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    Lesson - Atomic Structure: Scientist Discovery

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    Kokkilaa Parameswaran
    The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from ancient Indian and Greek philosophers to modern scientific theories. It describes key discoveries and models including: 1) John Dalton's atomic theory that all matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms that combine in simple whole number ratios. 2) J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model where atoms are uniform spheres with embedded electrons. 3) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons in orbit. 4) Bohr's model where electrons orbit in fixed energy levels and atoms absorb/emit energy during electron transitions between levels.

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    Lesson - Atomic Structure: Scientist Discovery

    Uploaded by

    Kokkilaa Parameswaran
    86 views4 pages
    The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from ancient Indian and Greek philosophers to modern scientific theories. It describes key discoveries and models including: 1) John Dalton's atomic theory that all matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms that combine in simple whole number ratios. 2) J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model where atoms are uniform spheres with embedded electrons. 3) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons in orbit. 4) Bohr's model where electrons orbit in fixed energy levels and atoms absorb/emit energy during electron transitions between levels.

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    Atomic Structure - very basic

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    Atomic Structure

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    The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from ancient Indian and Greek philosophers to modern scientific theories. It describes key discoveries and models including: 1) John Dalton's atomic theory that all matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms that combine in simple whole number ratios. 2) J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model where atoms are uniform spheres with embedded electrons. 3) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons in orbit. 4) Bohr's model where electrons orbit in fixed energy levels and atoms absorb/emit energy during electron transitions between levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    86 views4 pages

    Lesson - Atomic Structure: Scientist Discovery

    Uploaded by

    Kokkilaa Parameswaran
    The document discusses the history of atomic structure models from ancient Indian and Greek philosophers to modern scientific theories. It describes key discoveries and models including: 1) John Dalton's atomic theory that all matter is made of extremely small indivisible particles called atoms that combine in simple whole number ratios. 2) J.J. Thomson's "plum pudding" model where atoms are uniform spheres with embedded electrons. 3) Rutherford's gold foil experiment showing atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus with electrons in orbit. 4) Bohr's model where electrons orbit in fixed energy levels and atoms absorb/emit energy during electron transitions between levels.

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    Lesson -Atomic structure

    Scientist Discovery
    Acharya Kanad All matter is made up of tiny particles called Paramanus now
    called as atoms.
    Democritus All matter is made up of ultimate particles called as atomos [
    indivisible]

    John Dalton The first scientific theory about the structure of matter was
    given by John Dalton. According to his theory,
    All matter is made up of extremely small indivisible particles
    called atoms.
    Atoms of same elements are alike.
    Atoms of different elements are different.
    Atoms is the smallest particle that takes part ina chemical
    reaction.
    Atoms of different elements combine in a simple whole
    number ratio to form compounds.
    Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed.
    Failure of Daltons theorey.
    According to his theory all matter is composed of tiny
    indivisible atoms. We now know that atoms are divisible and
    are composed of smaller, subatomic particles (electrons,
    protons, and neutrons).
    2)He also stated that atoms of an element are identical in
    mass- this is incorrect because all elements have isotopes
    (atoms with same number of protons but different numbers
    of neutrons) which means that atoms of an element should
    not have the same mass.
    J.J. Thomson • atom is a uniform sphere of positive charge in which
    Plum pudding model tiny negatively charged particles are embedded like
    seeds in a watermelon.
    • The total positive charged protons are equal to total
    negatively charged electrons so that an atom on the
    whole is electrically neutral.
    Failure of Thomson’s Model
    • It could not explain the results of alpha particles
    scattering.

    Rutherford An atom consist of dense heavy positively charged particles


    Gold foil experiment. called nucleus.
    1. Most of the alpha particles could pass It consists of protons and neutrons.
    through gold foil due to large empty Size of nucleus is so small when compared to size of atom.
    space in the atom There is a large vacant space between nucleus and electrons.
    The total positive charge on the nucleus is equal to the total
    negative charge of the electrons. So the atom on the whole is
    neutral.
    The electrons are revolving around the nucleus in circular
    paths.
    Failure of his model.
    It could not explain the stability of the atom .
    2. Some alpha particles were slightly If electrons continuously revolve around the nucleus it must
    deflected from their path and very few lose energy and finally should collapse, but actually that does
    were deflected by large angles. This not take place.
    shows that the atom consist of very
    heavy positively charged central part
    called nucleus.
    Neil Bohr An atom consist of dense heavy positively charged particles
    called nucleus containing protons, neutrons
    The electrons are revolving around the nucleus in fixed
    circular paths called as orbits or energy levels or shells.
    The total positive charge on the nucleus is equal to the total
    negative charge of the electrons. So the atom on the whole is
    neutral.
    The various energy levels are numbers as 1,2,3., starting from
    nucleus and are called as K,L,M<N shells
    The maximum no. of electrons in each shell is calculated
    using the formula 2n2 where n is the number of shell.
    The energies of various shells are in the increasing order
    from K-shell to L-shell, L shell to M-shell and so on.
    There is no change in the energy of an atom as long they
    remain in the same shell.
    Whenever an electron jumps from higher to lower energy
    shell, it releases energy.
    Whenever an electron jumps from lower to higher energy
    shell it gains energy.

    Discovery of Electrons:

    A discharge tube is a sealed glass tube containing gases at very low pressure. Electrodes are sealed at
    opposite ends of the tube. The positive electrode is called the anode and the negative electrode is called
    the cathode.
    When the gas pressure in the discharge tube is around 0.01 mmHg, a greenish yellow glow is observed at
    the end opposite to cathode when a high voltage current is passed across the electrodes. The rays
    causing this glow is called cathode rays.

    Properties of cathode rays

    1. They travel in straight line from cathode to anode


    2. When an object is placed in their path they cast shadows.
    3. They consist of material particles because they cause rotation of light paddle wheel when placed
    in their path.
    4. The particles constituting the cathode rays carry negative charge because they are deflected
    towards positive plate .J.J. Thomson called these negatively charged particles as electrons.

    Discovery of Protons:

    Goldstein repeated the discharge tube experiment using perforated cathode. He found that when any
    gas taken in the discharge tube is subjected to high voltage of current under very low pressure of
    0.00qmmHg, some rays were also detected at the back of perforated cathode and he called these rays as
    anode rays or canal rays. As these rays consists of very light particles which originate from anode are
    called as protons

    Discovery of neutrons :

    Since the atom is electrically neutral, it should contain the same no. of protons and electrons.

    The total mass of the atom should be equal to the sum of masses of sub atomic particles.

    Since proton is much more massive than electron, the contribution of electron towards mass of an atom
    is negligible.

    Hydrogen atom contains 1 proton and helium atom contains 2 protons, so the mass of helium should be
    twice that of hydrogen but actually is 4 times a hydrogen atom. This led to the discovery of third sub
    atomic particle. James Chadwick discovered electrically neutral particle having a mass nearly same as
    that of proton and called as neutron.

    Atomic Number;

    It is the no. of protons present in the nucleus of an atom. It is denoted by the letter Z.

    Every element has different no. of protons. Chemical properties of an atom depends upon its atomic
    number.

    Mass Number
    It the sum of protons and neutrons present in the atom. It is denoted by the letter A. we can calculate
    the no. of neutrons by using the formula mass number – atomic number [ A-Z]

    Isotopes:

    Atoms of an element having same atomic number but different mass number are known as isotopes..

    Isotopes have same chemical properties since same no. of electrons but they have different physical
    properties as they differ in no. of neutrons.

    Uses:

    Some isotopes are radio active and used for treatment of cancer and other diseases. They are used in
    diagnosis and treatment of illness. They are used in biomedical researches

    1. Carbon -14 is used for determining the age of fossil fuels.


    2. Iodine -131 is used for treating goiter.
    3. Iron- 59 is used for finding anemia.
    4. Iodine-123 is used for whole body scan[CT/ MRI]. To evaluate thyroid cancer
    5. Cobalt 60 is used to inspect metal parts and welds for defects.
    6. Cobalt 60 is used to scan rail cars for cargo
    7. Cobalt 60 is used to kill micro organisms present in food stuffs
    8. Xenon -133 is used for lung imaging
    9. Gold=198 is used for diagnosing liver diseases
    10. Phosphorous 32 is used to cancer detection and treatment especially in eyes and skin.

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