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    ES13 - CHAPTER 1 (Stress) Student

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    Bianca Asis
    1. The document discusses fundamental areas of engineering mechanics including statics, dynamics, and strength of materials. 2. It covers analysis of internal forces in loaded bodies and the three types of simple stress: normal, shearing, and bearing stress. 3. Thin-walled pressure vessels are analyzed including stresses in cylindrical and spherical vessels. Circumferential, longitudinal, and radial stresses are discussed for cylindrical vessels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ES13 - CHAPTER 1 (Stress) Student

    Uploaded by

    Bianca Asis
    151 views8 pages
    1. The document discusses fundamental areas of engineering mechanics including statics, dynamics, and strength of materials. 2. It covers analysis of internal forces in loaded bodies and the three types of simple stress: normal, shearing, and bearing stress. 3. Thin-walled pressure vessels are analyzed including stresses in cylindrical and spherical vessels. Circumferential, longitudinal, and radial stresses are discussed for cylindrical vessels.

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    Strength of Materials

    Original Title

    ES13 - CHAPTER 1 (Stress) Student Copy

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    1. The document discusses fundamental areas of engineering mechanics including statics, dynamics, and strength of materials. 2. It covers analysis of internal forces in loaded bodies and the three types of simple stress: normal, shearing, and bearing stress. 3. Thin-walled pressure vessels are analyzed including stresses in cylindrical and spherical vessels. Circumferential, longitudinal, and radial stresses are discussed for cylindrical vessels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    151 views8 pages

    ES13 - CHAPTER 1 (Stress) Student

    Uploaded by

    Bianca Asis
    1. The document discusses fundamental areas of engineering mechanics including statics, dynamics, and strength of materials. 2. It covers analysis of internal forces in loaded bodies and the three types of simple stress: normal, shearing, and bearing stress. 3. Thin-walled pressure vessels are analyzed including stresses in cylindrical and spherical vessels. Circumferential, longitudinal, and radial stresses are discussed for cylindrical vessels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The key takeaways from the document are the fundamental areas of engineering mechanics, the different types of stresses (normal, shear, bearing), thin-walled pressure vessels, and stress formulas.

    The three main types of stresses discussed are normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress.

    The two types of stresses developed in thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessels are circumferential stress and longitudinal stress.

    1.

    1 FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS


     Statics (ES 11)
     Dynamics (ES 12)
     Strength of materials (ES 13)

    Statics and Dynamics Strength of Materials

    Body Rigid Real/Deformable

    Force External effects Internal effects

    Analysis FBD, Equilibrium equations FBD, Equil. equations, Deformation diagrams

    Focus Identification of loads that act on a body Determining the strength and rigidity of a body

     As ENGINEERS, we need to:


    Efficient Structure/
    o Select proper material
    machine
    o Specify dimensions

    1.2 ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

    P1 P1 My
    a
    P4 Py
    P2 P2
    Px Mx
    Pz
    a Mz
    P3
    FIG 1.1 An exploratory section a-a through an arbitrarily loaded body exposing the internal forces.

    Analysis of forces wrt x-surface:

    Component Type Direction wrt Area Internal Effect

    ES13 Chapter 1 - FRCBueta 1


    Px Axial/ Tension/
    Normal ( P) Compression

    Py , Pz Sliding/
    Shear (V )
    Shearing action

    Mx Torque (T ) Twisting

    Bending moment
    M y, Mz Bending
    (M)

    1.3 SIMPLE STRESS


     Force per unit area; Unit strength
     Units: MPa( SI ) , psi(english)
     Three types: Normal, Shearing, and Bearing Stress

    Example: Given two bars of same lengths but of different materials, suspended from a common support,
    determine which bar is stronger.

    MAX LOAD AREA


    2
    BAR 1 500 N 10 mm
    2
    BAR 2 5000 N 1000 mm

    BAR 1 BAR 2

    .: BAR 1 is stronger since maximum allowable stress is higher

    1.3.1 Normal/Axial Stress (σ )


    o Stress caused by axial force (Tensile/Compressive)
    o acts normal/perpendicular to the resisting surface;
    o results in volume change

    P
    σ ave=
    A

    Assumptions:
    ES13 Chapter 1 - FRCBueta 2
     Bar is prismatic ( A=k )
     Uniform deformation at the centroidal axis
     Material is Homogeneous and isotropic (e.g. Steel)

    Example: The bar ABCD in the figure consists of three cylindrical steel segments with different lengths and
    cross-sectional areas. Axial loads are applied as shown. Calculate the normal stress in each segment.

    1.3.2 Shearing Stress (τ )


    o Stress caused by shearing force (e.g. bolts, pins, rivets)
    o Acts tangent or parallel to the resisting surface
    o Results in shape change

    V
    τ ave =
    As

    FIG 1.2 Examples of direct shear: (a) single shear in a rivet; (b) double shear in a bolt; and (c) shear in a metal sheet produced by
    a punch.
    V P
    τ ave = =
    CASE 1 :single shear A A

    V P/ 2 P
    CASE 2 :double shear τ ave = = =
    A A 2A
    ES13 Chapter 1 - FRCBueta 3
    Example: Determine the average shear stress in the 20-mm-diameter pin at A and the 30-mm-diameter
    pin at B that support the beam in the figure.

    1.3.3 Bearing Stress (σ b)


    o Contact Pressure between separate bodies
    o Differs from normal stress which is the internal stress caused by a compressive force
    o Examples: Soil pressure beneath a support, contact pressure between axle and its bearing

    FIG 1.3 (a) a rivet in a lap joint; (b) bearing stress is not constant; (c) bearing stress caused by the bearing force Pb is
    assumed to be uniform on projected area A b =td .

    P P
    σb= =
    A b td

    ES13 Chapter 1 - FRCBueta 4


    Example: A load P = 10 kips is applied to a rod supported as shown by
    a plate with a 0.6 in. diameter hole. Determine the shear stress in the
    rod and the plate and the bearing stress between the surface of
    contact.

    ALLOWABLE DIMENSION OR LOAD

     Given dimension → allowable load/stress: lower load/stress value to be considered for a safe
    design

     Given load/stress → allowable dimension: larger dimension (cross-section) value to be


    considered

    Example: A structure design uses wood and steel rods with the same diameters. The allowable stress of
    wood and steel are 70 MPa and 140 MPa, respectively. Consider a load of 1000 N for these rods, what
    should be the designed diameter?

    FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)

     The ratio of the failure load to the allowable load

     A method of specifying the allowable load for a body

    F fail
    FOS=
    F allow

    Since load is linearly related to stress,

    σ fail / ult τ fail /ult


    FOS= FOS =
    σ allow τ allow

    *note: FOS is always greater than 1 to avoid potential failure

    1.4 THIN-WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL


     Often cylindrical or spherical (pressure tanks and pipes)
     Pressure acting on the inner surface of the cylinder is resisted by r
    tensile stresses in the walls of the vessel
    r
     Thin-walled if the ratio of ≥10
    t

    ES13 Chapter 1 - FRCBueta 5


    Three types of stresses developed in pressure cylinders:
    a. Circumferential or hoop stress
    b. Longitudinal stress in closed end cylinders
    c. Radial stresses (for thick-walled only)

    1.4.1 Cylindrical vessels


    a. Circumferential Stress (σ c )
     Also known as hoop stress or tangential stress
     Acts tangent to surface of cylinder

    pD
    σc=
    2t

    b. Longitudinal Stress ( σ l )
     Acts parallel to longitudinal axis of cylinder

    ES13 Chapter 1 - FRCBueta 6


    pD
    σl=
    4t

    Observations: σ t =2 σ l
     For failure to occur at the same time, longitudinal joint should be twice as strong as the girth joint

    1.4.2 Spherical vessels


     Same analysis as longitudinal stress in cylinders
     Also, stress is the same regardless of direction

    ES13 Chapter 1 - FRCBueta 7


    pD
    σl =
    4t

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