AUTHOR’S DISCLAIMER: This version of the attached paper, the ‘accepted version’, is included

here in order to conform with the demands of the open-access policy set out by HFCE in relation to
the Research Assessment Framework, details of which may be viewed at:
http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/year/2014/201407/ . However, please note that this version does
not include editorial changes to the accepted manuscript, changes made during copy-editing by the
publisher, or changes made by the author during proof-correction. The pagination here does not
match that used in the publication. Accordingly, only the final printed version available in hard-
copy and/or on-line from the publisher should be cited when referring to this work.
Published as:
Darvill, T, 2017. Book review: ‘Decoding Neolithic Atlantic and Mediterranean Island Ritual’ Edited
by George Nash and Andrew Townsend. Prehistoric Society Book Reviews, April 2017 [Available
on-line at: http://www.prehistoricsociety.org/files/reviews/Nash_Townsend_2016_ed.pdf].

DECODING NEOLITHIC ATLANTIC AND MEDITERRANEAN

EDITED BY GEORGE NASH AND ANDREW TOWNSEND

Islands have long been fascinated archaeologists. Whether this is because many are nice
places to work, or because their geographical scale and boundedness provide a sense of
attainable completeness, or because their separation makes comfortable conceptual categories
for analysis is far from clear. More certain is that they have provided study areas for scholars
working within a wide range of theoretical frameworks, and with both synchronic and
diachronic perspectives. This book usefully adds to the already extensive body of literature
on island-based archaeology, focusing on eleven islands or island groups right around
Europe’s maritime fringe from Gotland in the southern Baltic to Cyprus in the eastern
Mediterranean. Being expressly concerned with the Neolithic period and with ritual gives an
interesting and innovative slant to the work, but is not without its problems. Using the legacy
of late nineteenth century AD thinking about technological and social evolution implicit in
the idea of the ‘Neolithic’ means that what is discussed ranges in actual date from around
8000 BC in Cyprus to 3500 BC in Gotland. Thus although these societies were, arguably, at
similar stages of technical development and social complexity they lived in very different
worlds in terms of their environment and their wider social relations with neighbouring
groups. Not surprisingly, therefore, the ‘rituals’ forming the second articulating theme are
very different in character, something that makes navigating the assemblage of case studies
both interesting and frustrating.
The editors get the volume off to a good start with a straightforward introduction
emphasizing that islands are more than just lumps of rock in the sea. They summarize a little
of the history of island-archaeology research, rehearsing the two commonly used perspectives
that variously see islands as either laboratories through which to explore ‘cultural
experiments’ or as insular places where strange things happen. Contextualizing the core
chapters that follow, they pose, as key questions, the definition of ‘ritualized universal
constructs’ and the issue of whether ‘these constructs moved across the Neolithic world as a
set of ideas that had their origins for both Mediterranean and Atlantic Seaboard in the eastern
Mediterranean?’ (p.xv).
Given the questions posed it seems odd that the chapters are ordered broadly from north to
south, starting in the Baltic and ending in the Mediterranean. But that’s how it is. Moreover,
rather irritatingly, some chapters dealing with the same island group are not set back to back,

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and in the second half of the book the order in which islands are treated seems pretty random
(and not exactly the order considered below).
Starting then in the north, Wallin and Martinsson-Wallin focus on middle Neolithic Pitted
Ware Culture cemeteries on Gotland. These hunter-fisher communities, sandwiched between
the earlier Funnel Beaker Culture groups who built megalithic tombs and the late Neolithic
farming groups that buried their dead in cist-graves, seemingly asserted their identity through
associations with animals and the removal of selected body-parts from graves. Across the
North Sea, Kern’s study of Orkney uses GIS to examine spatial and, by implication, social
relationships between settlements and chambered tombs. Great attention is rightly paid to
modelling the chronologies and contemporaneity of the sites examined, although the
conclusion that the evidence is explained by ‘a complex network of interrelationships
between social action, memories and cosmology that is not expressed solely by singular
events, but through long term historical processes’ (p.49) feels like a giant interpretative leap
after the author has slogged through the detail of several extensive datasets.
Staying amongst the British Isles, Robinson reviews the Neolithic archaeology of
Anglesey, rather cheekily noting that for most of the Neolithic it wasn’t an island at all in the
conventional sense. His conclusion that its monuments represent an extension of patterns
seen on the adjacent coastlands of northwest Wales is obvious in the circumstances.
Changing sea-level is also relevant to Waite’s study of the Scillionian entrance graves that
originally stood on hilltops within a few large islands rather than scattered over the host of
tiny islands forming the archipelago seen today. This thoughtful account deals well with a
difficult and poorly understood group of monuments, slotting fairly neatly into the pattern of
localized tomb-building traditions in very late third millennium BC that also includes the
Clava Cairns and Bargrennan Cairns of Scotland. A second paper on the Isle of Scilly by
Kirk takes a slightly different view, reclassifying some of the entrance graves as passage
graves to push their origins back into the fourth millennium BC and forge close links with
northern France. It’s an attractive idea, but where is the associated material culture that might
be expected?
Three chapters deal with aspects of the Neolithic in the Channel Islands off the coast
of Normandy. Driscoll focuses on the Final Neolithic across the island group as a whole
documenting divergences of tradition from ancestral homelands on the adjacent mainland that
he relates to inter-island ritual competition. Nash describes his investigations of a megalithic
monument in Delancey Park, Guernsey, confirming that it was a gallery grave similar to
examples in northern France and beyond. His approach focuses on architectural qualities, in
contrast to Jelly whose study of megaliths in northern Guernsey uses GIS to pursue a
phenomenological approach. This suggests changing local preferences for sea-views, most
common amongst monuments of the later Neolithic.
Jumping non-stop around the Iberian peninsula to the warmer waters of the
Mediterranean the next port of call is amongst the Adriatic Islands off the Dalmatian coast.
Kaiser and Froenbaher describe their work in the Grapčeva Cave which they interpret as a
mortuary ritual site where feasts, offerings, and secondary burials took place, thereby
producing and reproducing memories, during the fifth millennium BC. Similar themes are
explored in a more theorized way by Lutescu-Jones in relation to burial practices in Cyprus in
the period 8500 BC to 5500 BC in which memories of where people had been contributed to
how they shaped and transformed their physical world in order to make the two fit together in
a unified cosmological scheme.
Returning to the central Mediterranean Peatfield’s review of ritual and religion on
Crete tries to escape the shadow of events during the Minoan Bronze Age to focus on the
period from 7000 BC to 3500 BC when Knossos seems to have been the only major

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settlement. Figurines, many in residual contexts, provide a key line of evidence and are used
to support the idea of religion within a household context rather than a broader community
activity. Intimate relations between settlements and rock-cut tombs in Copper Age Sicily
leads Wexler to propose a similar household focus here too, suggesting that ‘people would
repeatedly return to [cemeteries] to renew, recreate, and maintain their social relationships
and social order in a world that was becoming increasingly domesticated and territorial’ (p.
199). Taken together, the conclusions of these two papers coupled with evidence from other
parts of the eastern Mediterranean shows that further work on the relationship between ritual
activity and domestic contexts might be extremely worthwhile.
Two papers discuss aspects of the rich Neolithic cultural sequence on Malta. Grima
considers the Ħal Safflieni Hypogeum on the outskirts of modern Valletta, suggesting that
geological considerations were amongst the reasons that this and other massive underground
burial places were created. In the Neolithic mindset, he argues, ‘the shaping of spaces
between and around geological features was a form of exploration of the underworld, and
crossing through those features was a form of cosmological travel into the realm of the dead’
(p.212). It’s an interesting approach, and one that might be expanded to include analysis of
former underground watercourses, springs, and groundwater pools. Rather different is
Townsend’s study of figurines from ‘temple sites’ and the hypogeum. Based on some neat
observations he argues that interest in cycles of birth, life and death can be linked to the way
images are dressed, with portable figurines often nude, statuettes either nude or partly
clothed, and large statues partly or fully clothed.
Wilkinson and colleagues discuss shifting Neolithic settlement patterns in relation to
evidence for environmental change and vegetation history on Corsica. While interesting in its
own right, and an excellent summary of important fieldwork, there is no discussion of any
relationships to ritual activities and one is left wondering why it was included. Finally, in a
delightfully illustrated paper, Arosio and colleagues consider the rock-cut tombs of Corsica
known as Domus de Janus or Houses of the Fairies. These underground structures are
internally carved to replicate the walls, floors, roofs and fittings of contemporary houses, part
of a wider tradition in the central Mediterranean that also includes the hypogea of Malta.
Rock-art and painted decoration is also present, including spiral motifs found widely across
northwestern Europe during the fifth to third millennium BC. As houses for the dead, these
tombs are seen as staging posts on the journey between life and the afterlife, places for the
transition from being someone to being something.
Overall, the 24 authors contributing to these 17 chapters bring to bear a wide range of
perspectives around the central themes, varying in their theoretical standpoints and their
engagement with the philosophical issues surrounding the understanding of ritual. At one
level the book works as a useful compendium of case-studies that provide solid summary
accounts of recorded ritual sites and monuments in a series of snap-shots from interesting
islands. Readers can dip into these as they wish as they might any reference book. But as a
study of Neolithic ritual in island contexts it leaves this reviewer wanting more. The reader
has to do the work in stitching it all together, teasing out the patterns, and posing questions as
few of the papers really nail the stated purpose of the book. Most contributions focus on
monuments as structures rather than ritual as a set of actions. How can we move beyond the
monuments to consider ritual activity, behaviour, and intentions? Where are the cognitive
dimensions of ritual really discussed? And are there any common strands in the way that
early farming communities in different environments and circumstances articulated their
beliefs and cosmologies? One might reasonably ask why they all appear so different when
diffusion models and the recent evidence form aDNA and language studies point to fairly
high levels of homogeneity amongst related early farming groups. A concluding chapter by
the editors that returned to address the questions posed in their introduction would have

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satisfactorily rounded the volume off. Perhaps this never happened because, sadly, Andrew
Townsend died while the book was in the making. If so, it is a loss that also provides an
opportunity. Most of the papers here underline the starting proposition that every island is
different; a finding that could perhaps provide a starting point to confirm or refute in the next
round of island-based Neolithic archaeologies.

Timothy Darvill
Department of Archaeology, Anthropology and Forensic Science, Bournemouth University,
UK

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