases;
— parasitic worms;
— rabies or other diseases that may be
spread by contact with animals;
— sexually transmitted diseases.
LO State the precautions to be taken to x x x
reduce the risks of developing problems in
tropical areas.
Infectious diseases
LO State the major infectious diseases that x x x x x x
may kill or severely incapacitate
individuals.
LO State which preventative hygienic x x x x x x
measures, vaccinations, drugs and other
measures reduce the chances of catching
these diseases.
LO State the precautions which must be x x x x x x
taken to ensure that disease-carrying
insects are not transported between
areas.
040 02 03 04 Intoxication
Tobacco
LO State the harmful effects of tobacco on: x x x x x x
— the respiratory system;
— the cardiovascular system;
— the ability to resist hypoxia;
— the ability to tolerate G forces;
— night vision.
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Caffeine
LO Indicate the level of caffeine dosage at x x x x x x
which performance is degraded.
LO Besides coffee, indicate other beverages x x x x x x
containing caffeine.
Alcohol
LO State the maximum acceptable limit of x x x x x x
alcohol for flight crew according to the
applicable regulations.
LO State the effects of alcohol consumption x x x x x x
on:
— the ability to reason;
— inhibitions and self-control;
— vision;
— the sense of balance and sensory
illusions;
— sleep patterns;
— hypoxia.
LO State the effects alcohol may have if x x x x x x
consumed together with other drugs.
LO List the signs and symptoms of alcoholism. x x x x x x
LO List the factors which may be associated x x x x x x

with the development of alcoholism.
LO Define the ‘unit’ of alcohol and state the x x x x x x
approximate elimination rate from the
blood.
LO State the maximum daily and weekly x x x x x x
intake of units of alcohol which may be
consumed without causing damage to
organs and systems in the body.
LO Discuss the actions that might be taken if x x x
a crew member is suspected of being an
alcoholic.
LO State the reasons why aviation x x x
professions are particularly vulnerable to
the excessive use of alcohol.
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Drugs and self-medication
LO State the dangers associated with the use x x x x x x
of non-prescription drugs.
LO State the side effects of common non- x x x x x x
prescription drugs used to treat colds, flu,
hay fever and other allergies, especially
medicines containing antihistamine
preparations.
LO Interpret the rules relevant to using x x x x x x
(prescription or non-prescription) drugs
that the pilot has not used before.
LO Interpret the general rule that ‘if a pilot is x x x x x x
so unwell that they require any
medication, then they should consider
themselves unfit to fly’.
Toxic materials
LO List those materials present in an aircraft x x x x x x
which may, when uncontained, cause
severe health problems.
LO List those aircraft-component parts which x x x x x x
if burnt may give off toxic fumes.
040 02 03 05 Incapacitation in flight
LO State that incapacitation is most x x x x x x
dangerous when its onset is insidious.
LO List the major causes of in-flight x x x x x x
incapacitation.
LO State the importance of crew to be able to x x x
recognise and promptly react upon
incapacitation of other crew members,
should it occur in flight.
LO Explain coping methods and procedures. x x x x x x
040 03 00 00 BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY
040 03 01 00 Human information processing
040 03 01 01 Attention and vigilance
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LO Differentiate between ‘attention’ and x x x x x x
‘vigilance’.
LO Differentiate between ‘selected’ and x x x x x x
‘divided’ attention.
LO Define ‘hypovigilance’. x x x x x x
LO Identify the factors which may affect the x x x x x x

state of vigilance.
LO List the factors that may forestall x x x x x x
hypovigilance during flight.
LO Indicate the signs of reduced vigilance. x x x x x x
LO Name the factors that affect a person’s x x x x x x

level of attention.
040 03 01 02 Perception
LO Name the basis of the perceptual process. x x x x x x
LO Describe the mechanism of perception x x x x x x

(‘bottom-up’/‘top-down’ process).
LO Illustrate why perception is subjective and x x x x x x
state the relevant factors which influence
interpretation of perceived information.
LO Describe some basic perceptual illusions. x x x x x x
LO Illustrate some basic perceptual concepts. x x x x x x
LO Give examples where perception plays a x x x x x x

decisive role in flight safety.
LO Stress how persuasive and believable x x x x x x
mistaken perception can manifest itself
both on an individual and a group.
040 03 01 03 Memory
LO Explain the link between the types of x x x x x x
memory (to include sensory,
working/short-term and long-term
memories).
LO Describe the differences between the x x x x x x
types of memory in terms of capacity and
retention time.
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LO Justify the importance of sensory-store x x x x x x
memories in processing information.
LO State the average maximum number of x x x x x x
separate items that may be held in
working memory.
LO Stress how interruption can affect short- x x x x x x
term/working memory.
LO Give examples of items that are important x x x x x x
for pilots to hold in working memory
during flight.
LO Describe how the capacity of the working- x x x x x x
memory store may be increased.
LO State the subdivisions of long-term x x x x x x
memory and give examples of their
content.
LO Explain that skills are kept primarily in the x x x x x x
long-term memory.
LO Explain amnesia and how it effects x x x x x x
memory.
LO Name the common problems with both x x x x x x
the long and short-term memories and the
best methods to try to counteract them.
040 03 01 04 Response selection
Learning principles and techniques
LO Explain and distinguish between the x x x x x x
following basic forms of learning:
— classical and operant conditioning
(behaviouristic approach);
— learning by insight (cognitive
approach);
— learning by imitating (modelling).
LO Find pilot-related examples for each of x x x x x x
these learning forms.
LO State the factors which are necessary for x x x x x x
and promote the quality of learning.
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LO Explain ways to facilitate the x x x x x x
memorisation of information with the
following learning techniques:
— mnemonics;
— mental training.
LO Describe the advantage of planning and x x x x x x
anticipation of future actions:
— define the term ‘skills’;
— state the three phases of learning a
skill (Anderson).
LO Explain the term ‘motor programme’ or x x x x x x
‘mental schema’.
LO Describe the advantages and x x x x x x
disadvantages of mental schemata.
LO Explain the Rasmussen model which x x x x x x
describes the guidance of a pilot’s
behaviour in different situations.
LO State the possible problems or risks x x x x x x
associated with skill-based,
rule-based and knowledge-based
behaviour.
LO Explain the following phases in connection x x x x x x
with the acquisition of automated
behaviour:
— cognitive phase;
— associative phase;
— automatic phase.
Motivation
LO Define ‘motivation’. x x x x x x
LO Explain the influences of different levels of x x x x x x

motivation on performance taking into
consideration task difficulty.
LO Explain the ‘Model of human needs’ x x x x x x
(Maslow) and relate this to aviation.
LO Explain the relationship between x x x x x x
motivation and learning.
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LO Explain the problems of overmotivation, x x x x x x
especially in the context of extreme need
of achievement.
040 03 02 00 Human error and reliability
040 03 02 01 Reliability of human behaviour
LO Name and explain the factors which x x x x x x
influence human reliability.
040 03 02 02 Mental models and situation awareness
LO Define the term ‘situation awareness’. x x x x x x
LO List the cues which indicate loss of x x x x x x
situation awareness and name the steps
to regain it.
LO List the factors which influence one’s x x x x x x
situation awareness both positively and
negatively, and stress the importance of
situation awareness in the context of
flight safety.
LO Define the term ‘mental model’ in relation x x x x x x
to a surrounding complex situation.
LO Describe the advantages/ disadvantages x x x x x x
of mental models.
LO Explain the relationship between personal x x x x x x
‘mental models’ and the creation of
cognitive illusions.
040 03 02 03 Theory and model of human error
LO Define the term ‘error’. x x x x x x
LO Explain the concept of the ‘error chain’. x x x x x x
LO Differentiate between an isolated error x x x x x x

and an error chain.
LO Distinguish between the main forms/types x x x x x x
of errors (i.e. slips, faults, omissions and
violations).
LO Discuss the above errors and their x x x x x x
relevance in flight.
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LO Distinguish between an active and a latent x x x x x x
error and give examples.
040 03 02 04 Error generation

LO Distinguish between internal and external x x x x x x
factors in error generation.
LO Identify possible sources of internal error x x x x x x
generation.
LO Define and discuss the two errors x x x x x x
associated with motor programmes.
LO List the three main sources of external x x x x x x
error generation in the cockpit.
LO Give examples to illustrate the following x x x x x x
factors in external error generation in the
cockpit:
— ergonomics,
— economics,
— social environment.
LO Name the major goals in the design of x x x x x x
human-centred man–machine interfaces.
LO Define the term ‘error tolerance’. x x x x x x
LO List (and describe) strategies which are x x x x x x

used to reduce human error.
040 03 03 00 Decision-making
040 03 03 01 Decision-making concepts
LO Define the terms ‘deciding’ and ‘decision- x x x x x x
making’.
LO Describe the major factors on which x x x x x x
decision-making should be based during
the course of a flight.
LO Describe the main human attributes with x x x x x x
regard to decision-making.
LO Discuss the nature of bias and its x x x x x x
influence on the decision-making process.
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LO Describe the main error sources and limits x x x x x x
in an individual’s decision-making
mechanism.
LO State the factors upon which an x x x x x x
individual’s risk assessment is based.
LO Explain the relationship between risk x x x x x x
assessment, commitment and pressure of
time on decision-making strategies.
LO Explain the risks associated with x x x x x x
dispersion and/or channelised attention
during the application of procedures
requiring a high workload within a short
time frame (e.g. a go-around).
LO Describe the positive and negative x x x x x x
influences exerted by other group
members on an individual’s decision-
making process.
LO Explain the general idea behind the x x x x x x
creation of a model for decision-making
based upon:
— definition of the aim;
— collection of information;
— risk assessment;
— development of options;
— evaluation of options;
— decision;
— implementation;
— consequences;
— review and feedback.
040 03 04 00 Avoiding and managing errors: cockpit
management
040 03 04 01 Safety awareness
LO Justify the need for being aware of not x x x x x x
only one’s own performance but that of
others before and during a flight and the
possible consequences and/or risks.
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LO Stress the overall importance of x x x x x x
constantly and positively striving to
monitor for errors and thereby
maintaining situation awareness.
Coordination
040 03 04 02
(multi-crew concepts)
LO Name the objectives of the multi-crew x x x
concept.
LO State and explain the elements of multi- x x x
crew concepts.
LO Explain the concept ‘Standard Operating x x x
Procedures’ (SOPs).
LO Illustrate the purpose and procedure of x x x
crew briefings.
LO Illustrate the purpose and procedure of x x x
checklists.
LO Describe the function of communication in x x x
a coordinated team.
040 03 04 03 Cooperation
LO Distinguish between cooperation and x x x
coaction.
LO Define the term ‘group’. x x x
LO Illustrate the influence of x x x

interdependence in a group.
LO List the advantages and disadvantages of x x x
team work.
LO Explain the term ‘synergy’. x x x
LO Define the term ‘cohesion’. x x x
LO Define the term ‘groupthink’. x x x
LO State the essential conditions for good x x x

teamwork.
LO Explain the function of role and norm in a x x x
group.
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LO Name the different role patterns which x x x
occur in a group situation.
LO Explain how behaviour can be affected by x x x
the following factors:
— persuasion,
— conformity,
— compliance,
— obedience.
LO Distinguish between status and role. x x x
LO Stress the inherent dangers of a situation x x x

where there is a mix of role and status
within the cockpit.
LO Explain the terms ‘leadership’ and x x x
‘followership’.
LO Describe the trans-cockpit authority x x x
gradient and its affiliated leadership styles
(i.e. autocratic, laissez-faire and
synergistic).
LO Name the most important attributes of a x x x
positive leadership style.
040 03 04 04 Communication
LO Explain the function of ‘information’. x x x x x x
LO Define the term ‘communication’. x x x x x x
LO List the most basic components of x x x x x x

interpersonal communication.
LO Explain the advantages of two-way x x x x x x
communication as opposed to one-way
communication.
LO Explain Watzlawick’s statement x x x x x x
‘One cannot not communicate’.
LO Distinguish between verbal and non- x x x x x x
verbal communication.
LO Name the functions of non-verbal x x x x x x
communication.
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LO Describe the general aspects of non- x x x x x x
verbal communication.
LO Describe the advantages/disadvantages of x x x x x x
implicit and explicit communication.
LO State the attributes and possible problems x x x x x x
of using ‘professional’ language.
LO Name and explain the major obstacles to x x x x x x
effective communication.
LO Give examples of aircraft accidents arising x x x x x x
from poor communication.
LO Explain the difference between x x x x x x
intrapersonal and interpersonal conflict.
LO Describe the escalation process in human x x x x x x
conflict.
LO List the typical consequences of conflicts x x x x x x
between crew members.
LO Explain the following terms as part of the x x x x x x
communication practice with regard to
preventing or resolving conflicts:
— inquiry,
— active listening,
— advocacy,
— feedback,
— metacommunication,
— negotiation.
040 03 05 00 Human behaviour
040 03 05 01 Personality, attitude and behaviour

LO Describe the factors which determine an x x x x x x
individual’s behaviour.
LO Define and distinguish between x x x x x x
‘personality’, ‘attitude’ and ‘behaviour’.
LO State the origin of personality and x x x x x x
attitudes.
LO State that with behaviours good and bad x x x x x x
habits can be formed.
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LO Explain how behaviour is generally a x x x x x x
product of personality and attitude.
LO Discuss some effects that personality and x x x x x x
attitudes may have on flight crew
performance.
Individual differences in personality and

040 03 05 02
motivation
LO Describe the individual differences in x x x x x x
personality by means of a common trait
model (e.g. Eysenck’s personality factors)
and use it to describe today’s ideal pilot.
Self-concept
LO Define the term ‘self-concept’ and the x x x x x x
role it plays in any change of personality.
LO Explain how a self-concept of x x x x x x
underconfidence may lead to an outward
show of aggression and self-
assertiveness.
Self-discipline
LO Define ‘self-discipline’ and justify its x x x x x x
importance for flight safety.
040 03 05 03 Identification of hazardous attitudes
(error proneness)
LO Summarise examples of attitudes and x x x
behaviour (including their signs) which, if
prevalent in a crew member, might
represent a hazard to flight safety.
LO Describe the personality attitude and x x x
behaviour patterns of an ideal crew
member.
LO Summarise how a person’s attitude x x x
influences their work in the cockpit.
040 03 06 00 Human overload and underload
040 03 06 01 Arousal
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LO Explain the term ‘arousal’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the relationship between arousal x x x x x x
and performance.
LO Explain the circumstances under which x x x x x x
underload may occur and its possible
dangers.
040 03 06 02 Stress
LO Explain the term ‘homeostasis’. x x x x x x
LO Explain the term ‘stress’ and why stress is x x x x x x
a natural human reaction.
LO State that the physiological response to x x x x x x
stress is generated by the ‘fight or flight’
response.
LO Describe the function of the Autonomic x x x x x x
Nervous System (ANS) in stress response.
LO Explain the biological reaction to stress by x x x x x x
means of the ‘General Adaptation
Syndrome’ (GAS).
LO Explain the relationship between arousal x x x x x x
and stress.
LO State the relationship between stress and x x x x x x
performance.
LO State the basic categories of stressors. x x x x x x
LO List and discuss the major environmental x x x x x x

sources of stress in the cockpit.
LO Discuss the concept of ‘break point’ with x x x x x x
regard to stress, overload and
performance.
LO Name the principal causes of domestic x x x x x x
stress.
LO State that the stress experienced as a x x x x x x
result of particular demands varies
between individuals.
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LO Explain the factors which lead to x x x x x x
differences in the levels of stress
experienced by individuals.
LO List the factors influencing the tolerance x x x x x x
of stressors.
LO Explain a simple model of stress. x x x x x x
LO Explain the relationship between stress x x x x x x

and anxiety.
LO Describe the effects of anxiety on human x x x x x x
performance.
LO State the general effect of acute stress on x x x x x x
the human system.
LO Name the three phases of GAS. x x x x x x
LO Name the symptoms of stress relating to x x x x x x

the different phases of GAS.
LO Describe the relationship between stress, x x x x x x
arousal and vigilance.
LO State the general effect of chronic stress x x x x x x
on the human system.
LO Explain the differences between x x x x x x
psychological, psychosomatic and somatic
stress reactions.
LO Name the typical common physiological x x x x x x
and psychological symptoms of human
overload.
LO Describe the effects of stress on human x x x x x x
behaviour.
LO Explain how stress is cumulative and how x x x x x x
stress from one situation can be
transferred to a different situation.
LO Explain how successful completion of a x x x x x x
stressful task will reduce the amount of
stress experienced when a similar
situation arises in the future.
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LO Describe the effect of human x x x x x x
underload/overload on effectiveness in
the cockpit.
LO List sources and symptoms of human x x x x x x
underload.
040 03 06 03 Intentionally left blank
040 03 06 05 Fatigue and stress management

LO Explain the term ‘fatigue’ and x x x x x x
differentiate between the two types of
fatigue.
LO Name the causes for both types. x x x x x x
LO Identify the symptoms and describe the x x x x x x

effects of fatigue.
LO List the strategies which prevent or delay x x x x x x
the onset of fatigue and hypovigilance.
LO List and describe coping strategies for x x x x x x
dealing with stress factors and stress
reactions.
LO Distinguish between short-term and long- x x x x x x
term methods of stress management.
LO Give examples of short-term methods of x x x x x x
stress management.
LO Give examples of long-term methods of x x x x x x
coping with stress.
040 03 07 00 Advanced cockpit automation
040 03 07 01 Advantages and disadvantages

LO Define and explain the basic concept of x x x x x x
automation.
LO List the advantages/disadvantages of x x x x x x
automation in the cockpit in respect of
level of vigilance, attention, workload,
situation awareness and crew
coordination.
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the two components of the man–machine
system with regard to information input
and processing, decision-making and
output activities.
LO Explain the ‘ironies of automation’. x x x x x x
LO Give examples of methods to overcome x x x x x x

the disadvantages of automation.
040 03 07 02 Automation complacency

LO State the main weaknesses in the x x x x x x
monitoring of automatic systems.
LO Explain the following terms in connection x x x x x x
with automatic systems:
— passive monitoring;
— blinkered concentration;
— confusion;
— mode awareness.
LO Give examples of actions which may be x x x x x x
taken to counteract ineffective monitoring
of automatic systems.
LO Define ‘complacency’. x x x x x x
040 03 07 03 Working concepts

LO Analyse the influence of automation on x x x
crew communication and describe the
potential disadvantages.
LO Summarise how the negative effects of x x x x x x
automation on pilots may be alleviated.
LO Interpret the role of automation with x x x x x x
respect to flight safety.
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I. SUBJECT 050 — METEOROLOGY
The operation of an aircraft is affected by the weather conditions within the atmosphere. The pilot
must prove that they fulfil the following objectives in order to complete a safe flight in given
meteorological conditions.
(1) Training aims
(i) Knowledge. After completion of the training, the pilot must be able to:
— understand the physical processes in the atmosphere;
— interpret the actual and forecast weather conditions in the atmosphere;
— show understanding of the meteorological hazards and their effects on an aircraft.
(ii) Skills. After completion of the training, the pilot must be able to:
— collect all the weather information which may affect a given flight;
— analyse and evaluate available weather information before flight as well as that
collected in flight;
— apply a solution to any problems presented by weather conditions.

IR
050 00 00 00 METEOROLOGY
050 01 00 00 THE ATMOSPHERE

050 01 01 00 Composition, extent, vertical division
050 01 01 01 Structure of the atmosphere
LO Describe the vertical division of the x x x x x x
atmosphere, based on the temperature
variations with height.
LO List the different layers and their main x x x x x x
qualitative characteristics.
050 01 01 02 Troposphere
LO Describe the troposphere. x x x x x x
LO Describe the main characteristics of the x x x x x x

tropopause.
LO Describe the proportions of the most x x x x x x
important gases in the air in the
troposphere.
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LO Describe the variations of the flight level x x x x x x
and temperature of the tropopause from
the poles to the equator.
LO Describe the breaks in the tropopause along x x x x x x
the boundaries of the main air masses.
LO Indicate the variations of the flight level of x x x
the tropopause with the seasons and the
variations of atmospheric pressure.
050 01 01 03 Stratosphere
LO Describe the stratosphere. x x x
LO Describe the main differences of the x x x

composition of the air in the stratosphere
compared to the troposphere.
LO Mention the vertical extent of the x x x
stratosphere up to the stratopause.
LO Describe the reason for the temperature x x x
increase in the ozone layer.
050 01 02 00 Air temperature
050 01 02 01 Definition and units
LO Define ‘air temperature’. x x x x x x
LO List the units of measurement of air x x x x x x

temperature used in aviation meteorology
(Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin).
(Refer to 050 10 01 01)
050 01 02 02 Vertical distribution of temperature
LO Describe the mean vertical distribution of x x x x x x
temperature up to 20 km.
LO Mention the general causes of the cooling x x x x x x
of the air in the troposphere with increasing
altitude.
LO Calculate the temperature and temperature x x x x x x
deviations at specified levels.
050 01 02 03 Transfer of heat
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LO Explain how local cooling or warming x x x x x x
processes result in transfer of heat.
LO Describe radiation. x x x x x x
LO Describe solar radiation reaching the Earth. x x x x x x
LO Describe the filtering effect of the x x x x x x

atmosphere on solar radiation.
LO Describe terrestrial radiation. x x x x x x
LO Explain how terrestrial radiation is absorbed x x x x x x

by some components of the atmosphere.
LO Explain the greenhouse effect due to water x x x x x x
vapour and some other gases in the
atmosphere.
LO Explain the effect of absorption and x x x x x x
radiation in connection with clouds.
LO Explain the process of conduction. x x x x x x
LO Explain the role of conduction in the cooling x x x x x x

and warming of the atmosphere.
LO Explain the process of convection. x x x x x x
LO Name the situations in which convection x x x x x x

occurs.
LO Explain the process of advection. x x x x x x
LO Name the situations in which advection x x x x x x

occurs.
LO Describe the transfer of heat by turbulence. x x x x x x
LO Describe the transfer of latent heat. x x x x x x
050 01 02 04 Lapse rates

LO Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the x x x x x x
temperature lapse rates of the troposphere
(mean value 0.65 °C/100 m or 2 °C/1 000 ft
and actual values).
050 01 02 05 Development of inversions, types of
inversions
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LO Describe the development and types of x x x x x x
inversions.
LO Explain the characteristics of inversions and x x x x x x
of an isothermal layer.
LO Explain the reasons for the formation of the
following inversions:
— ground inversion (nocturnal radiation/ x x x x x x
advection), subsidence inversion,
frontal inversion, inversion above
friction layer, valley inversion.
LO Explain the reasons for the formation of the x x x
following inversions:
— tropopause inversion.
050 01 02 06 Temperature near the Earth’s surface,
surface effects, diurnal and seasonal
variation, effect of clouds, effect of wind
LO Describe how the temperature near the x x x x x x
Earth’s surface is influenced by seasonal
variations.
LO Explain the cooling and warming of the air x x x x x x
on the earth or sea surfaces.
LO Sketch the diurnal variation of the x x x x x x
temperature of the air in relation to the
radiation of the sun and of the Earth.
LO Describe qualitatively the influence of the x x x x x x
clouds on the cooling and warming of the
surface and the air near the surface.
LO Distinguish between the influence of low or x x x x x x
high clouds and thick or thin clouds.
LO Explain the influence of the wind on the x x x x x x
cooling and warming of the air near the
surfaces.
050 01 03 00 Atmospheric pressure
050 01 03 01 Barometric pressure, isobars
LO Define ‘atmospheric pressure’. x x x x x x
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LO List the units of measurement of the x x x x x x
atmospheric pressure used in aviation (hPa,
inches).
(Refer to 050 10 01 01)
LO Describe the principle of the barometers x x x x x x
(mercury barometer, aneroid barometer).
LO Describe isobars on surface weather charts. x x x x x x
LO Define ‘high’, ‘low’, ‘trough’, ‘ridge’, x x x x x x

‘wedge’, ‘col’.
050 01 03 02 Pressure variation with height, contours
(isohypses)
LO Explain the pressure variation with height. x x x x x x
LO Describe qualitatively the variation of the x x x x x x

barometric lapse rate.
Remark: The average value for the
barometric lapse rate near mean sea level is
27 ft (8 m) per 1 hPa, at about
5 500 m/AMSL is 50 ft (15 m) per 1 hPa.
LO Describe and interpret contour lines x x x x x x
(isohypses) on a constant pressure chart.
(Refer to 050 10 02 03)
050 01 03 03 Reduction of pressure to mean sea level,
QFF
LO Define ‘QFF’. x x x x x x
LO Explain the reduction of measured pressure x x x x x x

to mean sea level, QFF.
LO Mention the use of QFF for surface weather x x x x x x
charts.
050 01 03 04 Relationship between surface pressure
centres and pressure centres aloft
LO Illustrate with a vertical cross section of x x x x x x
isobaric surfaces the relationship between
surface pressure systems and upper-air
pressure systems.
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050 01 04 00 Air density
050 01 04 01 Relationship between pressure,
temperature and density
LO Describe the relationship between pressure, x x x x x x
temperature and density.
LO Describe the vertical variation of the air x x x x x x
density in the atmosphere.
LO Describe the effect of humidity changes on x x x x x x
the density of air.
050 01 05 00 ICAO Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
050 01 05 01 ICAO Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
LO Explain the use of standardised values for x x x x x x
the atmosphere.
LO List the main values of the ISA (mean sea- x x x x x x
level pressure, mean sea-level temperature,
the vertical temperature lapse rate up to 20
km, height and temperature of the
tropopause).
LO Calculate the standard temperature in x x x x x x
Celsius for a given flight level.
LO Determine a standard temperature x x x x x x
deviation by the difference between the
given outside-air temperature and the
standard temperature.
050 01 06 00 Altimetry
050 01 06 01 Terminology and definitions
LO Define the following terms and acronyms x x x x x x
and explain how they are related to each
other: height, altitude, pressure altitude,
flight level, level, true altitude, true height,
elevation, QNH, QFE, and standard altimeter
setting.
LO Describe the terms ‘transition altitude’, x x x x x x
‘transition level’, ‘transition layer’, ‘terrain
clearance’, ‘lowest usable flight level’.
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050 01 06 02 Altimeter settings
LO Name the altimeter settings associated to x x x x x x
height, altitude, pressure altitude and flight
level.
LO Describe the altimeter-setting procedures. x x x x x x
050 01 06 03 Calculations
LO Calculate the different readings on the x x x x x x
altimeter when the pilot changes the
altimeter setting.
LO Illustrate with a numbered example the x x x x x x
changes of altimeter setting and the
associated changes in reading when the
pilot climbs through the transition altitude
or descends through the transition level.
LO Derive the reading of the altimeter of an x x x x x x
aircraft on the ground when the pilot uses
the different settings.
LO Explain the influence of the air temperature x x x x x x
on the distance between the ground and the
level read on the altimeter and between
two flight levels.
LO Explain the influence of pressure areas on x x x x x x
true altitude.
LO Determine the true altitude/height for a x x x x x x
given altitude/height and a given ISA
temperature deviation.
LO Calculate the terrain clearance and the x x x x x x
lowest usable flight level for given
atmospheric temperature and pressure
conditions.
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Remark: The following rules shall be
considered for altimetry calculations:
a) All calculations are based on rounded
pressure values to the nearest lower
hPa;
b) The value for the barometric lapse rate
near mean sea level is 27 ft (8 m) per 1
hPa;
c) To determine the true altitude/height,
the following rule of thumb, called the
‘4 %-rule’, shall be used: the
altitude/height changes by 4 % for
each 10 °C temperature deviation from
ISA;
d) If no further information is given, the
deviation of outside-air temperature
from ISA is considered to be constantly
the same given value in the whole
layer;
e) The elevation of the airport has to be
taken into account. The temperature
correction has to be considered for the
layer between ground and the position
of the aircraft.
050 01 06 04 Effect of accelerated airflow due to
topography
LO Describe qualitatively how the effect of x x x x x x
accelerated airflow due to topography
(Bernoulli effect) affects altimetry.
050 02 00 00 WIND
050 02 01 00 Definition and measurement of wind
050 02 01 01 Definition and measurement
LO Define ‘wind’. x x x x x x
LO State the units of wind direction and speed x x x x x x

(kt, m/s, km/h).
(Refer to 050 10 01 01)
LO Explain how wind is measured in x x x x x x
meteorology.
050 02 02 00 Primary cause of wind
050 02 02 01 Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient,
Coriolis force, gradient wind
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LO Define the term ‘horizontal pressure x x x x x x
gradient’.
LO Explain how the pressure gradient force acts x x x x x x
in relation to the pressure gradient.
LO Explain how the Coriolis force acts in x x x x x x
relation to the wind.
LO Explain the development of the geostrophic x x x x x x
wind.
LO Indicate how the geostrophic wind flows in x x x x x x
relation to the isobars/isohypses in the
northern and in the southern hemisphere.
LO Analyse the effect of changing latitude on x x x
the geostrophic-wind speed.
LO Explain the gradient wind effect and x x x x x x
indicate how the gradient wind differs from
the geostrophic wind in cyclonic and
anticyclonic circulation.
050 02 02 02 Variation of wind in the friction layer
LO Describe why and how the wind changes x x x x x x
direction and speed with height in the
friction layer in the northern and in the
southern hemisphere (rule of thumb).
LO State the surface and air-mass conditions x x x x x x
that influence the wind in the friction layer
(diurnal variation).
LO Name the factors that influence the vertical x x x x x x
extent of the friction layer.
LO Explain the relationship between isobars x x x x x x
and wind (direction and speed).
Remark: Approximate value for variation of
wind in the friction layer (values to be used
in examinations):
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Type of Wind speed The wind in the
landscape in friction friction layer
layer in % of blows across the
the isobars towards
geostrophic the low
wind pressure. Angle
between wind
direction and
isobars.
over water ca 70 % ca 10°
over land ca 50 % ca 30°
WMO-NO. 266
050 02 02 03 Effects of convergence and divergence
LO Describe atmospheric convergence and x x x x x x
divergence.
LO Explain the effect of convergence and x x x x x x
divergence on the following: pressure
systems at the surface and aloft; wind
speed; vertical motion and cloud formation
(relationship between upper-air conditions
and surface pressure systems).
050 02 03 00 General global circulation
050 02 03 01 General circulation around the globe
LO Describe and explain the general global x x x x x x
circulation.
(Refer to 050 08 01 01)
LO Name and sketch or indicate on a map the x x x
global distribution of the surface pressure
and the resulting wind pattern for all
latitudes at low level in January and July.
LO Sketch or indicate on a map the westerly x x x
and easterly tropospheric winds at high
level in January and July.
050 02 04 00 Local winds
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050 02 04 01 Anabatic and katabatic winds, mountain
and valley winds, Venturi effects, land and
sea breezes
LO Describe and explain anabatic and katabatic x x x x x x
winds.
LO Describe and explain mountain and valley x x x x x x
winds.
LO Describe and explain the Venturi effect, x x x x x x
convergence in valleys and mountain areas.
LO Describe and explain land and sea breezes, x x x x x x
sea-breeze front.
050 02 05 00 Mountain waves (standing waves, lee
waves)
050 02 05 01 Origin and characteristics
LO Describe and explain the origin and x x x x x x
formation of mountain waves.
LO State the conditions necessary for the x x x x x x
formation of mountain waves.
LO Describe the structure and properties of x x x x x x
mountain waves.
LO Explain how mountain waves may be x x x x x x
identified by their associated
meteorological phenomena.
050 02 06 00 Turbulence
050 02 06 01 Description and types of turbulence
LO Describe turbulence and gustiness. x x x x x x
LO List the common types of turbulence x x x x x x

(convective, mechanical, orographic, frontal,
clear-air turbulence).
050 02 06 02 Formation and location of turbulence
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LO Explain the formation of convective x x x x x x
turbulence, mechanical and orographic
turbulence, frontal turbulence, clear-air
turbulence.
(Refer to 050 02 06 03)
LO State where turbulence will normally be x x x x x x
found (rough-ground surfaces, relief,
inversion layers, CB, TS zones, unstable
layers).
050 02 06 03 Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT): Description,
cause and location
LO Describe the term CAT. x x x x x x
LO Explain the formation of CAT. x x x x x x

(Refer to 050 02 06 02)
LO State where CAT is found in association with x x x
jet streams, in high-level troughs and in
other disturbed high-level air flows.
(Refer to 050 09 02 02)
050 02 07 00 Jet streams
050 02 07 01 Description
LO Describe jet streams. x x x x x x
LO State the defined minimum speed of a jet x x x x x x

stream.
LO State the typical figures for the dimensions x x x x x x
of jet streams.
050 02 07 02 Formation and properties of jet streams
LO Explain the formation and state the heights, x x x
the speeds, the seasonal variations of
speeds, the geographical positions, the
seasonal occurrence and the seasonal
movements of the arctic (front) jet stream,
the polar front jet stream, the subtropical
jet stream, and the tropical (easterly/
equatorial) jet stream.
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050 02 07 03 Location of jet streams and associated CAT
areas
LO Sketch or describe where polar front and x x x
arctic jet streams are found in the
troposphere in relation to the tropopause
and to fronts.
LO Sketch or describe the isotherms, the x x x
isotachs, the pressure surfaces and the
movements of air in a cross section of a
polar front jet stream.
LO Describe and indicate the areas of worst x x x
wind shear and CAT.
050 02 07 04 Jet stream recognition
LO State how jet streams may be recognised x x x
from their associated meteorological
phenomena.
050 03 00 00 THERMODYNAMICS
050 03 01 00 Humidity
050 03 01 01 Water vapour in the atmosphere
LO Describe humid air. x x x x x x
LO Describe the significance for meteorology of x x x x x x
water vapour in the atmosphere.
LO Indicate the sources of atmospheric x x x x x x
humidity.
050 03 01 02 Mixing ratio
LO Define ‘mixing ratio’ and ‘saturation mixing x x x x x x
ratio’.
LO Name the unit used in meteorology to x x x x x x
express the mixing ratio (g/kg).
LO Explain the factors influencing the mixing x x x x x x
ratio.
LO Recognise the lines of equal mixing ratio on x x x x x x
a simplified diagram (T, P).
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LO Define ‘saturation of air by water vapour’. x x x x x x
LO Illustrate with a diagram (T, mixing ratio) x x x x x x

the influence of the temperature on the
saturation mixing ratio, at constant
pressure.
LO Explain the influence of the pressure on the x x x x x x
saturation mixing ratio.
Remark: A simplified diagram (T,P) contains:
— on the x-axis: temperature (T);
— on the y-axis: height corresponding to
pressure (P).
The degree of saturation/mixing ratio and
stability/instability are shown as functions
of temperature change with height (as lines
or curves in the diagram).
050 03 01 03 Temperature/dew point, relative humidity
LO Define ‘dew point’. x x x x x x
LO Recognise the dew-point curve on a x x x x x x

simplified diagram (T, P).
LO Define ‘relative humidity’. x x x x x x
LO Explain the factors influencing the relative x x x x x x

humidity at constant pressure.
LO Explain the diurnal variation of the relative x x x x x x
humidity.
LO Describe the relationship between relative x x x x x x
humidity, the amount of water vapour and
the temperature.
LO Describe the relationship between x x x x x x
temperature and dew point.
LO Estimate the relative humidity of the air x x x x x x
from the difference between dew point and
temperature.
050 03 02 00 Change of state of aggregation
050 03 02 01 Condensation, evaporation, sublimation,
freezing and melting, latent heat
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LO Define ‘condensation’, ‘evaporation’, x x x x x x
‘sublimation’, ‘freezing and melting’ and
‘latent heat’.
LO List the conditions for condensation/ x x x x x x
evaporation.
LO Explain the condensation process. x x x x x x
LO Explain the nature of and the need for x x x x x x

condensation nuclei.
LO Explain the effects of condensation on the x x x x x x
weather.
LO List the conditions for freezing/melting. x x x x x x
LO Explain the process of freezing. x x x x x x

freezing nuclei.
LO Define ‘supercooled water’. x x x x x x
(Refer to 050 09 01 01)
LO List the conditions for sublimation. x x x x x x
LO Explain the sublimation process. x x x x x x

sublimation nuclei.
LO Describe the absorption or release of latent x x x x x x
heat in each change of state of aggregation.
LO Explain the influence of atmospheric x x x x x x
pressure, the temperature of the air and of
the water or ice on the changes of state of
aggregation.
LO Illustrate all the changes of state of x x x x x x
aggregation with practical examples.
050 03 03 00 Adiabatic processes
050 03 03 01 Adiabatic processes, stability of the
atmosphere
LO Describe the adiabatic processes. x x x x x x
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LO Describe the adiabatic process in an x x x x x x
unsaturated rising or descending air
particle.
LO Explain the variation of temperature with x x x x x x
changing altitude.
LO Explain the changes which take place in x x x x x x
mixing ratio with changing altitude.
LO Explain the changes which take place in x x x x x x
relative humidity with changing altitude.
LO Use the dry-adiabatic and mixing-ratio lines x x x x x x
on a simplified diagram (T, P) for a climbing
or descending air particle.
LO Describe the adiabatic process in a x x x x x x
saturated rising or descending air particle.
LO Explain the variation of temperature with x x x x x x
changing altitude.
LO Explain the difference in temperature lapse x x x x x x
rate between saturated and unsaturated air.
LO Explain the influence of different air x x x x x x
temperatures on the temperature lapse rate
in saturated air.
LO Use the saturated adiabatic lines on a x x x x x x
simplified diagram (T, P) for a climbing or
descending air particle.
LO Find the condensation level, or base of the x x x x x x
clouds, on a simplified diagram (T, P).
LO Explain the static stability of the x x x x x x
atmosphere with reference to the adiabatic
lapse rates.
LO Define qualitatively and quantitatively the x x x x x x
terms ‘stability’, ‘conditional instability’,
‘instability’ and ‘indifferent (neutral)’.
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LO Explain with a sketch on a simplified x x x x x x
diagram (T, P) the different possibilities of
atmospheric stability: absolute stability,
absolute instability, conditional instability
and indifferent (neutral).
LO Illustrate with a sketch of the adiabatic x x x x x x
lapse rates and the vertical temperature
profile of the atmosphere the effect of an
inversion on the vertical motion of air.
LO Illustrate with a schematic sketch of the x x x x x x
saturated adiabatic lapse rate and the
vertical temperature profile the instability
inside a cumuliform cloud.
LO Illustrate with a schematic sketch the x x x x x x
formation of the subsidence inversion.
LO Illustrate with a schematic sketch the x x x x x x
formation of Foehn.
LO Explain the effect on the stability of the air x x x x x x
caused by advection of air (warm or cold).
Remark: Dry adiabatic lapse rate = 1 °C/100
m or 3 °C/1 000 ft; average value at lower
levels for saturated adiabatic lapse rate =
0.6 °C/100 m or 1.8 °C/1 000 ft (values to be
used in examinations).
050 04 00 00 CLOUDS AND FOG
050 04 01 00 Cloud formation and description
050 04 01 01 Cloud formation
LO Explain cloud formation by adiabatic x x x x x x
cooling, conduction, advection and
radiation.
LO Describe cloud formation based on the x x x x x x
following lifting processes: unorganised
lifting in thin layers and turbulent mixing;
forced lifting at fronts or over mountains;
free convection.
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LO Determine cloud base and top in a x x x x x x
simplified diagram (temperature, pressure,
humidity).
LO Explain the influence of relative humidity on x x x x x x
the height of the cloud base.
LO Illustrate in a thermodynamic diagram the x x x x x x
meaning of convective temperature
(temperature at which formation of
cumulus starts).
LO List cloud types typical for stable and x x x x x x
unstable air conditions.
LO Summarise the conditions for the x x x x x x
dissipation of clouds.
050 04 01 02 Cloud types and cloud classification
LO Describe cloud types and cloud x x x x x x
classification.
LO Identify by shape cirriform, cumuliform and x x x x x x
stratiform clouds.
LO Identify by shape and typical level the 10 x x x x x x
cloud types (genera).
LO Describe and identify by shape the following x x x x x x
species and supplementary feature:
castellanus, lenticularis, fractus, humilis,
mediocris, congestus, calvus, capillatus and
virga.
LO Distinguish between low, medium and high-
level clouds according to the WMO ‘cloud
etage’ (including heights):
— for mid latitudes. x x x x x x
LO Distinguish between low, medium and high- x x x
level clouds according to the WMO ‘cloud
etage’ (including heights):
— for all latitudes.
LO Distinguish between ice clouds, mixed x x x x x x
clouds and pure-water clouds.
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050 04 01 03 Influence of inversions on cloud
development
LO Explain the influence of inversions on x x x x x x
vertical movements in the atmosphere.
LO Explain the influence of an inversion on the x x x x x x
formation of stratus clouds.
LO Explain the influence of ground inversion on x x x x x x
the formation of fog.
LO Determine on a simplified diagram the top x x x x x x
of a cumulus cloud caused by an inversion.
LO Describe the role of the tropopause x x x
inversion with regard to the formation of
clouds.
050 04 01 04 Flying conditions in each cloud type
LO Assess the 10 cloud types for icing and x x x x x x
turbulence.
050 04 02 00 Fog, mist, haze
050 04 02 01 General aspects
LO Define ‘fog’, ‘mist’ and ‘haze’ with reference x x x x x x
to the WMO standards of visibility range.
LO Explain the formation of fog, mist and haze x x x x x x
in general.
LO Name the factors contributing in general to x x x x x x
the formation of fog and mist.
LO Name the factors contributing to the x x x x x x
formation of haze.
LO Describe freezing fog and ice fog. x x x x x x
050 04 02 02 Radiation fog

LO Explain the formation of radiation fog. x x x x x x
LO Explain the conditions for the development x x x x x x

of radiation fog.
LO Describe the significant characteristics of x x x x x x
radiation fog, and its vertical extent.
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dissipation of radiation fog.
050 04 02 03 Advection fog
LO Explain the formation of advection fog. x x x x x x

of advection fog.
LO Describe the different possibilities of x x x x x x
advection-fog formation (over land, sea and
coastal regions).
advection fog.
dissipation of advection fog.
050 04 02 04 Steam fog
LO Explain the formation of steam fog. x x x x x x

of steam fog.
steam fog.
dissipation of steam fog.
050 04 02 05 Frontal fog
LO Explain the formation of frontal fog. x x x x x x

of frontal fog.
frontal fog.
dissipation of frontal fog.
050 04 02 06 Orographic fog (hill fog)
LO Summarise the features of orographic fog. x x x x x x
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of orographic fog.
orographic fog.
dissipation of orographic fog.
050 05 00 00 PRECIPITATION
050 05 01 00 Development of precipitation
050 05 01 01 Process of development of precipitation
LO Distinguish between the two following x x x x x x
processes by which precipitation is formed.
LO Summarise the outlines of the ice-crystal x x x x x x
process (Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen).
LO Summarise the outlines of the coalescence x x x x x x
process.
LO Describe the atmospheric conditions that x x x x x x
favour either process.
LO Explain the development of snow, rain, x x x x x x
drizzle and hail.
050 05 02 00 Types of precipitation
050 05 02 01 Types of precipitation, relationship with
cloud types
LO List and describe the types of precipitation x x x x x x
given in the TAF and METAR codes (drizzle,
rain, snow, snow grains, ice pellets, hail,
small hail, snow pellets, ice crystals, freezing
drizzle, freezing rain).
LO State the ICAO/WMO approximate x x x x x x
diameters for cloud, drizzle and rain drops.
LO State the approximate weights and x x x x x x
diameters for hailstones.
LO Explain the mechanism for the formation of x x x x x x
freezing precipitation.
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LO Describe the weather conditions that give x x x x x x
rise to freezing precipitation.
LO Distinguish between the types of x x x x x x
precipitation generated in convective and
stratiform cloud.
LO Assign typical precipitation types and x x x x x x
intensities to different clouds.
050 06 00 00 AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
050 06 01 00 Air masses
050 06 01 01 Description, classification and source
regions of air masses
LO Define the term ‘air mass’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the properties of the source x x x x x x

regions.
LO Summarise the classification of air masses x x x x x x
by source regions.
LO State the classifications of air masses by x x x x x x
temperature and humidity at source.
LO State the characteristic weather in each of x x x x x x
the air masses.
LO Name the three main air masses that affect x x x x x x
Europe.
LO Classify air masses on a surface weather x x x x x x
chart.
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Remark: Names and abbreviations of air
masses used in examinations:
— first letter: humidity
 continental (c),
 maritime (m),
— second letter: type of air mass
 Arctic (A),
 Polar (P),
 Tropical (T),
 Equatorial (E),
— third letter: temperature
 cold (c),
 warm (w).
050 06 01 02 Modifications of air masses
LO List the environmental factors that affect x x x x x x
the final properties of an air mass.
LO Explain how maritime and continental tracks x x x x x x
modify air masses.
LO Explain the effect of passage over cold or x x x x x x
warm surfaces.
LO Explain how air-mass weather is affected by x x x x x x
the season, the air-mass track and by
orographic and thermal effects over land.
LO Assess the tendencies of the stability for an x x x x x x
air mass and describe the typical resulting
air-mass weather including the hazards for
aviation.
050 06 02 00 Fronts
050 06 02 01 General aspects
LO Describe the boundaries between air x x x x x x
masses (fronts).
LO Define ‘front and frontal surface (frontal x x x x x x
zone)’.
LO Name the global frontal systems (polar x x x x x x
front, arctic front).
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LO State the approximate seasonal latitudes x x x x x x
and geographic positions of the polar front
and the arctic front.
050 06 02 02 Warm front, associated clouds and weather
LO Define a ‘warm front’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the cloud, weather, ground x x x x x x

visibility and aviation hazards at a warm
front depending on the stability of the warm
air.
LO Explain the seasonal differences in the x x x x x x
weather at warm fronts.
LO Describe the structure, slope and x x x x x x
dimensions of a warm front.
LO Sketch a cross section of a warm front x x x x x x
showing weather, cloud and aviation
hazards.
050 06 02 03 Cold front, associated clouds and weather
LO Define a ‘cold front’. x x x x x x

visibility and aviation hazards at a cold front
depending on the stability of the warm air.
weather at cold fronts.
LO Describe the structure, slope and x x x x x x
dimensions of a cold front.
LO Sketch a cross section of a cold front x x x x x x
hazards.
050 06 02 04 Warm sector, associated clouds and
weather
LO Define ‘fronts and air masses associated x x x x x x
with the warm sector’.
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visibility and aviation hazards in a warm
sector.
weather in the warm sector.
LO Sketch a cross section of a warm sector x x x x x x
hazards.
050 06 02 05 Weather behind the cold front
visibility and aviation hazards behind the
cold front.
weather behind the cold front.
050 06 02 06 Occlusions, associated clouds and weather
LO Define the term ‘occlusion’. x x x x x x
LO Define a ‘cold occlusion’. x x x x x x
LO Define a ‘warm occlusion’. x x x x x x

visibility and aviation hazards in a cold
occlusion.
visibility and aviation hazards in a warm
occlusion.
weather at occlusions.
LO Sketch a cross section of cold and warm x x x x x x
occlusions showing weather, cloud and
aviation hazards.
LO On a sketch illustrate the development of an x x x x x x
occlusion and the movement of the
occlusion point.
050 06 02 07 Stationary front, associated clouds and
weather
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LO Define a ‘stationary or quasi-stationary x x x x x x
front’.
visibility and aviation hazards in a stationary
or quasi-stationary front.
050 06 02 08 Movement of fronts and pressure systems,
life cycle
LO Describe the movements of fronts and x x x x x x
pressure systems and the life cycle of a mid-
latitude depression.
LO State the rules for predicting the direction x x x x x x
and the speed of movement of fronts.
LO Explain the difference between the speed of x x x x x x
movement of cold and warm fronts.
LO State the rules for predicting the direction x x x x x x
and the speed of movement of frontal
depressions.
LO Describe, with a sketch if required, the x x x x x x
genesis, development and life cycle of a
frontal depression with associated cloud
and rain belts.
050 06 02 09 Changes of meteorological elements at a
frontal wave
LO Sketch a plan and a cross section of a frontal x x x x x x
wave (warm front, warm sector and cold
front) and illustrate the changes of
pressure, temperature, surface wind and
wind in the vertical axis.
050 07 00 00 PRESSURE SYSTEMS
050 07 01 00 The principal pressure areas
050 07 01 01 Location of the principal pressure areas
LO Identify or indicate on a map the principal x x x
global high-pressure and low-pressure areas
in January and July.
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LO Explain how these pressure areas are x x x
formed.
LO Explain how the pressure areas move with x x x
the seasons.
050 07 02 00 Anticyclone
050 07 02 01 Anticyclones, types, general properties,
cold and warm anticyclones, ridges and
wedges, subsidence
LO List the different types of anticyclones. x x x x x x
LO Describe the effect of high-level x x x x x x

convergence in producing areas of high
pressure at ground level.
LO Describe air-mass subsidence, its effect on x x x x x x
the environmental lapse rate, and the
associated weather.
LO Describe the formation of warm and cold x x x x x x
anticyclones.
LO Describe the formation of ridges and x x x x x x
wedges.
(Refer to 050 08 03 02)
LO Describe the properties of and the weather x x x x x x
associated with warm and cold anticyclones.
LO Describe the properties of and the weather x x x x x x
associated with ridges and wedges.
LO Describe the blocking anticyclone and its x x x x x x
effects.
050 07 03 00 Non-frontal depressions
050 07 03 01 Thermal, orographic, polar and secondary
depressions; troughs
LO Describe the effect of high-level divergence x x x x x x
in producing areas of low pressure at
ground level.
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LO Describe the formation and properties of x x x x x x
thermal, orographic (lee lows), polar and
secondary depressions.
LO Describe the formation, the properties and x x x x x x
the associated weather of troughs.
050 07 04 00 Tropical revolving storms
050 07 04 01 Characteristics of tropical revolving storms
LO State the conditions necessary for the x x x
formation of tropical revolving storms.
LO Explain how a tropical revolving storm x x x
moves during its life cycle.
LO Name the stages of the development of x x x
tropical revolving storms (tropical
disturbance, tropical depression, tropical
storm, severe tropical storm, tropical
revolving storm).
LO Describe the meteorological conditions in x x x
and near a tropical revolving storm.
LO State the approximate dimensions of a x x x
tropical revolving storm.
050 07 04 02 Origin and local names, location and period
of occurrence
LO List the areas of origin and occurrence of x x x
tropical revolving storms, and their
specified names (hurricane, typhoon,
tropical cyclone).
LO State the expected times of occurrence of x x x
tropical revolving storms in each of the
source areas, and their approximate
frequency.
050 08 00 00 CLIMATOLOGY
050 08 01 00 Climatic zones
050 08 01 01 General circulation in the troposphere and
lower stratosphere
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LO Describe the general tropospheric and low x x x
stratospheric circulation.
(Refer to 050 02 03 01)
050 08 01 02 Climatic classification
LO Name the world climate groups according to x x x
Koeppen’s classification.
LO Describe the characteristics of the tropical x x x
rain climate, the dry climate, the mid-
latitude climate (warm temperate rain
climate), the subarctic climate (cold snow-
forest climate) and the snow climate (polar
climate).
LO Explain how the seasonal movement of the x x x
sun generates the transitional climate
zones.
LO Describe the typical weather in the tropical x x x
transitional climate (savannah climate) and
in the temperate transitional climate
(Mediterranean climate).
LO State the typical locations of each major x x x
climatic zone.
050 08 02 00 Tropical climatology
050 08 02 01 Cause and development of tropical
showers and thunderstorms: humidity,
temperature, tropopause
LO State the conditions necessary for the x x x
formation of tropical rain showers and
thunderstorms (mesoscale convective
complex, cloud clusters).
LO Describe the characteristics of tropical x x x
squall lines.
LO Explain the formation of convective cloud x x x
structures caused by convergence at the
boundary of the NE and SE trade winds
(Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)).
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LO State the typical figures for tropical surface x x x
air temperatures and humidities, and
heights of the zero-degree isotherm.
050 08 02 02 Seasonal variations of weather and wind,
typical synoptic situations
LO Describe the seasonal variations of weather x x x
and winds, and describe the typical synoptic
situations.
LO Indicate on a map the trade winds (tropical x x x
easterlies) and describe the associated
weather.
LO Indicate on a map the doldrums and x x x
describe the associated weather.
LO Indicate on a sketch the latitudes of x x x
subtropical high (horse latitudes) and
describe the associated weather.
LO Indicate on a map the major monsoon x x x
winds.
(Refer to 050 08 02 04 for a description of
the weather)
050 08 02 03 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ),
weather in the ITCZ, general seasonal
movement
LO Identify or indicate on a map the positions x x x
of the ITCZ in January and July.
LO Explain the seasonal movement of the ITCZ. x x x
LO Describe the weather and winds at the ITCZ. x x x
LO Explain the variations in weather that are x x x

found at the ITCZ.
LO Explain the flight hazards associated with x x x
the ITCZ.
050 08 02 04 Monsoon, sandstorms, cold-air outbreaks
LO Define in general the term ‘monsoon’. x x x
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LO Describe the major monsoon conditions. x x x
(Refer to 050 08 02 02)
LO Explain how trade winds change character x x x
after a long track and become monsoon
winds.
LO Explain the formation of the SW/NE x x x
monsoon over West Africa and describe the
weather, stressing the seasonal differences.
LO Explain the formation of the SW/NE x x x
monsoon over India and describe the
weather, stressing the seasonal differences.
LO Explain the formation of the monsoon over x x x
the Far East and northern Australia and
describe the weather, stressing the seasonal
differences.
LO Describe the formation and properties of x x x
sandstorms.
LO Indicate when and where outbreaks of cold x x x
polar air can enter subtropical weather
systems.
LO Name well-known examples of polar-air x x x
outbreaks (Blizzard, Pampero).
050 08 02 05 Easterly waves
LO Describe and explain the formation of x x x
easterly waves, the associated weather and
the duration of the weather activity.
LO Describe and explain the global distribution x x x
of easterly waves.
LO Explain the effect of easterly waves on x x x
tropical weather systems.
050 08 03 00 Typical weather situations in the mid-
latitudes
050 08 03 01 Westerly situation (westerlies)
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LO Identify on a weather chart the typical x x x x x x
westerly situation with travelling polar front
waves.
LO Describe the typical weather in the region of x x x x x x
the travelling polar front waves including
the seasonal variations.
LO State the differences between the northern x x x
and the southern hemisphere (roaring
forties).
050 08 03 02 High-pressure area
LO Describe the high-pressure zones with the x x x x x x
associated weather.
LO Identify on a weather chart the high- x x x x x x
pressure regions.
LO Describe the weather associated with x x x x x x
wedges in the polar air.
(Refer to 050 07 02 01)
050 08 03 03 Flat-pressure pattern
LO Identify on a surface weather chart the x x x x x x
typical flat-pressure pattern.
LO Describe the weather associated with a flat- x x x x x x
pressure pattern.
050 08 03 04 Cold-air pool (cold-air drop)
LO Define ‘cold-air pool’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the formation of a cold-air pool. x x x x x x
LO Describe the characteristics of a cold-air x x x x x x

pool with regard to dimensions, duration of
life, geographical position, seasons,
movements, weather activities and
dissipation.
LO Identify cold-air pools on weather charts. x x x x x x
LO Explain the problems and dangers of cold- x x x x x x

air pools for aviation.
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050 08 04 00 Local winds and associated weather
050 08 04 01 Foehn, Mistral, Bora, Scirocco, Ghibli and
Khamsin
LO Describe the classical mechanism for the x x x x x x
development of Foehn winds (including
Chinook).
LO Describe the weather associated with Foehn x x x x x x
winds.
LO Describe the formation of, the x x x x x x
characteristics of, and the weather
associated with the Mistral, the Bora, the
Scirocco, the Ghibli and the Khamsin.
050 08 04 02 Harmattan
LO Describe the Harmattan wind and the x x x
associated visibility problems.
050 09 00 00 FLIGHT HAZARDS
050 09 01 00 Icing
050 09 01 01 Conditions for ice accretion
LO Summarise the general conditions under x x x x x x
which ice accretion occurs on aircraft
(temperatures of outside air; temperature
of the airframe; presence of supercooled
water in clouds, fog, rain and drizzle;
possibility of sublimation).
LO Indicate the general weather conditions x x x x x x
under which ice accretion in Venturi
carburettor occurs.
LO Explain the general weather conditions x x x x x x
under which ice accretion on airframe
occurs.
LO Explain the formation of supercooled water x x x x x x
in clouds, rain and drizzle.
(Refer to 050 03 02 01)
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LO Explain qualitatively the relationship x x x x x x
between the air temperature and the
amount of supercooled water.
LO Explain qualitatively the relationship x x x x x x
between the type of cloud and the size and
number of the droplets in cumuliform and
stratiform clouds.
LO Indicate in which circumstances ice can x x x x x x
form on an aircraft on the ground: air
temperature, humidity, precipitation.
LO Explain in which circumstances ice can form x x x x x x
on an aircraft in flight: inside clouds, in
precipitation, outside clouds and
precipitation.
LO Describe the different factors influencing x x x x x x
the intensity of icing: air temperature,
amount of supercooled water in a cloud or
in precipitation, amount of ice crystals in
the air, speed of the aircraft, shape
(thickness) of the airframe parts (wings,
antennas, etc.).
LO Explain the effects of topography on icing. x x x x x x
LO Explain the higher concentration of water x x x x x x

drops in stratiform orographic clouds.
050 09 01 02 Types of ice accretion
LO Define ‘clear ice’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the conditions for the formation of x x x x x x

clear ice.
LO Explain the formation of the structure of x x x x x x
clear ice with the release of latent heat
during the freezing process.
LO Describe the aspect of clear ice: x x x x x x
appearance, weight, solidity.
LO Define ‘rime ice’. x x x x x x
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rime ice.
LO Describe the aspects of rime ice: x x x x x x
LO Define ‘mixed ice’. x x x x x x

mixed ice.
LO Describe the aspects of mixed ice: x x x x x x
LO Describe the possible process of ice x x x x x x
formation in snow conditions.
LO Define ‘hoar frost’. x x x x x x

hoar frost.
LO Describe the aspects of hoar frost: x x x x x x
appearance, solidity.
050 09 01 03 Hazards of ice accretion, avoidance
LO State the ICAO qualifying terms for the x x x x x x
intensity of icing.
(See ICAO ATM Doc 4444)
LO Describe, in general, the hazards of icing. x x x x x x
LO Assess the dangers of the different types of x x x x x x

ice accretion.
LO Describe the position of the dangerous x x x x x x
zones of icing in fronts, in stratiform and
cumuliform clouds, and in the different
precipitation types.
LO Indicate the possibilities of avoidance: x x x x x x
— in the flight planning: weather
briefing, choice of track and altitude;
— during flight: recognition of the
dangerous zones, choice of
appropriate track and altitude.
050 09 02 00 Turbulence
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050 09 02 01 Effects on flight, avoidance
LO State the ICAO qualifying terms for the x x x x x x
intensity of turbulence.
(See ICAO ATM Doc 4444)
LO Describe the effects of turbulence on an x x x x x x
aircraft in flight.
— during flight: choice of appropriate
track and altitude.
050 09 02 02 Clear-Air Turbulence (CAT): effects on
flight, avoidance
LO Describe the effects on flight caused by CAT. x x x
(Refer to 050 02 06 03)
LO Indicate the possibilities of avoidance: x x x
— during flight: choice of appropriate
track and altitude.
050 09 03 00 Wind shear
050 09 03 01 Definition of wind shear
LO Define ‘wind shear’ (vertical and horizontal). x x x x x x
LO Define ‘low-level wind shear’. x x x x x x
050 09 03 02 Weather conditions for wind shear

LO Describe the conditions, where and how x x x x x x
wind shear can form (e.g. thunderstorms,
squall lines, fronts, inversions, land and sea
breeze, friction layer, relief).
050 09 03 03 Effects on flight, avoidance
LO Describe the effects on flight caused by x x x x x x
wind shear.
— in the flight planning;
— during flight.
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050 09 04 00 Thunderstorms
050 09 04 01 Conditions for and process of development,
forecast, location, type specification
LO Name the cloud types which indicate the x x x x x x
development of thunderstorms.
LO Describe the different types of x x x x x x
thunderstorms, their location, the
conditions for and the process of
development, and list their properties (air
mass thunderstorms, frontal thunderstorms,
squall lines, supercell storms, orographic
thunderstorms).
050 09 04 02 Structure of thunderstorms, life history
LO Describe and sketch the stages of the life x x x x x x
history of a thunderstorm: initial, mature
and dissipating stage.
LO Assess the average duration of x x x x x x
thunderstorms and their different stages.
LO Describe supercell storm: initial, supercell, x x x x x x
tornado and dissipating stage.
LO Summarise the flight hazards of a fully x x x x x x
developed thunderstorm.
LO Indicate on a sketch the most dangerous x x x x x x
zones in and around a thunderstorm.
050 09 04 03 Electrical discharges
LO Describe the basic outline of the electric x x x x x x
field in the atmosphere.
LO Describe the electrical potential differences x x x x x x
in and around a thunderstorm.
LO Describe and asses the ‘St. Elmo’s fire’ x x x x x x
weather phenomenon.
LO Describe the development of lightning x x x x x x
discharges.
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LO Describe the effect of lightning strike on x x x x x x
aircraft and flight execution.
050 09 04 04 Development and effects of downbursts
LO Define the term ‘downburst’. x x x x x x
LO Distinguish between macroburst and x x x x x x

microburst.
LO State the weather situations leading to the x x x x x x
formation of downbursts.
LO Describe the process of development of a x x x x x x
downburst.
LO Give the typical duration of a downburst. x x x x x x
LO Describe the effects of downbursts. x x x x x x
050 09 04 05 Thunderstorm avoidance

LO Explain how the pilot can anticipate each x x x x x x
type of thunderstorms: pre-flight weather
briefing, observation in flight, use of specific
meteorological information, use of
information given by ground weather radar
and by airborne weather radar (Refer to 050
10 01 04), use of the stormscope (lightning
detector).
LO Describe practical examples of flight x x x x x x
techniques used to avoid the hazards of
thunderstorms.
050 09 05 00 Tornadoes
050 09 05 01 Properties and occurrence
LO Define the ‘tornado’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the formation of a tornado. x x x
LO Describe the typical features of a tornado x x x

such as appearance, season, time of day,
stage of development, speed of movement
and wind speed (including Fujita scale).
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LO Compare the occurrence of tornadoes in x x x
Europe with the occurrence in other
locations, especially in the United States of
America.
LO Compare the dimensions and properties of x x x
tornadoes and dust devils.
050 09 06 00 Inversions
050 09 06 01 Influence on aircraft performance
LO Explain the influence of inversions on the x x x x x x
aircraft performance.
LO Compare the flight hazards during take-off x x x x x x
and approach associated to a strong
inversion alone and to a strong inversion
combined with marked wind shear.
050 09 07 00 Stratospheric conditions
050 09 07 01 Influence on aircraft performance
LO Summarise the advantages of stratospheric x x x
flights.
LO List the influences of the phenomena x x x
associated with the lower stratosphere
(wind, temperature, air density,
turbulence).
050 09 08 00 Hazards in mountainous areas
050 09 08 01 Influence of terrain on clouds and
precipitation, frontal passage
LO Describe the influence of a mountainous x x x x x x
terrain on cloud and precipitation.
LO Describe the effects of the Foehn. x x x x x x
LO Describe the influence of a mountainous x x x x x x

area on a frontal passage.
050 09 08 02 Vertical movements, mountain waves,
wind shear, turbulence,
ice accretion
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LO Describe the vertical movements, wind x x x x x x
shear and turbulence typical of mountain
areas.
LO Indicate in a sketch of a chain of mountains x x x x x x
the turbulent zones (mountain waves,
rotors).
LO Explain the influence of relief on ice x x x x x x
accretion.
050 09 08 03 Development and effect of valley
inversions
LO Describe the formation of valley inversion x x x x x x
due to katabatic winds.
LO Describe the valley inversion formed by x x x x x x
warm winds aloft.
LO Describe the effects of a valley inversion for x x x x x x
an aircraft in flight.
050 09 09 00 Visibility-reducing phenomena
050 09 09 01 Reduction of visibility caused by
precipitation and obscurations
LO Describe the reduction of visibility caused x x x x x x
by precipitation: drizzle, rain, snow.
LO Describe the reduction of visibility caused
by obscurations: x x x x x x
— fog, mist, haze, smoke, volcanic ash.
LO Describe the reduction of visibility caused x x x
by obscurations:
— sand (SA), dust (DU).
LO Describe the differences between ground x x x x x x
visibility, flight visibility, slant visibility and
vertical visibility when an aircraft is above
or within a layer of haze or fog.
050 09 09 02 Reduction of visibility caused by other
phenomena
by:
— low drifting and blowing snow.
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by:
— low drifting and blowing dust and
sand.
by:
— dust storm (DS) and sandstorm (SS).
by:
— icing (windshield).
by:
— the position of the sun relative to the
visual direction.
by:
— the reflection of sun’s rays from the
top of the layers of haze, fog and
clouds.
050 10 00 00 METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
050 10 01 00 Observation
050 10 01 01 Surface observations
LO Define ‘surface wind’. x x x x x x
LO Describe the meteorological measurement x x x x x x

of surface wind.
LO List the ICAO units for the wind direction x x x x x x
and speed used in METARs (kt, m/s, km/h).
(Refer to 050 02 01 01)
LO Define ‘gusts’, as given in METARs. x x x x x x
LO Distinguish wind given in METARs and wind x x x x x x

given by the control tower for take-off and
landing.
LO Define ‘visibility’. x x x x x x

of visibility.
LO Define ‘prevailing visibility’. x x x x x x
LO Define ‘ground visibility’. x x x x x x
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LO List the units used for visibility x x x x x x
(m, km).
LO Define ‘runway visual range’. x x x x x x

of runway visual range.
LO Indicate where the transmissometers/ x x x x x x
forward-scatter meters are placed on the
airport.
LO List the units used for runway visual range x x x x x x
(m).
LO List the different possibilities to transmit x x x x x x
information to pilots about runway visual
range.
LO Compare visibility and runway visual range. x x x x x x
LO Indicate the means of observation of x x x x x x

present weather.
LO Indicate the means of observing clouds: x x x x x x
type, amount, height of base (ceilometers)
and top.
LO List the clouds considered in meteorological x x x x x x
reports, and how they are indicated in
METARs (TCU, CB).
LO Define ‘oktas’. x x x x x x
LO Define ‘cloud base’. x x x x x x
LO Define ‘ceiling’. x x x x x x
LO Name the unit and the reference level used x x x x x x

for information about cloud base (ft).
LO Define ‘vertical visibility’. x x x x x x
LO Explain briefly how and when vertical x x x x x x

visibility is measured.
LO Name the unit used for vertical visibility (ft). x x x x x x
LO Indicate the means of observation of air x x x x x x

temperature (thermometer).
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LO List the units used for air temperature x x x x x x
(Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin).
(Refer to 050 01 02 01)
relative humidity (hygrometer and
psychrometer) and dew-point temperature
(calculation).
LO Name the units of relative humidity (%) and x x x x x x
dew-point temperature (Celsius,
Fahrenheit).
atmospheric pressure (mercury and aneroid
barometer).
LO List the units of atmospheric pressure (hPa, x x x x x x
inches).
(Refer to 050 01 03 01)
050 10 01 02 Radiosonde observations
LO Describe the principle of radiosondes. x x x x x x
LO Describe and interpret the sounding by x x x x x x

radiosonde given on a simplified T-P
diagram.
050 10 01 03 Satellite observations
LO Describe the basic outlines of satellite x x x x x x
observations.
LO Name the main uses of satellite pictures in x x x x x x
aviation meteorology.
LO Describe the different types of satellite x x x x x x
imagery.
LO Interpret qualitatively the satellite pictures
in order to get useful information for the
flights:
— location of clouds (distinguish x x x x x x
between stratiform and cumuliform
clouds).
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LO Interpret qualitatively the satellite pictures x x x x x x
flights:
— location of fronts.
LO Interpret qualitatively the satellite pictures x x x
flights:
— location of jet streams.
050 10 01 04 Weather-radar observations
(Refer to 050 09 04 05)
LO Describe the basic principle and the type of x x x x x x
information given by a ground weather
radar.
LO Interpret ground weather radar images. x x x x x x
LO Describe the basic principle and the type of x x x x x x

information given by airborne weather
radar.
LO Describe the limits and the errors of x x x x x x
airborne weather radar information.
LO Interpret typical airborne weather radar x x x x x x
images.
050 10 01 05 Aircraft observations and reporting
LO Describe routine air report and special air x x x x x x
report.
LO State the obligation of a pilot to prepare air x x x x x x
reports.
LO Name the weather phenomena to be stated x x x x x x
in a special air report.
050 10 02 00 Weather charts
050 10 02 01 Significant weather charts
LO Decode and interpret significant weather x x x x x x
charts (low, medium and high level).
LO Describe from a significant weather chart x x x x x x
the flight conditions at designated locations
and/or along a defined flight route at a
given flight level.
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050 10 02 02 Surface charts
LO Recognise the following weather systems on x x x x x x
a surface weather chart (analysed and
forecast): ridges, cols and troughs; fronts;
frontal side, warm sector and rear side of
mid-latitude frontal lows; high and low-
pressure areas.
LO Determine from surface weather charts the x x x x x x
wind direction and speed.
050 10 02 03 Upper-air charts
LO Define ‘constant-pressure chart’. x x x x x x
LO Define ‘isohypse (contour line)’. x x x x x x

(Refer to 050 01 03 02)
LO Define ‘isotherm’. x x x x x x
LO Define ‘isotach’. x x x x x x
LO Describe forecast upper-wind and x x x x x x

temperature charts.
LO For designated locations and/or routes x x x x x x
determine from forecast upper-wind and
temperature charts, if necessary by
interpolation, the spot/average values for
outside-air temperature, temperature
deviation from ISA, wind direction and wind
speed.
LO Name the most common flight levels x x x x x x
corresponding to the constant pressure
charts.
050 10 03 00 Information for flight planning
050 10 03 01 Aviation weather messages
LO Describe, decode and interpret the x x x x x x
following aviation weather messages (given
in written and/or graphical format): METAR,
SPECI, TREND, TAF, SIGMET, AIRMET,
GAMET, special air report, volcanic ash
advisory information.
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LO Describe, decode and interpret the tropical x x x
cyclone advisory information in written and
graphical form.
LO Describe the general meaning of MET x x x x x x
REPORT and SPECIAL REPORT.
LO List, in general, the cases when a SIGMET x x x x x x
and an AIRMET are issued.
LO Describe, decode (by using a code table) and x x x x x x
interpret the following messages: Runway
State Message (as written in a METAR),
GAFOR.
Remark: For Runway State Message and
GAFOR, refer to the Air Navigation Plan
European Region Doc 7754.
050 10 03 02 Meteorological broadcasts for aviation
LO Describe the meteorological content of
broadcasts for aviation:
— VOLMET, ATIS; x x x x x x
— HF-VOLMET. x x x
050 10 03 03 Use of meteorological documents
LO Describe meteorological briefing and advice. x x x x x x
LO List the information that a flight crew can x x x x x x

receive from meteorological services for
pre-flight planning and apply the content of
this information on a designated flight
route.
LO List the meteorological information that a x x x x x x
flight crew can receive from flight
information services during flight and apply
the content of this information for the
continuation of the flight.
050 10 03 04 Meteorological warnings
LO Describe and interpret aerodrome warnings x x x x x x
and wind-shear warnings and alerts.
050 10 04 00 Meteorological services
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050 10 04 01 World area forecast system and
meteorological offices
LO Name the main objectives of the world area x x x x x x
forecast system:
— world area forecast centres (upper-air
forecasts).
forecast system:
— meteorological offices (aerodrome
forecasts, briefing documents).
forecast system:
— meteorological watch offices (SIGMET,
AIRMET).
forecast system:
— aeronautical meteorological stations
(METAR, MET reports).
forecast system:
— volcanic ash advisory centres.
LO Name the main objectives of the world area x x x
forecast system:
— tropical cyclone advisory centres.
050 10 04 02 International organisations
LO Describe briefly the following organisations x x x x x x
and their chief activities:
— International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO)
(Refer to subject 010);
— World Meteorological Organization
(WMO).
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J. SUBJECT 061 — GENERAL NAVIGATION
For the purposes of theoretical knowledge examinations, orthomorphic and conformal charts are taken
as being the same type of chart.

IR
060 00 00 00 NAVIGATION
061 00 00 00 GENERAL NAVIGATION
061 01 00 00 BASICS OF NAVIGATION

061 01 01 00 The solar system
061 01 01 01 Earth’s orbit, seasons and apparent
movement of the sun
LO State that the solar system consists of the x x x x x
Sun, a number of planets of which the
Earth is one, and a large number of
asteroids and comets.
LO State that Kepler’s first law explains that x x x x x
the planets revolve in elliptical orbits with
the Sun at one focus. Each planet has its
orbital period.
LO State that Kepler’s second law explains x x x x x
the variation in the speed of a planet in its
orbit. Each planet revolves so that its
radius vector sweeps out equal areas in
equal intervals of time.
LO State that the highest speed of the Earth x x x x x
in its orbit is when the Earth is closest to
the Sun (perihelion).
LO State that the lowest speed of the Earth in x x x x x
its orbit is when the Earth is furthest away
from the Sun (aphelion).
LO Explain in which direction the Earth x x x x x
rotates on its axis.
LO Explain that the axis of rotation of the x x x x x
Earth is inclined to its orbital path around
the Sun at an angle of about 66,5 degrees.
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LO Define the term ‘ecliptic’ and ‘plane of the x x x x x
ecliptic’. Ecliptic is the apparent path of
the Sun around the Earth. The plane of
the ecliptic is inclined to the plane of the
equator at an angle of approximately
23,5 degrees. The inclination of the polar
axis to the plane of the ecliptic is the
reason for the seasons.
LO Explain that the Earth completes one orbit x x x x x
around the Sun in approximately 365,25
days.
LO Describe the effect of the inclination of x x x x x
the Earth’s rotation axis to the plane of its
orbit around the Sun, being the seasons
and variation of sunrise and sunset with
latitude and time of the year.
LO Define the terms ‘apparent Sun’ and x x x x x
‘mean Sun’ and state their relationship.
LO Define the ‘celestial equator’. It is the x x x x x
projection of the Earth’s equator onto the
celestial sphere.
LO Define the term ‘declination’. Declination x x x x x
is the angular distance of a celestial body
north or south of the celestial equator.
LO State that the mean Sun is conceived to x x x x x
move eastward along the celestial equator
at a rate that provides a uniform measure
of time equal to the average time
reckoned from the true Sun.
LO Define the ‘polar circles’, the ‘tropic of x x x x x
Cancer’ and the ‘tropic of Capricorn’.
LO Explain summer and winter solstice. x x x x x
LO Explain the terms ‘spring and autumn x x x x x

equinox’.
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LO Explain at which time of the year the x x x x x
duration of daylight changes at the
highest rate.
declination of the Sun, latitude and the
period of daylight.
LO State that the perihelion occurs early x x x x x
January and aphelion occurs early July.
LO Illustrate the position of the Earth relative x x x x x
to the Sun with respect to the seasons and
months of the year.
LO Define ‘zenith’. The point on the sky x x x x x
vertically overhead an observer.
061 01 02 00 The Earth
061 01 02 01 Great circle, small circle, rhumb line
LO State that the Earth is not a true sphere. It x x x x x
is flattened slightly at the poles. The value
for flattening is 1/298.
LO Given the Earth flattening and either the x x x x x
semimajor or semiminor axis in NM/km,
calculate the distance of the other axis.
LO State that the Earth may be described as x x x x x
an ‘ellipsoid’ or ‘oblate spheroid’.
LO Explain that the Equator has its plane x x x x x
perpendicular to the Earth’s axis and
divides the Earth into the northern and
southern hemisphere.
LO Given that the distance of the x x x x x
circumference of the Earth is 40 000 km or
approximately 21 600 NM, calculate the
approximate Earth diameter or Earth
radius.
LO Define a ‘great circle’ in relation to the x x x x x
surface of a sphere.
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LO Describe the ‘geometric properties’ of a x x x x x
great circle, including vertex.
LO Define a ‘small circle’ in relation to the x x x x x
surface of a sphere.
LO Define a ‘rhumb line’. A line which cuts all x x x x x
meridians at the same angle.
061 01 02 02 Convergency, conversion angle
LO Explain the term ‘convergency of x x x x x
meridians’ between two positions.
LO Explain how the value of convergency can x x x x x
be determined using calculation.
LO The formula to calculate convergency x x x x x
between two positions relatively close to
each other is:
convergency = difference of longitude ×
sin (mean latitude).
LO Calculate the value of convergency x x x x x
between two stated positions.
LO Explain that the difference between great- x x x x x
circle track and rhumb-line track at a
specified position is called conversion
angle.
LO State that over short distances and out-of- x x x x x
polar regions the average great-circle true
track is approximately equal to the
rhumb-line true track between two
positions.
LO Explain how the value of conversion angle x x x x x
can be calculated as half the value of
convergency.
LO Calculate the great-circle track and x x x x x
rhumb-line track angle at specified
position involving calculations of
convergency and conversion angle.
061 01 02 03 Latitude, difference of latitude
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LO Define ‘geographic latitude’ as the angle x x x x x
between the plane of the equator and the
local plumb line on the ellipsoid.
LO Define ‘geocentric latitude’ as the angle x x x x x
between the plane of the equator and a
line from the position to the centre of the
Earth.
LO State that the maximum difference x x x x x
between geographic and geocentric
latitude occurs at altitude of
45 degrees.
LO Describe a parallel of latitude as a small x x x x x
circle connecting all positions on the Earth
with the same latitude.
LO Calculate the difference of latitude x x x x x
between two given positions lat/long.
LO State that the 1-degree difference of x x x x x
latitude equals 60 nautical miles.
LO Convert the difference of latitude to x x x x x
distance.
LO Calculate the mean latitude between two x x x x x
positions.
061 01 02 04 Longitude, difference of longitude
LO Describe a meridian as a semigreat circle, x x x x x
which runs north and south from pole to
pole.
LO Explain that the meridians and their anti- x x x x x
meridian complete a great circle.
LO State that the Greenwich meridian is also x x x x x
known as the prime meridian.
LO Define ‘longitude’ as the angle measured x x x x x
at the polar axis between the plane of the
prime meridian and the local meridian.
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LO Explain that the Greenwich anti-meridian x x x x x
is the maximum longitude possible,
namely 180° east–west.
LO Calculate the difference of longitude x x x x x
between two given positions lat/long.
LO Name examples of great circles on the x x x x x
surface of the Earth.
LO Name examples of small circles on the x x x x x
LO Define a ‘rhumb line’. A line intersecting x x x x x
all meridians at the same angle.
LO Explain the geometrical properties of a x x x x x
rhumb line. Parallels and meridians are
special cases of rhumb lines.
061 01 02 05 Use of latitude and longitude coordinates
to locate any specific position
LO Explain that along the equator a x x x x x
difference of longitude of 1° equals a
distance of 60 NM.
LO Explain that because the meridians x x x x x
converge towards the poles, the distance
between meridians will decrease with
increase in latitude.
LO State that the Earth’s distance along a x x x x x
parallel of latitude is also known as
departure.
LO Calculate the Earth’s distance between x x x x x
two meridians along a parallel of latitude
(departure) using the following formula:
distance = difference of longitude × 60 ×
cosine latitude.
LO Given a position lat/long, distances x x x x x
travelled north–south in NM/km and
distances travelled east–west in NM/km
along a parallel of latitude. Calculate the
new position.
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LO Given two positions on same meridian (or x x x x x
one on the anti-meridian), calculate the
distance.
061 01 03 00 Time and time conversions
061 01 03 01 Apparent time
LO Explain the principles of zone time. x x x x x
LO Explain that, because the Earth rotates on x x x x x

its axis from west to east, the celestial
bodies appear to revolve around the Earth
from east to west.
LO Define and explain the term ‘transit’. x x x x x
Explain that transit means that a celestial
body crosses the observer’s meridian.
LO Explain that the time period of a ‘day’ is x x x x x
the elapsed time between two successive
transits of a heavenly body.
LO Explain that the term ‘sidereal day’ is the x x x x x
time measured with reference to a fixed
point on the celestial sphere.
LO State that if the day is measured by the x x x x x
apparent passage of the Sun, the length of
a day will vary.
LO Explain the reason for the variation in the x x x x x
length of an apparent day, being a
combination of the variation in the Earth’s
orbital speed around the Sun and the
inclination of the Earth’s rotation axis to
the plane of the ecliptic.
LO Illustrate that, since both the direction of x x x x x
rotation of the Earth around its axis and
its orbital rotation around the Sun are the
same, the Earth must rotate through more
than 360° to produce successive transits.
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LO State that the period between two x x x x x
successive transits of the Sun is called an
apparent solar day, and that the time
based on this is called apparent time.
LO State that in order to have a constant x x x x x
measurement of time, which will still have
the solar day as a basis, the average
length of an apparent solar day is taken.
This average day is called mean solar day.
It is divided into 24 hours of mean time.
LO State that the mean Sun is a fictitious Sun x x x x x
orbiting along the plane of the equator at
a constant angular velocity that provides a
uniform measure of time.
LO State that the time between two x x x x x
successive transits of the mean Sun over a
meridian is constant.
LO Explain that the difference between x x x x x
apparent time and mean time is defined
as the ‘equation of time’.
LO State that the time of orbital revolution of x x x x x
the Earth in 1 year around the Sun is
approximately 365 ¼ calendar days.
LO State that the calendar year is x x x x x
365 days and every 4th year a leap year
with 366 days and 3 leap years are
suppressed every 4 centuries.
LO State that time can also be measured in x x x x x
arc since, in one day of mean solar time,
the mean Sun is imagined to travel in a
complete circle round the Earth, a motion
of 360° in 24 hours.
LO Illustrate the relationship between time x x x x x
and arc along the equator.
LO Deduce conversion values for arc to time x x x x x
and visa versa.
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061 01 03 02 Universal Time Coordinated (UTC)
LO State that the Greenwich meridian is x x x x x
selected as standard meridian, and that
LMT at the Greenwich meridian is equal to
Greenwich mean time (GMT).
LO State that UTC is based on atomic time x x x x x
and GMT on the Earth’s rotation, but in
practice they are considered as the same.
LO State that the conversion factor between x x x x x
LMT and UTC is arc (change of longitude)
converted to time.
LO Convert arc to time. x x x x x
LO Convert time to arc. x x x x x
LO Convert between UTC and LMT. x x x x x
061 01 03 03 Local Mean Time (LMT)

LO State that the beginning of the local mean x x x x x
day at any location is when the mean Sun
is in transit with the anti-meridian. This is
known as midnight or 0000 hours LMT.
LO State that when the mean Sun is in transit x x x x x
with the location’s meridian, it is noon or
1200 hours LMT.
LO State that the LMT at locations at
different longitudes varies by an amount
corresponding to the change in longitude.
061 01 03 04 Standard times (STs)
LO State that standard time is the time used x x x x x
by a particular country (or part of a
country) determined by the government
of that particular country.
LO State that some countries use summer x x x x x
time (daylight saving time).
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LO State that conversion from UTC to x x x x x
standard time and visa versa is usually
done using extracts from the air almanac
published in appropriate documents.
LO Given appropriate documents, convert x x x x x
from UTC to ST of a specific country and
from ST of a specific country to UTC.
061 01 03 05 Dateline
LO Explain the effect on the LMT when x x x x x
approaching the 180° meridian line from
either side.
LO State that the dateline does not follow x x x x x
exactly the 180° east–west meridian.
LO Explain that when crossing the anti- x x x x x
meridian of Greenwich, one day is lost or
gained depending on the direction of
travel.
LO State that the dateline is the actual place x x x x x
where the change is made and, although
mainly at the 180° meridian, there are
some slight divergences in order to avoid
countries being divided by the dateline.
LO State that when calculating times, the x x x x x
dateline is automatically taken into
account by doing all conversions via UTC.
LO Calculate conversions of LMT and x x x x x
GMT/UTC and ST for cases involving the
international dateline.
061 01 03 06 Determination of sunrise (SR), sunset (SS)
and civil twilight
LO State that SR or SS is when the Sun’s x x x x x
upper edge is at the observer’s horizon.
State how atmospheric refraction affects
this apparent sighting.
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LO Explain that SR and SS occur at different x x x x x
times on the same meridian depending on
the latitude for a given day.
LO Explain that SR will occur earlier and SS x x x x x
will occur later with increase in altitude.
LO State that the times for SR and SS given in x x x x x
the air almanac are calculated for the
Greenwich meridian.
LO Explain that at the spring and autumn x x x x x
equinox, SR and SS occur approximately at
the same time at all latitudes.
LO State that, except in high latitudes, the x x x x x
times of SR and SS at any place change
only a little each day. So, for all places of
the same latitude, SR or SS will occur at
approximately the same LMT.
LO State that the reason for the variation of x x x x x
the duration of daylight and night
throughout the year is the inclination of
the Earth’s rotation axis to the ecliptic.
LO State that SR and SS times are tabulated x x x x x
against specified dates and latitudes.
LO State that at equator SR is always close to x x x x x
0600 LMT and SS close to 1800 LMT
(within 15 minutes).
LO Calculate examples of SR and SS at mean x x x x x
sea level in LMT, ST or UTC, given SR and
SS tables, latitudes and longitude of the
place in question and the date.
LO Given SR or SS time in UTC or ST for a x x x x x
given position, calculate SR or SS for
another position on the same latitude in
UTC or ST.
LO Explain the meaning of the term ‘twilight’. x x x x x
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LO Define the ‘duration of evening civil x x x x x
twilight’. The time from sunset to the time
when the centre of the Sun is 6° below the
horizon.
LO Define the ‘duration of morning civil x x x x x
twilight’. The time from the point when
the centre of the Sun is 6° below the
horizon to the time of sunrise.
LO State that the beginning of morning civil x x x x x
twilight and the end of evening civil
twilight has been tabulated in UTC, valid
for the prime meridian, with latitude and
date as the entering argument. It may be
taken to be LMT for any other meridian.
LO Calculate examples of twilight in UTC and x x x x x
ST given a twilight table, latitude and
longitude of the place in question and the
date.
LO Determine the duration of morning and x x x x x
evening civil twilight.
LO Explain the effect of declination and x x x x x
latitude on the duration of twilight.
061 01 04 00 Directions
061 01 04 01 True north
LO State that all meridians run in north– x x x x x
south direction, and that the true-north
direction is along any meridian towards
the geographic north pole.
LO State that true directions are measured x x x x x
clockwise as an angle in degrees from true
north (TN).
061 01 04 02 Terrestrial magnetism: magnetic north,
inclination and variation
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LO State that a freely suspended compass x x x x x
needle will turn to the direction of the
local magnetic field. The direction of the
horizontal component of this field is the
direction of magnetic north (MN).
LO State that the magnetic poles do not x x x x x
coincide with the geographic poles.
LO State that the magnetic variation varies as x x x x x
a function of time due to the movement
of the northern magnetic pole.
LO Define ‘magnetic dip or inclination’. The x x x x x
angle between the horizontal and the
total component of the magnetic field.
LO State that the angle of inclination at the x x x x x
magnetic poles is 90°.
LO Explain that the accuracy of the compass x x x x x
depends on the strength of the horizontal
component of the Earth’s magnetic field.
LO State that, in the polar areas, the x x x x x
horizontal component of the Earth’s
magnetic field is too weak to permit the
use of a magnetic compass.
061 01 04 03 Compass deviation, compass north
LO State that, in a direct-reading compass, x x x x x
the magnetic element will align along a
magnetic field. This direction is called
compass north (CN) and is the direction
000° on the compass rose. The field is the
resultant of the Earth’s magnetic field and
the magnetic field of the aircraft.
LO State that the effect of the aircraft x x x x x
magnetism on the compass changes with
different headings, as well as with
different latitudes.
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LO State that the angle between magnetic x x x x x
north and compass north is called
deviation (DEV) and is given in degrees
east (+ or E) or west (– or W) of the
magnetic north.
LO State that deviation is kept to a minimum x x x x x
by compass swinging.
061 01 04 04 Isogonals, relationship between true and
magnetic north
LO State that the angle between the true x x x x x
north and magnetic north is called
variation (VAR) being measured in degrees
east (+ or E) or west (– or W) of the true
north.
LO Define an ‘isogonal line’. A line joining x x x x x
positions of equal variation.
LO Convert between compass, magnetic and x x x x x
true directions.
061 01 04 05 Gridlines, isogrives
LO Explain the purpose of a grid north (GN) x x x
based on a suitable meridian on a polar
stereographic chart (reference or datum
meridian).
LO Explain that the gridlines or the grid x x x
meridians are drawn on the chart parallel
to the reference meridian.
LO State that the angle between the grid x x x
north (GN) and true north (TN) is called
grid convergence being measured in
degrees east (+ or E) if GN is west of TN or
west (– or W) if GN is east of TN.
LO State that the angle between the grid x x x
north (GN) and magnetic north (MN) is
called grivation (griv) being measured in
degrees east (+ or E) or west (– or W) of
the grid north.
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LO State that a line joining points, which have x x x
the same grivation, is called an isogriv.
LO Convert between compass, magnetic, true x x x
and grid directions.
061 01 05 00 Distance
061 01 05 01 Units of distance and height used in
navigation: nautical miles, statute miles,
kilometres, metres, feet
LO Define the ‘nautical mile’. A distance x x x x x
being equal to 1 852 km.
LO In map/charts, distance between two x x x x x
positions is measured along a meridian at
mean latitude, where 1 minute of latitude
presents 1 NM.
LO State that when dealing with heights and x x x x x
altitudes the unit used is metres or feet
subject to the choice of individual States.
061 01 05 02 Conversion from one unit to another
LO Convert between the following units: x x x x x
nautical miles (NM), statute miles (SM),
kilometres (km), metres (m) and feet (ft).
061 01 05 03 Relationship between nautical miles and
minutes of latitude and minutes of
longitude
LO State that horizontal distances are x x x x x
calculated in metres, kilometres and
nautical miles.
LO Given two positions or latitude/longitude x x x x x
difference, calculate the distance.
LO Given two positions on the same latitude x x x x x
and distance between the two positions in
km or NM, calculate the difference of
longitude between the two positions.
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LO Flying a rhumb-line true track of 090, 180, x x x x x
270 and 360 degrees given an initial
geographical position, flight time and
ground speed, calculate the new
geographic position.
061 02 00 00 MAGNETISM AND COMPASSES
061 02 01 00 Knowledge of the principles of the direct-
reading (standby) compass
061 02 01 01 The use of this compass
LO Direct-reading compass (DRC). x x x x x
LO Interpret the indications on a DRC, given x x x x x

an indication on the compass, deviation or
deviation table and variation.
061 02 01 02 Serviceability tests
LO State the pre-flight serviceability check of x x x x x
the DRC, such as:
— general condition;
— check indication is within the limits.
LO State that the serviceability test consists x x x x x
of comparing the DRC indication to
another reference (e.g. other compass
system or runway direction).
LO State that the compass should be checked x x x x x
when carrying magnetic freight or freight
with a large ferrous metal content.
061 02 01 03 Situations requiring a compass swing
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LO State the occurrences when a compass x x x x x
swing may be required:
— if transferred to another base
involving a large change in latitude;
— major changes in aircraft equipment;
— aircraft hit by lightning;
— aircraft parked in the same direction
for a long period of time;
— when a new compass is fitted;
— at any time when the compass or
recorded deviation is suspect;
— when specified in the aircraft
maintenance schedule.
061 03 00 00 CHARTS
061 03 01 00 General properties of miscellaneous
types of projections
LO Define the term ‘conformal’. At any given x x x x x
point on the chart, distortions (as a result
of the projection) in east–west direction
must be the same as in north–south
direction. The meridians and parallels
must cut each other at right angles.
LO State that on a conformal chart the angles x x x x x
measured on the chart are the same as on
the Earth.
LO State that different chart projections are x x x x x
used, depending on the application and
area of use involved.
LO State that all charts, although they have x x x x x
been developed mathematically, are
designated as projections.
LO State that the following projection x x x x x
surfaces are used when projecting charts:
— plane,
— cylindrical,
— conical.
LO Define the ‘scale’ of a chart. The ratio of x x x x x
the chart length compared to the Earth’s
distance that it represents.
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LO Use the scale of a chart to calculate x x x x x
particular distances.
LO Calculate scale given chart length and x x x x x
Earth distance.
LO Define the term ‘chart convergency’. The x x x x x
angle between two given meridians on the
chart.
LO Define ‘parallel of origin’. The parallel x x x x x
where the projection surface touches the
surface of the reduced Earth.
061 03 01 01 Direct Mercator
LO State that the direct Mercator is a x x x x x
cylindrical projection. The parallel of
origin is the equator.
LO State that the convergency on the chart is x x x x x
0°.
LO State that the scale increases with x x x x x
increasing distance from the equator.
LO State that on a direct Mercator: scale at x x x x x
any latitude = scale at the equator ×
secant latitude (1/cosine latitude).
LO Given the scale at one latitude, calculate x x x x x
the scale at different latitudes.
LO Given a chart length at one atitude, show x x x x x
that it represents a different Earth
distance at other latitudes.
061 03 01 02 Lambert conformal conic
LO State that the Lambert conformal chart is x x x x x
based on a conical projection. Only
Lambert conformal charts mathematically
produced with two standard parallels will
be considered.
LO Define the term ‘standard parallel’. The x x x x x
latitudes where the cone cuts the reduced
Earth.
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LO State that at the parallel of origin, Earth x x x x x
convergency is equal to chart
convergency.
LO State that the parallel of origin is close to x x x x x
the mean latitude between the standard
parallels.
LO Explain the scale variation throughout the x x x x x
charts as follows:
— the scale indicated on the chart will
be correct at the standard parallels;
— the scale will increase away from the
parallel of origin;
— the scale within the standard
parallels differs by less than 1 %
from the scale stated on the chart.
LO Define the term ‘constant of x x x x x
cone/convergency factor’. The ratio
between the top angle of the unfolded
cone and 360°, or sine of the parallel of
origin.
LO Chart convergency = difference of x x x x x
longitude × constant of cone.
LO Given appropriate data, calculate initial, x x x x x
final or rhumb-line tracks between two
positions (lat/long).
LO Given two positions (lat/long) and x x x x x
information to determine convergency
between the two positions, calculate the
parallel of origin.
LO Given a Lambert chart, determine the x x x x x
parallel of origin, or constant of cone.
LO Given constant of cone or parallel of x x x x x
origin, great-circle track at one position
and great-circle track at another position,
calculate the difference of longitude
between the two positions.
061 03 01 03 Polar stereographic
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LO State that the polar stereographic x x x
projection is based on a plane projection,
and state that the parallel of the origin is
the pole.
LO State that chart convergency = difference x x x
of longitude.
LO State that the scale is increasing with x x x
increasing distance from the pole.
LO Given two positions (lat/long), rhumb-line x x x
true track or initial/final great-circle true
track, calculate the missing track angles.
LO Calculate the chart scale at a specific x x x
latitude when difference of longitude and
chart distance along the parallel of
longitude are given.
061 03 02 00 The representation of meridians,
parallels, great circles and rhumb lines
061 03 02 01 Direct Mercator
LO State that meridians are straight parallel x x x x x
lines, which cut parallels of latitudes at
right angles.
LO State that parallels of latitude are straight x x x x x
lines parallel to the equator.
LO State that a straight line on the chart is a x x x x x
rhumb line.
LO State that the great circle is a line convex x x x x x
to the nearest pole.
LO For great-circle track angle calculations x x x x x
over short distances, the conversion angle
may be calculated by the formula:
— conversion angle = ½ × difference of
longitude × sin mean latitude.
LO Given rhumb-line true track between two x x x x x
positions (lat/long), calculate initial or
final great-circle true track.
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061 03 02 02 Lambert conformal conic
LO State that meridians are straight lines, x x x x x
which cut parallels of latitudes at right
angles.
LO State that parallels of latitude are arcs of x x x x x
concentric circles.
LO State that great circles are curved lines x x x x x
concave towards the parallels of origin.
LO State that for short distances the great x x x x x
circle is approximately a straight line.
061 03 02 03 Polar stereographic
LO State that meridians are straight lines x x x
radiating from the pole, which cut
parallels of latitudes at right angles.
LO State that parallels of latitude are x x x
concentric circles, and in this projection
the distance apart increases away from
the pole.
LO State that great circles are approximately x x x
straight lines close to the pole. The exact
great circle being concave to the pole.
061 03 03 00 The use of current aeronautical charts
061 03 03 01 Plotting positions
LO Enter the position on a chart using range x x x x x
and bearing from a VOR DME station, and
derive geographical coordinates.
LO Enter the positions on a chart using x x x x x
geographical coordinates and derive
tracks and distances.
LO Plot DME ranges on an aeronautical chart x x x x x
and derive geographical coordinates.
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LO Describe the methods used to provide x x x x x
information on chart scale. Use the chart
scales stated and beware of the
limitations of the stated scale for each
projection.
061 03 03 02 Methods of indicating scale and relief
LO Describe the methods of representing x x x x x
relief and demonstrate the ability to
interpret data.
061 03 03 03 Conventional signs
LO Interpret conventional signs and symbols x x x x x
on ICAO and other most frequently used
charts.
061 03 03 04 Measuring tracks and distances
LO Given two positions, measure the track x x x x x
and the distance between them.
061 03 03 05 Plotting bearings
LO Resolve bearings of an NDB station for x x x x x
plotting on an aeronautical chart.
LO Resolve radials from VOR stations for x x x x x
plotting on an aeronautical chart.
061 04 00 00 DEAD RECKONING (DR) NAVIGATION
061 04 01 00 Basis of dead reckoning
LO Explain the triangle of velocities, e.g. true x x x x x
heading/TAS, W/V, and true track/GS.
061 04 01 01 Track
LO Explain the concept of vectors including x x x x x
adding together or splitting in two
directions.
061 04 01 02 Heading (compass, magnetic, true, grid)
LO Calculate (compass, magnetic, true, grid) x x x x x
heading from given appropriate data.
061 04 01 03 Wind velocity
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LO Calculate wind velocity from given x x x x x
appropriate data.
061 04 01 04 Airspeed (IAS, CAS, TAS, Mach number)
LO Calculate TAS from IAS/CAS and Mach x x x x x
number from given appropriate data.
061 04 01 05 Ground speed
LO Calculate ground speed from given x x x x x
appropriate data.
061 04 01 06 ETA
LO Calculate ETA, flying time from distance, x x x x x
and GS.
LO Calculate revised directional data for x x x x x
heading, track, course and W/V, e.g. true,
magnetic, compass and grid from given
appropriate data.
061 04 01 07 Drift, wind correction angle
LO Calculate drift and wind correction angle x x x x x
from given appropriate data.
061 04 02 00 Use of the navigational computer
061 04 02 01 Speed
LO Given appropriate data, determine speed. x x x x x
061 04 02 02 Time
LO Given appropriate data, determine time. x x x x x
061 04 02 03 Distance
LO Given appropriate data, determine x x x x x
distance.
061 04 02 04 Fuel consumption
LO Calculation of fuel used/fuel flow/flying x x x x x
time.
061 04 02 05 Conversions
LO Conversion between kilograms/pounds/ x x x x x
litres/U.S. gallons/imperial gallons.
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LO Conversion of distances. x x x x x
Kilometres/nautical miles/statute miles.
LO Conversion of distances. Feet/metres. x x x x x
LO Conversion of volumes and weight of fuel x x x x x

using density in mass per unit volume.
061 04 02 06 Airspeed
LO Calculation of airspeed problems including x x x x x
IAS/EAS/CAS/TAS/ and Mach number from
061 04 02 07 Wind velocity
LO Given appropriate data, determine wind x x x x x
velocity.
061 04 02 08 True altitude
LO Given appropriate data, determine true x x x x x
altitude/indicated altitude/density
altitude.
061 04 03 00 The triangle of velocities
LO Solve problems to determine: x x x x x
— heading;
— ground speed;
— track/course;
— drift angle/wind correction angle;
— head/tail/crosswind components.
061 04 04 00 Determination of DR position
061 04 04 01 Confirmation of flight progress (DR)
LO Describe the role and purpose of DR x x x x x
navigation.
LO Demonstrate mental DR techniques. x x x x x
LO Define ‘speed factor’. Speed divided by x x x x x

60, used for mental flight-path
calculations.
LO Calculate head/tailwind component. x x x x x
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LO Calculate wind correction angle (WCA) x x x x x
using the formula:
WCA = XWC (crosswind component)/SF
(speed factor)
LO Distance, speed and time calculations. x x x x x
LO Demonstrate DR position graphically and x x x x x

by means of a DR computer.
LO Given any four of the parts of the triangle x x x x x
of velocities, calculate the other two.
LO Apply the validity of wind triangle symbols x x x x x
correctly. Heading vector one arrow,
track/course vector two arrows, and W/V
vector three arrows.
061 04 04 02 Lost procedures
LO Describe course of action when lost. x x x x x
061 04 05 00 Measurement of DR elements
061 04 05 01 Calculation of altitude, adjustments,
corrections, errors
Remark: For questions involving height
calculation, 30 ft/hpa is to be used unless
another figure is specified in the question.
LO Calculate True Altitude (T ALT) from given x x x x x
indicated altitude, airfield elevation,
Static-Air Temperature (SAT)/Outside-Air
Temperature (OAT) and QNH/QFE.
LO Calculate indicated altitude from given x x x x x
T ALT, airfield elevation, SAT/OAT and
QNH/QFE.
LO Calculate density altitude from given x x x x x
pressure altitude and SAT/OAT.
LO Calculate density altitude from given x x x x x
airfield elevation, SAT/OAT and QNH/QFE.
061 04 05 02 Determination of temperature
LO Define ‘OAT/SAT’. The temperature of the x x x x x
surrounding air.
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LO Define ‘Ram-Air Temperature (RAT)/ x x x x x
Total-Air Temperature (TAT)/ Indicated
Outside-Air Temperature (IOAT)’. The
temperature measured by the
temperature probe affected by friction
and compressibility.
LO Define ‘ram rise’. The increase of x x x x x
temperature at the temperature probe
due to friction and compressibility.
LO RAT (TAT, IOAT) = OAT (SAT) + ram rise. x x x x x
LO Explain the difference in using OAT/SAT x x x x x

compared to RAT/TAT/IOAT in airspeed
calculations.
061 04 05 03 Determination of appropriate speed
LO Explain the relationship between: x x x x x
— IAS,
— CAS,
— EAS,
— and TAS.
LO Calculate TAS from given IAS/CAS, x x x x x
OAT/SAT and pressure inputs.
LO Calculate CAS from given TAS, OAT/SAT x x x x x
and pressure inputs.
061 04 05 04 Determination of Mach number
LO Calculate Mach number from given TAS x x x x x
and OAT/SAT.
061 05 00 00 IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION
061 05 01 00 Use of visual observations and
application to in-flight navigation
LO Describe what is meant by the term ‘map x x x x x
reading’.
LO Define the term ‘visual checkpoint’. x x x x x
LO Discuss the general features of a visual x x x x x

checkpoint and give examples.
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LO State that the evaluation of the x x x x x
differences between DR positions and
actual position can refine flight
performance and navigation.
LO Establish fixes on navigational charts by x x x x x
plotting visually derived intersecting lines
of position.
LO Describe the use of a single observed x x x x x
position line to check flight progress.
LO Describe how to prepare and align a x x x x x
map/chart for use in visual navigation.
LO Describe visual-navigation techniques x x x x x
including:
— use of DR position to locate
identifiable landmarks;
— identification of charted features/
landmarks;
— factors affecting the selection of
landmarks;
— an understanding of seasonal and
meteorological effects on the
appearance and visibility of
landmarks;
— selection of suitable landmarks;
— estimation of distance from
landmarks from successive bearings;
— estimation of the distance from a
landmark using an approximation of
the sighting angle and the flight
altitude.
LO Describe the action to be taken if there is x x x x x
no visual checkpoint available at a
scheduled turning point.
LO Understanding the difficulties and x x x x x
limitations that may be encountered in
map reading in some geographical areas
due to the nature of terrain, lack of
distinctive landmarks or lack of detailed
and accurate charted data.
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LO State the function of contour lines on a x x x x x
topographical chart.
LO Indicate the role of ‘layer tinting’ (colour x x x x x
gradient) in relation to the depiction of
topography on a chart.
LO Using the contours shown on a chart, x x x x x
describe the appearance of a significant
feature.
LO Understand that in areas of snow and ice x x x x x
from horizon to horizon and where the sky
is covered with a uniform layer of clouds
so that no shadows are cast, the horizon
disappears, causing earth and sky to
blend.
061 05 02 00 Navigation in climb and descent
061 05 02 01 Average airspeed
LO Average TAS used for climb problems is x x x x x
calculated at the altitude 2/3 of the
cruising altitude.
LO Average TAS used for descent problems is x x x x x
calculated at the altitude 1/2 of the
descent altitude.
061 05 02 02 Average wind velocity (WV)
LO WV used for climb problems is the WV at x x x x x
the altitude 2/3 of the cruising altitude.
LO WV used for descent problems is the WV x x x x x
at the altitude 1/2 of the descent altitude.
LO Calculate the average climb/descent GS x x x x x
from given TAS at various altitudes, WV at
various altitudes and true track.
LO Calculate the flying time and distance x x x x x
during climb/descent from given average
rate of climb/descent and using average
GS.
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LO Calculate the rate of descent on a given x x x x x
glide-path angle using the following
formulae:
valid for 3°-glide path:
rate of descent = (GS (ground speed) ×
10) / 2
rate of descent = SF (speed factor) ×
glide-path angle × 100
LO Given distance, speed and present x x x x x
altitude, calculate the rate of
climb/descent in order to reach a certain
position at a given altitude.
LO Given speed, rate of climb/descent and x x x x x
altitude, calculate the distance required in
order to reach a position at a given
altitude.
LO Given speed, distance to go and altitude x x x x x
to climb/descent, calculate the rate of
climb/descent.
LO State the effect on TAS and Mach number
when climbing/descending with a
constant CAS.
061 05 02 03 Ground speed/distance covered during
climb or descent
LO State that most Aircraft Operating x x x x x
Handbooks supply graphical material to
calculate climb and descent problems.
LO Given distance, speed and present x x x x x
altitude, calculate the rate of climb/
descent in order to reach a certain
position at a given altitude.
LO Given speed, rate of climb/descent and x x x x x
altitude, calculate the distance required in
order to reach a certain position at a given
altitude.
061 05 02 04 Gradients versus rate of climb/descent
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LO Calculate climb/descent gradient x x x x x
(ft/NM, % and degrees), GS or vertical
speed according to the following formulae:
Vertical speed (feet/min) = (ground speed
(kt) × gradient (feet/NM)) / 60
LO Gradient in % = altitude difference (feet) × x x x x x
100 / ground difference (feet).
LO Gradient in degrees = Arctg (Altitude x x x x x
difference (feet) / ground distance (feet)).
LO Rate of climb/descent (feet/min) = x x x x x
gradient (%) × GS (kt).
LO State that it is necessary to determine the x x x x x
position of the aircraft accurately before
commencing descent in order to ensure
safe ground clearance.
061 05 03 00 Navigation in cruising flight, use of fixes
to revise navigation data
061 05 03 01 Ground-speed revision
LO Calculate revised ground speed to reach a x x x x x
waypoint at a specific time.
LO Calculate the average ground speed based x x x x x
on two observed fixes.
LO Calculate the distance to the position x x x x x
passing abeam an NDB station by timing
from the position with a relative bearing
of 045/315 to the position abeam (relative
bearing 090/270).
061 05 03 02 Off-track corrections
LO Calculate the track-error angle at a given x x x x x
course from A to B and an off- course fix,
using the one-in-sixty rule.
LO Calculate the heading change at an off- x x x x x
course fix to directly reach the next
waypoint using the one-in-sixty rule.
LO Calculate the average drift angle based x x x x x
upon an off-course fix observation.
061 05 03 03 Calculation of wind speed and direction
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LO Calculate the average wind speed and x x x x x
direction based on two observed fixes.
061 05 03 04 Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) revisions
LO Calculate ETA revisions based upon x x x x x
observed fixes and revised ground speed.
061 05 04 00 Flight log
LO Given relevant flight-plan data, calculate x x x x x
the missing data.
LO Enter the revised navigational en route x x x x x
data, for the legs concerned, into the
flight log (e.g. updated wind and ground
speed, and correspondingly losses or gains
in time and fuel consumption).
LO Enter, in the progress of flight, at x x x x x
checkpoint or turning point, the ‘actual
time over’ and the ‘estimated time over’
for the next checkpoint into the flight log.
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K. SUBJECT 062 — RADIO NAVIGATION

IR
060 00 00 00 NAVIGATION
062 00 00 00 RADIO NAVIGATION
062 01 00 00 BASIC RADIO PROPAGATION THEORY

062 01 01 01 Electromagnetic waves
LO State that radio waves travel at the speed of x x x x x x
light, being approximately 300 000 km/s or
162 000 NM/s.
LO Define a ‘cycle’. A complete series of values of x x x x x x
a periodical process.
LO Define ‘Hertz (Hz)’. x x x x x x
1 Hertz is 1 cycle per second.
062 01 01 02 Frequency, wavelength, amplitude, phase
angle
LO Define ‘frequency’. The number of cycles x x x x x x
occurring in 1 second in a radio wave
expressed in Hertz (Hz).
LO Define ‘wavelength’. The physical distance x x x x x x
travelled by a radio wave during one cycle of
transmission.
LO Define ‘amplitude’. The maximum deflection x x x x x x
in an oscillation or wave.
LO State that the relationship between x x x x x x
wavelength and frequency is:
— wavelength (λ) = speed of light (c) /
frequency (f);
— or λ (meters) = 300 000 / kHz.
LO Define ‘phase’. The fraction of one x x x x x x
wavelength expressed in degrees from 000° to
360°.
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LO Define ‘phase difference/shift’. The angular x x x x x x
difference between the corresponding points
of two cycles of equal wavelength, which is
measurable in degrees.
062 01 01 03 Frequency bands, sidebands, single sideband
LO List the bands of the frequency spectrum for x x x x x x
electromagnetic waves:
— Very Low Frequency (VLF): 3–30 kHz;
— Low Frequency (LF): 30–300 kHz;
— Medium Frequency (MF): 300–3 000 kHz;
— High Frequency (HF): 3–30 MHz;
— Very High Frequency (VHF): 30–300 MHz;
— Ultra High Frequency (UHF): 300–
3 000 MHz;
— Super High Frequency (SHF): 3–30 GHz;
— Extremely High Frequency (EHF): 30–300
GHz.
LO State that when a carrier wave is modulated, x x x x x x
the resultant radiation consists of the carrier
frequency plus additional upper and lower
sidebands.
LO State that HF VOLMET and HF two-way x x x x x x
communication use a single sideband.
LO State that a radio signal may be classified by x x x x x x
three symbols in accordance with the ITU
Radio Regulation, Volume 1: e.g. A1A.
— The first symbol indicates the type of
modulation of the main carrier;
— The second symbol indicates the nature
of the signal modulating the main
carrier;
— The third symbol indicates the nature of
the information to be transmitted.
062 01 01 04 Pulse characteristics
LO Define the following terms as associated with x x x x x x
a pulse string:
— pulse length,
— pulse power,
— continuous power.
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062 01 01 05 Carrier, modulation
LO Define ‘carrier wave’. The radio wave acting as x x x x x x
the carrier or transporter.
LO Define ‘keying’. Interrupting the carrier wave x x x x x x
to break it into dots and dashes.
LO Define ‘modulation’. The technical term for x x x x x x
the process of impressing and transporting
information by radio waves.
062 01 01 06 Kinds of modulation (amplitude, frequency,
pulse, phase)
LO Define ‘amplitude modulation’. The x x x x x x
information that is impressed onto the carrier
wave by altering the amplitude of the carrier.
LO Define ‘frequency modulation’. The x x x x x x
information that is impressed onto the carrier
wave by altering the frequency of the carrier.
LO Describe ‘pulse modulation’. A modulation x x x x x x
form used in radar by transmitting short
pulses followed by larger interruptions.
LO Describe ‘phase modulation’. A modulation x x x x x x
form used in GPS where the phase of the
carrier wave is reversed.
062 01 02 00 Antennas
062 01 02 01 Characteristics
LO Define ‘antenna’. A wave-type transducer for x x x x x x
the process of converting a line AC into a free
electromagnetic wave.
LO State that the simplest type of antenna is a x x x x x x
dipole which is a wire of length equal to one-
half of the wavelength.
LO State that in a wire which is fed with an AC x x x x x x
(alternating current), some of the power will
radiate into space.
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LO State that in a wire parallel to the wire fed x x x x x x
with an AC but remote from it, an AC will be
induced.
LO State that an electromagnetic wave always x x x x x x
consists of an oscillating electric (E) and an
oscillating magnetic (H) field which propagates
at the speed of light.
LO State that the (E) and (H) fields are x x x x x x
perpendicular to each other. The oscillations
are perpendicular to the propagation direction
and are in-phase.
LO State that the electric field is parallel to the x x x x x x
wire and the magnetic field is perpendicular to
it.
062 01 02 02 Polarisation
LO State that the polarisation of an x x x x x x
electromagnetic wave describes the
orientation of the plane of oscillation of the
electrical component of the wave with regard
to its direction of propagation.
LO State that in linear polarisation the plane of x x x x x x
oscillation is fixed in space, whereas in circular
(eliptical) polarisation the plane is rotating.
LO Explain the difference between horizontal and x x x x x x
vertical polarisation in the dependence of the
alignment of the dipole.
062 01 02 03 Types of antennas
LO List and describe the common different kinds x x x x x x
of directional antennas:
— loop antenna used in old ADF receivers;
— parabolic antenna used in weather
radars;
— slotted planar array used in more
modern weather radars;
— helical antenna used in GPS transmitters.
062 01 03 00 Wave propagation
062 01 03 01 Structure of the ionosphere
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LO State that the ionosphere is the ionised x x x x x x
component of the Earth’s upper atmosphere
from 60 to 400 km above the surface, which is
vertically structured in three regions or layers.
LO State that the layers in the ionosphere are x x x x x x
named D, E and F layers, and their depth
varies with time.
LO State that electromagnetic waves refracted x x x x x x
from the E and F layers of the ionosphere are
called sky waves.
062 01 03 02 Ground waves
LO Define ‘ground or surface waves’. The x x x x x x
electromagnetic waves travelling along the
062 01 03 03 Space waves
LO Define ‘space waves’. The electromagnetic x x x x x x
waves travelling through the air directly from
the transmitter to the receiver.
062 01 03 04 Propagation with the frequency bands
LO State that radio waves in VHF, UHF, SHF and x x x x x x
EHF propagate as space waves.
LO State that radio waves in VLF, LF, MF and HF x x x x x x
propagate as surface/ground waves and sky
waves.
062 01 03 05 Doppler principle
LO State that Doppler effect is the phenomenon x x x x x x
that the frequency of an electromagnetic wave
will increase or decrease if there is relative
motion between the transmitter and the
receiver.
LO State that the frequency will increase if the x x x x x x
transmitter and receiver are converging, and
will decrease if they are diverging.
062 01 03 06 Factors affecting propagation
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LO Define ‘skip distance’. The distance between x x x x x x
the transmitter and the point on the surface of
the Earth where the first sky return arrives.
LO State that skip zone/dead space is the distance x x x x x x
between the limit of the surface wave and the
sky wave.
LO Describe ‘fading’. When a receiver picks up the x x x x x x
sky signal and the surface signal, the signals
will interfere with each other causing the
signals to be cancelled out.
LO State that radio waves in the VHF band and x x x x x x
above are limited in range as they are not
reflected by the ionosphere and do not have a
surface wave.
LO Describe the physical phenomena reflection, x x x x x x
refraction, diffraction, absorption and
interference.
062 02 00 00 RADIO AIDS
062 02 01 00 Ground D/F
062 02 01 01 Principles
LO Describe the use of a Ground Direction Finder. x x x x x x
LO Explain why the service provided is subdivided x x x x x x
as:
— VHF direction finding (VDF)
— UHF direction finding (UDF).
LO Explain the limitation of range because of the x x x x x x
path of the VHF signal.
LO Describe the operation of the VDF in the x x x x x x
following general terms:
— radio waves emitted by the radio-
telephony (R/T) equipment of the
aircraft;
— special directional antenna;
— determination of the direction of the
incoming signal;
— ATC display.
062 02 01 02 Presentation and interpretation
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LO Define the term ‘QDM’. The magnetic bearing x x x x x x
to the station.
LO Define the term ‘QDR’. The magnetic bearing x x x x x x
from the station.
LO Define the term ‘QUJ’. The true bearing to the x x x x x x
station.
LO Define the term ‘QTE’. The true bearing from x x x x x x
the station.
LO Explain that by using more than one ground x x x x x x
station, the position of an aircraft can be
determined and transmitted to the pilot.
062 02 01 03 Coverage and range
LO Use the formula: x x x x x x
1.23 × √transmitter height in feet + 1.23 ×
√receiver height in feet,
to calculate the range in NM.
062 02 01 04 Errors and accuracy
LO Explain why synchronous transmissions will x x x x x x
cause errors.
LO Describe the effect of ‘multipath signals’. x x x x x x
LO Explain that VDF information is divided into x x x x x x
the following classes according to ICAO Annex
10:
— class A: accurate to a range within ± 2°;
— class B: accurate to a range within ± 5°;
— class C: accurate to a range within ± 10°;
— class D: accurate to less than class C.
062 02 02 00 Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)/ Automatic
Direction Finder (ADF)
LO Define the acronym ‘NDB’. Non-Directional x x x x x x
Beacon.
LO Define the acronym ‘ADF’. Automatic Direction x x x x x x
Finder.
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LO State that the NDB is the ground part of the x x x x x x
system.
LO State that the ADF is the airborne part of the x x x x x x
system.
LO State that the NDB operates in the LF and MF x x x x x x
frequency bands.
LO The frequency band assigned to aeronautical x x x x x x
NDBs according to ICAO Annex 10 is
190–1 750 kHz.
LO Define a ‘locator beacon’. An LF/MF NDB used x x x x x x
as an aid to final approach usually with a
range, according to ICAO Annex 10, of
10–25 NM.
LO Explain the difference between NDBs and x x x x x x
locator beacons.
LO Explain which beacons transmit signals x x x x x x
suitable for use by an ADF.
LO State that certain commercial radio stations x x x x x x
transmit within the frequency band of the
NDB.
LO Explain why it is necessary to use a x x x x x x
directionally sensitive receiver antenna system
in order to obtain the direction of the
incoming radio wave.
LO Describe the use of NDBs for navigation. x x x x x x
LO Describe the procedure to identify an NDB x x x x x x

station.
LO Interpret the term ‘cone of silence’ in respect x x x x x x
of an NDB.
LO State that an NDB station emits a NON/A1A or x x x x x x
a NON/A2A signal.
LO State the function of the Beat Frequency x x x x x x
Oscillator (BFO).
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LO State that in order to identify a NON/A1A NDB, x x x x x x
the BFO circuit of the receiver has to be
activated.
LO State that the NDB emitting NON/A1A gives x x x x x x
rise to erratic indications of the bearing while
the station is identifying.
LO Explain that on modern aircraft the BFO is x x x x x x
activated automatically.
LO Name the types of indicators in common use: x x x x x x
— electronic navigation display;
— Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI);
— fixed card ADF (radio compass);
— moving card ADF.
LO Describe the indications given on RMI, fixed x x x x x x
card and moving card ADF displays.
LO Given a display, interpret the relevant ADF x x x x x x
information.
LO Calculate the true bearing from the compass x x x x x x
heading and relative bearing.
LO Convert the compass bearing into magnetic x x x x x x
bearing and true bearing.
LO Describe how to fly the following in-flight ADF
x x x x x x
procedures according to ICAO Doc 8168,
Volume 1:
— homing and tracking, and explain the
influence of wind;
— interceptions;
— procedural turns;
— holding patterns.
LO State that the power limits the range of an x x x x x x
NDB.
LO Explain the relationship between power and x x x x x x
range.
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LO State that the range of an NDB over sea is x x x x x x
better than over land due to better ground
wave propagation over seawater than over
land.
LO Describe the propagation path of NDB radio x x x x x x
waves with respect to the ionosphere and the
Earth’s surface.
LO Explain that interference between sky and x x x x x x
ground waves at night leads to ‘fading’.
LO Define the accuracy the pilot has to fly the x x x x x x
required bearing in order to be considered
established during approach according to ICAO
Doc 8168 as within ± 5°.
LO State that there is no warning indication of x x x x x x
NDB failure.
LO Define ‘quadrantal error’. The distortion of the x x x x x x
incoming signal from the NDB station by
reradiation from the airframe. This is
corrected for during installation of the
antenna.
LO Explain ‘coastal refraction’. As a radio wave x x x x x x
travelling over land crosses the coast, the
wave speeds up over water and the wave front
bends.
LO Define ‘night/twilight effect’. The influence of x x x x x x
sky waves and ground waves arriving at the
ADF receiver with a difference of phase and
polarisation which introduce bearing errors.
LO State that interference from other NDB x x x x x x
stations on the same frequency may occur at
night due to sky-wave contamination.
062 02 02 05 Factors affecting range and accuracy
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LO State that there is no coastal refraction error x x x x x x
when:
— the propagation direction of the wave is
90° to the coastline;
— the NDB station is sited on the coastline.
LO State that coastal refraction error increases x x x x x x
with increased incidence.
LO State that night effect predominates around x x x x x x
dusk and dawn.
LO Define ‘multipath propagation of the radio x x x x x x
wave (mountain effect)’.
LO State that static emission energy from a x x x x x x
cumulonimbus cloud may interfere with the
radio wave and influence the ADF bearing
indication.
062 02 03 00 VOR and Doppler VOR
LO Explain the operation of VOR using the x x x x x x
following general terms:
— reference phase;
— variable phase;
— phase difference.
LO State that the frequency band allocated to x x x x x x
VOR according to ICAO Annex 10 is VHF and
the frequencies used are 108.0–117.975 MHz.
LO State that frequencies within the allocated x x x x x x
VOR range which have an odd number in the
first decimal place, are used by ILS.
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LO State that the following types of VOR are in x x x x x x
operation:
— Conventional VOR (CVOR): a first-
generation VOR station emitting signals
by means of a rotating antenna;
— Doppler VOR (DVOR): a second-
generation VOR station emitting signals
by means of a combination of fixed
antennas utilising the Doppler principle;
— en route VOR for use by IFR traffic;
— Terminal VOR (TVOR): a station with a
shorter range used as part of the
approach and departure structure at
major airports;
— Test VOR (VOT): a VOR station emitting a
signal to test VOR indicators in an
aircraft.
LO Describe how ATIS information is transmitted x x x x x x
on VOR frequencies.
LO List the three main components of VOR x x x x x x
airborne equipment:
— the antenna,
— the receiver,
— the indicator.
LO Describe the identification of a VOR in terms x x x x x x
of Morse-code letters, continuous tone or dots
(VOT), tone pitch, repetition rate and
additional plain text.
LO State that according to ICAO Annex 10, a VOR x x x x x x
station has an automatic ground monitoring
system.
LO State that the VOR monitoring system x x x x x x
monitors change in measured radial and
reduction in signal strength.
LO State that failure of the VOR station to stay x x x x x x
within the required limits can cause the
removal of identification and navigation
components from the carrier or radiation to
cease.
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LO Read off the radial on a Radio Magnetic x x x x x x
Indicator (RMI).
LO Read off the angular displacement in relation x x x x x x
to a preselected radial on an HSI or CDI.
LO Explain the use of the TO/FROM indicator in x x x x x x
order to determine aircraft position relative to
the VOR considering also the heading of the
aircraft.
LO Interpret VOR information as displayed on HSI, x x x x x x
CDI and RMI.
LO Describe the following in-flight VOR x x x x x x
procedures as in ICAO Doc 8168,
Volume 1:
— tracking, and explain the influence of
wind when tracking;
— interceptions;
— procedural turns;
— holding patterns.
LO State that when converting a radial into a true x x x x x x
bearing, the variation at the VOR station has
to be taken into account.
LO Describe the range with respect to the x x x x x x
transmitting power and radio signal.
LO Calculate the range using the formula: x x x x x x
1.23 × √transmitter height in feet + 1.23 ×
√receiver height in feet.
LO Define the accuracy the pilot has to fly the x x x x x x
required bearing in order to be considered
established on a VOR track when flying
approach procedures according to ICAO Doc
8168 as within half-full scale deflection of the
required track.
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LO State that due to reflections from terrain, x x x x x x
radials can be bent and lead to wrong or
fluctuating indications, which is called
‘scalloping’.
LO State that DVOR is less sensitive to site error x x x x x x
than CVOR.
062 02 04 00 DME
LO State that DME operates in the UHF band x x x x x x
between 960–1215 MHz according to ICAO
Annex 10.
LO State that the system comprises two basic x x x x x x
components:
— the aircraft component, the interrogator;
— the ground component, the transponder.
LO Describe the principle of distance x x x x x x
measurement using DME in terms of:
— pulse pairs;
— fixed frequency division of 63 MHz;
— propagation delay;
— 50-microsecond delay time;
— irregular transmission sequence;
— search mode;
— tracking mode;
— memory mode.
LO State that the distance measured by DME is x x x x x x
slant range.
LO Illustrate that a position line using DME is a x x x x x x
circle with the station at its centre.
LO Describe how the pairing of VHF and UHF x x x x x x
frequencies (VOR/DME) enables the selection
of two items of navigation information from
one frequency setting.
LO Describe, in the case of co-location, the x x x x x x
frequency pairing and identification
procedure.
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LO Explain that depending on the configuration, x x x x x x
the combination of a DME distance with a VOR
radial can determine the position of the
aircraft.
LO Explain that military TACAN stations may be x x x x x x
used for DME information.
LO Explain that when identifying a DME station x x x x x x
co-located with a VOR station, the
identification signal with the higher-tone
frequency is the DME which idents
approximately every 40seconds.
LO Calculate ground distance from given slant x x x x x x
range and altitude.
LO Describe the use of DME to fly a DME arc in x x x x x x
accordance with ICAO Doc 8168, Volume 1.
LO State that a DME system may have a ground x x x x x x
speed read-out combined with the DME read-
out.
LO Explain why a ground station can generally x x x x x x
respond to a maximum of 100 aircraft.
LO Explain which aircraft will be denied a DME x x x x x x
range first when more than
100 interrogations are being made.
LO State that the error of the DME ‘N’ according x x x x x x
to ICAO Annex 10 should not exceed + 0.25
NM + 1.25 % of the distance measured.
For installations installed after 1 January 1989,
the total system error should not exceed
0.2 NM DME ‘P’.
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LO State that the ground speed read-out x x x x x x
combined with DME is only correct when
tracking directly to or from the DME station.
LO State that, close to the station, the ground x x x x x x
speed read-out combined with DME is less
than the actual ground speed.
062 02 05 00 ILS
LO Name the three main components of an ILS: x x x
— the localiser (LLZ);
— the glide path (GP);
— range information (markers or DME).
LO State the site locations of the ILS components: x x x
— the localiser antenna should be located
on the extension of the runway centre
line at the stop-end;
— The glide-path antenna should be
located 300 metres beyond the runway
threshold, laterally displaced
approximately 120 metres to the side of
the runway centre line.
LO Explain that marker beacons produce radiation x x x
patterns to indicate predetermined distances
from the threshold along the ILS glide path.
LO Explain that marker beacons are sometimes x x x
replaced by a DME paired with the LLZ
frequency.
LO State that in the ILS frequency assigned band x x x
108.0–111.975 MHz, only frequencies which
have an odd number in the first decimal, are
ILS frequencies.
LO State that the LLZ operates in the 108,0– x x x
111.975 MHz VHF band, according to ICAO
Annex 10.
LO State that the GP operates in the UHF band. x x x
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LO Describe the use of the 90-Hz and the 150-Hz x x x
signals in the LLZ and GP transmitters/
receivers, stating how the signals at the
receivers vary with angular deviation.
LO Draw the radiation pattern with respect to the x x x
90-Hz and 150-Hz signals.
LO Describe how the UHF glide-path frequency is x x x
selected automatically by being paired with
the LLZ frequency.
LO Explain the term ‘Difference of Depth of x x x
Modulation (DDM)’.
LO State that the difference in the modulation x x x
depth increases with displacement from the
centre line.
LO State that both the LLZ and the GP antenna x x x
radiate side lobes (false beams) which could
give rise to false centre-line and false glide-
path indication.
LO Explain that the back beam from the LLZ x x x
antenna may be used as a published ‘non-
precision approach’.
LO State that according to ICAO Annex 10 the x x x
nominal glide path is 3°.
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LO Name the frequency, modulation and x x x
identification assigned to all marker beacons
according to ICAO Annex 10:
all marker beacons operate on 75-MHz carrier
frequency.
The modulation frequencies are:
— outer marker: 400 Hz;
— middle marker: 1 300 Hz;
— inner marker: 3 000 Hz.
The audio frequency modulation (for
identification) is the continuous modulation of
the audio frequency and is keyed as follows:
— outer marker: 2 dashes per second
continuously;
— middle marker: a continuous series of
alternate dots and dashes;
— inner marker: 6 dots per second
continuously.
LO State that according to ICAO Doc 8168, the x x x
final-approach area contains a fix or facility
that permits verification of the ILS glide path–
altimeter relationship. The outer marker or
DME is usually used for this purpose.
LO Describe the ILS identification regarding x x x
frequency and Morse code and/or plain text.
LO Calculate the rate of descent for a 3°-glide- x x x
path angle given the ground speed of the
aircraft and using the formula:
Rate of Descent (ROD) in ft/min = (ground
speed in kt × 10) / 2.
LO Calculate the rate of descent using the x x x
following formula when flying any glide-path
angle:
ROD ft/min = Speed Factor (SF) × glide-path
angle × 100.
LO Interpret the markers by sound, modulation, x x x
and frequency.
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LO State that the outer-marker cockpit indicator x x x
is coloured blue, the middle marker amber,
and the inner marker white.
LO State that in accordance with ICAO Annex 10, x x x
an ILS installation has an automatic ground
monitoring system.
LO State that the LLZ and GP monitoring system x x x
monitors any shift in the LLZ and GP mean
course line or reduction in signal strength.
LO State that a failure of either the LLZ or the GP x x x
to stay within the predetermined limits will
cause:
— removal of identification and navigation
components from the carrier;
— radiation to cease;
— a warning to be displayed at the
designated control point.
LO State that an ILS receiver has an automatic x x x
monitoring function.
LO Describe the circumstances in which warning x x x
flags will appear for both the LLZ and the GP:
— absence of the carrier frequency;
— absence of the 90 and 150-Hz modulation
simultaneously;
— the percentage modulation of either the
90 or 150-Hz signal reduced to 0.
LO Interpret the indications on a Course x x x
Deviation Indicator (CDI) and a Horizontal
Situation Indicator (HSI):
— full-scale deflection of the CDI needle
corresponds to approximately 2,5°
displacement from the ILS centre line;
— full-scale deflection on the GP
corresponds to approximately 0,7° from
the ILS GP centre line.
LO Interpret the aircraft’s position in relation to x x x
the extended runway centre line on a back-
beam approach.
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LO Explain the setting of the course pointer of an x x x
HSI for front-beam and back-beam
approaches.
LO Sketch the standard coverage area of the LLZ x x x
and GP with angular sector limits in degrees
and distance limits from the transmitter in
accordance with ICAO Annex 10:
— LLZ coverage area is 10° on either side of
the centre line to a distance of 25 NM
from the runway, and 35° on either side
of the centre line to a distance of 17 NM
from the runway;
— GP coverage area is 8° on either side of the
centre line to a distance of minimum 10
NM from the runway.
LO Explain that ILS approaches are divided into x x x
facility performance categories defined in
ICAO Annex 10.
LO Define the following ILS operation categories: x x x
— Category I,
— Category II,
— Category IIIA,
— Category IIIB,
— Category IIIC.
LO Explain that all Category-III ILS operations x x x
guidance information is provided from the
coverage limits of the facility to, and along,
the surface of the runway.
LO Explain why the accuracy requirements are x x x
progressively higher for CAT I, CAT II and
CAT III ILS.
LO State the vertical-accuracy requirements x x x
above the threshold for CAT I, II and III for the
signals of the ILS ground installation.
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LO Explain the following in accordance with ICAO x x x
Doc 8168:
— the accuracy the pilot has to fly the ILS
localiser to be considered established on
an ILS track is within the half-full scale
deflection of the required track;
— the aircraft has to be established within
the half-scale deflection of the LLZ
before starting descent on the GP;
— the pilot has to fly the ILS GP to a
maximum of half-scale fly-up deflection
of the GP in order to stay in protected
airspace.
LO State that if a pilot deviates by more than half- x x x
scale deflection on the LLZ or by more than
half-course fly-up deflection on the GP, an
immediate missed approach should be
executed because obstacle clearance may no
longer be guaranteed.
LO Describe ILS beam bends. Deviations from the x x x
nominal position of the LLZ and GP
respectively. They are ascertained by flight
test.
LO Explain multipath interference. Reflections x x x
from large objects within the ILS coverage
area.
LO Define the ‘ILS-critical area’. An area of x x x
defined dimensions about the LLZ and GP
antennas where vehicles, including aircraft,
are excluded during all ILS operations.
LO Define the ‘ILS-sensitive area’. An area x x x
extending beyond the critical area where the
parking and/or movement of vehicles,
including aircraft, is controlled to prevent the
possibility of unacceptable interference to the
ILS signal during ILS operations.
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LO Describe the effect of FM broadcast stations x x x
that transmit on frequencies just below 108
MHz.
062 02 06 00 Microwave Landing System (MLS)
LO Explain the principle of operation: x x x
— horizontal course guidance during the
approach;
— vertical guidance during the approach;
— horizontal guidance for departure and
missed approach;
— DME (DME/P) distance;
— transmission of special information
regarding the system and the approach
conditions.
LO State that MLS operates in the S band on 200 x x x
channels.
LO Explain the reason why MLS can be installed at x x x
airports on which, as a result of the effects of
surrounding buildings and/or terrain, ILS siting
is difficult.
LO Interpret the display of airborne equipment x x x
designed to continuously show the position of
the aircraft in relation to a preselected course
and glide path along with distance
information, during approach and departure.
LO Explain that segmented approaches can be x x x
carried out with a presentation with two cross
bars directed by a computer which has been
programmed with the approach to be flown.
LO Illustrate that segmented and curved x x x
approaches can only be executed with DME-P
installed.
LO Explain why aircraft are equipped with a x x x
Multimode Receiver (MMR) in order to be able
to receive ILS, MLS and GPS.
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LO Explain why MLS without DME-P gives an ILS x x x
lookalike straight-line approach.
LO Describe the coverage area for the approach x x x
direction as being within a sector of ± 40° of
the centre line out to a range of 20 NM from
the threshold (according to ICAO Annex 10).
062 02 06 04 Error and accuracy
LO State the 95 % lateral and vertical accuracy x x x
within 20 NM (37 km) of the MLS approach
reference datum and 60 ft above the MLS
datum point (according to ICAO Annex 10).
062 03 00 00 RADAR
062 03 01 00 Pulse techniques and associated terms
LO Name the different applications of radar with x x x x x x
respect to ATC, MET observations and
airborne weather radar.
LO Describe the pulse technique and echo x x x x x x
principle on which primary radar systems are
based.
LO Explain the relationship between the x x x x x x
maximum theoretical range and the Pulse
Repetition Frequency (PRF).
LO Calculate the maximum theoretical x x x x x x
unambiguous range if the PRF is given using
the formula:
300 000
Range in km 
PRF  2
LO Calculate the PRF if the maximum theoretical x x x x x x

unambiguous range of the radar is given using
300 000
the formula: PRF 
range (km)  2
LO Explain that pulse length defines the minimum x x x x x x
theoretical range of a radar.
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LO Explain the need to harmonise the rotation x x x x x x
speed of the antenna, the pulse length and the
pulse repetition frequency for range.
LO Describe, in general terms, the effects of the x x x x x x
following factors with respect to the quality of
the target depiction on the radar display:
— atmospheric conditions: superrefraction
and subrefraction;
— attenuation with distance;
— condition and size of the reflecting
surface.
062 03 02 00 Ground radar
LO Explain that primary radar provides bearing x x x x
and distance of targets.
LO Explain that primary ground radar is used to x x x x
detect aircraft that are not equipped with a
secondary radar transponder.
LO Explain why Moving Target Indicator (MTI) is x x x x
used.
LO State that modern ATC systems use computer- x x x x
generated display.
LO Explain that the radar display enables the ATS x x x x
controller to provide information, surveillance
or guidance service.
062 03 03 00 Airborne weather radar
LO List the two main tasks of the weather radar in x x x x
respect of weather and navigation.
LO State the wavelength (approx. 3 cm) and x x x x
frequency of most AWRs (approx. 9 GHz).
LO Explain how the antenna is attitude-stabilised x x x x
in relation to the horizontal plane using the
aircraft’s attitude reference system.
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LO Explain that older AWRs have two different x x x x
radiation patterns which can be produced by a
single antenna, one for mapping (cosecant-
squared) and the other for weather
(pencil/cone-shaped).
LO Describe the cone-shaped pencil beam of x x x x
about 3° to 5° beam width used for weather
depiction.
LO Explain that in modern AWRs a single radiation x x x x
pattern is used for both mapping and weather
with the scanning angle being changed
between them.
LO Explain the functions of the following different x x x x
modes on the radar control panel:
— off/on switch;
— function switch, with WX, WX+T and
MAP modes;
— gain-control setting (auto/manual);
— tilt/autotilt switch.
LO Name, for areas of differing reflection x x x x
intensity, the colour gradations (green, yellow,
red and magenta) indicating the increasing
intensity of precipitation.
LO Illustrate the use of azimuth-marker lines and x x x x
range lines in respect of the relative bearing
and the distance to a thunderstorm or to a
landmark on the screen.
LO Explain how the radar is used for weather x x x x
detection and for mapping (range, tilt and
gain, if available).
062 03 03 04 Errors, accuracy, limitations
LO Explain why AWR should be used with extreme x x x x
caution when on the ground.
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LO Explain the danger of the area behind heavy x x x x
rain (shadow area) where no radar waves will
penetrate.
LO Explain why the tilt setting should be higher x x x x
when the aircraft descends to a lower altitude.
LO Explain why the tilt setting should be lower x x x x
when the aircraft climbs to a higher altitude.
LO Explain why a thunderstorm may not be x x x x
detected when the tilt is set too high.
062 03 03 06 Application for navigation
LO Describe the navigation function of the radar x x x x
in the mapping mode.
LO Describe the use of the weather radar to avoid x x x x
a thunderstorm (Cb).
LO Explain how turbulence (not CAT) can be x x x x
detected by a modern weather radar.
LO Explain how windshear can be detected by a x x x x
modern weather radar.
062 03 04 00 Secondary surveillance radar and
transponder
LO Explain that the Air Traffic Control (ATC) x x x x x x
system is based on the replies provided by the
airborne transponders in response to
interrogations from the ATC secondary radar.
LO Explain that the ground ATC secondary radar x x x x x x
uses techniques which provide the ATC with
information that cannot be acquired by the
primary radar.
LO Explain that an airborne transponder provides x x x x x x
coded-reply signals in response to
interrogation signals from the ground
secondary radar and from aircraft equipped
with TCAS.
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LO Explain the advantages of SSR over a primary x x x x x x
radar.
062 03 04 02 Modes and codes
LO Explain that the interrogator transmits its x x x x x x
interrogations in the form of a series of pulses.
LO Name and explain the interrogation modes: x x x x x x
— Mode A and C;
— Intermode:
• Mode A/C/S all call,
• Mode A/C only all call;
— Mode S:
• Mode S only all call,
• broadcast (no reply elicited),
• selective.
LO State that the interrogation frequency is 1 030 x x x x x x
MHz and the reply frequency is 1 090 MHz.
LO Explain that the decoding of the time between x x x x x x
the interrogation pulses determines the
operating mode of the transponder:
— Mode A: transmission of aircraft
transponder code;
— Mode C: transmission of aircraft pressure
altitude;
— Mode S: aircraft selection and
transmission of flight data for the ground
surveillance.
LO State that the ground interrogation signal is x x x x x x
transmitted in the form of pairs of pulses P1
and P3 for Mode A and C, and that a control
pulse P2 is transmitted following the first
interrogation pulse P1.
LO Explain that the interval between P1 and P3 x x x x x x
determines the mode of interrogation,
Mode A or C.
LO State that the radiated amplitude of P2 from x x x x x x
the side lobes and from the main lobe is
different.
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LO State that Mode-A designation is a sequence x x x x x x
of four digits which can be manually selected
from 4 096 available codes.
LO State that in Mode-C reply the pressure x x x x x x
altitude is reported in 100-ft increments.
LO State that in addition to the information x x x x x x
pulses provided, a Special Position
Identification (SPI) pulse can be transmitted
but only as a result of a manual selection
(IDENT).
LO Explain the need for compatibility of Mode S x x x x x x
with Mode A and C.
LO Explain that Mode-S transponders receive x x x x x x
interrogations from other Mode-S
transponders and SSR ground stations.
LO State that Mode-S surveillance protocols x x x x x x
implicitly use the principle of selective
addressing.
LO Explain that every aircraft will have been x x x x x x
allocated an ICAO Aircraft Address which is
hard-coded into the airframe (Mode-S
address).
LO Explain that the ICAO Aircraft Address consists x x x x x x
of 24 bits (therefore more than 16 000 000
possible codes) allocated by the registering
authority of the State in which the aircraft is
registered.
LO Explain that this (24-bit) address is included in x x x x x x
all Mode-S transmissions, so that every
interrogation can be directed to a specific
aircraft, preventing multiple replies.
LO State that the ground interrogation signal is x x x x x x
transmitted in the form of P1, P3 and P4
pulses for Mode S.
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LO Interpret the following Mode-S terms: x x x x x x
— selective addressing;
— mode ‘all call’;
— selective call.
LO State that Mode-S interrogation contains x x x x x x
either:
— aircraft address;
— all call address;
— broadcast address.
LO Mode A/C/S all-call consists of 3 pulses: P1, P3 x x x x x x
and the long P4. A control pulse P2 is
transmitted following P1 to suppress responses
from aircraft in the side lobes of the
interrogation antenna.
LO Mode A/C only all-call consists of 3 pulses: P1, x x x x x x
P3 and the short P4.
LO State that there are 25 possible Mode-S reply x x x x x x
forms.
LO State that the reply message consists of a x x x x x x
preamble and a data block.
LO State that the Aircraft Address shall be x x x x x x
transmitted in any reply except in Mode-S only
all-call reply.
LO Explain that Mode S can provide enhanced x x x x x x
vertical tracking, using a 25-feet altitude
increment.
LO Explain how SSR can be used for ADS B. x x x x x x

LO Explain how an aircraft can be identified by a x x x x x x
unique code.
LO Illustrate how the following information is x x x x x x
presented on the radar screen:
— flight level;
— flight number or aircraft registration;
— ground speed.
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LO Name and interpret the codes 7700, 7600 and x x x x x x
7500.
LO Interpret the selector modes: OFF, Standby, x x x x x x
ON (mode A), ALT (mode A and C), and TEST.
LO Explain the function of the emission of a x x x x x x
Special Position Identification (SPI) pulse after
pushing the IDENT button in the aircraft.
ELEMENTARY SURVEILLANCE
LO Explain that the elementary surveillance x x x x x x
provides the ATC controller with the aircraft’s
position, altitude and identification.
LO State that the elementary surveillance needs x x x x x x
Mode-S transponders with Surveillance
Identifier (SI) code capacity and the automatic
reporting of aircraft identification, known as
ICAO Level 2s.
LO State that the SI code must correspond to the x x x x x x
aircraft identification specified in item 7 of the
ICAO flight plan or to the registration marking.
LO State that only the ICAO identification format x x x x x x
is compatible with the ATS ground system.
LO State that Mode-S-equipped aircraft with a x x x x x x
maximum mass in excess of 5 700 kg or a
maximum cruising true airspeed capability in
excess of 250 kt must operate with
transponder antenna diversity.
LO Describe the different types of communication x x x x x x
protocols (A, B, C and D).
LO Explain that elementary surveillance is based x x x x x x
on Ground-Initiated Comm-B protocols.
ENHANCED SURVEILLANCE
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LO State that enhanced surveillance consists of x x x x x x
the extraction of additional aircraft
parameters known as Downlink Aircraft
Parameters (DAP) consisting of:
— magnetic heading;
— indicated airspeed;
— Mach number;
— vertical rate;
— roll angle;
— track angle rate;
— true track angle;
— ground speed;
— selected altitude.
LO Explain that the controller’s information is x x x x x x
improved by providing actual aircraft-derived
data such as magnetic heading, indicated
airspeed, vertical rate and selected altitude.
LO Explain that the automatic extraction of an x x x x x x
aircraft’s parameters, and their presentation
to the controller, will reduce their R/T
workload and will free them to concentrate on
ensuring the safe and efficient passage of air
traffic.
LO Explain that the reduction in radio-telephony x x x x x x
between the air traffic controllers and the
pilots will reduce pilot workload and remove a
potential source of error.
LO Explain the following disadvantages of SSR x x x x x x
(Mode A/C):
— code garbling of aircraft less than 1.7 NM
apart measured in the vertical plane
perpendicular to and from the antenna;
— ‘fruiting’ which results from the reception
of replies caused by interrogations from
other radar stations.
062 04 00 00 INTENTONALLY LEFT BLANK
062 05 00 00 AREA NAVIGATION SYSTEMS, RNAV/FMS
062 05 01 00 General philosophy and definitions
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062 05 01 01 Basic RNAV (B-RNAV), Precision RNAV
(P-RNAV), RNP-PNAV
LO Define ‘Area Navigation’ (RNAV) (ICAO Annex x x x
11). A method of navigation permitting aircraft
operations on any desired track within the
coverage of station-referenced navigation
signals, or within the limits of a self-contained
navigation system.
LO State that Basic RNAV (B-RNAV) systems x x x
require RNP 5.
LO State that Precision RNAV (P-RNAV) systems x x x
require RNP 1.
062 05 01 02 Principles of 2D RNAV, 3D RNAV and 4D
RNAV
LO State that a 2D-RNAV system is able to x x x
navigate in the horizontal plane only.
navigate in the horizontal plane and in addition
has a guidance capability in the vertical plane.
navigate in the horizontal plane, has a
guidance capability in the vertical plane and in
addition has a timing function.
062 05 01 03 Required Navigation Performance (RNP) in
accordance with ICAO Doc 9613
LO State that RNP is a concept that applies to x x x
navigation performance within an airspace.
LO The RNP type is based on the navigation x x x
performance accuracy to be achieved within
anairspace.
LO State that RNP X requires a navigation x x x
performance accuracy of ± X NM both lateral
and longitudinal 95 % of the flying time (RNP 1
requires a navigation performance of ± 1 NM
both lateral and longitudinal 95 % of the flying
time).
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LO State that RNAV equipment is one x x x
requirement in order to receive approval to
operate in an RNP environment.
LO State that RNAV equipment operates by x x x
automatically determining the aircraft’s
position.
LO State the advantages of using RNAV techniques x x x
over more conventional forms of navigation:
— establishment of more direct routes
permitting a reduction in flight distance;
— establishment of dual or parallel routes
to accommodate a greater flow of en
route traffic;
— establishment of bypass routes for
aircraft overflying high-density terminal
areas;
— establishment of alternatives or
contingency routes either on a planned
or ad hoc basis;
— establishment of optimum locations for
holding patterns;
— reduction in the number of ground
navigation facilities.
LO State that RNP may be specified for a route, a x x x
number of routes, an area, volume of airspace,
or any airspace of defined dimensions.
LO State that airborne navigation equipment uses x x x
inputs from navigational systems such as
VOR/DME, DME/DME, GNSS, INS and IRS.
LO State that aircraft equipped to operate to RNP x x x
1 and better, should be able to compute an
estimate of its position error, depending on
the sensors being used and time elapsed.
LO Indicate navigation-equipment failure. x x x
062 05 02 00 Simple 2D RNAV

Info: First generation of radio-navigation
systems allowing the flight crew to select a
phantom waypoint on the RNAV panel and
select a desired track to fly inbound to the
waypoint.
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062 05 02 01 Flight-deck equipment
LO The control unit allows the flight crew to: x x x
— tune the VOR/DME station used to
define the phantom waypoint;
— define the phantom waypoint as a radial
and distance (DME) from the selected
VOR/DME station;
— select the desired magnetic track to
follow inbound to the phantom
waypoint;
— select between an en route mode, an
approach mode of operation and the
basic VOR/DME mode of operation.
LO Track guidance is shown on the HSI/CDI. x x x
062 05 02 02 Navigation computer, VOR/DME navigation

LO The navigation computer of the simple 2D- x x x
RNAV system computes the navigational
problems by simple sine and cosine
mathematics, solving the triangular problems.
062 05 02 03 Navigation computer input/output
LO State that the following input data to the x x x
navigation computer is:
— the actual VOR radial and DME distance
from the selected VOR station;
— the radial and distance to phantom
waypoint;
— the desired magnetic track inbound to
the phantom waypoint.
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LO State the following output data from the x x x
navigation computer:
— desired magnetic track to the phantom
waypoint shown on the CDI at the course
pointer;
— distance from the present position to the
phantom waypoint;
— deviations from the desired track as
follows:
 in en route mode, full-scale
deflection on the CDI is 5 NM;
 in approach mode, full-scale
deflection on the CDI is 1 ¼ NM;
 in VOR/DME mode, full-scale
deflection on the CDI is 10°.
LO State that the system is limited to operate x x x
within the range of the selected VOR/DME
station.
062 05 03 00 4D RNAV
Info: The next generation of area navigation
equipment allowed the flight crew to navigate
on any desired track within the coverage of
VOR/DME stations.
062 05 03 01 Flight-deck equipment
LO State that in order to give the flight crew x x x
control over the required lateral guidance
functions, RNAV equipment should at least be
able to perform the following functions:
— display present position in latitude/
longitude or as distance/bearing to the
selected waypoint;
— select or enter the required flight plan
through the Control and Display Unit
(CDU);
— review and modify navigation data for
any part of a flight plan at any stage of
flight and store sufficient data to carry
out the active flight plan;
— review, assemble, modify or verify a
flight plan in flight, without affecting the
guidance output;
— execute a modified flight plan only after
positive action by the flight crew;
— where provided, assemble and verify an
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alternative flight plan without affecting
the active flight plan;
— assemble a flight plan, either by
identifier or by selection of individual
waypoints from the database, or by
creation of waypoints from the
database, or by creation of waypoints
defined by latitude/longitude, bearing/
distance parameters or other
parameters;
— assemble flight plans by joining routes or
route segments;
— allow verification or adjustment of
displayed position;
— provide automatic sequencing through
waypoints with turn anticipation; manual
sequencing should also be provided to
allow flight over, and return to,
waypoints;
— display cross-track error on the CDU;
— provide time to waypoints on the CDU;
— execute a direct clearance to any
waypoint;
— fly parallel tracks at the selected offset
distance; offset mode should be clearly
indicated;
— purge previous radio updates;
— carry out RNAV holding procedures
(when defined);
— make available to the flight crew
estimates of positional uncertainty,
either as a quality factor or by reference
to sensor differences from the computed
position;
— conform to WGS-84 geodetic reference
system;
— indicate navigation-equipment failure.
062 05 03 02 Navigation computer, VOR/DME navigation
LO State that the navigation computer uses x x x
signals from the VOR/DME stations to
determine position.
LO Explain that the system automatically tunes x x x
the VOR/DME stations by selecting stations
which provide the best angular fix
determination.
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LO Explain that the computer uses DME/DME to x x x
determine position if possible, and only if two
DMEs are not available the system will use
VOR/DME to determine the position of the
aircraft.
LO Explain that the computer is navigating on the x x x
great circle between waypoints inserted into
the system.
LO State that the system has a navigational database x x x
which may contain the following elements:
— reference data for airports (4-letter ICAO
identifier);
— VOR/DME station data (3-letter ICAO
identifier);
— waypoint data (5-letter ICAO identifier);
— STAR data;
— SID data;
— airport runway data including thresholds
and outer makers;
— NDB stations (alphabetic ICAO
identifier);
— company flight-plan routes.
LO State that the navigational database is valid x x x
for a limited time, usually 28 days.
LO State that the navigational database is read x x x
only, but additional space exists so that crew-
created navigational data may be saved in the
computer memory. Such additional data will
also be deleted at the 28-day navigational
update of the database.
LO State that the computer receives a TAS input x x x
from the air-data computer and a heading
input in order to calculate actual wind
velocity.
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LO State that the computer calculates track error x x x
in relation to desired track. This data can
easily be interfaced with the automatic flight
control, and when done so, it enables the
aircraft to automatically follow the flight plan
loaded into the RNAV computer.
LO State that the computer is able to perform x x x

great-circle navigation when receiving
VOR/DME stations. If out of range, the system
reverts to DR (Dead Reckoning) mode, where
it updates the position by means of last
computed wind and TAS and heading
information. Operation in DR mode is time-
limited.
LO State that the system has ‘direct to’ capability x x x
to any waypoint.
LO State that the system is capable of parallel x x x
offset tracking.
LO State that any waypoint can be inserted into x x x
the computer in one of the following ways:
— alphanumeric ICAO identifier;
— latitude and longitude;
— radial and distance from a VOR station.
062 05 03 03 Navigation computer input/output
LO State that the following are input data into a 4D- x x x
RNAV system:
— DME distances from DME stations;
— radial from a VOR station;
— TAS and altitude from the air-data
computer;
— heading from the aircraft’s heading
system.
LO State that the following are output data from a x x x
4D-RNAV system:
— distance to any waypoint;
— estimated time overhead;
— ground speed and TAS;
— true wind;
— track error.
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062 05 04 00 Flight Management System (FMS) and general
terms
062 05 04 01 Navigation and flight management
LO Explain that the development of computers x x x
which combine reliable liquid crystal displays
offer the means of accessing more data and
displaying them to the flight crew.
LO Explain that a flight management system has x x x
the ability to monitor and direct both
navigation and performance of the flight.
LO Explain the two functions common to all FMS x x x
systems:
— automatic navigation Lateral Navigation
(LNAV);
— flight path management Vertical
Navigation (VNAV).
LO Name the main components of the FMS system x x x
as being:
— Flight Management Computer (FMC);
— Control and Display Unit (CDU);
— symbol generator;
— Electronic Flight Instrument System
(EFIS) consisting of the NAV display,
including mode selector and attitude
display;
— Auto-throttle (A/T) and Flight Control
Computer (FCC).
062 05 04 02 Flight management computer
LO State that the centre of the flight management x x x
system is the FMC with its stored navigation
and performance data.
062 05 04 03 Navigation database
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LO State that the navigation database of the FMC x x x
may contain the following data:
— reference data for airports (4-letter ICAO
identifier);
— VOR/DME station data (3-letter ICAO
identifier);
— waypoint data (5-letter ICAO identifier);
— STAR data;
— SID data;
— holding patterns;
— airport runway data;
— NDB stations (alphabetic ICAO
identifier);
— company flight-plan routes.
LO State that the navigation database is updated x x x
every 28 days.
LO State that the navigational database is write- x x x
protected, but additional space exists so that
crew-created navigational data may be saved
in the computer’s memory. Such additional
data will also be deleted at the 28-day
navigational update of the database.
062 05 04 04 Performance database
LO State that the performance database stores all x x x
the data relating to the specific aircraft/engine
configuration, and is updated by ground staff
when necessary.
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LO State that the performance database of the x x x
FMC contain the following data:
— V1, VR and V2 speeds;
— aircraft drag;
— engine-thrust characteristics;
— maximum and optimum operating
altitudes;
— speeds for maximum and optimum
climb;
— speeds for long-range cruise, maximum
endurance and holding;
— maximum Zero-Fuel Mass (ZFM),
maximum Take-Off Mass (TOM) and
maximum Landing Mass (LM);
— fuel-flow parameters;
— aircraft flight envelope.
062 05 04 05 Typical input/output data from the FMC
LO State the following are typical input data to the x x x
FMC:
— time;
— fuel flow;
— total fuel;
— TAS, altitude, vertical speed, Mach
number and outside-air temperature
from the Air-Data Computer (ADC);
— DME and radial information from the
VHF/NAV receivers;
— air/ground position;
— flap/slat position;
— IRS and GPS positions;
— Control and Display Unit (CDU) entries.
LO State that the following are typical output data x x x
from the FMC:
— command signals to the flight directors
and autopilot;
— command signals to the auto-throttle;
— information to the EFIS displays through
the symbol generator;
— data to the CDU and various
annunciators.
Determination of the FMS position of the
062 05 04 06
aircraft
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LO State that modern FMS may use a range of x x x
sensors for calculating the position of the
aircraft including VOR, DME, GPS, IRS and ILS.
LO State that the information from the sensors x x x
used may be blended into a single position by
using the Kalman-filter method.
LO State that the Kalman filter is an algorithm for x x x
filtering incomplete and noisy measurements
of dynamical processes so that errors of
measurements from different sensors are
minimised, thus leading to the calculated
position being more accurate than that
produced by any single sensor.
062 05 05 00 Typical flight-deck equipment fitted on FMS
aircraft
062 05 05 01 Control and Display Unit (CDU)
LO State that the communication link between the x x x
flight crew and the FMC is the CDU.
LO Explain the main components of the CDU as x x x
follows:
— CDU display including the following
terms:
 page title,
 data field,
 scratch pad;
— line-select keys;
— numeric keys;
— alpha keys;
— function and mode keys used to select
specific data pages on the CDU display,
to execute orders or to navigate to pages
through the data presented;
— warning lights, message light and offset
light.
062 05 05 02 EFIS instruments (attitude display, navigation
display)
LO State that FMS-equipped aircraft typically has x x x
two displays on the instrument panel in front
of each pilot.
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LO State that the following data are typically x x x
displayed on the attitude display:
— attitude information;
— flight director command bars;
— radio height and barometric altitude;
— course deviation indication;
— glide-path information (when an ILS is
tuned);
— speed information.
062 05 05 03 Typical modes of the navigation display
LO State the following typical modes of the x x x
navigation display:
— full VOR/ILS mode showing the whole
compass rose;
— expanded (arc) VOR/ILS mode showing
the forward 90° sector;
— map mode;
— plan mode.
062 05 05 04 Typical information on the navigation display
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LO List and interpret the following information x x x
typically shown on a navigation display in ‘Full
VOR/ILS’ mode:
— the map display will be in full VOR mode
when a VOR frequency is selected, and
full ILS mode when an ILS frequency is
selected on the VHF NAV frequency
selector;
— DME distance to selected DME station;
— a full 360° compass rose.
At the top of the compass rose, present

heading is indicated and shown as digital
numbers in a heading box. Next to the heading
box it is indicated whether the heading is true
or magnetic. True heading is available on
aircraft with IRS.
A triangle (different symbols are used on

different aircraft) on the compass rose
indicates present track. Track indication is only
available when the FMC navigation computer
is able to compute the aircraft’s position. A
square symbol on the outside of the compass
rose indicates the selected heading for the
autopilot, and if ‘heading select’ mode is
activated on the autopilot, this is the heading
the aircraft will turn to.
Within the compass rose, a CDI is shown. On

the CDI, the course pointer points to the
selected VOR/ILS course SET on the OBS. On
the CDI, the course deviation bar will indicate
angular deflection from the selected VOR/ILS
track. Full-scale deflection side to side in VOR
mode is 20°, and 5° in ILS mode. In VOR mode,
a TO/FROM indication is shown on the display.
The selected ILS/VOR frequency is shown.
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ILS or VOR mode is shown according to the
selected frequency.
If an ILS frequency is selected, a glide-path

deviation scale is shown.
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LO A wind arrow indicating wind direction x x x
according to the compass rose, and velocity in
numbers next to the arrow.
LO Given an EFIS navigation display in full VOR/ILS x x x
mode, read off the following information:
— heading (magnetic/true);
— track (magnetic/true);
— drift;
— wind correction angle;
— selected course;
— actual radial;
— left or right of selected track;
— above or below the glide path;
— distance to the DME station;
— selected heading for the autopilot
heading select bug;
— determine whether the display is in VOR
or ILS rose mode.
LO Given an EFIS navigation display in expanded x x x
VOR/ILS mode, read off the following
information:
— drift;
— tailwind/headwind;
— wind velocity;
— selected course;
— actual radial;
— left or right of selected track;
— above or below the glide path;
— distance to the DME station;
heading select bug;
— state whether the display is in VOR or ILS
rose mode.
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LO Given an EFIS navigation display in map mode, x x x
read off the following information:
— drift;
— tailwind/headwind;
— wind velocity;
— left or right of the FMS track;
— distance to active waypoint;
— ETO next waypoint;
heading select bug;
— determine whether a depicted symbol is
a VOR/DME station or an airport;
— determine whether a specific waypoint is
part of the FMS route.
LO Given an EFIS navigation display in plan mode, x x x
read off the following information:
— heading (magnetic/true)
— track (magnetic/true)
— drift;
— distance to active waypoint;
— ETO active waypoint;
— state the selected heading for the
autopilot heading select bug;
— measure and state true track of specific
FMS route track.
062 06 00 00 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS
062 06 01 00 GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO
LO State that there are two main Global Navigation x x x x x x
Satellite Systems (GNSS) currently in existence
with a third one which is planned to be fully
operational by 2011. These are:
— USA NAVigation System with Timing And
Ranging Global Positioning System
(NAVSTAR GPS);
— Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite
System (GLONASS);
— European GALILEO.
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LO State that all three systems (will) consist of a x x x x x x
constellation of satellites which can be used
by a suitably equipped receiver to determine
position.
NAVSTAR GPS
LO State that there are currently two modes of x x x x x x
operation: Standard Positioning Service (SPS)
for civilian users, and Precise Positioning
Service (PPS) for authorised users.
LO SPS was originally designed to provide civilian x x x x x x
users with a less accurate positioning
capability than PPS.
LO Name the three segments as follows: x x x x x x
— space segment;
— control segment;
— user segment.
Space segment
LO State that the space segment consists of a x x x x x x
notional constellation of 24 operational
satellites.
LO State that the satellites are orbiting the Earth x x x x x x
in orbits inclined 55° to the plane of the
equator.
LO State that the satellites are in a nearly circular x x x x x x
orbit of the Earth at an altitude of 20 200 km
(10 900 NM).
LO State that the satellites are distributed in 6 x x x x x x
orbital planes with at least 4 satellites in each.
LO State that a satellite completes an orbit in x x x x x x
approximately 12 hours.
LO State that each satellite broadcasts ranging x x x x x x
signals on two UHF frequencies: L1 1575.42
MHz and L2 1227.6 MHz.
LO State that SPS is a positioning and timing x x x x x x
service provided on frequency L1.
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LO State that PPS uses both frequencies L1 and x x x x x x
L2.
LO In 2005, the first replacement satellite was x x x x x x
launched with a new military M code on the L1
frequency, and a second signal for civilian use
L2C on the L2 frequency.
LO State that the ranging signal contains a Coarse x x x x x x
Acquisition (C/A) code and a navigational data
message.
LO State that the navigation message contains: x x x x x x
— almanac data;
— ephemeris;
— satellite clock correction parameters;
— UTC parameters;
— ionospheric model;
— satellite health data.
LO State that it takes 12,5 minutes for a GPS x x x x x x
receiver to receive all the data frames in the
navigation message.
LO State that the almanac contains the orbital x x x x x x
data about all the satellites in the GPS
constellation.
LO State that the ephemeris contains data used to x x x x x x
correct the orbital data of the satellites due to
small disturbances.
LO State that the clock correction parameters are x x x x x x
data for the correction of the satellite time.
LO State that UTC parameters are factors x x x x x x
determining the difference between GPS time
and UTC.
LO State that an ionospheric model is currently x x x x x x
used to calculate the time delay of the signal
travelling through the ionosphere.
LO State that the GPS health message is used to x x x x x x
exclude unhealthy satellites from the position
solution. Satellite health is determined by the
validity of the navigation data.
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LO State that GPS uses the WGS-84 model. x x x x x x
LO State that two codes are transmitted on the L1 x x x x x x

frequency, namely a C/A code and a Precision
(P) code. The P code is not used for SPS.
LO State that the C/A code is a Pseudo Random x x x x x x
Noise (PRN) code sequence, repeating every
millisecond. Each C/A code is unique and
provides the mechanism to identify each
satellite.
LO State that satellites broadcast the PRN codes x x x x x x
with reference to the satellite vehicle time
which are subsequently changed by the
receiver to UTC.
LO State that satellites are equipped with atomic x x x x x x
clocks, which allow the system to keep very
accurate time reference.
Control segment
LO State that the control segment comprises: x x x x x x
— a master control station;
— ground antenna;
— monitoring stations.
LO State that the master control station is x x x x x x
responsible for all aspects of the constellation
command and control.
LO State that the main tasks of the control segment x x x x x x
are:
— managing SPS performance;
— navigation data upload;
— monitoring satellites.
User segment
LO State that GPS supplies three-dimensional x x x x x x
position fixes and speed data, plus a precise
time reference.
LO State that the GPS receiver used in aviation is x x x x x x
a multichannel type.
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LO State that a GPS receiver is able to determine x x x x x x
the distance to a satellite by determining the
difference between the time of transmission
by the satellite and the time of reception.
LO State that the initial distance calculated to the x x x x x x
satellites is called pseudo-range because the
difference between the GPS receiver and the
satellite time references initially creates an
erroneous range.
LO State that each range defines a sphere with its x x x x x x
centre at the satellite.
LO State that three satellites are needed to x x x x x x
determine a two-dimensional position.
LO State that four spheres are needed to calculate a x x x x x x
three-dimensional position, hence four satellites
are required.
LO State that the GPS receiver is able to x x x x x x
synchronise to the correct time base when
receiving four satellites.
LO State that the receiver is able to calculate x x x x x x
aircraft ground speed using the SV Doppler
frequency shift and/or the change in receiver
position over time.
NAVSTAR GPS integrity

LO Define ‘Receiver Autonomous Integrity x x x x x x
Monitoring (RAIM)’. A technique whereby a
receiver processor determines the integrity of
the navigation signals.
LO State that RAIM is achieved by consistency x x x x x x
check among pseudo-range measurements.
LO State that basic RAIM requires five satellites. A x x x x x x
sixth is for isolating a faulty satellite from the
navigation solution.
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LO State that when a GPS receiver uses x x x x x x
barometric altitude as an augmentation to
RAIM, the number of satellites needed for the
receiver to perform the RAIM function may be
reduced by one.
GLONASS
LO List the three components of GLONASS: x x x x x x
— space segment, which contains the
constellation of satellites;
— control segment, which contains the
ground-based facilities;
— user segment, which contains the user
equipment.
LO State the composition of the constellation in x x x x x x
the ‘space segment’:
— 24 satellites in 3 orbital planes with 8
equally displaced by 45° of latitude;
— a near-circular orbit at 19 100 km at an
inclination of 64.8° to the equator;
— each orbit is completed in 11 hours and
15 minutes.
LO State that the control segment provides: x x x x x x
— monitoring of the constellation status;
— correction to orbital parameters;
— navigation data uploading.
LO State that the user equipment consists of x x x x x x
receivers and processors for the navigation
signals for the calculation of the coordinates,
velocity and time.
LO State that the time reference is UTC. x x x x x x
LO State that the datum used is PZ-90 Earth- x x x x x

centred Earth-fixed.
LO State that each satellite transmits navigation x x x x x x
signals on two frequencies of L-band,
L1 1.6 GHz and L2 1.2 GHz.
LO State that L1 is a standard-accuracy signal x x x x x x
designed for civilian users worldwide and L2 is
a high-accuracy signal modulated by a special
code for authorised users only.
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LO State that the navigation message has a x x x x x x
duration of 2 seconds and contains
‘immediate’ data which relates to the actual
satellite transmitting the given navigation
signal and ‘non-immediate’ data which relates
to all other satellites within the constellation.
LO State that ‘immediate data’ consists of: x x x x x x
— enumeration of the satellite time marks;
— difference between onboard time scale of
the satellite and GLONASS time;
— relative differences between carrier
frequency of the satellite and its nominal
value;
— ephemeris parameters.
LO State that ‘non-immediate’ data consists of: x x x x x x
— data on the status of all satellites within
the space segment;
— coarse corrections to onboard time scales
of each satellite relative to GLONASS
time;
— orbital parameters of all satellites within
the space segment;
— correction to GLONASS time relative to
UTC (must remain within 1 microsecond).
LO State that integrity monitoring includes x x x x x x
checking the quality of the characteristics of
the navigation signal and the data within the
navigation message.
LO State that integrity monitoring is implemented x x x x x x
in two ways:
— Continuous automatic operability
monitoring of principal systems in each
satellite. If a malfunction occurs, an
‘unhealthy’ flag appears within the
‘immediate data’ of the navigation
message.
— Special tracking stations within the
ground-based control segment are used
to monitor the space-segment
performance. If a malfunction occurs, an
‘unhealthy’ flag appears within the
‘immediate data’ of the navigation
message.
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LO State that agreements have been concluded x x x x x x
between the appropriate agencies for the
interoperability by any approved user of
NAVSTAR and GLONASS systems.
GALILEO
LO State that the core of the Galileo constellation x x x x x x
will consist of 30 satellites with 9 plus a spare
replacement in each of the 3 planes in near-
circular orbit at an altitude of 23 222 km
inclined at 56° to the plane of the equator.
LO State that the signals will be transmitted in 3 x x x x x x
frequency bands: 1 164–1 215 MHz, 1 260–
1 300 MHz and 1 559–1 591 MHz (1 559–
1 591 MHz will be shared with GPS on a non-
interference basis).
LO State that each orbit will take 14 hours. x x x x x x
LO State that each satellite has three sections: x x x x x x

timing, signal generation and transmit.
LO State that in the ‘timing section’ two clocks x x x x x x
have been developed, a Rubidium Frequency
Standard clock and a more precise Passive
Hydrogen Maser clock.
LO State that the signal generation contains the x x x x x x
navigation signals.
LO State that the navigation signals consist of a x x x x x x
ranging-code identifier and the navigation
message.
LO State that the navigation message basically x x x x x x
contains information concerning the satellite
orbit (ephemeris) and the clock references.
LO State that the navigation message is ‘up- x x x x x x
converted’ on four navigation signal carriers
and the outputs are combined in a multiplexer
before transmission in the transmit section.
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LO State that the navigation antenna has been x x x x x x
designed to minimise interference between
satellites by having equal power level
propagation paths independent of elevation
angle.
LO State that the system is monitored in a similar x x x x x x
way for both GPS NAVSTAR and GLONASS, but
also by a new method based on spread-
spectrum signals.
LO State that tracking, telemetry and command x x x x x x
operations are controlled by sophisticated
data encryption and authentication
procedures.
LO GPS, EGNOS and GALILEO are compatible, will x x x x x x
not interfere with each other, and the
performance of the receiver will be enhanced
by the interoperability of the systems.
GALILEO future developments

Info: Further LOs will be written as details are
released.
062 06 01 03 Errors and factors affecting accuracy
LO List the most significant factors affecting x x x x x x
accuracy:
— ionospheric propagation delay;
— dilution of position;
— satellite clock error;
— satellite orbital variations;
— multipath.
LO State that Ionospheric Propagation Delay (IPD) x x x x x x
can almost be eliminated by using two
frequencies.
LO State that in SPS receivers, IPD is currently x x x x x x
corrected by using the ionospheric model from
the navigation message, but the error is only
reduced by 50 %.
LO State that ionospheric delay is the most x x x x x x
significant error.
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LO State that dilution of position arises from the x x x x x x
geometry and number of satellites in view. It
is called Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP).
LO State that errors in the satellite orbits are due x x x x x x
to:
— solar wind;
— gravitation of the Sun, Moon and planets.
LO State that multipath is when the signal arrives x x x x x x
at the receiver via more than one path (the
signal being reflected from surfaces near the
receiver).
062 06 02 00 Ground, satellite and airborne-based
augmentation systems
062 06 02 01 Ground-Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS)
LO Explain the principle of a GBAS: to measure on x x x x x x
ground the signal errors transmitted by GNSS
satellites and relay the measured errors to the
user for correction.
LO State that the ICAO GBAS standard is based on x x x x x x
this technique through the use of a data link in
the VHF band of ILS–VOR systems (108–118
MHz).
LO State that for a GBAS station the coverage is x x x x x x
about 30 km.
LO Explain that ICAO Standards provide the x x x x x x
possibility to interconnect GBAS stations to
form a network broadcasting large-scale
differential corrections. Such a system is
identified as Ground Regional Augmentation
System (GRAS).
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LO Explain that GBAS ground subsystems provide x x x x x x
two services: precision approach service and
GBAS positioning service.
The precision approach service provides
deviation guidance for final-approach
Segments, while the GBAS positioning service
provides horizontal position information to
support RNAV operations in terminal areas.
LO Explain that one ground station can support all x x x x x x
the aircraft subsystems within its coverage
providing the aircraft with approach data,
corrections and integrity information for GNSS
satellites in view via a VHF Data Broadcast
(VDB).
LO State that the minimum GBAS plan coverage is x x x x x x
15 NM from the landing threshold point
within 35° apart the final approach path and
10° apart between 15 and 20 NM.
LO State that GBAS based on GPS is sometimes x x x x x x
called Local Area Augmentation System
(LAAS).
LO Describe the characteristics of a Local Area x x x x x x
Augmentation System (LAAS) with respect to:
— differential corrections applied to a
satellite signal by a ground-based
reference station;
— regional service providers to compute the
integrity of the satellite signals over their
region;
— extra accuracy for extended coverage
around airports, railways, seaports and
urban areas as required by the user.
062 06 02 02 Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS)
LO Explain the principle of a SBAS: to measure on the X x x x x x
ground the signal errors transmitted by GNSS
satellites and transmit differential corrections and
integrity messages for navigation satellites.
LO State that the frequency band of the data link is X x x x x x
identical to that of the GPS signals.
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LO Explain that the use of geostationary satellites X x x x x x
enables messages to be broadcast over very
wide areas.
LO Explain that pseudo-range measurements to X x x x x x
these geostationary satellites can also be
made, as if they were GPS satellites.
LO State that SBAS consists of three elements: X x x x x x
— the ground infrastructure (monitoring
and processing stations);
— the SBAS satellites;
— the SBAS airborne receivers.
LO Explain that the SBAS station network measures X x x x x x
the pseudo-range between the ranging source and
an SBAS receiver at the known locations and
provides separate corrections for ranging source
ephemeris errors, clock errors and ionospheric
errors. The user applies corrections for
tropospheric delay.
LO Explain that SBAS can provide approach and X x x x x x
landing operations with vertical guidance (APV)
and precision approach service.
LO Explain the difference between ‘coverage area’ X x x x x x
and ‘service area’.
LO State that Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems X x x x x x
include:
— EGNOS in western Europe and the
Mediterranean;
— WAAS in the USA;
— MSAS in Japan;
— GAGAN in India.
LO Explain that SBAS systems regionally augment X x x x x x
GPS and GLONASS by making them suitable for
safety-critical applications such as landing
aircraft.
062 06 02 03 European Geostationary Navigation Overlay
Service (EGNOS)
LO State that EGNOS consists of three X x x x x x
geostationary Inmarsat satellites which
broadcast GPS lookalike signals.
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LO State that EGNOS is designed to improve X x x x x x
accuracy to 1–2 m horizontally and 3–5 m
vertically.
LO Explain that integrity and safety are improved X x x x x x
by alerting users within 6 seconds if a GPS
malfunction occurs (up to 3 hours GPS alone).
062 06 02 04 Airborne-Based Augmentation Systems (ABAS)
LO Explain the principle of ABAS: to use redundant x x x x x x
elements within the GPS constellation (e.g.:
multiplicity of distance measurements to
various satellites) or the combination of GNSS
measurements with those of other navigation
sensors (such as inertial systems) in order to
develop integrity control.
LO State that the type of ABAS using only GNSS x x x x x x
information is named Receiver Autonomous
Integrity Monitoring (RAIM).
LO State that a system using information from x x x x x x
additional onboard sensors is named Aircraft
Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (AAIM).
LO Explain that the typical sensors used are x x x x x x
barometric altimeter, clock and inertial
navigation system.
LO Explain that unlike GBAS and SBAS, ABAS does x x x x x x
not improve positioning accuracy.
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L. SUBJECT 070 — OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

IR
070 00 00 00 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
071 01 00 00 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

071 01 01 00 ICAO Annex 6
LO Alternate aerodrome: take-off alternate, en x x
route alternate, ETOPS en route alternate,
destination alternate (ICAO Annex 6, Part I,
Chapter 1).
LO Alternate heliport (ICAO Annex 6, x x x
Part III, Section 1, Chapter 1).
LO Flight time — aeroplanes (ICAO x x
Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 1).
LO Flight time — helicopters (ICAO x x x
Annex 6, Part III, Section 1,
Chapter 1).
LO State that Part I shall be applicable to the x x
operation of aeroplanes by operators
authorised to conduct international
commercial air transport operations (ICAO
Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 2).
LO State that Part III shall be applicable to all x x x
helicopters engaged in international
commercial air transport operations or in
international general aviation operations,
except it is not applicable to helicopters
engaged in aerial work (ICAO Annex 6, Part
III, Section 1, Chapter 2).
071 01 01 03 General
LO State compliance with laws, regulations and x x x x x
procedures (ICAO Annex 6, Part I, Chapter
3.1/Part III, Section 2, Chapter 1.1).
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LO State accident prevention and flight safety x x
programme (ICAO Annex 6,
Part I, Chapter 3.2).
LO State flight safety documents system (ICAO x x
Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 3.3).
LO State maintenance release (ICAO x x x x x
Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 8.8/Part III, Section
2, Chapter 6.7).
LO List and describe the lights to be displayed x x
by aircraft (ICAO Annex 6, Part I,
Appendix 1).
071 01 02 00 Operational requirements
LO State the operational regulations applicable to x x x x x
commercial air transportation.
LO Nature of operations and exceptions. x x x x x
071 01 02 02 General
LO State that a commercial air transportation x x x x x
flight must meet the applicable operational
requirements.
LO Flight Manual limitations — Flight through x x x
the Height Velocity (HV) envelope.
LO Define ‘Helicopter Emergency Medical x x x
Service’.
LO Operations over a hostile environment — x x x
Applicability.
LO Local area operations — Approval. x x x
LO State the requirements about language used x x x x x
for crew communication and operations
manual.
LO Explain the relation between MMEL and x x x x x
MEL.
LO State the operator’s requirements regarding x x x x x
a management system.
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LO State the operator’s requirements regarding x x x x x
accident prevention and flight safety
programme.
LO State the operator’s responsibility regarding x x
the distinction between cabin crew
members and additional crew members.
LO State the operations limitations regarding x x
ditching requirements.
LO State the regulations concerning the x x x x x
carriage of persons on an aircraft.
LO State the crew members’ responsibilities in x x x x x
the execution of their duties, and define the
commander’s authority.
LO State the operator’s and commander’s x x x x x
responsibilities regarding admission to the
flight deck and carriage of unauthorised
persons or cargo.
LO State the operator’s responsibility x x x x x
concerning portable electronic devices.
LO State the operator’s responsibilities x x x x x
regarding admission in an aircraft of a
person under the influence of drug or
alcohol.
LO State the regulations concerning x x x x x
endangering safety.
LO List the documents to be carried on each x x x x x
flight.
LO State the operator’s responsibility regarding x x x x x
manuals to be carried.
LO List the additional information and forms to x x x x x
be carried on board.
LO List the items of information to be retained x x x x x
on the ground by the operator.
inspections.
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LO State the responsibility of the operator and x x x x x
of the commander regarding the production
of and access to records and documents.
the preservation of documentation and
recordings, including recorders recordings.
LO Define the terms used in leasing and state x x x x x
the responsibility and requirements of each
party in various cases.
071 01 02 03 Operator certification and supervision
LO State the requirement to be satisfied for the x x x x x
issue of an Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC).
LO State the rules applicable to air operator x x x x x

certification.
LO State the conditions to be met for the issue x x x x x
or revalidation of an AOC.
LO Explain the contents and conditions of the x x x x x
AOC.
071 01 02 04 Operational procedures (except long-range
flight preparation)
LO Define the terms used for operational x x
procedures.
regarding Operations Manual.
regarding competence of operations
personnel.
regarding establishment of procedures.
regarding use of air traffic services.
regarding authorisation of aerodromes/
heliports by the operator.
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LO Explain which elements must be considered x x x x x
by the operator when specifying
aerodrome/heliport operating minima.
regarding departure and approach
procedures.
LO State the parameters to be considered in x x
noise-abatement procedures.
LO State the elements to be considered x x x x x
regarding routes and areas of operation.
LO State the additional specific navigation- x x x x x
performance requirements.
LO State the maximum distance from an x x
adequate aerodrome for two-engine
aeroplanes without an ETOPS approval.
LO State the requirement for alternate-airport x x
accessibility check for ETOPS operations.
LO List the factors to be considered when x x x x x
establishing minimum flight altitude.
LO Describe the components of the fuel policy. x x x x x
LO State the requirements for carrying persons x x x x x
with reduced mobility.
LO State the operator’s responsibilities for the x x x x x
carriage of inadmissible passengers,
deportees or persons in custody.
LO State the requirements for the stowage of x x x x x
baggage and cargo in the passenger cabin.
LO State the requirements regarding passenger x x x x x
seating and emergency evacuation.
LO Detail the procedures for a passenger x x x x x
briefing in respect of emergency equipment
and exits.
LO State the flight preparation forms to be x x x x x
completed before flight.
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LO State the commander’s responsibilities x x x x x
during flight preparation.
LO State the rules for aerodromes/heliports x x x x x
selection (including ETOPS configuration).
LO Explain the planning minima for IFR flights. x x
LO State the rules for refuelling/defuelling. x x x x x
LO State ‘crew members at station’ policy. x x x x x
LO State the use of seats, safety belts and x x x x x
harnesses.
LO State securing of passenger cabin and galley x x x x x
requirements.
LO State the commander’s responsibility x x x x x
regarding smoking on board.
LO State under which conditions a commander x x x x x
can commence or continue a flight
regarding meteorological conditions.
regarding ice and other contaminants.
regarding fuel to be carried and
in-flight fuel management.
LO State the requirements regarding the use of x x x x x
supplemental oxygen.
LO State the ground-proximity detection x x x x x
reactions.
LO Explain the requirements for use of ACAS. x x x x x
regarding approach and landing.
LO State the circumstances under which a x x x x x
report shall be submitted.
071 01 02 05 All-weather operations
LO State the operator’s responsibility regarding x x
aerodrome/heliport operating minima.
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LO List the parameters to be considered in x x
establishing the aerodrome operating
minima.
LO Define the criteria to be taken into x
consideration for the classification of
aeroplanes.
LO Define the following terms: ‘circling’, ‘low- x x
visibility procedures’, ‘low-visibility take-
off’, ‘visual approach’.
LO Define the following terms: ‘flight control x
system’, ‘fail-passive flight control system’,
‘fail-operational flight control system’, ‘fail-
operational hybrid landing system’.
LO Define the following terms: ‘final approach x
and take-off area’.
LO State the general operating rules for low- x x
visibility operations.
LO Low-visibility operations — aerodrome/ x x
heliport considerations.
LO State the training and qualification x x
requirements for flight crew to conduct low-
LO State the operating procedures for low- x x
LO State the operator’s and commander’s x x
responsibilities regarding minimum
equipment for low-visibility operations.
LO VFR operating minima. x x
LO Aerodrome operating minima: state under x x
which conditions the commander can
commence take-off.
LO Aerodrome operating minima: state that x x
take-off minima are expressed as visibility
or RVR.
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LO Aerodrome operating minima: state the x x
take-off RVR value depending on the
facilities.
system minima for non-precision approach.
LO Aerodrome operating minima: state under x x
which conditions a pilot can continue the
approach below MDA/H or DA/H.
lowest minima for precision approach
category 1 (including single-pilot
operations).
category 2 operations.
LO Aerodrome operating minima: state the x
category 3 operations.
lowest minima for circling and visual
approach.
LO Aerodrome operating minima: state the RVR x
value and cloud ceiling depending on the
facilities (class 1, 2 and 3).
LO Aerodrome operating minima: state under x
which conditions an airborne radar
approach can be performed and state the
relevant minima.
071 01 02 06 Instruments and equipment
LO State which items do not require an x x x x x
equipment approval.
LO State the requirements regarding spare- x x
fuses availability.
LO State the requirements regarding operating x x x x x
lights.
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LO State the requirements regarding x x
windshield wipers.
LO List the equipment for operations requiring x x x
a radio communication.
LO List the equipment for operations requiring x x x
a radio-navigation system.
LO List the minimum equipment required for x x x x x
day and night VFR flights.
LO List the minimum equipment required for x x
IFR flights.
LO State the required equipment for single- x x
pilot operation under IFR.
LO State the requirements for an altitude alert x x
system.
LO State the requirements for radio altimeters. x x x
LO State the requirements for GPWS/TAWS. x x
LO State the requirements for ACAS. x x
LO State the conditions under which an aircraft x x x x x
must be fitted with a weather radar.
LO State the requirements for operations in x x x x x
icing conditions.
LO State the conditions under which a crew x x x x x
member interphone system and public
address system are mandatory.
LO State the circumstances under which a x x x x x
cockpit voice recorder is compulsory.
LO State the rules regarding the location, x x x x x
construction, installation and operation of
cockpit voice recorders.
LO State the circumstances under which a flight x x x x x
data recorder is compulsory.
LO State the rules regarding the location, x x x x x
construction, installation and operation of
flight data recorders.
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LO State the requirements about seats, seat x x x x x
safety belts, harnesses and child-restraint
devices.
LO State the requirements about ‘Fasten seat x x x x x
belt’ and ‘No smoking’ signs.
LO State the requirements regarding internal x x
doors and curtains.
LO State the requirements regarding first-aid x x x x x
kits.
LO State the requirements regarding x x
emergency medical kits and first-aid oxygen.
LO Detail the rules regarding the carriage and x x x x x
use of supplemental oxygen for passengers
and crew.
LO Detail the rules regarding crew-protective x x
breathing equipment.
LO Describe the minimum number, type and x x x x x
location of handheld fire extinguishers.
LO Describe the minimum number and location x x
of crash axes and crowbars.
LO Specify the colours and markings used to x x x x x
indicate break-in points.
LO State the requirements for means of x x
emergency evacuation.
LO State the requirements for megaphones. x x x x x
LO State the requirements for emergency x x x x x
lighting.
LO State the requirements for an emergency x x x x x
locator transmitter.
LO State the requirements for life jackets, life x x x x x
rafts, survival kits and ELTs.
LO State the requirements for crew survival x x x
suit.
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LO State the requirements for survival x x x x x
equipment.
LO State the additional requirements for x x x
helicopters operating to or from helidecks
located in a hostile sea area.
LO State the requirements for an emergency x x x
flotation equipment.
071 01 02 07 Communication and navigation equipment
LO Explain the general requirements for x x x x x
communication and navigation equipment.
LO State that the radio-communication x x x x x
equipment must provide communications
on 121.5 MHz.
LO State the requirements regarding the x x x x x
provision of an audio selector panel.
LO List the requirements for radio equipment x x x x x
when flying under VFR by reference to
visual landmarks.
LO List the requirements for communications x x x x x
and navigation equipment when operating
under IFR or under VFR over routes not
navigated by reference to visual landmarks.
LO State the equipment required to operate x x
within RVSM airspace.
071 01 02 09 Flight crew
LO State the requirement regarding crew x x x x x
composition and in-flight relief.
LO State the requirement for conversion x x x x x
training and checking.
LO State the requirement for differences x x x x x
training and familiarisation training.
LO State the conditions for upgrade from co- x x x x x
pilot to commander.
LO State the minimum qualification x x x x x
requirements to operate as a commander.
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LO State the requirement for recurrent training x x x x x
and checking.
LO State the requirement for a pilot to operate x x x x x
on either pilot’s seat.
LO State the minimum recent experience for x x x x x
the commander and the co-pilot.
LO Specify the route and aerodrome/ heliport x x x x x
qualification required for a commander or a
pilot flying.
LO State the requirement to operate on more x x x x x
than one type or variant.
LO State that when a flight crew member x x
operates both helicopters and aeroplanes,
the operations are limited to one type of
each.
LO State the training records requirement. x x x x x
071 01 02 10 Cabin crew/crew members other than
flight crew
LO State who is regarded as a cabin crew x x x x x
member.
LO Detail the requirements regarding cabin x x x x x
crew members.
LO State the acceptability criteria. x x x x x
LO State the requirements regarding senior x x x x x

cabin crew members.
LO State the conditions to operate on more x x x x x
than one type or variant.
071 01 02 11 Manuals, logs and records
LO Explain the general rules for the operations x x x x x
manual.
LO Explain the structure and subject headings x x x x x
of the operations manual.
LO State the requirements for a journey x x x x x
logbook.
LO Describe the requirements regarding the x x x x x
operational flight plan.
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LO State the requirements for document- x x x x x
storage periods.
071 01 02 12 Flight and duty-time limitations and rest
requirements
LO Explain the definitions used for flight-time x x
regulation.
LO State the flight and duty limitations. x x
LO State the requirements regarding the x x

maximum daily flight-duty period.
LO State the requirements regarding rest x x
periods.
LO Explain the possible extension of flight-duty x x
period due to in-flight rest.
LO Explain the captain’s discretion in case of x x
unforeseen circumstances in actual flight
operations.
LO Explain the regulation regarding standby. x X
LO State the requirements regarding flight-duty, x x
duty and rest-period records.
071 01 02 13 Transport of dangerous goods by air
LO Explain the terminology relevant to x x x x X
dangerous goods.
LO Explain the scope of the regulation. x x x x x
LO Explain the limitations on the transport of x x x x x

dangerous goods.
LO State the requirements for the acceptance x x x x x
of dangerous goods.
LO State the requirements regarding inspection x x x x x
for damage, leakage or contamination.
LO Explain the loading restrictions. x x x x x
LO State the requirement for provision of x x x x x

information to the crew.
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LO Explain the requirements for dangerous x x x x x
goods incident and accident reports.
071 01 03 00 Long-range flights
071 01 03 01 Flight management
LO Navigation-planning procedures: x
— describe the operator’s responsibilities
concerning ETOPS routes;
— list the factors to be considered by the
commander before commencing the
flight.
LO Selection of a route: x
— describe the meaning of the term
‘adequate aerodrome’;
— describe the limitations on extended-
range operations with two-engine
aeroplanes with and without ETOPS
approval.
LO Selection of cruising altitude (MNPSA x
Manual Chapter 4):
— specify the appropriate cruising levels
for normal long-range IFR flights and
for those operating on the North
Atlantic Operational Track Structure.
LO Selection of alternate aerodrome: x
— state the circumstances in which a
take-off alternate must be selected;
— state the maximum flight distance of a
take-off alternate for: two-engine
aeroplane, ETOPS-approved aeroplane,
three or four-engine aeroplane;
— state the factors to be considered in
the selection of a take-off alternate;
— state when a destination alternate
need not be selected;
— state when two destination alternates
must be selected;
the selection of a destination alternate
aerodrome;
the selection of an en route alternate
aerodrome.
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LO Minimum time routes: x
— define, construct and interpret
minimum time route (route giving the
shortest flight time from departure to
destination adhering to all ATC and
airspace restrictions).
Page 438 of 551

071 01 03 02 Transoceanic and polar flight

LO (ICAO Doc 7030) x
— Describe the possible indications of navigation-
system degradation.
— Describe by what emergency means course and
INS can be cross-checked in the case of: three
navigation systems, two navigation systems.
— Interpret VOR, NDB, VOR/DME information to
calculate aircraft position and aircraft course.
— Describe the general ICAO procedures
applicable in North Atlantic airspace (NAT) if
the aircraft is unable to continue the flight in
accordance with its air traffic control
clearance.
— Describe the ICAO procedures applicable in
North Atlantic Airspace (NAT) in case of radio-
communication failure.
— Describe the recommended initial action if an
aircraft is unable to obtain a revised air traffic
control clearance.
— Describe the subsequent action for: aircraft
able to maintain assigned flight level, and
aircraft unable to maintain assigned flight
level.
— Describe determination of tracks and courses
for random routes in NAT.
— Specify the method by which planned tracks
are defined (by latitude and longitude) in the
NAT region: when operating predominately in
an east–west direction south of 70°N, when
operating predominately in an east–west
direction north of 70°N.
— State the maximum flight time recommended
between significant points.
— Specify the method by which planned tracks
are defined for flights operating predominantly
in a north–south direction.
— Describe how the desired route must be
specified in the air traffic control flight plan.
Page 439 of 551

LO Polar navigation x
Terrestrial magnetism characteristics in polar zones
— Explain why magnetic compasses become
unreliable or useless in polar zones.
— State in which area VORs are referenced to the
true north.
Specific problems of polar navigation
— Describe the general problems of polar
navigation.
— Describe what precautions can be taken when
operating in the area of compass unreliability
as a contingency against INS failure.
— Describe how grid navigation can be used in
conjunction with a Directional Gyro (DG) in
polar areas.
— Use polar stereographic chart and grid
coordinates to solve polar navigation
problems.
— Use polar stereographic chart and grid
coordinates to calculate navigation data.
— Use INS information to solve polar navigation
problems.
— Define, calculate: transport precession, Earth-
rate (astronomic) precession, convergence
factor.
— Describe the effect of using a free gyro to
follow a given course.
— Describe the effect of using a gyro compass
with hourly rate corrector unit to follow a
given course.
— Convert grid navigation data into true
navigation data, into magnetic navigation data,
and into compass navigation data.
— Justify the selection of a different ‘north’
reference at a given position.
— Calculate the effects of gyro drift due to the
Earth’s rotation (15 degrees / h × sin Lm).
071 01 03 03 MNPS airspace
LO Geographical limits: x
— state the lateral dimensions (in general terms)
and vertical limits of MNPS airspace (ICAO Doc
7030 NAT/RAC-2 3.2.1);
— state that operators must ensure that crew
follow NAT MNPSA Operations Manual
procedures (ICAO Doc 7030 NAT/RAC-2 3.2.3).
Page 440 of 551

LO Define the following acronyms: MNPS, MNPSA, OCA, x

OTS, PRM, PTS, RVSM, LRNS, MASPS, SLOP, WATRS
(MNPSA Manual, Glossary of Terms).
LO Aircraft system requirements (MNPSA Manual, x
Chapter 1):
— navigation requirements for unrestricted MNPS
airspace operations;
— routes for use by aircraft not equipped with two
LRNSs: routes for aircraft with only one LRNS,
routes for aircraft with short-range navigation
equipment only;
— performance monitoring.
LO Organised Track System (MNPSA Manual, x
Chapter 2):
— construction of the Organised Track System
(OTS);
— NAT track message;
— OTS changeover periods.
LO Other routes and route structures within or adjacent x
to NAT MNPS airspace (MNPSA Manual, Chapter 3):
— other routes within NAT MNPS airspace;
— route structures adjacent to NAT MNPS
airspace: North American routes (NARs),
Canadian domestic track systems, routes
between North America and the Caribbean
area.
LO Flight planning (MNPSA Manual, Chapter 4): x
— all flights should plan to operate on great-circle
tracks joining successive significant waypoints;
— during the hours of validity of the OTS,
operators are encouraged to flight plan as
follows: in accordance with the OTS or along a
route to join or leave an outer track of the OTS
or on a random route to remain clear of the
OTS;
— flight levels available on OTS tracks during OTS
periods;
— flight levels on random tracks or outside OTS
periods (appropriate direction levels).
Page 441 of 551

LO Oceanic ATC Clearances (MNPSA Manual, Chapter 5): x

— it is recommended that pilots should request
their Oceanic Clearance at least 40 minutes
prior to the oceanic entry point ETA;
— pilots should notify the Oceanic Area control
Centre (OAC) of the maximum acceptable flight
level possible at the boundary;
— at some airports, which are situated close to
oceanic boundaries, the Oceanic Clearance
must be obtained before departure;
— if an aircraft, which would normally be RVSM
and/or MNPS approved, encounters, whilst en
route to the NAT Oceanic Airspace, a critical in-
flight equipment failure, or at dispatch is unable
to meet the MEL requirements for RVSM or
MNPS approval on the flight, then the pilot
must advise ATC at initial contact when
requesting Oceanic Clearance;
— After obtaining and reading back the clearance,
the pilot should monitor the forward estimate
for oceanic entry, and if this changes by 3
minutes or more, should pass a revised
estimate to ATC;
— the pilot should pay particular attention when
the issued clearance differs from the flight plan,
as a significant proportion of navigation errors
investigated in the NAT involve an aircraft
which has followed its flight plan rather than its
differing clearance;
— if the entry point of the oceanic route on which
the flight is cleared differs from that originally
requested and/or the oceanic flight level differs
from the current flight level, the pilot is
responsible for requesting and obtaining the
necessary domestic re-clearance;
— there are three elements to an Oceanic
Clearance: route, Mach number and flight level.
These elements serve to provide for the three
basic elements of separation: lateral,
longitudinal and vertical.
Page 442 of 551

LO Communications and position-reporting procedures x

(MNPSA Manual, Chapter 6)
HF voice communications
— Pilots communicate with OACs via aeradio
stations staffed by communicators who have no
executive ATC authority. Messages are relayed,
from the ground station to the air traffic
controllers in the relevant OAC for action.
— Frequencies from the lower HF bands tend to be
used for communications during night-time and
those from the higher bands during daytime.
— When initiating contact with an aeradio station,
the pilot should state the HF frequency in use.
SATCOM voice communications
Since oceanic traffic typically communicates with ATC
through aeradio facilities, a SATCOM call made due to
unforeseen inability to communicate by other means
should be made to such a facility rather than the ATC
centre, unless the urgency of the communication
dictates otherwise.
An air-to-air VHF frequency has been established for
worldwide use when aircraft are out of range of VHF
ground stations which utilise the same or adjacent
frequencies. This frequency (123.45 MHz) is intended
for pilot-to-pilot exchanges of operationally significant
information.
Standard position report message type.
Some aircraft flying in the NAT are required to report
MET observations of wind speed and direction plus
outside-air temperature. Any turbulence encountered
should be included in these reports.
General guidance for aircraft operating in, or proposing
to operate in, the NAT region, which experience a
communications failure: general provisions, onboard HF
equipment failure, poor HF propagation conditions, loss
of HF communications prior to entry into the NAT, loss
of HF communications after entering the NAT.
All turbine-engine aeroplanes having a maximum
certified take-off mass exceeding 5 700 kg or
authorised to carry more than 19 passengers are
required to carry and operate ACAS II in the NAT region.
Page 443 of 551

LO Application of Mach number technique (MNPSA x

Manual, Chapter 7):
— practical experience has shown that when two
or more turbojet aircraft, operating along the
same route at the same flight level, maintain
the same Mach number, they are more likely to
maintain a constant time interval between each
other than when using other methods;
— pilots must ensure that any required corrections
to the indicated Mach number are taken into
account when complying with the true Mach
number specified in the ATC clearance;
— after leaving oceanic airspace, pilots must
maintain their assigned Mach number in
domestic controlled airspace unless and until
the appropriate ATC unit authorises a change.
LO MNPS flight operation & navigation procedures x
(MNPSA Manual, Chapter 8):
— the pre-flight procedures for any NAT MNPS
flight must include a UTC time check and
resynchronisation of the aircraft master clock;
— state the use of the Master Document;
— state the requirements for position plotting;
— PRE-FLIGHT PROCEDURES: alignment of IRS,
Satellite Navigation Availability Prediction
Programme for flights using GNSS LRNS, loading
of initial waypoints, flight plan check;
— IN-FLIGHT PROCEDURES: ATC Oceanic
Clearance, entering the MNPS airspace and
reaching an oceanic waypoint, routine
monitoring;
— Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP): state
that along a route or track there will be three
positions that an aircraft may fly: centre line or
one or two miles right.
LO RVSM flight in MNPS airspace (MNPSA Manual, x
Chapter 9):
— state the altimeter cross-check to be performed
before MNPS airspace entry;
— state the altimeter cross-check to be performed
into the MNPS airspace;
— in NAT MNPS airspace, pilots always have to
report to ATC immediately on reaching any new
cruising level;
— crews should report when a 300 ft or more
deviation occurs.
Page 444 of 551

LO Navigation system degradation or failure (MNPSA x

Manual, Chapter 10)
For this part, consider aircraft equipped with only
two operational LRNSs. State the requirements for
the following situations:
— one system fails before take-off;
— one system fails before the OCA boundary is
reached;
— one system fails after the OCA boundary is
crossed;
— the remaining system fails after entering MNPS
airspace.
LO Special procedures for in-flight contingencies x
(MNPSA Manual, Chapter 11)
General
— Until a revised clearance is obtained, the
specified NAT in-flight contingency procedures
should be carefully followed.
— The general concept of these NAT in-flight
contingency procedures is, whenever
operationally feasible, to offset from the
assigned route by 15 NM and climb or descend
to a level which differs from those normally
used by 500 ft if below FL410 or by 1 000 ft if
above FL410.
— State the factors which may affect the direction
of turn: direction to an alternate airport, terrain
clearance, levels allocated on adjacent routes or
tracks and any known SLOP offsets adopted by
other nearby traffic.
Deviations around severe weather
— State that if the deviation is to be greater than
10 NM, the assigned flight level must be
changed by ± 300 ft depending on the followed
track and the direction of the deviation (Table
1).
071 01 03 04 ETOPS
LO State that ETOPS approval is part of an AOC. x
LO State that prior to conducting an ETOPS flight, an x
operator shall ensure that a suitable ETOPS en route
alternate is available, within either the approved
diversion time or a diversion time based on the MEL-
generated serviceability status of the aeroplane,
whichever is shorter.
LO State the requirements for take-off alternate. x
Page 445 of 551

LO State the planning minima for ETOPS en route x

alternate.
071 02 00 00 SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND HAZARDS
(GENERAL ASPECTS)
071 02 01 00 Operations Manual
071 02 01 01 Operating procedures
LO State that all non-type-related operational policies, x x x x x
instructions and procedures needed for a safe
operation are included in Part A of the Operations
Manual.
LO State that the following items are included into Part A: x x x x x
de-icing and anti-icing on the ground, adverse and
potentially hazardous atmospheric conditions, wake
turbulence, incapacitation of crew members, use of the
minimum equipment and configuration deviation list(s),
security, handling of accidents and occurrences.
LO State that the following items are included into Part A: x x
altitude alerting system procedures, ground proximity
warning system procedures, policy and procedures for
the use of TCAS/ACAS.
LO State that the following items are included into Part A: x x x
rotor downwash.
LO Define the following terms: ‘commencement of flight’, x x x x x
‘inoperative’, ‘MEL’, ‘MMEL’, rectification interval.
LO Define the ‘limits of MEL applicability’. x x x x x
LO Identify the responsibilities of the operator and the x x x x x
authority with regard to MEL and MMEL.
LO State the responsibilities of the crew members with x x x x x
regard to MEL.
LO State the responsibilities of the commander with regard x x x x x
to MEL.
071 02 01 02 Aeroplane/helicopter operating matters — type-
related
LO State that all type-related instructions and procedures x x x x x
needed for a safe operation are included in Part B of
the Operations Manual. They will take account of any
differences between types, variants or individual
aircraft used by the operator.
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LO State that the following items are included into Part B: x x

abnormal and emergency procedures, configuration
deviation list, minimum equipment list, emergency
evacuation procedures.
LO State that the following items are included into Part B: x x x
emergency procedures, configuration deviation list,
minimum equipment list, emergency evacuation
procedures.
071 02 02 00 Icing conditions
071 02 02 01 On ground de-icing/anti-icing procedures, types of de-
icing/anti-icing fluids
LO Define the following terms: ‘anti-icing’, ‘de-icing’, ‘one- x x
step de-icing/anti-icing’, ‘two-step de-icing/anti-icing’,
‘holdover time’. (ICAO Doc 9640 Glossary)
LO Define the following weather conditions: ‘drizzle’, ‘fog’, x x x x x
‘freezing fog’, ‘freezing drizzle’, ‘freezing rain’, ‘frost’,
‘rain’, ‘rime’, ‘slush’, ‘snow’, ‘dry snow’, ‘wet snow’.
(ICAO Doc 9640 Glossary)
LO Describe ‘The clean aircraft concept’ as presented in x x
the relevant chapter of ICAO Doc 9640.
(ICAO Doc 9640, Chapter 2)
LO List the types of de-icing/anti-icing fluids available. x x x x x
LO State the procedure to be followed when an aeroplane x x
has exceeded the holdover time. (ICAO Doc 9640,
Chapter 4)
LO Interpret the fluid holdover time tables and list the x x
factors which can reduce the fluid protection time.
(ICAO Doc 9640, Chapter 5 + Attachment tables)
LO State that the pre-take-off check, which is the x x
responsibility of the pilot-in-command, ensures that the
critical surfaces of the aeroplane are free of ice, snow,
slush or frost just prior to take-off. This check shall be
accomplished as close to the time of take-off as
possible and is normally made from within the
aeroplane by visually checking the wings. (ICAO Doc
9640, Chapter 6)
LO State that an aircraft has to be treated symmetrically. x x
Page 447 of 551

LO State that an operator shall establish procedures to be x x x x x

followed when ground de-icing and anti-icing and
related inspections of the aeroplane(s) are necessary.
LO State that a commander shall not commence take-off x x x x x
unless the external surfaces are clear of any deposit
which might adversely affect the performance and/or
controllability of the aircraft except as permitted in the
Flight Manual.
071 02 02 02 Procedure to apply in case of performance
deterioration, on ground/in flight
LO State that the effects of icing are wide-ranging, x x x x x
unpredictable and dependent upon individual
aeroplane design. The magnitude of these effects is
dependent upon many variables, but the effects can be
both significant and dangerous. (ICAO Doc 9640,
Chapter 1)
LO State that in icing conditions, for a given speed and a x x x x x
given angle of attack, wing lift can be reduced by as
much as 30 % and drag increased by up to 40 %. State
that these changes in lift and drag will significantly
increase stall speed, reduce controllability and alter
flight characteristics. (ICAO Doc 9640, Chapter 1)
LO State that ice on critical surfaces and on the airframe x x x x x
may also break away during take-off and be ingested
into engines, possibly damaging fan and compressor
blades. (ICAO Doc 9640, Chapter 1)
LO State that ice forming on pitot tubes and static ports or x x x x x
on angle-of-attack vanes may give false altitude,
airspeed, angle-of-attack and engine-power
information for air-data systems. (ICAO Doc 9640,
Chapter 1)
LO State that ice, frost and snow formed on the critical x x x x x
surfaces on the ground can have a totally different
effect on aircraft flight characteristics than ice formed
in flight. (ICAO Doc 9640, Chapter 1)
LO State that flight in known icing conditions is subject to x x x x x
limitations found in Part B of the Operations Manual.
LO State where procedures and performances regarding x x x x x
flight in expected or actual icing conditions are located.
071 02 03 00 Bird-strike risk and avoidance
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LO State that presence of birds constituting a potential x x x x x

hazard to aircraft operations is part of the pre-flight
information. (ICAO Annex 15, Chapter 8)
LO State that information concerning the presence of birds x x x x x
observed by aircrews is made available to the
Aeronautical Information Service for such distribution
as the circumstances necessitate. (ICAO Annex 15,
Chapter 8)
LO State that AIP ENR 5.6 contains information regarding x x x x x
bird migrations. (ICAO Annex 15, Appendix 1)
LO State significant data regarding bird strikes contained in x x x x x
ICAO Doc 9137. (ICAO Doc 9137, Part 3, 1.1.6)
LO List incompatible land use around airports. (ICAO Doc x x x x x
9137, Part 3, 10.4)
LO Define the commander’s responsibilities regarding the x x x x x
reporting of bird hazards and bird strikes.
071 02 04 00 Noise abatement
071 02 04 01 Noise-abatement procedures
LO Define the operator responsibilities regarding x x x x x
establishment of noise-abatement procedures.
LO State the main purpose of NADP 1 and NADP 2. (ICAO x x x x x
Doc 8168, Volume 1, Part V, 3.1.1)
LO State that the pilot-in-command has the authority to x x x x x
decide not to execute a noise-abatement departure
procedure if conditions preclude the safe execution of
the procedure. (ICAO Doc 8168, Volume 1, Part V,
3.2.1.3)
071 02 04 02 Influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise,
approach)
LO List the main parameters for NADP 1 and NADP 2 (i.e. x x
speeds, heights, etc.). (ICAO Doc 8168,
Volume 1, Part V, Appendix to Chapter 3)
LO State that a runway lead-in lighting system should be x x x x x
provided where it is desired to provide visual
guidance along a specific approach path for
purposes of noise abatement. (ICAO Annex 14,
Volume 1, 5.3.7.1/Volume 2, 5.3.4.1)
LO State that detailed information about noise-abatement x x x x x
procedures is to be found in AD 2 and 3 of the AIP.
(ICAO Annex 15, Appendix 1)
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071 02 04 03 Influence by the pilot (power setting, low drag)

LO List the adverse operating conditions under which x x
noise-abatement procedures in the form of reduced-
power take-off should not be required. (ICAO Doc 8168,
Volume 1, Part V, 3.2.2)
LO List the adverse operating conditions under which x x
noise-abatement procedures during approach should
not be required. (ICAO Doc 8168, Volume 1, Part V,
3.4.4)
LO State the rule regarding the use of reverse thrust on x x
landing. (ICAO Doc 8168, Volume 1, Part V, 3.5)
071 02 04 04 Influence by the pilot (power setting, track of
helicopter)
LO List the adverse operating conditions under which x x x
noise-abatement procedures in the form of reduced-
power take-off should not be required. (ICAO Doc 8168,
Volume 1, Part V, 3.2.2)
071 02 05 00 Fire and smoke
071 02 05 01 Carburettor fire
LO List the actions to be taken in the event of a carburettor x x
fire.
071 02 05 02 Engine fire
LO List the actions to be taken in the event of an engine x x
fire.
071 02 05 03 Fire in the cabin, cockpit, cargo compartment
LO Identify the different types of extinguishants and the x x
type of fire on which each one may be used.
LO Describe the precautions to be considered in the x x
application of fire extinguishant.
LO Identify the appropriate handheld extinguishers to be x x
used in the cockpit, the passenger cabin and toilets,
and in the cargo compartments.
071 02 05 04 Smoke in the cockpit and cabin
LO List the actions to be taken in the event of smoke in the x x
cockpit or in the cabin.
071 02 05 05 Actions in case of overheated brakes
LO Describe the problems and safety precautions following x x
overheated brakes after landing or a rejected take-off.
Page 450 of 551

071 02 06 00 Decompression of pressurised cabin

071 02 06 01 Slow decompression
LO Indicate how to detect a slow decompression or an x x
automatic pressurisation system failure.
LO Describe the actions required following a slow x x
decompression.
071 02 06 02 Rapid and explosive decompression
LO Indicate how to detect a rapid or an explosive x x
decompression.
071 02 06 03 Dangers and action to be taken
LO Describe the actions required following a rapid or x x
explosive decompression.
LO Describe the effects on aircraft occupants of a slow x x
decompression and a rapid or explosive
decompression.
071 02 07 00 Wind shear and microburst
071 02 07 01 Effects and recognition during departure and
approach
LO Define the meaning of the term ‘low-level windshear’. x x x x x
(ICAO Circular 186, Chapter 1)
LO Define: vertical wind shear, horizontal wind shear, x x x x x
updraft and downdraft wind shear. (ICAO Circular 186,
Chapter 2)
LO Identify the meteorological phenomena associated with x x x x x
wind shear. (ICAO Circular 186, Chapter 3)
LO Explain recognition of wind shear. (ICAO x x x x x
Circular 186, Chapter 4)
071 02 07 02 Actions to avoid and actions to take during encounter
LO Describe the effects of and actions required when x x x x x
encountering wind shear, at take-off and approach.
(ICAO Circular 186, Chapter 4)
LO Describe the precautions to be taken when wind shear x x x x x
is suspected, at take-off and approach. (ICAO Circular
186, Chapter 4)
LO Describe the effects of and actions required following x x x x x
entry into a strong downdraft wind shear. (ICAO
Circular 186, Chapter 4)
LO Describe a microburst and its effects. (ICAO Circular x x x x x
186, Chapter 4)
Page 451 of 551

071 02 08 00 Wake turbulence

071 02 08 01 Cause
LO Define the term ‘wake turbulence’. (ICAO x x x x x
Doc 4444, 4.9)
LO Describe tip vortices circulation. (ICAO Doc 9426, Part x x x x x
II)
LO Explain when vortex generation begins and ends. (ICAO x x x x x
Doc 9426, Part II)
LO Describe vortex circulation on the ground with and x x x x x
without crosswind. (ICAO Doc 9426, Part II)
071 02 08 02 List of relevant parameters
LO List the three main factors which, when combined, x x x x x
give the strongest vortices (heavy, clean, slow).
(ICAO Doc 9426, Part II)
LO Describe the wind conditions which are worst for x x x x x
wake turbulence near the ground. (ICAO Doc 9426,
Part II)
071 02 08 03 Actions to be taken when crossing traffic, during
take-off and landing
LO Describe the actions to be taken to avoid wake x x x x x
turbulence, specially separations. (ICAO
Doc 4444, 5)
071 02 09 00 Security (unlawful events)
071 02 09 01 ICAO Annex 17
LO Give the following definitions: aircraft security x x x x x
check, screening, security, security-restricted area,
unidentified baggage. (ICAO Annex 17, 1)
LO Give the objectives of security. (ICAO x x x x x
Annex 17, 2.1)
071 02 09 02 Use of Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR)
LO Describe the commander’s responsibilities x x x x x
concerning notifying the appropriate ATS unit. (ICAO
Annex 17 Attachment)
concerning operation of SSR. (ICAO Annex 17
Attachment)
concerning departing from assigned track and/or
cruising level. (ICAO Annex 17 Attachment)
Page 452 of 551


concerning the action required or being requested
by an ATS unit to confirm SSR code and ATS
interpretation response. (ICAO Annex 17
Attachment)
071 02 09 03 Security
LO State the requirements regarding training x x x x x
programmes.
LO State the requirements regarding reporting acts of x x x x x
LO State the requirements regarding aircraft search x x x x x
procedures.
071 02 10 00 Emergency and precautionary landings
071 02 10 01 Definition
LO Define ‘ditching’, ‘precautionary landing’, ‘emergency x x x x x
landing’.
LO Describe a ditching procedure. x x x x x
LO Describe a precautionary landing. x x x x x
LO Explain the factors to be considered when deciding to x x x x x
make a precautionary/emergency landing or ditching.
071 02 10 02 Cause
LO List some reasons that may require a ditching, a x x x x x
precautionary landing or an emergency landing.
071 02 10 03 Passenger information
LO Describe the passenger briefing to be given before x x x x x
conducting a precautionary/emergency landing or
ditching (including evacuation).
071 02 10 04 Action after landing
LO Describe the actions and responsibilities of crew x x x x x
members after landing.
071 02 10 05 Evacuation
LO State that the aircraft must be stopped and the engine x x x x x
shut down before launching an emergency evacuation.
LO State that evacuation procedures are to be found in x x x x x
Part B of the Operations Manual.
LO State the CS-25 requirements regarding evacuation x x
procedures. (CS 25.803 + Appendix J)
071 02 11 00 Fuel jettisoning
Page 453 of 551

071 02 11 01 Safety aspects

LO State that an aircraft may need to jettison fuel so as to x x
reduce its landing mass in order to effect a safe landing.
(ICAO Doc 4444, 15.5.3)
LO State that when an aircraft operating within controlled x x
airspace needs to jettison fuel, the flight crew shall
coordinate with ATC the following: route to be flown
which, if possible, should be clear of cities and towns,
preferably over water and away from areas where
thunderstorms have been reported or are expected;
the level to be used, which should be not less than
1 800 m (6 000 ft); and the duration of fuel jettisoning.
(ICAO Doc 4444, 15.5.3)
LO State that flaps and slats may adversely affect fuel x x
jettisoning. (CS 25.1001)
071 02 11 02 Requirements
LO State that a fuel-jettisoning system must be installed on x x
each aeroplane unless it is shown that the aeroplane
meets some CS-25 climb requirements. (CS 25.1001)
LO State that a fuel-jettisoning system must be capable of x x
jettisoning enough fuel within 15 minutes. (CS 25.1001)
071 02 12 00 Transport of dangerous goods
071 02 12 01 ICAO Annex 18
LO Give the following definitions: dangerous goods, x x x x x
dangerous goods accident, dangerous goods incident,
exemption, incompatible, packaging, UN number. (ICAO
Annex 18, Chapter 1)
LO State that detailed provisions for dangerous goods x x x x x
transportation are contained in the Technical
Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods
by Air (Doc 9284). (ICAO Annex 18, Chapter 2, 2.2.1)
LO State that in case of an in-flight emergency, the pilot-in- x x x x x
command must inform the ATC of dangerous goods
transportation. (ICAO Annex 18, Chapter 9, 9.5)
071 02 12 02 Technical Instructions (ICAO Doc 9284)
LO Explain the principle of compatibility and segregation. x x x x x
(ICAO Doc 9284)
LO Explain the special requirements for the loading of x x x x x
radioactive materials. (ICAO Doc 9284)
Page 454 of 551

LO Explain the use of the dangerous goods list. (ICAO Doc x x x x x

9284)
LO Identify the labels. (ICAO Doc 9284) x x x x x
071 02 12 03 Transport of dangerous goods by air
LO State that dangerous goods transportation is subject to x x x x x
operator approval.
LO Identify articles and substances, which would otherwise x x x x x
be classed as dangerous goods, that are excluded from
the provisions.
LO State that some articles and substances may be x x x x x
forbidden for air transportation.
LO State that packing must comply with the Technical x x x x x
Instructions specifications.
LO List the labelling and marking requirements. x x x x x
LO List the Dangerous Goods Transport Document x x x x x
requirements.
LO List the Acceptance of Dangerous Goods requirements. x x x x x
LO Explain the need for an inspection prior to loading on x x x x x
an aircraft.
LO State that some dangerous goods are designated for x x x x x
carriage only on cargo aircraft.
LO State that accidents or incidents involving dangerous x x x x x
goods are to be reported.
LO State that misdeclared or undeclared dangerous goods x x x x x
found in baggage are to be reported.
071 02 13 00 Contaminated runways
071 02 13 01 Kinds of contamination
LO Define a ‘contaminated runway’, a ‘damp runway’, a x x
‘wet runway’, and a ‘dry runway’.
LO List the different types of contamination: damp, wet or x x
water patches, rime or frost-covered, dry snow, wet
snow, slush, ice, compacted or rolled snow, frozen ruts
or ridges. (ICAO Annex 15, Appendix 2)
LO Give the definitions of the various types of snow. (ICAO x x
Annex 15, Appendix 2)
071 02 13 02 Estimated surface friction, friction coefficient
LO Identify the difference between friction coefficient and x x
estimated surface friction. (ICAO Annex 15, Appendix 2)
Page 455 of 551

LO State that when friction coefficient is 0.40 or higher, x x

the expected braking action is good. (ICAO Annex 15,
Appendix 2)
071 02 13 03 Hydroplaning principles and effects
LO Define the different types of hydroplaning. x x
(NASA TM-85652/Tire friction performance/
pp. 6 to 9)
LO Compute the two dynamic hydroplaning speeds using x x
the following formulas:
Spin-down speed (rotating tire) (kt) = 9 square root
(pressure in PSI)
Spin-up speed (non-rotating tire) (kt) = 7.7 square root
(pressure in PSI).
(NASA TM-85652/Tire friction performance /p. 8)
LO State that it is the spin-up speed rather than the spin- x x
down speed which represents the actual tire situation
for aircraft touchdown on flooded runways.
(NASA TM-85652/Tire friction performance/p. 8)
071 02 13 04 Procedures
LO State that some wind limitations may apply in case of x x
contaminated runways. Those limitations are to be
found in Part B of the Operations Manual —
Limitations.
LO State that the procedures associated with take-off and x x
landing on contaminated runways are to be found in
Part B of the Operations Manual — Normal procedures.
LO State that the performances associated with x x
contaminated runways are to be found in Part B of the
Operations Manual — Performance.
071 02 13 05 SNOWTAM
LO Interpret from a SNOWTAM the contamination and x x
braking action on a runway.
071 02 14 00 Rotor downwash
071 02 14 01 Describe downwash
LO Describe the downwash. x x x
071 02 14 02 Effects
LO Explain the effects on: soil erosion, water dispersal and x x x
spray, recirculation, damage to property, loose articles.
Page 456 of 551

071 02 15 00 Operation influence by meteorological conditions

(Helicopter)
071 02 15 01 White-out/sand/dust
LO Give the definition of ‘white-out’. x x x
LO Describe loss of spatial orientation. x x x
LO Describe take-off and landing techniques. x x x
071 02 15 02 Strong winds
LO Describe blade sailing. x x x
LO Describe wind operating envelopes. x x x
LO Describe vertical speed problems. x x x
071 02 15 03 Mountain environment
LO Describe constraints associated with mountain x x x
environment.
071 03 00 00 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES (HELICOPTER)
071 03 01 00 Influence of technical problems
071 03 01 01 Engine failure
LO Describe techniques for failure in: hover, climb, cruise, x x x
approach.
071 03 01 02 Fire in cabin/cockpit/engine
LO Describe the basic actions when encountering fire in x x x
the cabin, cockpit or engine.
071 03 01 03 Tail/rotor/directional control failure
LO Describe the basic actions following loss of tail rotor. x x x
LO Describe the basic actions following loss of x x x
directional control.
071 03 01 04 Ground resonance
LO Describe recovery actions. x x x
071 03 01 05 Blade stall
LO Describe cause and recovery actions when x x x
encountering retreating blade stall.
071 03 01 06 Settling with power (vortex ring)
LO Describe prerequisite conditions and recovery x x x
actions.
071 03 01 07 Overpitch
LO Describe recovery actions. x x x
071 03 01 08 Overspeed: rotor/engine
Page 457 of 551

LO Describe overspeed control. x x x

071 03 01 09 Dynamic rollover
LO Describe potential conditions and recovery action. x x x
071 03 01 10 Mast bumping
LO Describe conditions ‘conducive to’ and ‘avoidance x x x
of’ effect.
Page 458 of 551

M. SUBJECT 081 — PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT (AEROPLANE)
(1) The following standard conventions are used for certain mathematical symbols:
* multiplication
≥ greater than or equal to
≤ less than or equal to
SQRT( ) square root of the function, symbol or number in round brackets
(2) Normally, it should be assumed that the effect of a variable under review is the only variation that
needs to be addressed, unless specifically stated otherwise.
(3) Candidates are expected in simple calculations to be able to convert knots (kt) into
metres/second (m/s), and know the appropriate conversion factors by heart.
(4) In the subsonic range, as covered under subject 081 01, compressibility effects normally are not
considered, unless specifically mentioned.
(5) For those questions related to propellers (subject 081 07), as a simplification of the physical reality,
the inflow speed into the propeller plane is taken as the aeroplane’s TAS. In addition, when
discussing propeller rotational direction, it will always be specified as seen from behind the propeller
plane.

IR
080 00 00 00 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
081 00 00 00 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT — AEROPLANE
081 01 00 00 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS
081 01 01 00 Basics, laws and definitions
081 01 01 01 Laws and definitions
LO — List the SI units of measurement for x x
mass, acceleration, weight, velocity,
density, temperature, pressure,
force, wing loading and power.
— Define ‘mass’, ‘force’, ‘acceleration’
and ‘weight’.
— State and interpret Newton’s laws.
— State and interpret Newton’s first
law.
— State and interpret Newton’s
second law.
— State and interpret Newton’s third
law.
— Explain air density.
Page 459 of 551


IR
— List the atmospheric properties that
effect air density.
— Explain how temperature and
pressure changes affect density.
— Define ‘static pressure’.
— Define ‘dynamic pressure’.
— Define the ‘formula for dynamic
pressure’.
— Apply the formula for a given
altitude and speed.
— State Bernoulli’s equation.
— Define ‘total pressure’.
— Apply the equation to a Venturi.
— Describe how the IAS is acquired
from the pitot-static system.
— Describe the relationship between
density, temperature and pressure
for air.
— Describe the Equation of Continuity.
— Define ‘IAS’, ‘CAS’, ‘EAS’, ‘TAS’.
081 01 01 02 Basics about airflow
LO — Describe steady and unsteady x x
airflow.
— Explain the concept of a streamline.
— Describe and explain airflow
through a stream tube.
— Explain the difference between two
and three-dimensional airflow.
081 01 01 03 Aerodynamic forces and moments on
aerofoils
LO — Describe the force resulting from x x
the pressure distribution around an
aerofoil.
— Resolve the resultant force into the
components ‘lift’ and ‘drag’.
— Describe the direction of lift and
drag.
— Define the ‘aerodynamic moment’.
— List the factors that affect the
aerodynamic moment.
— Describe the aerodynamic moment
for a symmetrical aerofoil.
— Describe the aerodynamic moment
for a positively and negatively
cambered aerofoil.
— Forces and equilibrium of forces
Page 460 of 551


IR
(refer to 081 08 00 00).
— Define ‘angle of attack’.
081 01 01 04 Shape of an aerofoil section
LO Describe the following parameters of an x x
aerofoil section:
— leading edge;
— trailing edge;
— chord line;
— thickness to chord ratio or relative
thickness;
— location of maximum thickness;
— camber line;
— camber;
— nose radius.
Describe a symmetrical and an
asymmetrical aerofoil section.
081 01 01 05 Wing shape
LO Describe the following parameters of a x x
wing:
— span;
— tip and root chord;
— taper ratio;
— wing area;
— wing planform;
— mean geometric chord;
— mean aerodynamic chord (MAC);
— aspect ratio;
— dihedral angle;
— sweep angle;
— wing twist;
— geometric;
— aerodynamic;
— angle of incidence.
Remark: In certain textbooks, angle of
incidence is used as angle of attack. For
Part-FCL theoretical knowledge
examination purposes this use is
discontinued and the angle of incidence is
defined as the angle between the
aeroplane longitudinal axis and the wing-
root chord line.
Page 461 of 551


IR
Two-dimensional airflow around an
081 01 02 00
aerofoil
081 01 02 01 Streamline pattern
LO — Describe the streamline pattern x x
around an aerofoil.
— Describe converging and diverging
streamlines and their effect on static
pressure and velocity.
— Describe upwash and downwash.
081 01 02 02 Stagnation point
LO — Describe the stagnation point. x x
— Explain the effect on the stagnation
point of angle-of-attack changes.
— Explain local-pressure changes.
081 01 02 03 Pressure distribution
LO — Describe pressure distribution and x x
local speeds around an aerofoil
including effects of camber and
angle of attack.
— Describe where the minimum local
static pressure is typically situated
on an aerofoil.
081 01 02 04 Centre of pressure and aerodynamic
centre
LO Explain centre of pressure and x x
aerodynamic centre.
081 01 02 05 Lift and downwash

LO Explain the association between lift and x x
downwash.
081 01 02 06 Drag and wake

LO — List two physical phenomena that x x
cause drag.
— Describe skin friction drag.
— Describe pressure (form) drag.
— Explain why drag and wake cause
loss of energy (momentum).
081 01 02 07 Influence of angle of attack
LO Explain the influence of angle of attack on x x
lift.
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081 01 02 08 Flow separation at high angles of attack
LO Refer to 081 01 08 01. x x
081 01 02 09 The lift —  graph

LO — Describe the lift and angle-of-attack x x
graph.
— Explain the significant points on the
graph.
— Describe lift against  graph for a
symmetrical aerofoil.
081 01 03 00 Coefficients
LO Explain why coefficients are used in x x
general.
081 01 03 01 The lift coefficient Cl

LO — Describe the lift formula and x x
perform simple calculations.
— Describe the Cl –  graph
(symmetrical and positively/
negatively cambered aerofoils).
— Describe the typical difference in Cl –
 graph for fast and slow aerofoil
design.
— Define ‘ClMAX’ and ‘stall’ on the graph.
081 01 03 02 The drag coefficient Cd
LO — Describe the drag formula and x x
— Discuss the effect of the shape of a
body on the drag coefficient.
— Describe the Cl – Cd graph (aerofoil
polar).
— Indicate minimum drag on the graph.
— Explain why the Cl–Cd ratio is
important as a measure of
performance.
— State the normal values of
Cl–Cd.
081 01 04 00 Three-dimensional airflow about an
aeroplane
LO — Define ‘angle of attack.’ x x
Remark: For theoretical knowledge
examination purposes, the angle-of-attack
definition requires a reference line. This
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reference line for 3-D has been chosen to
be the longitudinal axis and for 2-D the
chord line.
— Explain the difference between the
angle of attack and the attitude of
an aeroplane.
081 01 04 01 Streamline pattern
LO — Describe the general streamline x x
pattern around the wing, tail section
and fuselage.
— Explain and describe the causes of
spanwise flow over top and bottom
surfaces.
— Describe tip vortices and local .
— Explain how tip vortices vary with
angle of attack.
— Explain upwash and downwash due
to tip vortices.
— Describe spanwise lift distribution
including the effect of wing
planform.
— Describe the causes, distribution
and duration of the wake turbulence
behind an aeroplane.
— Describe the influence of flap
deflection on the tip vortex.
— List the parameters that influence
wake turbulence.
081 01 04 02 Induced drag
LO — Explain what causes the induced x x
drag.
— Describe the approximate formula
for the induced drag coefficient.
— State the factors that affect induced
drag.
— Describe the relationship between
induced drag and total drag in the
cruise.
— Describe the effect of mass on
induced drag at a given IAS.
— Describe the means to reduce
induced drag:
• aspect ratio;
• winglets;
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• tip tanks;
• wing twist;
• camber change.
— Describe the influence of lift
distribution on induced drag.
— Describe the influence of tip vortices
on the angle of attack.
— Explain induced and effective local
angle of attack.
— Explain the influence of the induced
angle of attack on the direction of
the lift vector.
— Explain the relationship between
induced drag and:
 speed;
 aspect ratio;
 wing planform;
 bank angle in a horizontal
coordinated turn.
— Explain the induced drag coefficient.
— Explain the relationship between the
induced drag coefficient and the
angle-of-attack or lift coefficient.
— Explain the influence of induced drag
on:
 CL–angle-of-attack graph, how
the effect on the graph when
comparing high and low
aspect ratio wings;
 CL–CD (aeroplane polar), show
the effect on the graph when
comparing high and low
aspect ratio wings;
 parabolic aeroplane polar in a
graph and as a formula
(CD = CDp + kCL2).
081 01 05 00 Total drag
LO State that total drag consists of parasite x x
drag and induced drag.
081 01 05 01 Parasite drag

LO — List the types of drag that are x x
included in parasite drag.
— Describe form (pressure) drag.
— Describe interference drag.
— Describe friction drag.
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081 01 05 02 Parasite drag and speed
LO Describe the relationship between parasite x x
drag and speed.
081 01 05 03 Induced drag and speed

LO Refer to 081 01 04 02. x x

081 01 05 05 Total drag and speed
LO — Explain the total drag–speed graph x x
and the constituent drag
components.
— Indicate the speed for minimum
drag.
081 01 05 07 The total drag–speed graph
LO — Describe the effect of aeroplane x x
gross mass on the graph.
— Describe the effect of pressure
altitude on:
• drag–IAS graph;
• drag–TAS graph.
— Describe speed stability from the
graph.
— Describe non-stable, neutral and
stable IAS regions.
— Explain what happens to the IAS and
drag in the non-stable region if speed
suddenly decreases.
081 01 06 00 Ground effect
LO Explain what happens to the tip vortices, x x
downwash, airflow pattern, lift and drag in
ground effect.
081 01 06 01 Effect on CDi

LO — Describe the influence of ground x x
effect on CDi and induced angle of
attack.
— Explain the effects on entering and
leaving ground effect.
081 01 06 02 Effect on stall
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LO Describe the influence of ground effect on x x
stall.
081 01 06 03 Effect on CL
LO Describe the influence of ground effect on x x
CL.
081 01 06 04 Effect on take-off and landing

characteristics of an aeroplane
LO — Describe the influence of ground x x
effect on take-off and landing
characteristics and performance of
an aeroplane.
— Describe the difference between:
 high and low wing
characteristics;
 high and low tail
characteristics.
— Explain the effects on static pressure
measurements at the static ports
when entering and leaving ground
effect.
081 01 07 00 The relationship between lift coefficient
and speed in steady, straight and level
flight
081 01 07 01 Represented by an equation
LO Explain the effect on CL during speed x x
increase/decrease in steady, straight and
level flight, and perform simple
calculations.
081 01 07 02 Represented by a graph

LO Explain, by using a graph, the effect on x x
speed of CL changes at a given weight.
081 01 08 00 The stall

081 01 08 01 Flow separation at increasing angles of
attack
LO — Define the ‘boundary layer’. x x

— Describe the thickness of a typical
boundary layer.
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— List the factors that affect thickness.
— Describe the laminar layer.
— Describe the turbulent layer.
— Define the ‘transition point’.
— List the differences between laminar
and turbulent boundary layers.
— Explain why the laminar boundary
layer separates easier than the
turbulent one.
— List the factors that slow down the
airflow over the aft part of an
aerofoil, as the angle of attack
increases.
— Define the ‘separation point’ and
describe its location as a function of
angle of attack.
— Define the ‘critical stall angle of
attack’.
— Describe the influence of increasing
the angle of attack on:
 the forward stagnation point;
 the pressure distribution;
 the location of the centre of
pressure (straight and swept
back wing);
 CL and L;
 CD and D;
 the pitching moment (straight
and swept back wing);
 the downwash at the horizon
stabiliser.
— Explain what causes the possible
natural buffet on the controls in a
pre-stall condition.
— Describe the effectiveness of the
flight controls in a pre-stall condition.
— Describe and explain the normal
post-stall behaviour of a wing/
aeroplane;
— Describe the dangers of using the
controls close to the stall.
081 01 08 02 The stall speed
LO — Explain VS0, VS1, VSR, VS1g. x x
— Solve the 1G stall speed from the lift
formula.
— Describe and explain the influence of
the following parameters on stall
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speed:
 centre of gravity;
 thrust component;
 slipstream;
 wing loading;
 mass;
 wing contamination;
 angle of sweep;
 altitude (for compressibility
effects, see 081 02 03 02).
— Define the ‘load factor n’.
— Explain why the load factor increases
in a turn.
— Explain why the load factor increases
in a pull-up and decreases in a push-
over manoeuvre.
— Describe and explain the influence of
the ‘load factor n’ on stall speed.
— Explain the expression ‘accelerated
stall’.
Remark: Sometimes accelerated stall is
also erroneously referred to as high-speed
stall. This latter expression will not be used
for subject 081.
— Calculate the change of stall speed as
a function of the load factor.
— Calculate the increase of stall speed
in a horizontal coordinated turn as a
function of bank angle.
— Calculate the change of stall speed as
a function of the gross mass.
081 01 08 03 The initial stall in span-wise direction
LO — Explain the initial stall sequence on x x
the following platforms:
• elliptical;
• rectangular;
• moderate and high taper;
• sweepback or delta.
— Explain the influence of geometric
twist (wash out) and aerodynamic
twist.
— Explain the influence of deflected
ailerons.
— Explain the influence of fences,
vortilons, saw teeth, vortex
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generators.
081 01 08 04 Stall warning
LO — Explain why stall warning is x x
necessary.
— Explain when aerodynamic and
artificial stall warnings are used.
— Explain why CS-23 and CS-25 require
a margin to stall speed.
— Describe:
 buffet;
 stall strip;
 flapper switch (leading-edge
stall-warning vane);
 angle-of-attack vane;
 angle-of-attack probe;
 stick shaker.
— Describe the recovery after:
 stall warning;
 stall;
 stick-pusher actuation.
081 01 08 05 Special phenomena of stall
LO — Describe the basic stall x x
requirements for transport category
aeroplanes.
— Explain the difference between
power-off and power-on stalls and
recovery.
— Describe stall and recovery in a
climbing and descending turn.
— Describe the effect on stall and
recovery characteristics of:
 wing sweep (consider both
forward and backward
sweep);
 T-tailed aeroplane;
 canards.
— Describe super-stall or deep-stall.
— Describe the philosophy behind the
stick-pusher system.
— Explain the effect of ice, frost or
snow on the stagnation point.
— Explain the absence of stall warning.
— Explain the abnormal behaviour of
the stall.
— Describe and explain cause and
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effects of the stabiliser stall
(negative tail stall).
— Describe when to expect in-flight
icing.
— Explain how the effect is changed
when retracting/ extending lift
augmentation devices.
— Describe how to recover from a stall
after a configuration change caused
by in-flight icing.
— Explain the effect of a contaminated
wing.
— Explain what ‘on-ground’ icing is.
— Describe the aerodynamic effects of
de-icing/anti-ice fluid after the
holdover time has been reached.
— Describe the aerodynamic effects of
heavy tropical rain on stall speed
and drag.
— Explain how to avoid spins.
— List the factors that cause a spin to
develop.
— Describe spin development,
recognition and recovery.
— Describe the differences in recovery
techniques for aeroplanes that have
different mass distributions
between the wings and the fuselage.
081 01 09 00 CLMAX augmentation
081 01 09 01 Trailing-edge flaps and the reasons for
use in take-off and landing
LO — Describe trailing-edge flaps and the x x
reasons for their use during take-off
and landing.
— Identify the different types of
trailing-edge flaps given a relevant
diagram:
 split flaps;
 plain flaps;
 slotted flaps;
 fowler flaps.
— Describe their effect on wing
geometry.
— Describe how the wing’s effective
camber increases.
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— Describe how the effective chord
line differs from the normal chord
line.
— Describe their effect on:
 the location of centre of
pressure;
 pitching moments;
 stall speed.
— Compare their influence on the CL–
graph:
 indicate the variation in CL at
any given angle of attack;
 indicate the variation in CD at
any given angle of attack;
 indicate their effect on CLMAX;
 indicate their effect on the
stall or critical angle of attack;
 indicate their effect on the
angle of attack at a given CL.
— Compare their influence on the CL–
CD graph:
 indicate how the (CL/CD)MAX
differs from that of a clean
wing.
— Explain the influence of trailing-edge
flap deflection on the glide angle.
— Describe flap asymmetry:
 explain the effect on
aeroplane controllability.
— Describe trailing-edge flap effect on
take-off and landing:
 explain the advantages of
lower-nose attitudes;
 explain why take-off and
landing speeds/distances are
reduced.
081 01 09 02 Leading-edge devices and the reasons for
their use in take-off and landing
LO — Describe leading-edge high-lift x x
devices.
— Identify the different types of
leading-edge high-lift devices given a
relevant diagram:
• Krueger flaps;
• variable camber flaps;
• slats.
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— State their effect on wing geometry.
— Describe the function of the slot.
— Describe how the wing’s effective
camber increases.
— Describe how the effective chord line
differs from the normal chord line.
— State their effect on the stall speed,
also in comparison with trailing edge
flaps.
— Compare their influence on the CL–
 graph, compared with trailing-edge
flaps and a clean wing:
 indicate the effect of leading-
edge devices on CLMAX;
 explain how the CL curve
differs from that of a clean
wing;
 indicate the effect of leading-
edge devices on the stall or
critical angle of attack.
— Compare their influence on the CL–CD
graph;
— Describe slat asymmetry:
 describe the effect on
aeroplane controllability.
— Explain the reasons for using leading-
edge high-lift devices on take-off and
landing:
 explain the disadvantage of
increased nose-up attitudes;
 explain why take-off and
landing speeds/distances are
reduced.
081 01 09 03 Vortex generators
LO — Explain the purpose of vortex x x
generators.
— Describe their basic operating
principle.
— State their advantages and
disadvantages.
081 01 10 00 Means to reduce the CL–CD ratio
081 01 10 01 Spoilers and the reasons for use in the
different phases of flight
LO — Describe the aerodynamic x x
functioning of spoilers:
• roll spoilers;
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• flight spoilers (speed brakes);
• ground spoilers (lift dumpers).
— Describe the effect of spoilers on
the CL– graph and stall speed.
— Describe the influence of spoilers
on the CL–CD graph and lift–drag
ratio.
081 01 10 02 Speed brakes and the reasons for use in
the different phases of flight
LO — Describe speed brakes and the x x
reasons for use in the different
phases of flight.
— State their influence on the
CL–CD graph and lift–drag ratio.
— Explain how speed brakes increase
parasite drag.
— Describe how speed brakes affect
the minimum drag speed.
— Describe their effect on rate and
angle of descent.
081 01 11 00 The boundary layer
081 01 11 01 Different types
LO Refer to 081 01 08 01. x x
081 01 11 02 Their advantages and disadvantages on

pressure drag and friction drag
081 01 12 00 Aerodynamic degradation
081 01 12 01 Ice and other contaminants
LO — Describe the locations on an x x
aeroplane where ice build-up will
occur during flight.
— Explain the aerodynamic effects of
ice and other contaminants on:
 lift (maximum lift coefficient);
 drag;
 stall speed;
 stalling angle of attack;
 stability and controllability.
— Explain the aerodynamic effects of
icing on the various phases during
take-off.
081 01 12 02 Deformation and modification of
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airframe, ageing aeroplanes
LO — Describe the effect of airframe x x
deformation and modification of an
ageing aeroplane on aeroplane
performance.
— Explain the effect on boundary layer
condition of an ageing aeroplane.
081 02 00 00 HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
081 02 01 00 Speeds
081 02 01 01 Speed of sound
LO — Define ‘speed of sound’. x
— Explain the variation of the speed of
sound with altitude.
— Describe the influence of
temperature on the speed of sound.
081 02 01 02 Mach number
LO Define ‘Mach number as a function of TAS x
and speed of sound’.
081 02 01 03 Influence of temperature and altitude on

Mach number
LO — Explain the absence of change of x
Mach number with varying
temperature at constant flight level
and calibrated airspeed.
— Referring to 081 08 01 02 and
081 08 01 03, explain the
relationship of Mach number, TAS
and IAS during climb and descent at
constant Mach number and IAS,
and explain variation of lift
coefficient, angle of attack, pitch
and flight-path angle.
— Referring to 081 06 01 04 and
081 06 01 05, explain that VMO can
be exceeded during a descent at
constant Mach number and that
MMO can be exceeded during a
climb at constant IAS.
081 02 01 04 Compressibility
LO — State that compressibility means that x
density can change along a
streamline.
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— Describe how the streamline pattern
changes due to compressibility.
— State that Mach number is a
measure of compressibility.
081 02 01 05 Subdivision of aerodynamic flow
LO — List the subdivision of aerodynamic x
flow:
 subsonic flow;
 transonic flow;
 supersonic flow.
— Describe the characteristics of the
flow regimes listed above.
— State that transport aeroplanes
normally cruise at Mach numbers
above Mcrit.
081 02 02 00 Shock waves
LO Define a ‘shock wave’. x
081 02 02 01 Normal shock waves

LO Describe a normal shock wave with x
respect to changes in:
— static temperature;
— static and total pressure;
— velocity;
— local speed of sound;
— Mach number;
— density.
Describe a normal shock wave with
respect to orientation relative to the wing
surface.
Explain the influence of increasing Mach
number on a normal shock wave, at
positive lift, with respect to:
— strength;
— length;
— position relative to the wing;
— second shock wave at the lower
surface.
Explain the influence of angle of attack on
shock-wave intensity at constant Mach
number.
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Discuss the bow wave.
081 02 02 02 Oblique shock waves

LO Describe an oblique shock wave with x
respect to changes in:
— static temperature;
— static and total pressure;
— velocity;
— local speed of sound;
— Mach number;
— density.
Compare the characteristics of normal and
oblique shock waves.
081 02 02 03 Mach cone

LO Define ‘Mach angle ’ with a formula and x
Identify the Mach-cone zone of influence
of a pressure disturbance due to the
presence of the aeroplane.
Explain ‘sonic boom’.
081 02 03 00 Effects of exceeding Mcrit

081 02 03 01 Mcrit
LO Define ‘Mcrit’. x
Explain how a change in angle of attack

influences Mcrit.
081 02 03 02 Effect on lift

LO Describe the behaviour of lift coefficient x
CL versus Mach number at constant angle
of attack.
Explain shock-induced separation, shock
stall, and describe its relationship with
Mach buffet.
Define ‘shock stall’.
examination purposes, the following
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description is used for shock stall: Shock
stall occurs when the lift coefficient, as a
function of Mach number, reaches its
maximum value (for a given angle of
attack).
Describe the consequences of exceeding
Mcrit with respect to:
— gradient of the CL– graph;
— CLMAX (stall speed).
Explain the change in stall speed (IAS) with
altitude.
Discuss the effect on critical or stalling
angle of attack.
081 02 03 03 Effect on drag

LO Describe wave drag. x
Describe the behaviour of drag coefficient

CD versus Mach number at constant angle
of attack.
Explain the effect of Mach number on the
CL–CD graph.
Define ‘drag divergence Mach number’
and explain the relation with Mcrit.
081 02 03 04 Effect on pitching moment

LO Discuss the effect of Mach number on the x
location of centre of pressure and
aerodynamic centre.
Explain ‘tuck under’ effect.
List the methods of compensating for tuck
under effect.
Discuss the aerodynamic functioning of
the Mach trim system.
Discuss the corrective measures if the
Mach trim fails.
081 02 03 05 Effect on control effectiveness
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LO Discuss the effects on the functioning of x
control surfaces.
081 02 04 00 Buffet onset

LO Explain the concept of buffet margin and x
describe the influence of the following
parameters:
— angle of attack;
— Mach number;
— mass;
— load factor;
— angle of bank;
— CG location.
Explain how the buffet onset boundary
chart can be used to determine
manoeuvre capability.
Describe the effect of exceeding the speed
for buffet onset.
Explain aerodynamic ceiling and ‘coffin
corner’.
Explain the concept of the ‘1.3G’ altitude.
Find (using an example graph):
— buffet free range;
— aerodynamic ceiling at a given mass;
— load factor and bank angle at which
buffet occurs at a given mass, Mach
number and pressure altitude.
081 02 05 00 Means to influence Mcrit
081 02 05 01 Wing sweep
LO Explain the influence of the angle of sweep x
on:
— Mcrit;
— effective thickness/chord change or
velocity component perpendicular to
the quarter chord line.
Describe the influence of the angle of
sweep at subsonic speed on:
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— CLMAX;
— efficiency of high-lift devices.
— pitch-up stall behaviour.
Discuss the effect of wing sweep on drag.
081 02 05 02 Aerofoil shape

LO Explain the use of thin aerofoils with x
reduced camber.
Explain the main purpose of supercritical
aerofoils.
Identify the shape characteristics of a
supercritical aerofoil shape.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages
of supercritical aerofoils for wing design.
081 02 05 03 Vortex generators

LO Explain the use of vortex generators as a x
means to avoid or restrict flow separation.
081 02 05 04 Area ruling

LO Explain area ruling in aeroplane design. x

081 04 00 00 STABILITY
081 04 01 00 Static and dynamic stability
081 04 01 01 Basics and definitions
LO Define ‘static stability’: x x
— identify a statically stable, neutral

and unstable condition (positive,
neutral and negative static
stability).
Explain manoeuvrability.
Explain why static stability is the opposite
of manoeuvrability.
Define ‘dynamic stability’:
— identify a dynamically stable,
neutral and unstable motion
(positive, neutral and negative
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dynamic stability);
— identify periodic and aperiodic
motion.
Explain what combinations of static and
dynamic stability will return an aeroplane
to the equilibrium state after a
disturbance.
081 04 01 02 Precondition for static stability

LO Explain an equilibrium of forces and x x
moments as the condition for the concept
of static stability.
081 04 01 03 Sum of forces

LO Identify the forces considered in the x x
equilibrium of forces.
081 04 01 04 Sum of moments

LO Identify the moments about all three axes x x
considered in the equilibrium of moments.
Discuss the effect of sum of moments not
being zero.

081 04 03 00 Static and dynamic longitudinal stability
081 04 03 01 Methods for achieving balance
LO Explain the stabiliser and the canard as the x x
means to satisfy the condition of nullifying
the total sum of the moments about the
lateral axis.
Explain the influence of the location of the
wing centre of pressure relative to the
centre of gravity on the magnitude and
direction of the balancing force on
stabiliser and canard.
Explain the influence of the indicated
airspeed on the magnitude and direction
of the balancing force on stabiliser and
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canard.
Explain the influence of the balancing
force on the magnitude of the
wing/fuselage lift.
Explain the use of the elevator deflection
or stabiliser angle for the generation of the
balancing force.
Explain the elevator deflection required to
balance thrust changes.
081 04 03 02 Static longitudinal stability

LO Explain the changes in aerodynamic forces x x
when varying angle of attack for a static
longitudinally stable aeroplane.
Discuss the effect of CG location on pitch
manoeuvrability.
081 04 03 03 Neutral point

LO Define ‘neutral point’. x x
Explain why the location of the neutral

point is only dependent on the
aerodynamic design of the aeroplane.
081 04 03 04 Factors affecting neutral point

LO Indicate the location of the neutral point x x
relative to the locations of the
aerodynamic centre of the wing and
tail/canard.
Explain the influence of the downwash
variations with angle-of-attack variation on
the location of the neutral point.
Explain the contribution of engine
nacelles.
081 04 03 05 Location of centre of gravity

LO Explain the influence of the CG location on x x
static longitudinal stability of the
aeroplane.
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Explain the CG forward and aft limits with
respect to:
— longitudinal control forces;
— elevator effectiveness;
— stability.
Define ‘static margin’.
081 04 03 06 The Cm– graph

LO Define the ‘aerodynamic pitching moment x x
coefficient (Cm)’.
Describe the Cm– graph with respect to:

— positive and negative sign;
— linear relationship;
— angle of attack for equilibrium state;
— relationship between the slope of
the graph and static stability.
081 04 03 07 Factors affecting the Cm– graph
LO Explain: x x
— the effect on the C m– graph of a
shift of CG in the forward and aft
direction;
— the effect on the C m– graph when
the elevator is moved up or down;
— the effect on the C m– graph when
the trim is moved;
— the effect of the wing contribution
and how it is affected by CG
location;
— the effect of the fuselage
contribution and how it is affected
by CG location;
— the tail contribution;
— the effect of aerofoil camber
change.
081 04 03 08 The elevator position versus speed graph
(IAS)
LO Describe the elevator position speed x x
graph.
Explain:
— the gradient of the elevator position
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speed graph;
— the influence of the airspeed on the
stick position stability.
081 04 03 09 Factors affecting the elevator position–
speed graph
LO Explain the contribution on the elevator x x
position–speed graph of:
— the location of centre of gravity;
— the trim (trim tab and stabiliser
trim);
— high-lift devices.
081 04 03 10 The stick force versus speed graph (IAS)
LO Define the ‘stick force speed graph’. x x
Describe the minimum gradient for stick

force versus speed that is required for
certification according to CS-23 and CS-25.
Explain the importance of the stick force
gradient for good flying qualities of an
aeroplane.
Identify the trim speed in the stick force
speed graph.
Explain how a pilot perceives stable static
longitudinal stick force stability.
081 04 03 11 Factors affecting the stick force versus

speed graph
LO Explain the contribution of: x x
— the location of the centre of gravity;
— the trim (trim tab and stabiliser
trim);
— down spring;
— bob weight;
— friction.
LO Explain the contribution of Mach number x
— Ref. 081 02 03 04.
081 04 03 12 The manoeuvring stability/stick force
per G
LO Define the ‘stick force per G’. x x
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Explain why:
— the stick force per G has a prescribed
minimum and maximum value;
— the stick force per G decreases with
pressure altitude at the same
indicated airspeed.
081 04 03 14 Factors affecting the manoeuvring
stability/stick force per G
LO Explain the influence on stick force per G x x
of:
— CG location;
— trim setting;
— a down spring in the control system;
— a bob weight in the control system.
081 04 03 15 Stick force per G and the limit-load factor
LO Explain why the prescribed minimum and x x
maximum values of the stick force per G
are dependent on the limit-load factor.
Calculate the stick force to achieve a
certain load factor at a given manoeuvre
stability.
081 04 03 16 Dynamic longitudinal stability

LO Describe the phugoid and short-period x x
motion in terms of period, damping,
variations (if applicable) in speed, altitude
and angle of attack.
Explain why short-period motion is more
important for flying qualities than the
phugoid.
Define and describe ‘pilot-induced
oscillations’.
Explain the effect of high altitude on
dynamic stability.
Describe the influence of the CG location
on the dynamic longitudinal stability of the
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aeroplane.
081 04 04 00 Static directional stability

LO Define ‘static directional stability’. x x
Explain the effects of static directional

stability being too weak or too strong.
081 04 04 01 Sideslip angle β

LO Define ‘sideslip angle’. x x
Identify β as the symbol used for the

sideslip angle.
081 04 04 02 Yaw-moment coefficient Cn

LO Define the ‘yawing-moment coefficient Cn’. x x
Define the relationship between Cn and β

for an aeroplane with static directional
stability.
081 04 04 03 Cn–β graph

LO Explain why: x x
— Cn depends on the angle of sideslip;

— Cn equals zero for that angle of
sideslip that provides static
equilibrium about the aeroplane’s
normal axis;
— if no asymmetric engine thrust,
flight control or loading condition
prevails, the equilibrium angle of
sideslip equals zero.
Identify how the slope of the Cn–β graph is
a measure for static directional stability.
081 04 04 04 Factors affecting static directional

stability
LO Describe how the following aeroplane x x

components contribute to static
directional stability:
— wing;
— fin;
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— dorsal fin;
— ventral fin;
— angle of sweep of the wing;
— angle of sweep of the fin;
— fuselage at high angles of attack;
— strakes.
Explain why both the fuselage and the fin
contribution reduce static directional
stability when the CG moves aft.
081 04 05 00 Static lateral stability
LO Define ‘static lateral stability’. x x
Explain the effects of static lateral stability

being too weak or too strong.
081 04 05 01 Bank angle Ø

LO Define ‘bank angle Ø’. x x
081 04 05 02 The roll-moment coefficient C l

LO Define the ‘roll-moment coefficient Cl’. x x
081 04 05 03 Contribution of sideslip angle β

LO Explain how without coordination the x x
bank angle creates sideslip angle.
081 04 05 04 The C l–β graph

LO Describe Cl– graph. x x
Identify the slope of the Cl– graph as a

measure for static lateral stability.
081 04 05 05 Factors affecting static lateral stability

LO Explain the contribution to the static x x
lateral stability of:
— dihedral, anhedral;
— high wing, low wing;
— sweep angle of the wing;
— ventral fin;
— vertical tail.
Define ‘dihedral effect’.
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081 04 06 00 Dynamic lateral/directional stability
081 04 06 01 Effects of asymmetric propeller
slipstream
081 04 06 02 Tendency to spiral dive
LO Explain how lateral and directional stability x x
are coupled.
Explain how high-static directional stability
and a low-static lateral stability may cause
spiral divergence (unstable spiral dive),
and under which conditions the spiral dive
mode is neutral or stable.
Describe an unstable spiral dive mode with
respect to deviations in speed, bank angle,
nose low-pitch attitude and decreasing
altitude.
081 04 06 03 Dutch roll

LO Describe Dutch roll. x x
Explain:
— why Dutch roll occurs when the
static lateral stability is large
compared with static directional
stability;
— the condition for a stable, neutral or
unstable Dutch roll motion;
— the function of the yaw damper;
— the actions to be taken in case of
non-availability of the yaw damper.
LO State the effect of Mach number on Dutch x
roll.
081 04 06 04 Effects of altitude on dynamic stability

LO Explain that increased pressure altitude x x
reduces dynamic lateral/directional
stability.
081 05 00 00 CONTROL
081 05 01 00 General
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081 05 01 01 Basics, the three planes and three axes
LO Define: x x
— lateral axis;
— longitudinal axis;
— normal axis.
Define:
— pitch angle;
— bank angle;
— yaw angle.
Describe the motion about the three axes.
Name and describe the devices that
control these motions.
081 05 01 02 Camber change
LO Explain how camber is changed by x x

movement of a control surface.
081 05 01 03 Angle-of-attack change
LO Explain the influence of local angle-of- x x

attack change by movement of a control
surface.
081 05 02 00 Pitch (longitudinal) control
081 05 02 01 Elevator/all-flying tails
LO Explain the working principle of the x x

elevator/all-flying tail and describe its
function.
Describe the loads on the tailplane over
the whole speed range.
081 05 02 02 Downwash effects

LO Explain the effect of downwash on the x x
tailplane angle of attack.
Explain in this context the use of a
T-tail or stabiliser trim.
081 05 02 03 Ice on tail

LO Explain how ice can change the x x
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aerodynamic characteristics of the
tailplane.
Explain how this can affect the tail’s
proper function.
081 05 02 04 Location of centre of gravity

LO Explain the relationship between elevator x x
deflection and CG location to produce a
given aeroplane response.
Explain the effect of forward CG limit on
pitch control.
081 05 02 05 Moments due to engine thrust

LO Describe the effect of engine thrust on x x
pitching moments for different engine
locations.
081 05 03 00 Yaw (directional) control
LO Explain the working principle of the x x
rudder and describe its function.
— State the relationship between
rudder deflection and the moment
about the normal axis;
— Describe the effect of sideslip on the
moment about the normal axis.
081 05 03 01 Rudder limiting
LO Explain why and how rudder deflection is x
limited on transport aeroplanes.
081 05 04 00 Roll (lateral) control
081 05 04 01 Ailerons
LO Explain the functioning of ailerons. x x
Describe the adverse effects of ailerons.

(Refer to 081 05 04 04 and 081 06 01 02)
Explain in this context the use of inboard
and outboard ailerons.
Explain outboard-aileron lockout and
conditions under which this feature is
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used.
Describe the use of aileron deflection in
normal flight, flight with sideslip,
crosswind landings, horizontal turns, flight
with one engine out.
Define ‘roll rate’.
List the factors that affect roll rate.
Flaperons, aileron droop.
081 05 04 03 Spoilers
LO Explain how spoilers can be used to x x
control the rolling movement in
combination with or instead of the
ailerons.
081 05 04 04 Adverse yaw
LO Explain how the use of ailerons induces x x
adverse yaw.
081 05 04 05 Means to avoid adverse yaw
LO Explain how the following reduce adverse x x
yaw:
— Frise ailerons;
— differential aileron deflection;
— rudder aileron cross-coupling;
— roll spoilers.
081 05 05 00 Roll/yaw interaction
LO Explain the secondary effect of roll. x x
Explain the secondary effect of yaw.

081 05 06 00 Means to reduce control forces
081 05 06 01 Aerodynamic balance
LO Describe the purpose of aerodynamic x x
balance.
Describe the working principle of the nose
and horn balance.
Describe the working principle of internal
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balance.
Describe the working principle and the
application of:
— balance tab;
— anti-balance tab;
— spring tab;
— servo tab.
081 05 06 02 Artificial means
LO Describe fully powered controls. x x
Describe power-assisted controls.

Explain why artificial feel is required.
Explain the inputs to an artificial feel
system.
081 05 07 00 Mass balance

LO Refer to 081 06 01 01 for mass balance. x x
Refer to 081 04 03 11 and

081 04 03 14 for bob weight.
081 05 08 00 Trimming
081 05 08 01 Reasons to trim
LO State the reasons for trimming devices. x x
Explain the difference between a trim tab

and the various balance tabs.
081 05 08 02 Trim tabs

LO Describe the working principle of a trim x x
tab including cockpit indications.
081 05 08 03 Stabiliser trim

LO Explain the advantages and disadvantages x x
of a stabiliser trim compared with a trim
tab.
Explain elevator deflection when the
aeroplane is trimmed in the case of fully
powered and power-assisted pitch
controls.
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Explain the factors influencing stabiliser
setting.
Explain the influence of take-off stabiliser
trim setting on rotation characteristics and
stick force during take-off rotation at
extremes of CG position.
Discuss the effects of jammed and
runaway stabiliser.
Explain the landing considerations with a
jammed stabiliser.
081 06 00 00 LIMITATIONS
081 06 01 00 Operating limitations
081 06 01 01 Flutter
LO Describe the phenomenon of flutter and x x
list the factors:
— elasticity;
— backlash;
— aeroelastic coupling;
— mass distribution;
— structural properties
— IAS.
List the flutter modes of an aeroplane:
— wing,
— tailplane,
— fin,
— control surfaces including tabs.
Describe the use of mass balance to
alleviate the flutter problem by adjusting
the mass distribution:
— wing-mounted pylons;
— control surface mass balance.
List the possible actions in the case of
flutter in flight.
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081 06 01 02 Aileron reversal
LO Describe the phenomenon of aileron x x
reversal:
— at low speeds;
— at high speeds.
Describe the aileron reversal speed in
relationship to VNE and VNO.
081 06 01 03 Landing gear/flap operating

LO Describe the reason for flap/landing gear x x
limitations.
— define ‘VLO’;
— define ‘VLE’.
Explain why there is a difference between
VLO and VLE in the case of some aeroplane
types.
Define ‘VFE’.
Describe flap design features to prevent
overload.
081 06 01 04 VMO, VNO, VNE

LO Define ‘VMO’, ‘VNO’, ‘VNE’. x x
Describe the differences between VMO, VNO

and VNE.
Explain the dangers of flying at speeds
close to VNE.
081 06 01 05 MMO
LO Define ‘MMO’ and state its limiting factors. x
081 06 02 00 Manoeuvring envelope
081 06 02 01 Manoeuvring-load diagram
LO Describe the manoeuvring-load diagram. x x
Define limit and ultimate load factor and
explain what can happen if these values
are exceeded.
Define ‘VA’, ‘VC’, ‘VD’.
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Identify the varying features on the
diagram:
— load factor ‘n’;
— speed scale, equivalent airspeed,
EAS;
— CLMAX boundary;
— accelerated stall speed (refer to 081
01 08 02).
Describe the relationship between VMO and
VC.
State all the manoeuvring limit load factors
applicable to CS-23 and CS-25 aeroplanes.
Explain the relationship between
VA and VS in a formula.
Explain the adverse consequences of
exceeding VA.
081 06 02 02 Factors affecting the manoeuvring-load

diagram
LO State the relationship of mass to: x x
— load factor limits;

— accelerated stall speed limit;
— VA and VC.
Explain the relationship between
VA, aeroplane mass and altitude.
Calculate the change of VA with changing
mass.
LO Describe the effect of altitude on Mach x

number, with respect to limitations.
Explain why VA loses significance at higher
altitude where compressibility effects
occur.
Define ‘MC’ and ‘MD’ and their relation
with VC and VD.
081 06 03 00 Gust envelope
081 06 03 01 Gust-load diagram
LO Recognise a typical gust-load diagram. x x
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Identify the various features shown on the
diagram:
— gust-load factor ‘n’;
— speed scale, equivalent airspeed and
EAS;
— CLMAX boundary;
— vertical gust velocities;
— relationship of VB to VC and VD.
— gust limit load factor.
Define ‘VRA’, ‘VB’.
Discuss considerations for the selection of
this speed.
Explain the adverse effects on the
aeroplane when flying in turbulence.
081 06 03 02 Factors affecting the gust-load diagram.

LO Explain the relationship between the gust- x x
load factor, lift-curve slope, density ratio,
wing loading, EAS and equivalent vertical
sharp-edged gust velocity and perform
relevant calculations.
081 07 00 00 PROPELLERS
081 07 01 00 Conversion of engine torque to thrust
LO Explain the resolution of aerodynamic x x
force on a propeller blade element into lift
and drag or into thrust and torque.
Describe propeller thrust and torque and
their variation with IAS.
081 07 01 01 Relevant propeller parameters
LO Describe the geometry of a typical x x
propeller blade element at the reference
section:
— blade chord line;
— propeller rotational velocity vector;
— true-airspeed vector;
— blade angle of attack;
— pitch or blade angle;
— advance or helix angle;
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— define ‘geometric pitch’, ‘effective
pitch’ and ‘propeller slip’.
examination purposes, the following
definition is used for geometric pitch: the
theoretical distance a propeller would
advance in one revolution at zero blade
angle of attack.
Define ‘fine and coarse pitch’.
081 07 01 02 Blade twist
LO Define ‘blade twist’. x x
Explain why blade twist is necessary.
081 07 01 03 Fixed pitch and variable pitch/constant

speed
LO List the different types of propellers: x x
— fixed pitch;
— adjustable pitch or variable pitch
(non-governing);
— variable pitch (governing)/ constant
speed.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages
of fixed-pitch and constant-speed
propellers.
Discuss climb and cruise propellers.
Explain the relationship between blade
angle, blade angle of attack and airspeed
for fixed and variable pitch propellers.
Given a diagram, explain the forces acting
on a rotating blade element in normal,
feathered, windmilling and reverse
operation.
Explain the effects of changing propeller
pitch at constant IAS.
081 07 01 04 Propeller efficiency versus speed

LO Define ‘propeller efficiency’. x x
Explain the relationship between propeller
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efficiency and speed (TAS).
Plot propeller efficiency against speed for
the types of propellers listed in 081 07 01
03 above.
Explain the relationship between blade
angle and thrust.
081 07 01 05 Effects of ice on propeller

LO Describe the effects of ice on a propeller. x x
081 07 02 00 Engine failure

081 07 02 01 Windmilling drag
LO List the effects of an inoperative engine on x x
the performance and controllability of an
aeroplane:
— thrust loss/drag increase;
— influence on yaw moment during
asymmetric power.
081 07 02 02 Feathering
LO Explain the reasons for feathering and the x x
effect on performance and controllability.
Influence on yaw moment during
asymmetric power.
081 07 03 00 Design features for power absorption

LO Describe the factors of propeller design x x
that increase power absorption.
081 07 03 01 Aspect ratio of blade

LO Define ‘blade-aspect ratio’. x x
081 07 03 02 Diameter of propeller

LO Explain the reasons for restricting x x
propeller diameter.
081 07 03 03 Number of blades

LO Define ‘solidity’. x x
Describe the advantages and
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disadvantages of increasing the number of
blades.
081 07 03 04 Propeller noise

LO Explain how propeller noise can be x x
minimised.
081 07 04 00 Secondary effects of propellers

081 07 04 01 Torque reaction
LO Describe the effects of engine/propeller x x
torque.
Describe the following methods for
counteracting engine/propeller torque:
— counter-rotating propellers;
— contra-rotating propellers.
081 07 04 02 Gyroscopic precession
LO Describe what causes gyroscopic x x
precession.
Describe the effect on the aeroplane due
to the gyroscopic effect.
081 07 04 03 Asymmetric slipstream effect

LO Describe the possible asymmetric effects x x
of the rotating propeller slipstream.
081 07 04 04 Asymmetric blade effect

LO Explain the asymmetric blade effect (also x x
called P factor).
Explain influence of direction of rotation
on critical engine on twin engine
aeroplanes.
081 08 00 00 FLIGHT MECHANICS

081 08 01 00 Forces acting on an aeroplane
081 08 01 01 Straight horizontal steady flight
LO Describe the forces acting on an aeroplane x x
in straight horizontal steady flight.
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List the four forces and state where they
act.
Explain how the four forces are balanced.
Describe the function of the tailplane.
081 08 01 02 Straight steady climb

LO Define ‘ flight-path angle’. x x
Describe the relationship between pitch

attitude, flight-path angle and angle of
attack for the zero-wind, zero-bank and
sideslip conditions.
Describe the forces acting on an aeroplane
in a straight steady climb.
Name the forces parallel and
perpendicular to the direction of flight.
— Apply the formula relating to the
parallel forces (T = D + W sin ).
perpendicular forces (L = W cos ).
Explain why thrust is greater than drag.
Explain why lift is less than weight.
Explain the formula (for small angles)
giving the relationship between flight-path
angle, thrust, weight and lift–drag ratio,
and use this formula for simple
calculations.
Explain how IAS, angle of attack and flight-
path angle change in a climb performed
with constant pitch attitude and normal
thrust decay with altitude.
081 08 01 03 Straight steady descent

in a straight steady descent.
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— Apply the formula parallel to the
direction of flight (T = D – W sin ).
perpendicular forces (L = W cos ).
Explain why lift is less than weight.
Explain why thrust is less than drag.
081 08 01 04 Straight steady glide

in a straight steady glide.
— Apply the formula for forces parallel
to the direction of flight (D = W sin
);
— Apply the formula for forces
perpendicular to the direction of
flight (L = W cos ).
Describe the relationship between the
glide angle and the lift–drag ratio.
Describe the relationship between angle of
attack and the best lift–drag ratio.
Explain the effect of wind component on
glide angle, duration and distance.
Explain the effect of mass change on glide
angle, duration and distance.
Explain the effect of configuration change
on glide angle, duration and distance.
Describe the relation between TAS and
sink rate including minimum glide angle
and minimum sink rate.
081 08 01 05 Steady coordinated turn

in a steady coordinated turn.
Resolve the forces acting horizontally and
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vertically during a coordinated turn
2
(tan  = V ).
gR
Describe the difference between a

coordinated and an uncoordinated turn
and explain how to correct an
uncoordinated turn using turn and slip
indicator.
Explain why the angle of bank is
independent of mass and only depends on
TAS and radius of turn.
Resolve the forces to show that for a given
angle of bank the radius of turn is
determined solely by airspeed
2
(tan  = V ).
gR
Calculate the turn radius, load factor and

the time for a complete turn for relevant
parameters given for a steady turn.
Discuss the effects of bank angle on:
— load factor;
— angle of attack;
— thrust;
— drag.
Define ‘angular velocity’.
Define ‘rate of turn’ and ‘rate-one turn’.
Explain the influence of TAS on rate of turn
at a given bank angle.
081 08 02 00 Asymmetric thrust
LO Describe the effects on the aeroplane x x
during flight with asymmetric thrust
including both jet engine and propeller-
driven aeroplanes.
Discuss critical engine, include effect of
crosswind when on the ground.
Explain effect of steady asymmetric flight
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on a conventional (ball) slip indicator.
081 08 02 01 Moments about the normal axis

LO Describe the moments about the normal x x
axis.
Explain the yawing moments about the
CG.
Describe the change to yawing moment
caused by power changes.
Describe the changes to yawing moment
caused by engine distance from CG.
Describe the methods to achieve balance.

081 08 02 03 Forces parallel to the lateral axis
LO Explain: x x
— the force on the vertical fin;
— the fuselage side force due to
sideslip;
— the use of bank angle to tilt the lift
vector.
Explain how bank angle and sideslip are
related in a steady asymmetric flight.
Explain why the bank angle must be
limited.
Explain the effect on fin angle of attack
due to sideslip.
081 08 02 04 Influence of aeroplane mass

LO Explain why controllability with one engine x x
inoperative is a typical problem
encountered at low aeroplane mass.

081 08 02 06 Secondary propeller effects
LO Describe propeller effects: x x
— slip stream;
— torque reaction;
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— asymmetric blade effect.
081 08 02 08 VMCA
LO Define ‘VMCA’. x x
Describe how VMCA is determined.
Explain the influence of the CG location.
081 08 02 09 VMCL
LO Define ‘VMCL’. x x
Describe how VMCL is determined.
081 08 02 10 VMCG
LO Define ‘VMCG’. x x
Describe how VMCG is determined.
081 08 02 11 Influence of density
LO Describe the influence of density. x x
Explain why VMCA, VMCL and VMCG reduce
with an increase in altitude and
temperature.
081 08 03 00 Particular points on a polar curve
LO Identify the particular points on a polar x x
curve and explain their significance,
assuming a parabolic approximation.
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N. SUBJECT 082 — PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT (HELICOPTER)
(1) VOCABULARY OF MECHANICS
Speed is a scalar quantity, it has only magnitude.
Velocity is a vector quantity having magnitude and direction.
The velocity (speed) of a point of the aerofoil in the rotation around its axis is the ‘linear’ or ‘tangential’
velocity (speed).
The rotational velocity (speed) of a body around an axis is an angular velocity (speed) expressed in
revolutions per minute (RPM), or degrees per second (deg/s), or radians per second (rad/s).
Density is the mass of the fluid per unit volume, in SI units kg/m 3.
(2) AERONAUTICAL DEFINITIONS
The blade is the aerofoil between a root radius and the tip radius (R) attached to the hub with hinges or flexible
elements.
The cross section of a blade perpendicular to the feathering axis, the blade section at a distance
(radius) from the hub centre shows the shape of the aerofoil.
Such section is characterised by a contour, a leading and trailing edge, a chord line, a chord, a camber
line, the maximum thickness or depth, the thickness-to-chord ratio.
The blade element is a spanwise piece of the blade. It is assumed that its radial extension is small such
that the aerodynamic forces don’t vary with radial distance. The aerodynamic forces on the blade
element produce lift, drag and a pitching moment.
The centre of pressure is defined as the point on the chord where the resultant of all aerodynamic
forces acts such that the pitching moment about this point is zero.
The planform of the blade is the shape of the blade as seen from above.
The pitch angle of a section is the angle between the chord line and a reference plane.
(The reference planes will be defined later in this text.)
The blade is without twist when the pitch angle is constant from root to tip.
The blade is twisted when the pitch angle of the sections varies as a function of the radial distance (the
chord lines are not parallel). If the pitch angle decreases towards the tip, this is called washout.
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The vector sum of the undisturbed upstream velocity and the thrust-induced velocity is the relative
velocity.
In the helicopter theory we use the following definitions for ‘angle of attack’, ‘lift’ and ‘drag’:
— The angle between the relative velocity and the chord line is the angle of attack  or AoA, called
effective angle of attack. The geometric angle of attack is the angle between the undisturbed
upstream velocity and the chord line.
— Lift is the component of the aerodynamic force on a blade element perpendicular to the relative
velocity.
— Profile drag is the component of the aerodynamic force on a blade element parallel to the
relative velocity.
Profile drag is produced by the pressure forces and by skin-friction forces that act on the surface of the
blade element.
The component of the drag force due to the pressure forces is the pressure or form drag.
The component of the drag due to the shear forces over the aerofoil is termed skin-friction drag.
The sum of the pressure drag and the skin-friction drag is the profile drag.
(3) HELICOPTER CHARACTERISTICS
Disc loading is by definition the mass M or weight W of the helicopter divided by the area of the disc.
(The disc area is R2, R being the blade-tip radius)
The disc loading is M/(R2) or W/(R2).
Blade loading is by definition the mass (weight) divided by the total planform area of the blades.
The area of a rectangular blade is given by chord times tip radius. For tapered blades, the mean
geometric chord is taken as an approximately equivalent chord.
Blade loading is defined as the mass or weight of the helicopter divided by the total area of all blades.
Rotor solidity is the ratio of the total blade area to the disc area.
(4) PLANES, AXES, REFERENCE SYSTEMS OF THE ROTOR
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— Shaft axis: the axis of the rotor shaft (mast).
— Hub plane: plane perpendicular to the shaft axis through the centre of the hub.
— Tip-path plane: the plane traced out by the blade tips. This plane is also the
no-flapping plane.
— Virtual rotation axis: axis through the centre of the hub and perpendicular to the tip-path plane.
Another name for this axis is no-flapping axis.
— Rotor-disc plane: another name for the tip-path plane.
— Rotor disc: the disc traced out by the blade tips in the tip-path plane.
— Plane of rotation: the plane parallel to the tip-path plane through the hub centre.
— No-feathering plane: is also called the control plane. This is the reference plane relative to which
the pitch of the rotating blade has no variation during a full rotation. The control plane is parallel
to the swash plate in the simple feathering mechanism (no flap-feathering coupling).
— Control axis or axis of no-feathering. Axis through the hub centre and perpendicular to the no-
feathering or control plane.
— The azimuthal angle of the blade is the angle in the rotor-disc plane counted in the rotation
sense from the direction opposite to the helicopter velocity.
(5) REFERENCE SYSTEMS (sometimes called frames of reference)
There are three different reference systems in which the movement of the blades can be studied or
observed:
— The tip-path plane with the virtual rotation axis: the observer in this system observes no
flapping, only cyclic feathering.
— The no-feathering plane (or control plane) with the control axis: the observer in this system
observes no feathering, only cyclic flapping.
— The hub plane and shaft axis: the observer in this system observes both cyclic flapping and cyclic
feathering.
(6) ANGLES OF THE BLADES, INDUCED VELOCITY
— Pitch angle of a blade section: the angle between the chord line of the section and the hub plane
(the reference plane), also called local pitch angle.
— Pitch angle of the blade: the pitch angle at 75 % of the tip radius.
— Flapping angle: the angle between the longitudinal axis of the blade and the hub plane.
— Coning angle: the angle between the longitudinal axis of the blade and the tip-path plane.
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— Advance angle: the azimuthal angle between the flapping axis and the point where the pitch link
is connected to the swash plate (not to be confused with the phase lag from pitch input to
flapping response).
The induced velocity is the velocity induced by the rotor thrust in the plane of the rotor disc (about 10 m/s for a
light helicopter in hover). The slipstream velocity continues to increase downstream of the rotor. In the hover
out-of-ground-effect (HOGE), the velocity in the ultimate wake is equal to two times the induced velocity.
Aerodynamic forces on the BLADES and the ROTOR.
The airflow around the blade element produces an aerodynamic force resolvable in two components:
lift and drag. Lift is perpendicular to the relative air velocity, and drag is parallel to the relative air
velocity.
The aerodynamic force may also be resolved into thrust perpendicular to the tip-path plane (or plane
of rotation) and drag parallel to the tip-path plane. This drag is the sum of the profile drag and the
induced drag.
Because the angle between the lift vector and the thrust vector is very small, the magnitudes of these
two vectors may be taken as equal.
The blade thrust is the sum of the thrusts of all blade elements along the blade radius.
The sum of the thrusts of all blades is the (total) rotor thrust acting perpendicular to the tip -path plane
in the direction of the virtual rotation axis.
The result of the induced drag forces on all the blade elements of all blades is a torque on the shaft
which — multiplied by the angular velocity of the rotor — gives the required induced power.
The result of all the profile drags is a torque on the shaft which — multiplied by the angular velocity of
the rotor — gives the required profile power.
(7) TYPES OF ROTOR HUBS
There are basically four types of rotor hubs in use:
1. Teetering rotor or seesaw rotor: The two blades are connected together; the hinge is on the shaft axis. A
variation is the gimballed hub; the blades and the hub are attached to the rotor shaft by means of a
gimbal or universal joint.
2. Fully articulated rotor: The rotor has more than two blades. Each blade has a flapping hinge, a lead-lag
hinge and a feathering bearing.
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3. Hingeless rotor: There are no flap and lead-lag hinges. They are replaced by flexible elements at the root
of the blades which allow flapping and lead-lag movements. The feathering bearing allows feathering of
the blade.
4. Bearingless rotor: There are no hinges or bearings. Flapping and lead or lag are obtained by flexing
flexible elements called elastomeric hinges and feathering is obtained by twisting the element.
Two remarks:
1. Hinge offset and equivalent hinge offset
The hinge offset is the distance between the shaft axis and the axis of the hinge. In the hingeless and
bearingless rotor, we define an equivalent hinge offset.
2. Elastomeric hinges
This bearing consists of alternate layers of elastomer and metal. The elasticity in the elastomer allows the
movements of flapping, lead-lag and feathering.
(8) DRAG AND POWERS
The induced power is the power resulting from the induced velocity in the rotor disc for the generation
of lift. For any given thrust, the induced power is minimum when the induced velocity is uniform over
the rotor disc. Such velocity distribution can be approximated by using some blade twist (a truly
uniform velocity cannot be obtained).
The rotor profile drag results from the component opposite to the blade velocities of all the profile
drags of the blade elements of all the blades.
The resulting power is the rotor profile power or the profile-drag power (sum of the powers to
overcome the torque).
The parasite drag is the drag on the helicopter fuselage including the drag of the rotor hub and all
external equipment such as wheels, winch, etc. The tail-rotor drag is also included in the parasite drag.
The power to overcome this drag is the parasite power.
In the level flight at constant speed, the main-rotor-induced power, the rotor profile power and the
parasite power are summed to give the total power required to drive the main rotor.
The tail-rotor-induced power and the tail-rotor profile power are summed to give the power required
to drive the tail rotor.
The power required to drive the auxiliary services, such as oil pumps and electrical generators, is the
accessory or ancillary power. The power to overcome the mechanical friction in the transmissions is
included in the accessory power.
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The total power required in level flight at constant speed is the sum of the total power for the main
rotor, the power for the tail rotor and the accessory power.
In the low-speed region, the required power in straight and level flight decreases as speed increases.
The phenomenon is called translational lift.
The term limited power means that the total power required to hover OGE is greater than the available
power.
(9) PHASE ANGLE IN FLAPPING MOVEMENT OF THE BLADE
The cyclic movement tilts the rotor disc in the direction of the intended helicopter velocity.
The flapping response is approximately 90° later than the applied cyclic pitch (somewhat less than 90° for
hingeless rotors).
The pitch mechanism consists of the swash plate and for each blade a pitch link attached to the swash plate and
a pitch horn attached to the blade.
(10) AXES THROUGH THE CENTRE OF THE HELICOPTER
Longitudinal axis or roll axis: Straight line through the centre of gravity of the helicopter from the nose
to the tail about which the helicopter can roll left or right.
Lateral axis, transverse axis or pitch axis: Straight line through the centre of gravity of the helicopter
about which the helicopter can pitch its nose up or down. (This axis is also perpendicular to the
reference plane of the aircraft.)
Normal axis or yaw axis: Straight line perpendicular to the plane defined by the longitudinal and lateral
axes and about which the helicopter can yaw.
Aircraft reference plane: The plane with respect to which a subset of the components that constitutes
the major part of the aircraft is symmetrically disposed in the port and starboard sense.

ATPL CPL ATPL ATPL CPL
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080 00 00 00 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
082 00 00 00 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT — HELICOPTER
082 01 00 00 SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS
082 01 01 00 Basic concepts, laws and definitions
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082 01 01 01 SI units and conversion of units
LO List the fundamental quantities and units x x x
in SI system: mass (kg), length (m), time
(s).
LO Show and apply tables of conversion of x x x
units of English units to SI units and vice
versa.
LO The units of the physical quantities should x x x
be mentioned when they are introduced.
082 01 01 02 Definitions and basic concepts about air
LO Describe air temperature and pressure as x x x
functions of height.
LO Use the table of the International Standard x x x
Atmosphere.
LO Define air density; explain the relationship x x x
between density, pressure and
temperature.
LO Explain the influence of moisture content x x x
on density.
LO Define pressure altitude and density x x x
altitude.
082 01 01 03 Newton’s laws

LO Describe Newton’s second law: force x x x
equals product of mass and acceleration.
LO Distinguish mass and weight, units. x x x
LO Describe the other form of the second law, x x x
applicable to thrust.
LO Describe Newton’s third law: action and x x x
reaction, force and torque.
082 01 01 04 Basic concepts of airflow
LO Describe steady and unsteady airflow. x x x
LO Define ‘streamline’ and ‘stream tube’. x x x
LO Equation of continuity or mass x x x
conservation.
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LO Mass-flow rate through a stream-tube x x x
section.
LO Describe the relation between the external x x x
force on a stream tube and the
momentum variation of the airflow.
LO State the Bernoulli’s equation in a non- x x x
viscous airflow, use this equation to
explain and define static pressure,
dynamic pressure and total pressure.
LO Define the stagnation point in a flow x x x
around an aerofoil and explain the
pressure obtained in the stagnation point.
LO Describe the pitot system and explain the x x x
measurement of airspeed (no
compressibility effects).
LO Define TAS, IAS, CAS. x x x
LO Define a two-dimensional airflow and an x x x
aerofoil of infinite span. Explain the
difference between a two-dimensional and
a three-dimensional airflow.
LO Explain that viscosity is a feature of a fluid x x x
(gas or liquid).
LO Describe the airflow over a flat surface x x x
and explain the tangential friction
between air and surface and the
development of a boundary layer.
LO Define a laminar boundary layer, a x x x
turbulent boundary layer and the
transition from laminar to turbulent. Show
the influence of the roughness of the
surface on the position of the transition
point.
082 01 02 00 Two-dimensional airflow
082 01 02 01 Aerofoil section geometry
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LO Define the terms ‘aerofoil section’, x x x
‘aerofoil element’, ‘chord line’, ‘chord’,
‘thickness’, ‘thickness-to-chord ratio of
section’, ‘camber line’, ‘camber’, ‘leading-
edge radius’.
LO Describe different aerofoil sections, x x x
symmetrical and asymmetrical.
082 01 02 02 Aerodynamic forces on aerofoil elements
LO Define the ‘angle of attack’. x x x
LO Describe the pressure distribution on the x x x
upper and lower surface.
LO Describe the boundary layers on the upper x x x
and lower surfaces for small angles of
attack (below the onset of stall).
LO Describe the resultant force due to the x x x
pressure distribution and the friction at
the element, the boundary layers and the
velocities in the wake, the loss of
momentum due to friction forces.
LO Resolve the aerodynamic force into the x x x
components lift and drag.
LO Define the lift coefficient and the drag x x x
coefficient, equations.
LO Show that the lift coefficient is a function x x x
of the angle of attack, draw the graph.
LO Explain how drag is caused by pressure x x x
forces on the surfaces and by friction
forces in the boundary layers. Define the
term ‘profile drag’.
LO Draw the graph of lift (or of the lift x x x
coefficient) as a function of drag or of the
drag coefficient and define the lift–drag
ratio.
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LO Use the equations of lift and drag to show x x x
the influence of speed and density on lift
and drag for a given angle of attack and to
calculate lift and drag.
LO Define the action line of the aerodynamic x x x
force, the centre of pressure, the pitching
moment.
LO Know that the pitching moment about the x x x
centre of pressure is zero by definition.
LO Know that symmetrical aerofoils have the x x x
centre of pressure a quarter chord behind
the leading edge independently of the
angle of attack as long as the angle of
attack remains smaller than the angle of
stall.
LO Taking an asymmetrical aerofoil section x x x
with different cambers, know the position
of the centre of pressure, the influence of
the angle of attack on the centre of
pressure and the pitching moment about a
line which is a quarter chord behind the
leading edge.
082 01 02 03 Stall
LO Explain the boundary layer separation x x x
when the angle of attack increases beyond
stall onset and the decrease of lift and the
increase of drag. Define the ‘separation
point and line’.
LO Draw a graph of lift and drag coefficient as x x x
a function of the angle of attack before
and beyond the stall onset.
LO Describe how the stall phenomenon x x x
displaces the centre of pressure and how
pitching moments appear about the line at
quarter chord behind the leading edge.
082 01 02 04 Disturbances due to profile
contamination
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LO Explain ice contamination, the x x x
modification of the section profile and the
surfaces due to ice and snow, influence on
lift and drag and L–D ratio, on the angle of
attack at stall onset, effect of the weight
increase.
LO Explain the erosion effect of heavy rain on x x x
the wing and subsequent increase of
profile drag.
082 01 03 00 Three-dimensional airflow around a blade
(wing) and a fuselage
082 01 03 01 The blade
LO Describe different planforms of blades, x x x
and describe untwisted and twisted
blades.
LO Define the root chord and the tip chord, x x x
the mean chord, the aspect ratio and the
blade twist.
082 01 03 02 Airflow pattern and influence on lift

LO Explain the spanwise flow in the case of a x x x
blade and the appearance of the tip
vortices which are a loss of energy.
LO Show that the strength of the vortices x x x
increases as the angle of attack and the lift
increase.
LO Show that downwash causes vortices. x x x
LO Define the effective air velocity as the x x x
resultant of the undisturbed air velocity
and the induced velocity and define the
effective angle of attack.
LO Explain the spanwise lift distribution and x x x
how it can be modified by twist.
082 01 03 03 Induced drag
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LO Explain the thrust-induced drag, the x x x
influence of the angle of attack and of the
aspect ratio.
082 01 03 04 The airflow around a fuselage
LO Describe the aircraft fuselage and the x x x
external components which cause drag,
the airflow around the fuselage, influence
of the pitch angle of the fuselage.
LO Define parasite drag as the sum of x x x
pressure drag and friction drag.
LO Define ‘interference drag’. x x x
LO Describe fuselage shapes that minimise x x x
drag.
LO Know the formula of the parasite drag and x x x
explain the influence of the speed.
082 02 00 00 TRANSONIC AERODYNAMICS AND
COMPRESSIBILITY EFFECTS
082 02 01 00 Airflow speeds and velocities
082 02 01 01 Speeds and Mach number
LO Define the speed of sound in air. x x x
LO State that the speed of sound is x x x
proportional to the square root of the
absolute temperature (unit Kelvin).
LO Explain the variation of speed of sound x x x
with altitude.
LO Define Mach number. x x x
LO Explain the meaning of incompressibility x x x
and compressibility of air; relate this to
the value of Mach number.
LO Define subsonic, high subsonic and x x x
supersonic flows in relation to the value of
the Mach number.
082 02 01 02 Shock waves
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LO Describe a shock wave in a supersonic flow x x x
and the pressure and speed changes by
the shock.
LO Describe the appearance of local x x x
supersonic flows at the upper surface of a
blade section and the compression by a
shock when the section is in an upstream
high subsonic flow.
LO Describe the effect of the shock on lift, x x x
drag, the pitching moment and the CL–CD
ratio, drag divergence Mach number.
082 02 01 03 Influence of aerofoil section and blade
planform
LO Explain the different shapes which allow x x x
higher upstream Mach numbers without
generating a shock wave on the upper
surface:
— reducing the section thickness-to-
chord ratio;
— special aerofoil sections as
supercritical shapes;
— a planform with sweep angle,
positive and negative.
082 03 00 00 ROTORCRAFT TYPES
082 03 01 00 Rotorcraft
082 03 01 01 Rotorcraft types
LO Define the ‘autogyro’ and the ‘helicopter’. x x x
LO Explain the rolling moment on an autogyro x x x
with fixed blades, the necessity to use
flapping hinges and the ensuing reduction
of the moment arm, the flapback of the
blades.
082 03 02 00 Helicopters
082 03 02 01 Helicopter configurations
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LO Describe the single main rotor helicopter x x x
and the other configurations: tandem,
coaxial, side by side, synchrocopter
(intermeshing blades), the compound
helicopter, tilt-wing and tilt-rotor.
082 03 02 02 The helicopter, characteristics and
associated terminology
LO Describe the general layout of a single x x x
main rotor helicopter, fuselage, engine or
engines, main gearbox, main rotor shaft
and rotor hub.
LO Mention the tail rotor at the aft of the x x x
fuselage, the fenestron and the NOTOR
(No Tail Rotor).
LO Define the rotor disc area and the blade x x x
area, the blades turning in the hubplane.
LO Describe the teetering rotor with the x x x
hinge axis on the shaft axis and the rotor
with more than two blades with offset
hinge axes.
LO Define the fuselage centre line and the x x x
three axes: roll, pitch and normal.
LO Define the gross weight and the gross x x x
mass (units), the disc and blade loading.
082 04 00 00 MAIN-ROTOR AERODYNAMICS
082 04 01 00 Hover flight Outside Ground Effect (OGE)
082 04 01 01 Airflow through the rotor disc and around
the blades
LO Define the circumferential (tangential) x x x
velocity of the blade sections, which
equals the angular velocity of the rotor
multiplied by the radius of the section.
LO Keep the blade fixed and define the x x x
undisturbed upstream air velocity relative
to the blade.
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LO Based on Newton’s second law x x x
(momentum), explain that the vertical
force on the disc, the rotor thrust,
produces vertical downward velocities in
the rotor-disc plane. The values of these
thrust-induced velocities increase as the
thrust increases and decrease with
increasing rotor diameter. Know that the
velocities some distance downstream are
twice the value of the induced speed in
the disc plane.
LO Explain why the production of the induced x x x
flow requires a power on the shaft, the
induced power. The induced power is
smallest if the induced velocities have the
same value on the whole disc (flow
uniformity over the disc).
LO Describe uniform and typical non-uniform x x x
velocities through the rotor disc.
LO Explain why the vertical rotor thrust must x x x
be somewhat higher than the weight
because of the vertical drag on the
fuselage.
LO Describe the vertical air velocities relative x x x
to the rotor disc as the sum of the
upstream air velocities and the induced
velocities.
LO Define the pitch angle and the angle of x x x
attack of a blade element.
LO Explain lift and the profile drag of a blade x x x
element.
LO Explain the resulting lift and the thrust on x x x
the blade, define the resulting rotor
thrust.
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LO Explain the necessity of collective pitch x x x
angle changes, the influence on the angles
of attack and on the rotor thrust and the
necessity of blade feathering.
LO Explain the blade twist necessary to obtain x x x
a more even induced airspeed over the
disc.
LO Describe the different blade shapes (as x x x
viewed from above).
LO Explain how the profile drag on the blade x x x
elements generates a torque on the main
shaft and define the resulting rotor profile
power.
LO Explain the influence of air density on the x x x
required powers.
LO Show the effect on the airflow over the x x x
blade tips.
082 04 01 02 Anti-torque force and tail rotor
LO Based on Newton’s third law, explain the x x x
need of a tail-rotor thrust, the required
value being proportional to the main-rotor
torque. Show that the tail-rotor power is
proportional to the tail-rotor thrust.
LO Explain the necessity of blade feathering x x x
of the tail-rotor blades and the control by
the yaw pedals, the maximum and
minimum values of the pitch angles of the
blades.
082 04 01 03 Total power required and hover altitude
Outside Ground Effect (OGE)
LO Define the ancillary equipment and its x x x
power requirement.
LO Define the total power required. x x x
LO Describe the influence of ambient x x x
pressure, temperature and moisture on
the required power.
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082 04 02 00 Vertical climb
082 04 02 01 Relative airflow and angles of attack
LO Describe the climb speed and the opposite x x x
vertical air velocity relative to the rotor
disk.
LO Explain the relative air velocities and the x x x
angle of attack of the blade elements.
LO Explain how the angle of attack is x x x
controlled by the collective pitch angle
control.
082 04 02 02 Power and vertical speed
LO Define the total main-rotor power as the x x x
sum of the parasite power, the induced
power, the climb power and the rotor
profile power.
LO Explain why the total main-rotor power x x x
increases when the rate of climb
increases.
LO Define the total required power in vertical x x x
flight.
082 04 03 00 Forward flight
082 04 03 01 Airflow and forces in uniform inflow
distribution
LO Explain the assumption of a uniform x x x
inflow distribution on the rotor disc.
LO Define the azimuth angle of a blade, the x x x
advancing blade angular range centred at
90°, and the retreating blade range
centred at 270°.
LO Show the upstream air velocities relative x x x
to the blade elements and the different
effects on the advancing and retreating
blade. Define the area of reverse flow.
Explain the influence of forward speed on
the tip circumferential speed.
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LO Assuming constant pitch angles and rigid x x x
blade attachments, explain the huge roll
moment by the asymmetric lift
distribution.
LO Show that through cyclic feathering this x x x
imbalance could be eliminated by a low
angle of attack (accomplished by a low-
pitch angle) on the advancing blade and a
high angle of attack (accomplished by a
high-pitch angle) on the retreating blade.
LO Describe the high air velocity at the x x x
advancing blade tip and the
compressibility effects which limit the
maximum speed of the helicopter.
LO Describe the low air velocities on the x x x
retreating blade tip resulting from the
circumferential speed and the forward
speed, the necessity of high angle of
attack and the onset of stall.
LO Define the tip–speed ratio and show the x x x
limits.
LO Explain the rotor thrust perpendicular to x x x
the rotor disc and the necessity to tilt the
thrust vector forward. (Realisation will be
explained in 082 05 00 00)
LO Explain the equilibrium conditions in x x x
steady straight and level flight.
082 04 03 02 The flare (powered flight)

LO Explain the flare in powered flight, the x x x
rearward tilt of the rotor disc and of the
thrust vector. Show the horizontal thrust
component opposite to the speed.
LO State the increase of the thrust due to the x x x
upward inflow, and show the
modifications of the angles of attack.
LO Explain the increase of rotor RPM in the x x x
case of a non-governed rotor.
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LO Explain the actions to be taken by the x x x
pilot.
082 04 03 03 Non-uniform inflow distribution in
relation to inflow roll
LO Explain why the uniform inflow x x x
distribution is an assumption to simplify
the theory and describe the real inflow
distribution which modifies the angle of
attack and the lift especially on the
forward and backward blades.
082 04 03 04 Power and maximum speed
LO Explain that the induced velocities and x x x
induced power decrease as the helicopter
speed increases.
LO Define the profile drag and the profile x x x
power and their increase with helicopter
speed.
LO Define the fuselage drag and the parasite x x x
power and the increase with helicopter
speed.
LO Define the total drag and the increase with x x x
helicopter speed.
LO Describe the tail-rotor power and the x x x
power required by the ancillary
equipment.
LO Define the total power requirement as a x x x
sum of the partial powers and explain how
this total power varies with helicopter
speed.
LO Explain the influence of the helicopter x x x
mass, the air density and additional
external equipment on the partial powers
and the total power required.
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LO Describe the translational lift and show x x x
the decrease of required total power as
the helicopter speed increases in the low-
speed region.
Hover and forward flight In Ground Effect
082 04 04 00
(IGE)
082 04 04 01 Airflow in ground effect, downwash
LO Explain how the vicinity of the ground x x x
changes the downward flow pattern and
the consequences on lift (thrust) at
constant rotor power. Show that the
ground effect depends on the height of
the rotor above the ground and the rotor
diameter. Show the required rotor power
at constant AUM as a function of height
above the ground. Describe the influence
of the forward speed.
082 04 05 00 Vertical descent

082 04 05 01 Vertical descent, power on
LO Describe the airflow to the rotor disc in a x x x
trouble-free vertical descent, power on,
the airflow opposite to the helicopter
velocity, the relative air velocity and the
angle of attack.
LO Explain the vortex-ring state, the settling x x x
with power. State the approximate values
of vertical descent speeds for the
formation of vortex ring related to the
values of the induced velocities.
LO Describe the airflow relative to the blades, x x x
the root stall, the loss of lift on the blade
tip, the turbulence. Show the effect of
raising the lever and discuss the effects on
the controls.
082 04 05 02 Autorotation
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LO State the need for early recognition of x x x
malfunctions and for a quick initiation of
recovery. Describe the recovery actions.
LO Explain that the collective lever position x x x
must be lowered sufficient quickly to
avoid a rapid decay of rotor RPM, explain
the influence of the rotational inertia of
the rotor on the rate of decay.
LO Show the induced flow through the rotor x x x
disc, the rotational velocity and the
relative airflow, the inflow and inflow
angles.
LO Show how the aerodynamic forces on the x x x
blade elements vary from root to tip and
distinguish three zones: the inner stalled
ring (stall region), the middle autorotation
ring (driving region), and the outer anti-
autorotation ring (driven region). Explain
the RPM stability at a given collective
pitch.
LO Explain the control of the rotor RPM with x x x
collective pitch.
LO Show the need of negative tail-rotor thrust x x x
for yaw control.
LO Explain the final increase in rotor thrust by x x x
pulling the collective to decrease the
vertical descent speed and the decay in
rotor RPM.
082 04 06 00 Forward flight — Autorotation
082 04 06 01 Airflow at the rotor disc
LO Explain the factors affecting inflow angle x x x
and angle of attack, the autorotative
power distribution and the asymmetry
over the rotor disc in forward flight.
082 04 06 02 Flight and landing
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LO Show the effect of forward speed on the x x x
vertical descent speed.
LO Explain the effects of gross weight, rotor x x x
RPM and altitude (density) on endurance
and range.
LO Explain the manoeuvers of turning and x x x
touchdown.
LO Explain the height–velocity avoidance x x x
graph or dead man’s curves.
082 05 00 00 MAIN-ROTOR MECHANICS
082 05 01 00 Flapping of the blade in hover
082 05 01 01 Forces and stresses on the blade
LO Show how the centrifugal forces depend x x x
on rotor RPM and blade mass and how
they pull on the blade attachment to the
hub. Apply the formula to an example.
Justify the upper limit of the rotor RPM.
LO Assume a rigid attachment and show how x x x
thrust may cause huge oscillating bending
moments which stress the attachment.
LO Explain why flapping hinges do not x x x
transfer such moments. Show the small
flapping hinge offset on fully articulated
rotors and zero offset in the case of
teetering rotors.
LO Describe the working principle of the x x x
flexible element in the hingeless rotor and
describe the equivalent flapping hinge
offset compared to that of the articulated
rotor.
082 05 01 02 Centrifugal turning moment
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LO Describe the centrifugal forces on the x x x
mass elements of a blade with pitch
applied and the components of these
forces. Show how these forces generate a
moment which tries to reduce the blade-
pitch angle.
LO Explain the methods of counteracting by x x x
hydraulics, bias springs and balance
masses.
082 05 01 03 Coning angle in hover
LO Show how the equilibrium of the moments x x x
about the flapping hinge of lift (thrust) and
of the centrifugal force determine the
coning angle of the blade (the blade
weight being negligible).
LO Define the tip-path plane and the coning x x x
angle.
LO Explain the influence of rotor RPM and lift x x x
on the coning angle, justify the lower limit
of the rotor RPM, relate the lift on one
blade to the gross weight.
LO Explain the effect of the mass of the blade x x x
on the tip path and the tracking.
082 05 02 00 Flapping angles of the blade in forward
flight
082 05 02 01 Forces on the blade in forward flight
without cyclic feathering
LO Assume rigid attachments of the blade to x x x
the hub and show the periodic lift,
moment and stresses on the attachment,
the ensuing metal fatigue, the roll
moment on the helicopter and justify the
necessity for flapping hinge.
LO Assume no cyclic pitch and describe the x x x
lift on the advancing and the retreating
blades.
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LO State the azimuthal phase lag (90° or less) x x x
between the input (applied pitch) and the
output (flapping angle). Explain the rotor
flapback (the rearward tilting of the tip-
path plane and the rotor thrust).
082 05 02 02 Cyclic pitch (feathering) in helicopter
mode, forward flight
LO Show that in order to assume and x x x
maintain forward flight, the rotor-thrust
vector must get a forward component by
tilting the tip-path plane.
LO Show how the applied cyclic pitch modifies x x x
the lift on the advancing and retreating
blades and produces the required forward
tilting of the tip-path plane and the rotor
thrust.
LO Show the cone described by the blades x x x
and define the virtual axis of rotation (or
the no flapping axis). Define the plane of
rotation.
LO Define the reference system in which we x x x
define the movements: the shaft axis and
the hub plane.
LO Describe the swash plates, the pitch link x x x
and the pitch horn. Explain how the
collective lever moves the non-rotating
swash plate up or down alongside the
shaft axis.
LO Describe the mechanism by which the x x x
desired cyclic blade pitch can be produced
by tilting the swash plate with the cyclic
stick.
LO Define the no-feathering or control plane x x x
(control orbit) and the no-feathering axis
or control axis.
LO Explain the translational lift effect when x x x
the speed increases.
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LO Justify the increase of the tilt angle of the x x x
thrust vector and of the tip-path plane disc
in order to increase the speed.
082 05 03 00 Blade-lag motion in forward flight
082 05 03 01 Forces on the blade in the disc plane (tip-
path plane) in forward flight
LO Explain the Coriolis force due to flapping, x x x
the resulting periodic moments in the hub
plane and the resulting periodic stresses
which make lead-lag hinges necessary to
avoid material fatigue.
LO Describe the profile-drag forces on the x x x
blade elements and the periodic variation
of these forces.
082 05 03 02 The drag or lag hinge
LO Describe the drag hinge of the fully x x x
articulated rotor and the lag flexure in the
hingeless rotor.
LO Explain the necessity for drag dampers. x x x
082 05 03 03 Ground resonance
LO Explain the movement of the centre of x x x
gravity of the blades due to the lead-lag
movements in the multiblade rotor.
LO Show the effect on the fuselage and the x x x
danger of resonance between this force
and the fuselage and undercarriage. State
the conditions likely to lead to ground
resonance.
082 05 04 00 Rotor systems
082 05 04 01 See-saw or teetering rotor
LO Explain that a teetering rotor is prone to x x x
mast bumping in low G situations because
of having no flapping hinge offset.
082 05 04 02 Fully articulated rotor
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LO Describe the fully articulated rotor with x x x
hinges and feathering bearings.
LO Describe ball and roller bearings and x x x
elastomeric bearings, advantages and
disadvantages.
082 05 04 03 Hingeless rotor, bearingless rotor
LO Show the forces on the flapping hinges x x x
with large offset (virtual hinge) and the
resulting moments, compare them with
other rotor systems.
082 05 05 00 Blade sailing
082 05 05 01 Blade sailing and causes
LO Define blade sailing, the influence of low x x x
rotor RPM and of headwind.
082 05 05 02 Minimising the danger
LO Describe the actions to minimise danger x x x
and the demonstrated wind envelope for
engaging and disengaging rotors.
082 05 05 03 Droop stops
LO Explain the utility of the droop stops, x x x
retraction of the stops.
082 05 06 00 Vibrations due to main rotor
082 05 06 01 Origins of the vertical vibrations
LO Explain the lift (thrust) variations per x x x
revolution of a blade and the resulting
vertical rotor-thrust variation in the case
of perfect identical blades.
LO Show the resulting frequencies and x x x
amplitudes as a function of the number of
blades.
LO Explain the thrust variation in case of an x x x
out-of-track blade, causes, frequencies
(one-per-revolution).
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LO Explain the importance of the hinges x x x
offset on the effect of the vibrations on
the fuselage.
082 05 06 02 Lateral vibrations
LO Explain imbalances of a blade, causes, and x x x
effects.
LO Explain the frequencies lateral one-per- x x x
revolution vibration.
082 06 00 00 TAIL ROTORS
082 06 01 00 Conventional tail rotor
082 06 01 01 Tail rotor description
LO Describe the two-bladed rotor with x x x
teetering hinge, the rotors with more than
two blades.
LO Show the flapping hinges and the x x x
feathering bearing.
LO Describe the dangers to ground personnel, x x x
to the rotor blades, possibilities of
minimising these dangers.
082 06 01 02 Tail-rotor aerodynamics
LO Explain the airflow around the blades in x x x
hover and in forward flight, the effects of
the tip speeds on the noise production
and the compressibility, limits.
LO Explain in hovering the effect of wind on x x x
the tail-rotor aerodynamics and thrust,
problems.
LO Explain the tail-rotor thrust and the x x x
control through pitch control (feathering).
LO Explain the tail-rotor flapback, and the x x x
effects of delta-three hinges.
LO Describe roll moment and drift as side x x x
effects of the tail rotor.
LO Explain the effects of the tail-rotor failure. x x x
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LO Explain the loss of tail-rotor effectiveness, x x x
vortex-ring state, causes, crosswind and
yaw speed.
082 06 01 03 Strakes on the tail boom
LO Describe the strake and explain the x x x
function of the device.
082 06 02 00 The fenestron
082 06 02 01 Technical layout
LO Show the technical layout of a fenestron x x x
tail rotor.
082 06 02 02 Control concepts
LO Explain the control concepts of a x x x
fenestron tail rotor.
LO Explain the advantages and disadvantages. x x x
082 06 03 00 The NOTAR
082 06 03 01 Technical layout
LO Show the technical layout. x x x
082 06 03 02 Control concepts
LO Explain the control concepts. x x x
LO Explain the advantages and disadvantages. x x x
082 06 04 00 Vibrations
082 06 04 01 Tail-rotor vibrations
LO Explain the sources of vibration of the tail x x x
rotor and the resulting high frequencies.
082 06 04 02 Balancing and tracking
LO Explain balancing and tracking of the tail x x x
rotor.
082 07 00 00 EQUILIBRIUM, STABILITY AND CONTROL
082 07 01 00 Equilibrium and helicopter attitudes
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082 07 01 01 Hover
LO Explain why the vector sum of forces and x x x
moments must be zero in any
acceleration-free situation.
LO Indicate the forces and the moments x x x
about the lateral axis in a steady hover.
about the longitudinal axis in a steady
hover.
LO Deduce how the roll angle in a steady x x x
hover without wind results from the
moments about the longitudinal axis.
LO Explain how the cyclic is used to create x x x
equilibrium of moments about the lateral
axis in a steady hover.
LO Explain the consequence of the cyclic stick x x x
reaching its forward or aft limit during an
attempt to take off to the hover.
LO Explain the influence of the density x x x
altitude on the equilibrium of forces and
moments in a steady hover.
LO Explain why the vector sum of forces and x x x
of moments must be zero in unaccelerated
flight.
about the lateral axis acting on a
helicopter in a steady straight and level
flight.
LO Explain the influence of All-Up Mass x x x
(AUM) on the forces and moments about
the lateral axis in forward flight.
LO Explain the influence of the position of the x x x
centre of gravity on the forces and
moments about the lateral axis in forward
flight.
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LO Explain the role of the cyclic stick position x x x
in creating equilibrium of forces and
moments about the lateral axis in forward
flight.
LO Explain how forward speed influences the x x x
fuselage attitude.
LO Describe and explain the inflow roll effect. x x x
082 07 02 00 Stability
082 07 02 01 Static longitudinal, roll and directional
stability
LO Define static stability; give an example of x x x
static stability and of static instability.
LO Explain the contribution of the main rotor x x x
to speed stability.
LO Describe the influence of the horizontal x x x
stabiliser on static longitudinal stability.
LO Explain the effect of hinge offset on static x x x
stability.
LO Describe the influence of the tail rotor on x x x
static directional stability.
LO Describe the influence of the vertical x x x
stabiliser on static directional stability.
LO Explain the influence of the main rotor on x x x
the static roll stability.
LO Describe the influence of the longitudinal x x x
position of the centre of gravity on the
static longitudinal stability.
082 07 02 02 Static stability in the hover
LO Describe the initial movements of a x x x
hovering helicopter after the occurrence
of a horizontal gust.
082 07 02 03 Dynamic stability
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LO Define dynamic stability; give an example x x x
of dynamic stability and of dynamic
instability.
LO Explain why static stability is a x x x
precondition for dynamic stability.
082 07 02 04 Longitudinal stability
LO Explain the individual contributions of x x x
angle of attack and speed stability
together with the stabiliser and fuselage
on the dynamic longitudinal stability.
LO Explain the principle of stability- x x x
augmentation systems.
LO Define the characteristics of a phugoid. x x x
082 07 02 05 Roll stability and directional stability

LO Explain the effect of a dihedral on a x x x
helicopter.
LO Describe how a dihedral influences the x x x
static roll stability.
LO Know that a large static roll stability x x x
together with a small directional stability
may lead to a Dutch roll.
LO Explain which stability features taken x x x
together may result in spiral dive and the
reason why.
LO Explain the static directional stability x x x
features of a tandem rotor type
helicopter.
082 07 03 00 Control
082 07 03 01 Manoeuver stability
LO Define the meaning of stick-force stability. x x x
LO Define the meaning of stick-position x x x
stability.
LO Explain the meaning of the stick-force x x x
diagram and trim speed.
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LO Explain the meaning of stick force per G. x x x
LO Explain how a bob weight influences stick x x x
force per G.
LO Explain how helicopter control can be x x x
limited because of available stick travel.
LO Explain how the position of the centre of x x x
gravity influences the remaining stick
travel.
082 07 03 02 Control power
LO Explain the meaning of the control x x x
moment.
LO Explain the importance of the centre of x x x
gravity position on the control moment.
LO Explain how the changes of magnitude of x x x
rotor thrust of a helicopter during
manoeuvres influence the control
moment.
LO Explain which control moment provides x x x
control for a helicopter rotor with zero-
hinge offset (central flapping hinge).
LO Explain the different type of rotor control x x x
moments which together provide the
control of helicopters with a hingeless or a
fully articulated rotor system.
LO Explain the influence of hinge offset on x x x
controllability.
082 07 03 03 Static and dynamic rollover
LO Explain the mechanism which causes x x x
dynamic rollover.
LO Explain the required pilot action when x x x
dynamic rollover is starting to develop.
082 08 00 00 HELICOPTER FLIGHT MECHANICS

082 08 01 00 Flight limits
082 08 01 01 Hover and vertical flight
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LO Show the power required OGE and IGE x x x
and the power available, the OGE and IGE
maximum hover height (see subject 020,
piston engines and turbine engines).
LO Explain the effects of All-Up Mass (AUM), x x x
ambient temperature and pressure,
density altitude and moisture.
LO Discuss the rate of climb in a vertical flight. x x x
LO Compare the power required and the x x x
power available as a function of speed in
straight and level flight.
LO Define the maximum speed limited by x x x
power and the value relative to VNE and
VNO.
LO Use the graph to determine the speeds of x x x
maximum rate of climb and the maximum
angle of climb.
LO Use the graph to define the TAS for x x x
maximum range and maximum
endurance, consider the case of the piston
engine and the turbine engine. Explain the
effects of tailwind or headwind on the
speed for maximum range.
LO Explain the effects of AUM, pressure and x x x
temperature, density altitude, humidity.
082 08 01 03 Manoeuvring
LO Define the load factor, the radius of turn x x x
and the rate of turn.
LO Explain the relationship between the bank x x x
angle, the airspeed and the radius of turn,
between the bank angle and the load
factor.
LO Explain the influence of All-Up Mass x x x
(AUM), pressure and temperature, density
altitude, humidity.
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LO Define the limit-load factors and the x x x
certification categories.
082 08 02 00 Special conditions

082 08 02 01 Operating with limited power
LO Explain the operations with limited power, x x x
use the graph to show the limitations on
vertical flight and level flight, discuss the
power checks and procedures for take-off
and landing.
LO Describe manoeuvres with limited power. x x x
082 08 02 02 Overpitch, overtorque
LO Describe overpitching and show the x x x
consequences.
LO Describe situations likely to lead to x x x
overpitching.
LO Describe overtorqueing and show the x x x
consequences.
LO Describe situations likely to lead to x x x
overtorqueing.
Page 538 of 551

O. SUBJECT 091 — VFR COMMINICATIONS
O. SUBJECT 091 — VFR COMMUNICATIONS

IR
090 00 00 00 COMMUNICATIONS
091 00 00 00 VFR COMMUNICATIONS

091 01 00 00 DEFINITIONS
091 01 01 00 Meanings and significance of associated
terms
LO Stations. x x x x x
LO Communication methods. x x x x x
091 01 02 00 Air Traffic Services abbreviations
LO Define commonly used Air Traffic Control x x x x x
abbreviations:
— flight conditions;
— airspace;
— services;
— time;
— miscellaneous.
091 01 03 00 Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air–
ground communications
LO Define Q-code groups commonly used in x x x x x
RTF air-to-ground communications:
— pressure settings;
— directions and bearings.
LO State the procedure for obtaining bearing x x x x x
information in flight.
091 01 04 00 Categories of messages
LO List the categories of messages in order of x x x x x
priority.
LO Identify the types of messages appropriate x x x x x
to each category.
LO List the priority of a message (from given x x x x x
examples of messages to compare).
091 02 00 00 GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES
091 02 01 00 Transmission of letters
LO State the phonetic alphabet used in radio- x x x x x
telephony.
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IR
LO Identify the occasions when words should x x x x x
be spelt.
091 02 02 00 Transmission of numbers (including level
information)
LO Describe the method of transmission of x x x x x
numbers:
— pronunciation;
— single digits, whole hundreds and
whole thousands.
091 02 03 00 Transmission of time
LO Describe the ways of transmitting time: x x x x x
— standard time reference (UTC);
— minutes, minutes and hours, when
required.
091 02 04 00 Transmission technique
LO Explain the techniques used for making x x x x x
good R/T transmissions.
091 02 05 00 Standard words and phrases (relevant
RTF phraseology included)
LO Define the meaning of ‘standard words x x x x x
and phrases’.
LO Use correct phraseology for each phase of x x x x x
VFR flight.
LO Aerodrome procedures: x x x x x
— departure information;
— taxiing instructions;
— aerodrome traffic and circuits;
— final approach and landing;
— after landing;
— essential aerodrome information.
LO VFR departure. x x x x x
LO VFR arrival. x x x x x
091 02 06 00 Radio-telephony call signs for
aeronautical stations including use of
abbreviated call signs
LO Name the two parts of the call sign of an x x x x x
aeronautical station.
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IR
LO Identify the call-sign suffixes for x x x x x
aeronautical stations.
LO Explain when the call sign may be omitted x x x x x
or abbreviated to the use of suffix only.
091 02 07 00 Radio-telephony call signs for aircraft
including use of abbreviated call signs
LO List the three different ways to compose x x x x x
an aircraft call sign.
LO Describe the abbreviated forms for aircraft x x x x x
call signs.
LO Explain when aircraft call signs may be x x x x x
abbreviated.
091 02 08 00 Transfer of communication
LO Describe the procedure for transfer of x x x x x
communication:
— by ground station;
— by aircraft.
091 02 09 00 Test procedures including readability
scale
LO Explain how to test radio transmission and x x x x x
reception.
LO State the readability scale and explain its x x x x x
meaning.
091 02 10 00 Read-back and acknowledgement
requirements
LO State the requirement to read back ATC x x x x x
route clearances.
LO State the requirement to read back x x x x x
clearances related to the runway in use.
LO State the requirement to read back other x x x x x
clearances including conditional
clearances.
LO State the requirement to read back other x x x x x
data such as runway, SSR codes, etc.
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IR
091 02 11 00 Radar procedural phraseology
LO Use the correct phraseology for an aircraft x x x x x
receiving a radar service:
— radar identification;
— radar vectoring;
— traffic information and avoidance;
— SSR procedures.
091 03 00 00 RELEVANT WEATHER INFORMATION
TERMS (VFR)
091 03 01 00 Aerodrome weather
LO List the contents of aerodrome weather x x x x x
reports and state units of measurement
used for each item:
— variation of wind direction and
speed;
— visibility;
— present weather;
— cloud amount and type (including
the meaning of CAVOK);
— air temperature and dew point;
— pressure values (QNH, QFE);
(aerodrome warnings, landing
runway, runway conditions,
restrictions, obstructions, wind-
shear warnings, etc.).
091 03 02 00 Weather broadcast
LO List the sources of weather information x x x x x
available for aircraft in flight.
LO Explain the meaning of the acronyms x x x x x
‘ATIS’, ‘VOLMET’.
091 04 00 00 ACTION REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN IN CASE
OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE
LO State the action to be taken in case of x x x x x
communication failure on a controlled VFR
flight.
LO Identify the frequencies to be used in an x x x x x
attempt to establish communication.
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IR
LO State the additional information that x x x x x
should be transmitted in the event of
receiver failure.
LO Identify the SSR code that may be used to x x x x x
indicate communication failure.
LO Explain the action to be taken by a pilot x x x x x
with communication failure in the
aerodrome traffic pattern at controlled
aerodromes.
091 05 00 00 DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES
091 05 01 00 Distress (definition, frequencies, watch of
distress frequencies, distress signal,
distress message)
LO State the DISTRESS procedures. x x x x x
LO Define DISTRESS. x x x x x
LO Identify the frequencies that should be x x x x x

used by aircraft in DISTRESS.
LO Specify the emergency SSR codes that may x x x x x
be used by aircraft, and the meaning of
the codes.
LO Describe the action to be taken by the x x x x x
station which receives a DISTRESS
message.
LO Describe the action to be taken by all x x x x x
other stations when a DISTRESS procedure
is in progress.
LO List the content of a DISTRESS x x x x x
signal/message in the correct sequence.
091 05 02 00 Urgency (definition, frequencies, urgency
signal, urgency message)
LO State the URGENCY procedures. x x x x x
LO Define URGENCY. x x x x x
LO Identify the frequencies that should be x x x x x

used by aircraft in URGENCY.
Page 543 of 551

IR
LO Describe the action to be taken by the x x x x x
station which receives an URGENCY
message.
LO Describe the action to be taken by all x x x x x
other stations when an URGENCY
procedure is in progress.
LO List the content of an URGENCY x x x x x
091 06 00 00 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF
PROPAGATION AND ALLOCATION OF
FREQUENCIES
LO Describe the radio-frequency spectrum x x x x x
with particular reference to VHF.
LO Describe the radio-frequency spectrum of x x x x x
the bands into which the radio-frequency
spectrum is divided.
LO Identify the frequency range of the VHF x x x x x
band.
LO Name the band normally used for x x x x x
Aeronautical Mobile Service voice
communication.
LO State the frequency separation allocated x x x x x
between consecutive VHF frequencies.
LO Describe the propagation characteristics of x x x x x
radio transmissions in the VHF band.
LO Describe the factors which reduce the x x x x x
effective range and quality of radio
transmissions.
LO State which of these factors apply to the x x x x x
VHF band.
LO Calculate the effective range of VHF x x x x x
transmissions assuming no attenuating
factors.
Page 544 of 551

P. SUBJECT 092 — IFR COMMINICATIONS
P. SUBJECT 092 — IFR COMMUNICATIONS

IR
090 00 00 00 COMMUNICATIONS
092 00 00 00 IFR COMMUNICATIONS

092 01 00 00 DEFINITIONS
092 01 01 00 Meanings and significance of associated
terms
LO Stations. x x x
LO Communication methods. x x x
LO The terms used in conjunction with the x x x
approach and holding procedures.
092 01 02 00 Air Traffic Control abbreviations
LO Define commonly used Air Traffic Control x x x
abbreviations:
— flight conditions;
— airspace;
— services;
— time;
— miscellaneous.
LO The additional IFR-related terms. x x x
092 01 03 00 Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air–

ground communications
LO Define Q-code groups commonly used in x x x
RTF air-to-ground communications:
— pressure settings;
— directions and bearings.
LO State the procedure for obtaining a x x x
bearing information in flight.
092 01 04 00 Categories of messages
LO List the categories of messages in order of x x x
priority.
LO Identify the types of messages appropriate x x x
to each category.
LO List the priority of a message (given x x x
examples of messages to compare).
Page 545 of 551

IR
092 02 00 00 GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES
092 02 01 00 Transmission of letters
LO State the phonetic alphabet used in radio- x x x
telephony.
LO Identify the occasions when words should x x x
be spelt.
092 02 02 00 Transmission of numbers (including level
information)
LO Describe the method of transmitting x x x
numbers:
— pronunciation;
— single digits, whole hundreds and
whole thousands.
092 02 03 00 Transmission of time
LO Describe the ways of transmitting time: x x x
— standard time reference (UTC);
— minutes, minutes and hours, when
required.
092 02 04 00 Transmission technique
LO Explain the techniques used for making x x x
good R/T transmissions.
092 02 05 00 Standard words and phrases (relevant
RTF phraseology included)
LO Define the meaning of ‘standard words x x x
and phrases’.
LO Use correct standard phraseology for each x x x
phase of IFR flight:
— pushback;
— IFR departure;
— airways clearances;
— position reporting;
— approach procedures;
— IFR arrivals.
092 02 06 00 Radio-telephony call signs for
aeronautical stations including use of
abbreviated call signs
Page 546 of 551

IR
LO Name the two parts of the call sign of an x x x
LO Identify the call-sign suffixes for x x x
LO Explain when the call sign may be omitted x x x
or abbreviated to the use of suffix only.
LO Name the two parts of the call sign of an x x x
LO Identify the call-sign suffixes for x x x
LO Explain when the call sign may be x x x
abbreviated to the use of suffix only.
092 02 07 00 Radio-telephony call signs for aircraft
including use of abbreviated call signs
LO List the three different ways to compose x x x
an aircraft call sign.
LO Describe the abbreviated forms for aircraft x x x
call signs.
LO Explain when aircraft call signs may be x x x
abbreviated.
LO Explain when the suffix ‘HEAVY’ should be x x x
used with an aircraft call sign.
LO Explain the use of the phrase ‘Change your x x x
call sign to…’.
LO Explain the use of the phrase ‘Revert to x x x
flight plan call sign’.
092 02 08 00 Transfer of communication
LO Describe the procedure for transfer of x x x
communication:
— by ground station;
— by aircraft.
092 02 09 00 Test procedures including readability
scale; establishment of RTF
communication
Page 547 of 551

IR
LO Explain how to test radio transmission and x x x
reception.
LO State the readability scale and explain its x x x
meaning.
092 02 10 00 Read-back and acknowledgement
requirements
LO State the requirement to read back ATC x x x
route clearances.
LO State the requirement to read back x x x
clearances related to runway in use.
LO State the requirement to read back other x x x
clearances including conditional
clearances.
LO State the requirement to read back data x x x
such as runway, SSR codes, etc.
092 02 11 00 Radar procedural phraseology
LO Use the correct phraseology for an aircraft x x x
receiving a radar service:
— radar identification;
— radar vectoring;
— traffic information and avoidance;
— SSR procedures.
092 02 12 00 Level changes and reports
LO Use the correct term to describe vertical x x x
position:
— in relation to flight level (standard
pressure setting);
— in relation to altitude (metres/feet
on QNH);
— in relation to height (metres/feet on
QFE).
092 03 00 00 ACTION REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN IN CASE
OF COMMUNICATION FAILURE
LO Describe the action to be taken in x x x
communication failure on an IFR flight.
LO Describe the action to be taken in case of x x x
communication failure on an IFR flight
when flying in VMC and the flight will be
terminated in VMC.
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IR
LO Describe the action to be taken in case of x x x
communication failure on an IFR flight
when flying in IMC.
092 04 00 00 DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES
092 04 01 00 PAN MEDICAL
LO Describe the type of flights to which PAN x x x
MEDICAL applies.
LO List the content of a PAN MEDICAL x x x
message in correct sequence.
092 04 02 00 Distress (definition, frequencies, watch of
distress frequencies, distress signal,
distress message)
LO State the DISTRESS procedures. x x x
LO Define DISTRESS. x x x
LO Identify the frequencies that should be x x x

used by aircraft in DISTRESS.
LO Specify the emergency SSR codes that may x x x
be used by aircraft, and the meaning of
the codes.
LO Describe the action to be taken by the x x x
station which receives a DISTRESS
message.
LO Describe the action to be taken by all x x x
is in progress.
LO List the content of a DISTRESS message. x x x
092 04 03 00 Urgency (definition, frequencies, urgency

signal, urgency message)
LO State the URGENCY procedures. x x x
LO Define URGENCY. x x x
LO Identify the frequencies that should be x x x

used by aircraft in URGENCY.
LO Describe the action to be taken by the x x x
station which receives an URGENCY
message.
Page 549 of 551

IR
LO Describe the action to be taken by all x x x
is in progress.
LO List the content of an URGENCY x x x
092 05 00 00 RELEVANT WEATHER INFORMATION
TERM
092 05 01 00 Aerodrome weather
LO List the contents of aerodrome weather x x x
reports and state units of measurement
used for each item:
— variation of wind direction and
speed;
— visibility;
— present weather;
— cloud amount and type (including
the meaning of CAVOK);
— air temperature and dew point;
— pressure values (QNH, QFE);
(aerodrome warnings, landing
runway, runway conditions,
restrictions, obstructions, wind-
shear warnings, etc.).
LO State units for measurement used for x x x
runway visual range.
LO State units of measurement used for x x x
braking action (friction coefficient).
092 05 02 00 Weather broadcast
LO List the sources of weather information x x x
available for aircraft in flight.
LO Explain the meaning of the acronyms x x x
‘ATIS’, ‘VOLMET’.
LO Explain when aircraft routine x x x
meteorological observations should be
made.
LO Explain when aircraft special x x x
meteorological observations should be
made.
Page 550 of 551

IR
092 06 00 00 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF
PROPAGATION AND ALLOCATION OF
FREQUENCIES
LO Describe the radio-frequency spectrum x x x
with particular reference to VHF.
LO State the names of the bands into which x x x
the radio-frequency spectrum is divided.
LO Identify the frequency range of the VHF x x x
band.
LO Name the band normally used for x x x
Aeronautical Mobile Service voice
communications.
LO State the frequency separation allocated x x x
between consecutive VHF frequencies.
LO Describe the propagation characteristics of x x x
radio transmissions in the VHF band.
LO Describe the factors which reduce the x x x
effective range and quality of radio
transmissions.
LO State which of these factors apply to the x x x
VHF band.
LO Calculate the effective range of VHF x x x
transmissions assuming no attenuating
factors.
092 07 00 00 MORSE CODE
LO Identify radio-navigation aids (VOR, DME, x x x x x x
NDB, ILS) from their Morse-code
identifiers.
LO SELCAL, TCAS, ACARS phraseology and x x x x x x
procedures.
(b) Airship
SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR CPL AND IR
The applicable items for each licence or rating are marked with ‘x’. An ‘x’ on the main title of a subject
means that all the subdivisions are applicable.’
Page 551 of 551

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Annex II to ED Decision 2016/008/R

Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material

Points AMC1 FCL.310, FCL.515(b) and FCL.615(b) are amended as follows:

AMC1 FCL.310; FCL.515(b); FCL.615(b)

Learning Objectives (LOs)

A. SUBJECT 010 — AIR LAW .............................................................................................................................5

Reference Subject Chapter

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

LO Explain the organisation and duties of x x x x x

LO Explain the organisation and duties of x x x x x

LO Describe the worldwide ICAO regions. x x x x x

010 01 02 01 The International Air Services Transit

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

LO Explain the two technical freedoms of x x x x x

LO Explain the three commercial freedoms x x x x x

LO Describe the legal situation within the x x x x x

010 01 02 03 Suppression of unlawful acts against

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

LO Explain the reason for the existence of x x x

010 01 02 05 International private law

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

LO Explain the Conventions and Protocols x x x x x

010 01 02 07 The Convention of Rome (1933) and

010 01 03 01 The International Air Transport

LO Describe the general organisation and x x x

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

010 01 04 01 European Aviation Safety Agency

LO Describe the general organisation and x x x x x

LO Describe the role of EASA in European x x x x x

LO Describe the objectives of the x x x x x

LO Give a brief summary of the European x x x x x

010 02 01 00 ICAO Annex 8 and the related

LO Explain the definitions of ICAO Annex 8. x x x x x

LO State which aircraft the Standards of x x x x x

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

010 03 01 00 Definitions of ICAO Annex 7

LO Recall the definitions of the following x x x x x

010 04 01 00 ICAO Annex 1

010 04 01 01 Differences between ICAO Annex 1 and

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

LO Define the following: x x x x x x

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

LO State the actions to be taken in case of a x x x x x x

010 05 00 00 RULES OF THE AIR

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

010 06 00 00 PROCEDURES FOR AIR NAVIGATION

Syllabus Syllabus details and associated Aeroplane Helicopter IR

LO Recall all definitions included in ICAO x x x

010 06 03 00 Departure procedures

010 06 03 01 General criteria (assuming all engines

LO Name the factors dictating the design of x x x

LO Explain in which situations the criteria x x x

010 06 03 02 Standard instrument departures (SIDs)

LO Define the terms ‘straight departure’ x x x

LO State the responsibility of the operator x x x