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    General Hooke's Law

    Uploaded by

    Kirito Kazuto
    1. Hooke's law describes the elastic behavior of materials under stress or strain. It states that the strain produced is directly proportional to the stress applied, within the material's elastic limit. 2. Poisson's ratio relates the transverse strain to the axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It allows Hooke's law to be extended to multi-axial loading conditions like biaxial and triaxial stresses. 3. Shear stress causes shear strain, which is a distortion that changes the angles between sides of a material element. The shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, related by the material's shear modulus.

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    General Hooke's Law

    Uploaded by

    Kirito Kazuto
    692 views5 pages
    1. Hooke's law describes the elastic behavior of materials under stress or strain. It states that the strain produced is directly proportional to the stress applied, within the material's elastic limit. 2. Poisson's ratio relates the transverse strain to the axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It allows Hooke's law to be extended to multi-axial loading conditions like biaxial and triaxial stresses. 3. Shear stress causes shear strain, which is a distortion that changes the angles between sides of a material element. The shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, related by the material's shear modulus.

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    1. Hooke's law describes the elastic behavior of materials under stress or strain. It states that the strain produced is directly proportional to the stress applied, within the material's elastic limit. 2. Poisson's ratio relates the transverse strain to the axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It allows Hooke's law to be extended to multi-axial loading conditions like biaxial and triaxial stresses. 3. Shear stress causes shear strain, which is a distortion that changes the angles between sides of a material element. The shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, related by the material's shear modulus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    692 views5 pages

    General Hooke's Law

    Uploaded by

    Kirito Kazuto
    1. Hooke's law describes the elastic behavior of materials under stress or strain. It states that the strain produced is directly proportional to the stress applied, within the material's elastic limit. 2. Poisson's ratio relates the transverse strain to the axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It allows Hooke's law to be extended to multi-axial loading conditions like biaxial and triaxial stresses. 3. Shear stress causes shear strain, which is a distortion that changes the angles between sides of a material element. The shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, related by the material's shear modulus.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    GENERAL HOOKE’S LAW

     Uniaxial Loading

     Experiments show that when a bar is stretched by an axial force, there is


    a contraction in the transverse dimensions. The contraction in the
    transverse dimension is called transverse strain.

     The ratio of the transverse strain to the axial strain is constant for stresses
    within the proportional limit. This constant is called Poisson’s Ratio and is
    denoted as  (Nu), thus:
     t
    
    x
     The Poisson’s ratio is a dimensionless quantity and varies from 0.25 to
    0.33 for metals.

     To find the value of  t , we have:

    x
    E
    x

    x
     x
    E
    from:
     t
    
    x
     t   x
    thus,
    x
     t  
    E
     Multiaxial Loading - Poisson’s ratio permits us to extend Hooke’s law for
    uniaxial loading to biaxial and triaxial loadings.

     Biaxial Loading – Consider an element of the material that is subjected


    simultaneously to normal stresses in the x- and y- directions.

    The combined effect of the two normal stresses in a biaxial loading is


    expressed as:

    1 1 
    x 
    E
     x  y  , y 
    E
     y  x  , z  
    E
     x  y 

     Triaxial Loading – Consider an element of the material that is subjected


    simultaneously to normal stresses in the x- y- and z- directions.

    The combined effect of the three normal stresses in a triaxial loading is


    expressed as:
    1 1
    x   x   y   z   , y   y   x   z   ,
    E  E
    1
     z   z   x   z  
    E

     Shear Loading - Shear stress causes the deformation shown in figure below.
    The lengths of the sides of the element do not change, but the element
    undergoes a distortion from a rectangle to a parallelogram.

    The shear strain, which measures the amount of distortion, is the angle 
    (gamma), always expressed in radians.

     It has been found from the experiment that within the elastic limit, the
    shear strain is directly proportional to the shear stress, thus:

      G

    where: G is the shear modulus of elasticity ( a.k.a. modulus of


    rigidity) of material.

     Modulus of Rigidity of Various Materials

    - Brass = 5.8 × 106 psi = 27 GPa


    - Bronze = 6.5 × 106 psi = 44.8 GPa
    - Copper = 6.5 × 106 psi = 45 GPa
    - Steel = 11.5 × 106 psi = 77.2 GPa
    - Aluminum = 4 × 106 psi = 28 GPa

     Relationship between E and G

    E
    G
    2 1  
     Sample Problems

    1. A solid cylinder of diameter d carries an axial load P. Show that the change
    4P
    in diameter is
     Ed

    2. The polyethylene sheet is subjected to the biaxial loading shown.


    Determine the resulting elongations of sides AB and AC. The properties of
    polyethylene are E = 300 ksi and v = 0.4.

    3. The 50-mm-diameter rubber rod is placed in a hole with rigid, lubricated


    walls. There is no clearance between the rod and the sides of the hole.
    Determine the change in the length of the rod when the 8-kN load is
    applied. Use E = 40 MPa and poisson’s ratio = 0.45 for rubber.
    4. Two 1.75-in.-thick rubber pads are bonded to three steel plates to form the
    shear mount shown in figure below. Find the displacement of the middle
    plate when the 1200-lb load is applied. Consider the deformation of rubber
    only. Use E = 500 psi and poisson’s ratio = 0.48 for rubber.

    5. An initially rectangular element of material is deformed as shown in the


    figure (note that the deformation is greatly exaggerated). Calculate the
    normal strains  x and  y , and the shear strain  for the element.

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