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Life 2e Advanced – Student’s Book

Answer Key

UNIT 1 1 Example answer

1 Example answers We are often told to learn from our mistakes.
Students’ own ideas Roosevelt cleverly and amusingly turns the
Better to walk … commonplace quote around. It’s good advice
This proverb tells us that the Tuareg have a because if we consider what mistakes other
nomadic lifestyle (see Background information people make, we are less likely to make them
below). They think that being on the move is ourselves. However, it isn’t easy to follow
positive and that not moving is a waste of because we don’t necessarily see or understand
time. that people have made mistakes and we often
In life, it is always possible to … want to go our own way in life.
This proverb suggests that the Tuareg are a
peaceful people – they seek to reach 2
agreement with others; it suggests they are a 1c
trading people – this is the sort of belief 2a
system that merchants have, for example, that
it’s always possible to negotiate a deal. 3
Acquiring things … 1 T (we deliberately choose to ignore them.)
This proverb may be interpreted as meaning 2 T (Many Chinese have been saying … that
that possessions are of no importance to the the traditional values in society … have been
Tuareg – they are not materialistic. It may also lost.)
reflect their nomadic lifestyle – if you wander 3 F (a country which is currently developing at
in the desert, taking too many things with a dizzying speed)
you can slow you down, which could be a 4 F (Mandela had always been committed to
problem. peace)
5 F (he decided that the only way to unite his
2 divided country was if the two sides could talk
1 Speaker 1: not to try to change other people about what had happened in the past)
or you can’t change other people 6 T (few are able to follow the example set by
Speaker 2: not getting too attached to things or Mandela … such a high degree of
you shouldn’t get too attached to things unselfishness. It seems … not to be selfish – is
2 Speaker 1: The speaker got frustrated with perhaps the hardest lesson of all for people to
his business partner (Giles), who always took learn.)
ages to make a first design for the customer,
and this was driving him (the speaker) crazy. 4
Speaker 2: The speaker’s house was flooded. 1 point the way
3 A Tuareg person would probably agree with 2 economic boom
the lesson from Speaker 2 because the Tuareg 3 act on
don’t like to get attached to unnecessary 4 strive (for)
material objects (third quote in Exercise 1). 5 follow the example (of)

3 5
1 valuable a
2 guiding 1 has become worried = present perfect simple
3 thumb 2 have been saying = present perfect
4 said continuous
5 point 3 focused = past simple
4 had not been = past perfect simple
1a Learning from the past 5 is developing = present continuous
6 (often) talk = present simple
7 was living = past continuous
8 will have to = will future
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b F ’ve been doing

1 in recent years = present perfect simple (or E saw
continuous)
2 for some time = present perfect continuous 8 Example answers
(or simple) 1 Currently, I’m looking for a new job.
3 a few years ago = past simple (or 2 A few years ago, I went to Thailand for the
continuous) first time.
4 prior to the 1990s = past perfect simple (or 3 I usually watch TV or do sport.
continuous) 4 I have never been windsurfing … / stayed in
5 currently = present continuous a five star
6 nowadays = present simple hotel …
7 while = past continuous (present continuous) 5 I didn’t revise last weekend, because I had
8 in the long term = will future already
learned all the vocabulary on the list.
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises 6 I met my best friend when I was at
university. I was
1 living in a small flat at the time.
1 often/sometimes 7 I have had my present job for several years.
2 since 8 I don’t have the time or money at the
3 next month / soon moment, but
4 up to then sooner or later I’ll travel round the world.
5 next week
6 currently 9
2 1 while
1 have you been studying 2 for
2 ’s/is buying or ’s/is going to buy 3 in
3 has become 4 ever
4 had … started 5 now
5 ’m driving 6 never
6 was walking
3 1b What makes us who we are?
1 currently
2 Up till then 1 Example answers
3 Nowadays 1 because he doesn’t want us to see his face;
4 Recently because he wants to show his face through his
5 In the long term portrait; because he doesn’t want the viewer to
6 From now on compare his real face with his portrait
2 He looks thoughtful, wise, serious,
6 intelligent, calm.
1 Fifty years ago
2 nowadays 2
3 in the coming years 1 a control freak: someone who wants to
4 Over the last 25 years control every situation and will not allow other
5 for years people to share in making decisions
6 at the moment a dreamer: someone who has a lot of ideas but
7 often those things are often not very practical or
8 At the time likely to happen
9 ever a driven person: someone who is ambitious
10 Before that and motivated
a family person: someone who thinks their
7 family is important, and likes to spend time
1 A have you been learning with their family (husband or wife and
B started; had learned/learnt or learned/learnt children)
2 C Have you tried; went a free spirit: someone who does things their
D tell; seem; ’ll get own way and doesn’t always follow the rules
3 E are you working
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a joker: someone who likes to tell jokes or to b won’t be moving

do things to make people laugh c has been saying
the life and soul of the party: someone who is d was working
very lively and sociable, particularly in social e had been intending
situations such as parties f are always judging
an outgoing type: someone who is friendly and
enjoys meeting and talking to people Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
2 Possible answers:
Positive: a family person, the life and soul of 4
the party 1b
Negative: a control freak, a dreamer 2a
Neutral: a driven person, a free spirit, a joker, 3a
an outgoing type 4a
Note that these will depend on students’ own 5b
perspectives and/or the context, so make it 5
clear these are possible answers only, and 1 ’ll be doing
encourage discussion in class. 2 is always
3 Students’ own answers 3 are
4 hasn’t been
4 5 had been
Students should tick: b, d, e, f, g, h 6 was having
your interests/hobbies 7 is still 8 been cleaning
your work 6
your background 1 ’re building
your character 2 have … been doing
your beliefs and values 3 ’ll … be working
your life experiences 4 ’ve been living
Most important factor according to the speaker 5 ’ve known
=e 6 are moving
7 was walking
5
1 judgmental 2 the city 3 are ill 4 security 10
5 25 6 better 1 The verb form ‘do you do’ is asking about
your current situation (i.e. what do you do as a
6 job). In contrast, ‘are you doing’ is asking
a bits and pieces; as and when about now, or around now, (i.e. your current
b first and foremost activity).
2 The verb form ‘is always phoning’ implies
7 an irritating habit; ‘always phones’ describes a
1 quiet habit but as a neutral statement of fact (note
2 sound; pains that present simple can be used to describe
3 large; sweet irritating habit as well, depending on tone of
4 wide; fro voice).
5 games; then 3 The verb form ‘I’ve been reading’ implies
you may still be reading it (i.e. it’s an action
8 which is still in progress – you haven’t
a The consonant sound at the end of the first finished reading the book); ‘I’ve read’ is for
word ‘links’ a completed activity (i.e. you’ve finished the
with the vowel sound at the start of and. book – but recently – we don’t know when
b and is pronounced ‘n’ (/n/) – the /d/ sound is exactly).
only 4 The verb form ‘was working’ emphasizes it
pronounced if the second word begins with a was happening around the same time as when
vowel. you left school (concurrent action); ‘worked’
means they were subsequent activities – you
9 left school, then you got a job at the restaurant.
a is (now) becoming
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5 The verb form ‘I’ll be sitting’ means an beings. (These lifelike characters and the
activity which will be in progress in the future; observations that Shakespeare made about the
‘will sit’ is unlikely because it suggests a human condition are really what Jonson was
single action, i.e. I will sit down. referring to when he talked about
6 There is very little difference in meaning: Shakespeare’s universal appeal; there is no
‘had been working’ emphasizes the duration of doubt that Shakespeare’s characters resonate
the action, and perhaps that working as a nurse with people very strongly; ‘The enduring
continued up to the time he became a humanity of Shakespeare’, on the other hand,
paramedic; ‘had worked’ focuses more would not be an exaggeration.)
on the fact that this action was sometime in the
past. 3
7 There is very little difference in meaning. 1 vibrant
You could say ‘was living’ emphasizes the 2 characters with personalities and weaknesses
action or the duration of the action; ‘had been that we could relate to
living’ emphasizes that this was an action in 3 He is torn between what his heart and his
progress before the main past action (‘she head tell him.
moved to this country’); ‘lived’ would be used 4 She puts practical considerations before
when you are talking about a series of romance.
completed actions in the past. 5 succinctly
8 There is not much difference in meaning: 6 coined
‘will be going’ means that you expect Anne-
Marie to be doing this now; ‘usually goes’ is 4
used to talk about a routine or habit. 1 has seen better days
2 the world is my oyster
11 3 a wild goose chase
1 was watching; ‘ll be playing; are already 4 neither here nor there
watching 5 a foregone conclusion
2 was feeling; ’d been saving (could also 6 love is blind
accept: was saving) 7 break the ice
3 ’s getting; ’ve been flying; was sitting 8 come full circle

12 5
One habit that irritates me is people who are b
always looking at their phones during meal Sentences from the article that support the
times. It’s just rude! answer:
I imagine my dad will be watching the TV and Some say he was a great storyteller, others that
my brother will be texting his girlfriend. the magic lies in the beauty of his poetry.
We’re having the kitchen decorated – I hope Some say it is simply because
they won’t still be painting at Christmas! he left us a huge volume of work, which was
I have been meaning to clean the car all week. written during a vibrant time in English history
I had been intending to join an art class, but I …
decided I didn’t have enough free time. Shakespeare gave us something that the world
had not seen in literature before – characters
1c Immortal words with personalities, and particularly
weaknesses, that we could relate to.
1 English speakers have Shakespeare to thank
1 Students’ own answers for much of their current language, cultural
2 See the Background information notes references and their understanding of human
below. psychology.
Shakespeare’s characters resonate with people
2 very strongly. The observations about people
He gave us characters with personalities, and and life are made more memorable by the way
particularly in which they are phrased, both succinctly and
weaknesses, that we could relate to as fellow poetically.
human … certain words and sayings of his still exist
in the English language today.
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6 1
The author doesn’t directly state her purpose. Students’ own ideas
The sentence, ‘But if you ask people the
reason for Shakespeare’s continued popularity, 2 Example answers
you get different answers’ suggests perhaps be positive; always smile; show interest; ask
that finding the real answer will be the reason questions; maintain eye contact; use positive
for writing. body language – lean in, tilt your head towards
It’s important for an author to begin by stating someone; be patient – don’t bombard people
the reason for writing in formal writing, for with messages or invitations; find out about
example, in a job application or a business interests; find out what you have in common;
report. listen carefully

7 3
Students’ own views 1 Hi. Is it your first day at college too?
2 So, what do you do?
8 3 Hi, I don’t think we’ve met. I’m David.
1 lifelike 2 lifelong 3 larger-than-life 4 Hey, I like your jacket.
5 I’m supposed to have given up sweet things,
9 but I can’t stop eating this cake.
1 it always happens to me 6 Whereabouts are you from?
2 a reality or something we must accept
3 every kind of social background 4
4 having a great time 1 How’s it going? Is it as you expected?
5 something that got me out of a difficult 2 How did you get into that?
situation or that I couldn’t have managed 3 What school was that then?
without or something that helped me greatly in 4 Do you like bargain-hunting, then?
that situation 5 I don’t think I’ve ever kept a New Year’s
Resolution.
10 Have you?
Not performing well in exams has been the 6 So what’s it like? Is it a good place to live?
story of my life!
High prices are a fact of life. 1e Your first day
At the international college there are people
from all walks of life. 1
I went on a round-the-world trip last year – I ituations in which you may write notes: in
had the time of my life! class, in a presentation, in a work meeting,
My dad lent me £100 so I could get home – studying or revising, when taking ideas from a
that was a life-saver. book about a specialist subject (e.g. gardening,
decorating), taking a telephone message,
11 noting down something from a radio
Group A: programme
1 misgiving (n) /mɪsˈgɪvɪŋ/ = doubt or What notes consist of: shorthand symbols,
apprehension about something abbreviated words, phrases that miss out
2 spurn (v) /spɜːn/ = reject articles and other unimportant words, drawn
3 zany (adj) /’zeɪni/ = eccentric and lines and annotations
unconventional, even a little crazy What you do with notes: write them up as a
Group B: report, use them to write an essay or
1 howl (v) /haʊl/ = let out a long, pained cry dissertation, use them to pass on information,
like a dog or wolf store them to keep information
2 jaded (adj) /ˈdʒeɪdɪd/ = bored with
something, lacking enthusiasm 2
3 reprieve (n) /rɪˈpriːv/ = a temporary delay in 2 p.m. (not 3 p.m.)
a punishment EU (European Union)

1d How did you get into that? 3 Example answers

Sarah Curtain = principal – King’s College
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60 nationalities, 33 different langs 1 Example answers

Coffee at Student’s Union: 11 – 12.30, today Population: It probably has a small population
that may be old (i.e. young people probably
4 want to live somewhere bigger and with more
Only ‘relevant points’ are included in the varied opportunities).
notes. In other words, only facts, times, dates, Weather: The weather is probably cold all year
places, useful information, etc., but not round. And days are either very long or very
opinions, welcoming remarks or perhaps short.
things the student may only need to remember Communications: Cars, reindeer, dogs. People
for a short period of time, e.g. the fact that probably have limited internet access and
there is coffee after the talk. speak to each other more than write.
Way of life: The way of life is probably still
5a fairly traditional. It might be changing if
reg = registration younger people are moving away for studies or
a.m. = in the morning to find jobs. It’s probably hard
p.m. = in the afternoon work living here.
uni = university
i.e. = that is 2b
UK = United Kingdom 1d2c3e4a5b
docs = documents
incl. = including 3
OS = overseas The population is growing; there are more
sts = students younger people and fewer elders.
approx. = approximately/ The weather is cold.
roughly Communications: people use cars,
hrs = hours communication between people is oral
p.w. = per/each week (nothing is written down) and difficult
e.g. = for example (language barrier).
IT = Information Technology It looks like a hard way of life. The way of life
sthg = something is changing (from living on the land to a more
NB = please note (that) community-based way of life).
1st = first
etc. = and so on 4
1 They have seen a lot of change.
5b 2 their words, their advice and their knowledge
a incl. b approx. c NB d etc. e e.g. f i.e. of the past; they are involved in planning at
every level (local, government, etc.)
5c 3 ‘Respect your elders.’
2 and 4 4 as nomadic hunters
5 orally (nothing was written down)
5d Example answers
Example note form: 5
NB Mtg with Ellis & Co. tomorrow, Tue 12 1 advisors 2 expert 3 survive 4 animals 5
May 3 p.m. Pls let me know approx. no. basics
people attending from your dept & if you need 6 changes 7 forget
further info. Tks.
6
6 1 The population has grown. There are more
Reading list – 30 bks younger people and fewer elders because of
3/4 key bks – other bks for ref lower infant mortality rates and better
Don’t buy – use library or buy 2nd hand healthcare.
Read more ➝ read faster 2 respect yourself and those around you; high
selfesteem; be positive
1f Arctic wisdom 3 because the younger generation don’t
understand the Inuktitut language
4 It represents the average age in Iqaluit.
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5 It was passed on verbally, through

storytelling. 3
6 tradition, culture and history, knowing the Some years ago (past)
past once upon a time (past)
For a while (present perfect continuous)
7a for generations (present perfect continuous)
1 implement 2 seek 3 down 4 key countless times before (past perfect)
5 communication 6 lies at the end (past)
in future years (will future)
7b Example answers
1 I always seek advice when I have a big 4
decision to make – like changing my job or 1 lifelike 2 walks 3 time 4 lifelong 5 story 6
buying something expensive. fact
2 The last time I experienced a communication
barrier was when I went travelling in China – 5
nobody knew what I was asking for. Students’ own answers
3 The key to living a happy life is to have lots
of friends. 6
1 said 2 thumb 3 as 4 guiding; large
8 Example answers
1 Students’ own ideas 7
2 Reasons why elders should be respected: 1 have met before; [name]
they have knowledge and experience; they are 2 day here / at college
able to take a detached view; they deserve a 3 your coat/jacket
strong voice because of their age 4 are you from
Reasons why their advice and wisdom 5 what do
shouldn’t be listened to: they tend to be 6 of the talk/party
conservative; they are out-of-touch with the 7 isn’t it
modern world and with issues that affect 8 is talking about
young people; their experience is no longer
relevant; they are just one group in society and 8
their voice should be equal to others not Students’ own answers
greater
UNIT 2
9
Students’ own ideas 1 Example answers
The man is holding a large bird of prey. He is
Unit 1 Review probably training the bird to hunt.
(The recording describes how some Kazakh
1 people still hunt traditionally with eagles while
A ‘griot’ is a traditional storyteller. on small ponies, an art practised since the time
Time and friends are all you need in life (and a of Genghis Khan. They track foxes and other
brazier to small animals.)
make tea).
2
2 1 the horses, goats and cattle that travel with
1 visited them
2 think 2 by seeking new jobs or trades in the city
3 was 3 living in tents in summer and small houses in
4 was sitting winter
5 had been gathering 4 training eagles for eagle hunting
6 have been singing 5 the meat of the animals that the eagle kills
7 have learned 6 a sport
8 listened
9 had told
10 will stay
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3
1 An occupation is the job that you do (e.g. 2
I’m a sales assistant, an office worker, a pilot, 1 fewer
etc.). 2 They eat fish and molluscs and they trade the
A vocation is a job you do because you feel shells and oysters that they take from the sea
naturally drawn to it and/or which is fulfilling with Malay and Chinese merchants.
on an emotional level (e.g. teaching, nursing, 3 They can dive underwater for longer than
acting). most people (up to six minutes) and they can
2 A trade is a job that requires skilled manual also see well underwater.
labour (e.g. a carpenter, builder, plumber, 4 Their unique way of life and their
etc.). extraordinary skills will probably disappear.
A profession is a job that involves long
training and special qualifications and often 3
has high social status (e.g. dentist, lawyer, Manage or survive
etc.).
3 A living is the money that you earn from 4
your job that enables you to live (e.g. I work as 1 get round to = to do something you have
an accountant – it’s a living – it pays the intended to do for a long time (also: get around
bills.). to)
A livelihood is the thing(s)/work you do or 2 get over = to feel happy or well again after
depend on to provide money or other things to something bad has happened (get over an
live (e.g. This shop is my livelihood – without illness / a relationship break-up / a
it, I wouldn’t have money to pay bills.). disappointment)
4 A job is any type of work you do regularly to 3 get out of = to avoid doing something you
earn money. It’s a more informal word than arranged or promised to do
occupation or profession. 4 get away with = to manage to do something
A task is a specific job you need to do (e.g. without being punished or criticized for it
painting a room, writing a report, etc.) – but it 5 get back (to) = to phone, write or speak to
is not usually directly related to being paid. If someone at a later time because you are busy
you were going to be or can’t speak now
paid for this, you would call it ‘a job’.
5 Work is an uncountable noun and job is a 5
countable noun (e.g. I have a lot of work to 1 sentence 3 (present perfect continuous)
do.; I have a good job.). 2 sentence 5 (future perfect simple)
3 sentences 1 and 2 (present perfect simple)
4 sentence 4 (past perfect simple)
4
a farmer, fisherman, jockey, butcher, vet, dog Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
walker, pet shop owner
b blacksmith, watch repairer, tailor, thatcher, 1
weaver, stonemason, chimney sweep, cobbler, 1 was – ’ve been
potter 2 hasn’t been – didn’t go
c teaching, training animals, surgery, nursing, 3 won’t be arrived – won’t have arrived
any job where you have to deal with difficult 4 ’ve been having – ’ve had
people/behaviour or meticulous work 5 she’d leave – she’d left
6 ’m wearing – ’ve worn glasses or ’ve been
2a Living off the sea wearing
glasses
1 7 saw – ’ve seen
1 Over 70% 2
2 50% 1 haven’t eaten
3 90% 2 ’d … seen
4 90% 3 have you been working
5 20 kg 4 will have become
6 1 billion 5 ’ve known
7 30–40 seconds 6 hadn’t started
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3 5 occupied
1 ’ve been living or ’ve lived 6 spent
2 hadn’t lived 7 ‘ve often thought
3 told 8 ‘ll follow
4 couldn’t
5 ’ve been 9 Example answers
6 haven’t been able to Factors that make jobs a way of life: a job that
7 ’ll have saved many people in a community do (e.g.
traditionally, coal miners and fishermen all
6 lived in the same village and worked in the
1 a This is a recently completed action in the same mine or from the same harbour); a job
past – you’d say this near the end of the trip, that is passed on from father to son (e.g.
probably while you were still in Laos. farming, fisherman/woman); a job in which
b This is a completed action in the past – you live where you work (e.g. farming) or own
you’d say this after the trip had finished, what you work with (e.g. a fishing boat); a job
probably once you were back at home. which takes up all your time (e.g. farmer,
2 a This took place in a period of time up to fisherman/woman, possibly lorry driver); a job
now – and I could meet John again in the which is also your social and family life (e.g.
future. lorry drivers are always on the road and in
b This is a finished action in the past – there’s hotels); a job that is also your dream or your
little or no chance I’ll meet him again (e.g. hobby (e.g. a firefighter – perhaps always
John may have moved away or died). wanted to be one; a graphic designer – loves
3 a We arrived and then the meeting started. art); a job that fulfils your desire to help
b The meeting started and then we arrived. people or change the words (e.g. a teacher, a
4 a The votes will be counted on the Thursday. physiotherapist); a job that has customs
b The votes will be counted before that and traditions and a way of life attached to it
Thursday, i.e. the actions will be finished (e.g. the bonding between miners, firefighters,
before Thursday. fishermen/women; the way bankers dress and
5 a This is looking back from the present, the see the world).
action of teaching hasn’t happened (i.e. he
can’t do it – and no one has taught him to do it 10 Example answers
– but it could happen in the future). blacksmith, thatcher, cheese maker, sports star,
b This is looking back from a certain point in politician, doctor, aid worker, campaigning
the past – he wasn’t taught before that point, journalist
and we don’t know if he then went on to hold
his breath or not. 2b Smokejumpers

7 1 Example answers
1 had heard be on fire – The barn’s on fire – we need to put
2 has attracted it out.
3 learn catch fire – The grass was so dry that it caught
4 have become fire during the heat wave.
5 acquired contain a fire – The fire services used a water
6 passed cannon on a helicopter in an attempt to contain
7 are forced the fire. (contain = limit)
8 have tried fight a fire – You need specialized equipment
9 won’t be to fight a fire in a burning building.
10 just want light a fire – We lit a fire at the campsite and
11 were sang songs round it.
12 will have changed put out a fire – Put out that fire immediately.
You mustn’t have campfires in this part of the
8 forest.
1 was set fire to – The police want to know who set
2 ‘d intended (= had intended) fire to the disused building.
3 got set on fire – The youths stole a car and set it on
4 ‘s retired (= has retired) fire.
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start a fire – It’s hard to start a fire in the rain. 2 The passive infinitive is formed with the
verb to be + past participle.
2 The passive gerund is formed with being +
1 a forest fire; they start when it’s very hot and past participle.
dry, or when someone drops a match or 3 get
cigarette, or has a barbecue or
bonfire/campfire; it’s difficult to stop forest Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
fires once they start – they can sometimes be
stopped by dropping water on them from 4
planes 1 was announced
2 brave/courageous, physically strong, able to 2 is being built
make quick decisions, well trained; Students’ 3 must be finished
own answers 4 has been cancelled
5 will be given
3 6 had been eaten
1 T (smokejumpers … are dropped into 7 needs to be passed
inaccessible areas) 5
2 F (They have to do both – But first the fire 1 knew
needs to be assessed to see how bad it is and 2 get killed
how it’s going to develop … if it’s a bad fire, 3 get told
we’ve got to look for a way to try and contain 4 like
it.) 5 get paid
3 F (That’s not an issue; Those who come 6 be caught
through it [the training] have a natural 7 get hit
respect for each other; A smokejumper’s a 8 earn
smokejumper, regardless of gender.) 6
1 Our car was broken into by a teenager from
4 our street.
1 a If a smokejumper is too heavy, they can 2 You can’t be seen by Dr Taylor
descend too fast and therefore get injured 3 A new planet has been discovered by
when they hit the ground. astronomers.
b If a smokejumper is too light, they might be 4 The old cinema is going to be bought by a
carried fast food company.
a long way from their intended landing point. 5 he wasn’t given the right directions by the
2 It’s not the first thing she thinks of. app on his phone
3 They go in first, before other crews. 6 The environment is being destroyed by our
4 by finding a natural fire break actions.
5 You have to be trained to a certain standard
and complete the course successfully. 8
1 Fire always needs to be treated
5 2 His hands were/got badly burned
The idiom that Kerry used means that you 3 I was accepted or being accepted
can’t protect 4 to be given the opportunity by the fire
people or keep them away from all the dangers service or for being given the opportunity by
or the fire service (also acceptable: for having
unpleasant things in the (outside) world. been given …)
1 do 5 Forest fires can be started by people or by
2 cut natural causes
3 follow 6 Smokejumper suits are sometimes made by
4 become (the) smokejumpers themselves.
5 err 7 Forest fires haven’t been seen
6 be 8 to be overwhelmed by the situation or to get
overwhelmed by the situation
7
1 1 present passive, 2 past simple passive, 3 9
present perfect passive 1 to be explained (also acceptable: explaining)
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2 was forced
3 get paid or ’m paid 13 Example answers
4 ‘re caught or get caught; being arrested or Possible ideas for safety features:
getting 1 an augmented reality display on a car
arrested windscreen – e.g. you can see your speed,
5 is done / ‘s done or has been done approaching hazard information, up on the
windscreen in front of you
10 2 voice control – you can tell your car what to
1 a – the agent is unimportant do, e.g. ‘slow down’
2c 3 smart technology so that cars can ‘speak’ to
3 a – the agent is unimportant each other (e.g. a car can tell another car’s
4 a – the agent is unimportant computer that they are approaching)
5 a – the agent (the wind) is obvious 4 night vision so that you see things at night as
if it were day
11
Note that all answers are grammatically 2c Daring, defiant and free
possible here, although some, notably those
beginning someone or anyone, and the clumsy 1 Example answers
clauses beginning with that, are unlikely. Students’ own answers. Note the actual
1 it is ranked (Here, we choose the passive so answers are in the recording.
we can continue with it as the subject, as in the 1 He climbed / walked / was dropped by rope
previous clause, and because the ‘people’ who or helicopter.
do the ranking are not important.) 2 He’s going to walk along the ridge / wait to
2 Firefighters need to be compensated (Here, be picked up by helicopter / use equipment to
the ‘we’ is unimportant – we want to focus parachute or abseil down / jump.
attention on the person or thing affected by the 3 by a photographer in a helicopter; perhaps
action – the firefighters.) it’s an example of photoshopping
3 they take (Here, they refers to firefighters –
the subject of the previous clause; also the 2
passive form is long and clumsy.) 1 He’s climbed up there (without any
4 to be called (someone is unknown or specialist
unimportant) equipment).
5 they attend (Here, they refers to firefighters – 2 He climbs up to the top (but we don’t know
the subject of the previous sentence; also the what
passive form is long and clumsy.) happens after that).
6 freeing someone (someone is unknown or 3 Another mountaineer took the photo.
unimportant)
7 both answers are possible here (but fire 3
regulations are being followed sounds more 1 chalk, rock shoes, belief in your own ability
formal) 2 mentally tired/fatigued/exhausted
8 being given (anyone is unknown or 3 There was nothing else he could do.
unimportant) 4 Word of his achievement spread around the
world and he very quickly became a climbing
12 Example answers legend (also acceptable: ‘internet sensation’ or
My mobile phone is protected by a password. ‘mountaineering hero’).
Some phones use fingerprint recognition so the 5 rock climbing
phone can only be unlocked by the owner. I 6 to be a reliable member of the climbing team
guess that’s probably safer.
My car is protected by an alarm system. If it’s 4
broken into in any way, the alarm goes off. 1 sheer
The steering wheel is locked if you use the key 2 summit
incorrectly. All the car doors can be locked 3 greasy
from inside by the driver. 4 flawlessly
At home, my front door is locked 5 stunned
automatically when it’s closed. All the 6 accomplished
windows are protected by individual locks 7 blew his mind
and a burglar alarm has also been installed.
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8 looked back 7
foothold: a secure place where you can put
5 your foot when climbing; this could be a small
a He’s alone, far off the ground and without hole or crack in the surface of the rock
aids. get your foot in the door: to get a first job or
Not Honnold. opportunity with a company, which then
He loses the smallest amount of confidence. allows you to move into another (or better) job
‘My foot will never stay on that.’ in the same company or business in the future
In free-soloing, confidence is everything.
All you have is belief in your own ability. 8
Then suddenly, he’s in motion again. 1 become confident and understand what I’m
It sticks. supposed to be doing
Climbers were stunned, and the blog writers 2 said something (without thinking it through
were buzzing. properly) which will damage her own
That is the magic of Yosemite: it creates opportunities or wishes in the future
heroes. 3 said something embarrassing or
He hasn’t looked back. inappropriate, or which could upset someone –
For Chin that is always the priority. usually accidentally
b It’s a bright Saturday morning in September 4 did a similar job or type of work as her
and a young man is standing on a small ledge mother (or someone else before you)
high up on the northwest face of Half Dome, a 5 I’m not very coordinated or graceful (usually
sheer 650-metre wall of granite in the heart of talking about dancing or similar).
Yosemite Valley in California. He’s alone, far 6 began the relationship badly
off the ground and without aids … something
potentially dangerous happens. He loses the 9 Example answers
smallest amount of confidence. ‘What am I 1 a top university, a very popular organization,
doing here?’ he says to himself, staring at a any job or profession where a lot of people are
greasy bump on the rock face. For a few competing for a few places
minutes, he stands there, staring out at the 2 Students’ own answers (e.g. Well, I really
sky, unable to look up or down for fear of put my foot in it last week when I asked my
falling. Then suddenly, he’s in motion again. sister and her boyfriend over for dinner – I
He steps up, planting his shoe on the smooth didn’t know he had finished with her the night
stone. It sticks. He moves his hand to another before!)
hold, repeats the move, and within minutes, 3 Students’ own answers (e.g. I definitely got
he’s at the top … off on the wrong foot with my boss when I
c disastrous, staring, paralysed, raced, stunned, started my new job I think it was because I was
buzzing, so nervous – we get along fine now, though.)
blew his mind
d ‘What am I doing here?’ he says to himself, 2d Tell me a bit about yourself
staring at a greasy bump on the rock face. ‘My
foot will never stay on that.’ 1 Example answers
‘I rallied because there was nothing else I a resourceful (also possible: flexible)
could do,’ Honnold says later, with a boyish b conscientious (also possible: flexible,
laugh. ‘I stepped up and trusted that foothold focused, reliable)
and was freed of the prison where I’d stood c reliable (also possible: conscientious)
silently for five minutes.’ d flexible (also possible: well-organized)

6 Example answers 3 Example answers

Chin watches. The climber above him any ‘life problems’, going out to nightclubs
holds/grasps/hangs onto the rock by one hand. with your friends, what your favourite shop or
He hesitates at first to take the picture. ‘I café is, what pets you have, where you like to
wonder if it is right to take the picture?’ he go on holiday, your favourite food, etc.
says to himself. ‘What if the man
falls/slips/tumbles and hurts himself?’ Then he 4 Example answers
decides that he has to. It’s his job. 1 What are your career goals?
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2 Why are you interested in this job? or Why want them to be able to remember your
do you think you are a good candidate for this application. It’s a good idea to include some
job? details that are specific to you (e.g. mention
3 Where do you see yourself in five years’ personal achievements and experience).
time? or What would you like to be doing in
five years’ time? 3
4 What are your weaknesses? or Do you have a I am seeking
any weaknesses? b Please find attached
5 Do you work well as part of a team? c a suitable candidate
d I am available
5 e the requirements you mention
Questions: f I am writing in response to
So can you tell me a bit about yourself? g do not hesitate to
What kind of organization would you like to h The (job) attracted me
work for, ideally? i I look forward to hearing from you.
Have you done any blogging or written j You will see from my CV that
anything that’s been published? k Thank you for taking time to consider this
And what do you see as your strengths, Katy?
And what would you say are your 2f Climbing Yosemite
weaknesses?
Kind of work: She’s looking for a job in 1 Example answers
journalism (working for a news company). Adjectives: crazy, difficult, scary, reckless,
Why she is suited: She thinks she’s suited to terrifying, worrying, adventurous, amazing,
this type of work because she writes well, incredible, thrilling, brave, courageous,
she’s good at spotting a story, she’s focused fearless, exciting
and conscientious. Verbs: grip, hang, grasp, cling, step, pull,
think, plan, focus
6 Expressions: adrenaline-rush, hold your nerve,
1 from 2 for 3 in 4 into 5 towards 6 at 7 up keep going, try your best/hardest
8 at 9 through 10 to 11 of 12 to
2b
2e A letter of application 1c2a3e4d5b

1 3
1 a Trainee Marketing assistant rewarding, difficult (physically), cerebral,
2 in last Tuesday’s Guardian newspaper slow, methodical,
3 a recent graduate from university; currently scared, real (consequences)
doing some freelance travel writing (Note that in Part 2 of the video, he uses other
4 (the contents of the three bullet points) adjectives: fortunate, influential, passionate,
5 Thank you for taking time to consider this awesome, special, insane, amazing.)
application …
6 at any time by phone or in writing 4
1 T (Hey, Mom, Dad, I’m going to take a year
2 off. I’m just going to get it out of my system.
1 F The letter should outline why you are I’m going to climb and ski full time. Don’t
suitable for the job. If there are certain freak out – it’s really temporary; essentially
specifications, you should ensure that, along their worst nightmare was realized when … I
with your CV, the letter explains how you was still living in the back of my car … just
meet these specifications. doing odds and ends for jobs.)
2T 2 F (I’m going to take a year off … I’m going
3 F The letter should respond to specific to climb and ski full time … it’s really
requirements the company has listed. temporary.)
4 T The person reading the letter will want to 3 T (I would wake up in … Yosemite … and I
get an impression of the kind of person you are would just think … there’s no other place that
and you I would rather be. Yosemite was a very …
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influential home for me; Made a lot of friends. jobs: building up experience of working,
I felt like I found my community there.) earning some money, meeting lots of different
4 F (I didn’t really have a sense of, like, people, learning new skills, becoming more
wanting to be an artist or photographer in any flexible, getting a character reference
other way than to continue what I was doing.) Building up a range of practical skills: being
5 T (I travelled the world and really got to able to put these skills on your CV, learning
shoot on some really insane assignments … specific skills for a job you would like, makes
and some amazing locations.) you more versatile
Voluntary work: gain work experience, giving
5 something back to your community, giving
1 ski you an idea of the job
2 professional or course you might like to apply for, feeling
3 year good about helping others, meeting new
4 car; tables people, making new friends
5 community
6 greater Unit 2 Review
7 500
8 launch 1
1 has found
6 Example answers 2 was employed
Students’ own ideas 3 has been travelling / has travelled
Students are likely to think Jimmy Chin made 4 was given / has been given
a good choice: exciting job, lots of travel, 5 has tested
seeing the world’s most exciting places, 6 created / had created
having adventures, his job is his hobby, 7 (to be) checked
probably getting good money for the 8 is / has been
photographs, developing a great skill as a 9 was put
photographer 10 ’m having / have been having
His career could develop in that he could 11 are added / are being added
become a photographer for other kinds of 12 is / has been / will be / will have been
exploration or adventure. He could also
become involved in making videos using a 2
drone. was employed – a The agent (person doing the
action) is obvious, unknown or unimportant.
7a was given / has been given – c We want to
1c2a3a4b5b6a give emphasis to the agent by putting it at the
end of the sentence.
7b Example answers to be checked – a The agent (person doing the
1 Before I go, I’ll need to sort out a few odds action) is obvious, unknown or unimportant.
and ends, like where to leave the key, and who was chosen … and put – b We are following a
to ask to come and feed the cat. series of actions that happen to the same
2 We left the house and headed out into the subject.
street/desert/rain. are added / are being added – a The agent
3 My parents freaked out when I said I wanted (person doing the action) is obvious, unknown
to get a tattoo. or unimportant.

8 Example answers 3
Students’ own ideas 1 Holiday operator, First Choice, in order to
Travelling: seeing lots of different countries, offer the best by having a full-time tester.
meeting different people, learning languages, 2 Testing water slides at holiday resorts to
gaining more independence, becoming ensure the quality of the water park experience
resilient and flexible for customers.
Doing military service: meeting people,
working in a team, learning new skills, 4
getting/keeping fit, being very disciplined, 1 by
gaining more independence Doing various odd 2 footsteps
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3 profession 1 the cost of renting is high; it’s hot and

4 find humid; there’s a mixture of new, smart
5 on building and old, shabby buildings; it’s a busy,
6 side crowded, competitive place to live; it can be
addictive
5 Example answers 2 at least twenty or thirty storeys high; tiny
1 Advising someone to stop worrying about a apartments, one on top of another; a mixture of
past event which was negative (e.g. a old and new, smart and shabby; air-
relationship breakdown or losing a job) and to conditioning units sticking out from windows
forget about it and start living life positively
again. 3
2 Apologizing for not doing something (e.g. 1 tiny
not printing a document); apologizing for not 2 hot, humid
fixing something (in the house, car, etc.) or not 3 new, old, smart, shabby
doing a job in the house (e.g. the washing up / 4 busy, crowded, competitive, addictive
cleaning); apologizing for not making a phone
call to arrange an appointment. 4 Example answers
3 Saying that you wish you didn’t have to do apartment: first-floor, run-down, spacious,
something (e.g. attend a wedding or party of studio, two-bedroom
someone you don’t get on with; a work building: brick, four-storey, high-rise,
meeting). imposing, residential, run-down
street: main, narrow, one-way, tree-lined,
6 pedestrianized, residential, run-down
1 b, g 2 a, e 3 d, f 4 c, d area: built-up, deprived, pedestrianized,
residential, run-down
7 The adjective run-down can collocate with all
Students’ own answers four nouns.
conscientious – surgeon, lawyer, doctor, pilot,
air traffic controller 5 Example answer
enthusiastic – teacher, coach, actor, Tribeca was once a deprived, run-down area,
professional athlete but today it’s one of the most popular and
flexible – any job involving shift work, upmarket areas of Manhattan, New York. It’s
teacher, police officer, social worker a built-up area of high-rise buildings, many of
motivated – lawyer, doctor, author, investment which are residential. However, as it’s
banker, business person popular with artists, it has spacious studios and
reliable – accountant, solicitor, cleaner, doctor, upmarket shops and bars.
taxi driver
resourceful – teacher, social worker, project 3a Towns with character
manager, firefighter
1 Example answers
8 1 boom town = a town that has grown up
Students’ own answers suddenly, usually for a reason such as the
discovery of oil or the building of a large, local
UNIT 3 factory: characteristics may include being
vibrant, possibly half-built, full of new,
1 Example answers young people
1 It’s probably hot, crowded, cramped, tiring ghost town = a town with no people, often a
(lots of stairs or crowded lifts), and the flats boom town that went bust, or because a
are likely to be small. disaster or change in the economy caused
2 They are high-rise, urban buildings that are people to leave: characteristics may
probably densely populated. We can see include being empty, derelict, run-down
cladding, air conditioning units, windows, historic town = an old town with buildings and
balconies and washing lines. monuments from the past: characteristics may
include pretty, touristy, lively, expensive
2 holiday town/resort = a place full of shops and
 tienganhedu.com

attractions for tourists, often on the coast: a bit come after the verb.
characteristics include touristy, expensive,
quaint, relaxing Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
industrial town = a town with factories:
characteristics may include unattractive, 1
polluted, noisy, commercially successful 1 wasn’t very good
market town = a small town, often old with a 2 quite a
historic square in the centre: characteristics 3 is quite
may include attractive, picturesque, sleepy, 4 a fairly
friendly, local 5 rather a / a rather
port (town) = a town on the coast with boats or 6 a pretty
ships and working industry: characteristics 2
may include busy, vibrant, commercially 1a2b3b4a5a
successful 3
regional capital = the capital or main city of a 1 quite/rather
region: characteristics may include vibrant, 2 fairly/rather
industrial, interesting, cosmopolitan 3 not particularly
shanty town = a town of temporary shelters on 4 quite/rather
the edge of a big city built by and for poor 5 pretty
people: characteristics may include run-down, 6 slightly/pretty
unhealthy, deprived, dangerous, lawless 7 not very
spa town = a place where people go to
improve their health, often by exercising or 5
having baths in special waters: characteristics 1 I always feel pretty excited … (qualifier
may include pretty, historic, sleepy, touristy, directly before an adjective)
interesting, relaxing 2 Liverpool used to be a fairly busy port …
university town = characteristics may include (qualifier directly before an adjective)
lively, lots of bars and restaurants, historic 3 We quite wanted to visit … or … there
buildings, young population wasn’t quite time. (quite comes before the
2 Students’ own answers – it depends on main verb and before a noun)
where they are from. 4 Industry in the town has declined slightly …
(slightly comes after the verb)
2 5 … we regretted our decision a bit. (a bit
lively – sleepy comes after the verb)
modern and characterless – quaint 6 The museum isn’t particularly interesting
scruffy – well-kept … or … if you don’t particularly like …
self-contained – sprawling (qualifier directly before an adjective;
particularly comes before the main verb)
3
1 Granada 6
2 Granada 1 quite (quite comes before the main verb)
3 Billund 2 particularly (qualifier directly before an
4 Billund adjective)
5 Granada 3 pretty or particularly (qualifier directly
6 Billund before an adjective)
4 a little (a little comes after the verb)
4 5 a bit (qualifier directly before an adjective)
1a 6 fairly (qualifier directly before an adjective)
2 7 slightly (slightly comes after the verb)
a They come directly before the adjective.
b Quite must come before a/an in a noun 7a
phrase; rather can be before or after a/an in a 1 It’s quite a long way. (qualifier)
noun phrase. 2 Pretty confident. (adjective)
c Quite, rather and not particularly come 3 It’s pretty cold. (adjective)
before the main verb (with like, enjoy, want); 4 Yes, it’s fairly important. (qualifier)
slightly, rather, a little and
 tienganhedu.com

5 Yes, she’s quite a well-known actor. Description: the first home looks traditional,
(adjective) small, portable, made of canvas, and clearly
6 I quite enjoyed it. (qualifier) typical of a northern climate, whereas the
second home looks modern, small, compact,
7b well designed.
1, 4 and 6 (when the qualifier is stressed) have 1 Photo A is in Russia (a Dolgan home); B is
stress patterns which mean ‘but not very’. in Hong Kong.
In 2, 3 and 5, the meaning of the verb or 2 The architect is inspired by the Dolgan home
adjective doesn’t change very much (see because it’s a small living space which is very
Grammar and pronunciation notes practical, simple, and very functional.
below). The architect is inspired by the Hong Kong
living space because it’s unique and very
8 Example answers flexible: you can make 24 different rooms
1 It’s quite a big town. / It’s a fairly small from just one space.
village. / It’s not a particularly lively town.
On the town’s website, it’s described as a very 3
historic place. 1 small homes in general
2 It’s quite well known for its 2 cheaper
castle/beer/cheese/landscape. 3 one room
3 It used to be a slightly dull place, but it’s 4 their animals
changed quitea bit. Now it’s rather a fun 5 belongings
place to go out. or No, it isn’t very different 6 move
now from five/ten years ago.
4 You could visit the museum – it’s very 4
interesting and not very expensive; I wouldn’t 1e2f3g4a5h6c7d8b
bother going to the leisure centre because it’s
rather a long way from the centre. 5
5 I’d recommend Bill’s Restaurant – the food Students’ own ideas
is fairly basic, but it has a great atmosphere
and the staff are pretty friendly. 6
6 I’d definitely ban cars from the centre of Words that mean ‘very’: really, very
town – it often feels quite noisy and polluted. Words that mean ‘completely’: absolutely,
Also the shops are a bit boring. It needs some totally, quite,
better clothes shops. Completely
7 Yes, definitely. It’s a fairly convenient place
to live and accommodation is quite cheap. or 8
No, definitely not. The job opportunities are a extremely small, (very pleased,) incredibly
pretty poor, and you’re more likely to get a short, really big, very practical, very
good job in a bigger city. functional, (extremely basic)
b (really stunning,) (absolutely freezing,)
9 absolutely essential, quite amazing
Students’ own ideas (see article for a model) c (completely different,) completely wrong,
totally unique
3b Compact living
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
1
Students’ own ideas 4
Rooms with typically more than one function: 1 It’s very freezing – It’s freezing
a kitchen that’s also a dining room and/or 2✓
laundry room, a living room that’s also a 3✓
dining room, a bedroom that’s a study or 4✓
office, a bathroom that’s a laundry room, a
5 It’s absolutely important – It’s very/really
living room that’s a bedroom at night
important
6 an extremely amazing – an (utterly/totally)
2
amazing
7 utterly right – absolutely right
 tienganhedu.com

5 3 asking motorists to drive more sensibly to

1 freezing reduce pollution
2 tired 4 a race when someone fell over, a team which
3 stylish reached a final but didn’t win (on penalties or
4 tiny after a last-minute mistake)
5 cold 5 Students’ own answers
6 stunning
7 exhausted 14 Example answers
8 small I’d absolutely love to have a home cinema,
6 because there are so many films now with
1 very really amazing special effects that you can’t
2 really appreciate on a small screen.
3 incredibly An ensuite bathroom would be absolutely
4 very brilliant. They’re incredibly luxurious and I
5 absolutely think it’s perfectly reasonable to have one.
6 incredibly
7 extremely 3c The paper architect

9 1
1 very; incredibly Students’ own answers
2 completely; really
3 absolutely; extremely 2
4 incredibly; very C
5 quite; utterly
6 absolutely; completely 3
1 Because (at first) her designs weren’t
10 Example answers actually built – they just remained drawings.
1 I would only eat worms/bugs/grass if I was 2 It means people wanted to employ her as an
absolutely desperate. architect to design buildings.
2 I get really/extremely irritated by people who 3 She was in a profession that was dominated
moan all the time. by men and it was conservative (it didn’t like
3 The last time I was really/incredibly tired new ideas).
was when I completed the London Marathon. 4 She sketched her ideas in the form of an
4 It’s totally/completely wrong to let children artist’s drawing.
run around on trains. 5 They didn’t think the buildings could
5 I think babies/diamonds are absolutely actually be built.
gorgeous. 6 She thought that a new building should be
6 I’m absolutely certain that good health is practical as well as innovative.
what’s most important in life. 7 The building has lots of natural light and
dramatic angles, so that pupils can view the
11 activity of other students from different
It means ‘very’. perspectives.
8 She will be remembered as someone who
12 made an enormous impact on architecture.
The two cases where it is not the case are:
mildly amusing 4
(= quite amusing), vaguely familiar (= a little Zaha Hadid’s designs: bold and daring,
bit familiar). innovative, imaginative, original(ity)
Her character: determined, innovative,
13 something of an outsider
1 learning the piano, learning a foreign Her buildings: new and different, complex
language, learning code curved forms, innovative, practical, with
2 wanting to be an astronaut, or to be a natural light, dramatic angles and multiple
millionaire by the time they are thirty, wanting viewpoints
to be a famous singer or actor Her position in the world of architecture:
groundbreaking, an outsider, enormous impact
 tienganhedu.com

The effect of her buildings on the user: you don’t mind lifts or small spaces
surprised and charmed 3 bored, uncomfortable, tired – they are large,
empty, airless, crowded places; tired – often
5 Example answers you have to walk everywhere with big bags;
Zaha Hadid’s designs were bold and daring, nervous, anxious – many people fear flying,
and were often praised for being imaginative others are nervous about missing flights;
and original. She was a determined architect in excited, impatient – if you are comfortable
a profession where it was difficult for women with flying and are going on holiday
architects to be successful. Her buildings were 4 uncomfortable – the chairs may be hard or
new and different, and whilst she wanted you may not have much space; irritated,
to work with complex, curved forms, one of annoyed – poor sightlines or acoustics;
her main considerations was that they were interested, engaged – if you enjoy learning
practical for the user. Hadid was praised as and the content of the lecture is good
being a ground-breaking architect, who made 5 isolated, uncomfortable, bored – you can feel
an enormous impact on the profession, though alienated by being in an empty place or in a
she was also perhaps an outsider. Her use of place where people can look over your
innovative designs and ideas meant that her shoulder; supported, motivated – if
buildings surprised and charmed people. you are someone who works well with other
team members around you
6
To break new ground means ‘do something 9 Example answers
new and different (or innovative) in your Students may have many ideas, for example,
particular area or using relaxing music to relieve anxiety, using
profession’. different colours that are associated with
1 start and be successful positivity, using plants and other décor to
2 on the basis that; for the reasons that; make places feel less empty or forbidding,
because dividing large spaces up so they feel more
3 talked about many things/topics cosy, subduing lighting so places are more
4 remains realistic about life relaxing, having comfortable armchairs
5 held onto what he believed in, in spite of and sofas, having lecture halls on a slope or in
opposition curves in order to make them feel friendlier
and improve acoustics.
7 Example answers
1 The manager of our local football team 3d A lot to recommend it
always keeps his feet on the ground – even
when we win, he doesn’t get too excited – he 1
just tells us to work even harder next time. Students’ own ideas
2 My parents wanted me to go to university,
but I stood my ground – I went to drama 2 Example answers
college instead. I’m now an actor – a dream 1 Students’ own ideas
come true! 2 a popular, well-known or even a
3 Companies like Apple and Sony are always controversial work of art can attract visitors to
breaking new ground by bringing out totally a city centre, thus bringing customers to shops;
new and innovative products. can bring a sense of civic pride to locals; can
work as a centre point to a town or city – a
8 Example answers place to meet; can inspire other artists,
1 nervous, anxious, uneasy – because you are especially local ones
not looking forward to the possible discomfort
of dental surgery; irritated, annoyed, 3
uncomfortable – because the room may be hot 1 a sculpture which features quotes and jokes
or crowded or you may be made to wait by famous local people
beyond your appointment time 2 The first speaker is in favour, the second
2 anxious, afraid – because you fear closed speaker is against.
spaces; hot, uncomfortable, sick – because lifts
are often hot and make some people feel sick; 4
relaxed, absent minded – if
 tienganhedu.com

The directness of your answer depends on

your relationship to the person, but it’s also 1 Example answers
true that different cultures vary too (see Yes: a dramatic contrast; symbolizing the old
Background information below). and the new; new buildings are functional and
old buildings tend to be attractive so together
5 they make a business area of a city
1 rather clever interesting
2 a bit more artistic No: the contrast is too great; the modern
3 stand the test of time building dwarfs the old one; it takes away
4 tells you something about the city from the old building – we can’t admire it
5 a bit ugly (to me) because it’s surrounded by something too
6 something interactive (not just static) different and there is no space around it

6 2
Agree: 1 The writer thinks that we should allow
I agree completely. / Absolutely. modern buildings to be built next to older
Disagree politely: buildings (as long as the new building is
It seems a bit … to me. pleasing and does not dominate too much).
I don’t think you should underestimate … 2 He says modern architecture can fit with
I can see that, but … buildings from another period, and that they
I’m not (entirely) convinced that … can actually enhance the area. He says there
Disagree: are many successful examples in existence.
I’m against … 3 There are examples of modern buildings that
I disagree. / I don’t agree. have spoiled an area.
Give an opinion:
I think … / I reckon … 3
I have to say, … The correct order is: d, b, a, c
Personally, I …
For me, … / If you ask me, … 4a
It’s pretty obvious that … / It’s fairly clear that 1 In my view,; I suspect that; I believe that
… 2 Having said that,; Admittedly,
I’m (all) in favour of 3 Indeed,; After all,
4 in other words,
7a 5 In conclusion,
1 /j/
2 /w/ 4b
3 /w/ 1 In my view
4 /j/ 2 Indeed / After all
5 /j/ 3 Having said that / Admittedly
6 /w/ 4 I believe that / In my view
5 In other words
7b
I reckon we should choose the carousel – it’s 3f A story of solutions
representative
of the city’s history and could be funded by 1 Example answers
business. The fire station acts as a central point for
It seems a bit childish to me. Personally, I storing the vehicles and equipment needed to
think we should fight fires and help at other emergencies.
go for the LED screen – the community will Firefighters work there and spend a lot of their
be able to time there training and preparing to go out to
interact with it. emergencies and fight fires.
I’m not entirely convinced by that. It seems a Their job is probably challenging, dangerous,
bit unpredictable and very varied. They are
complicated to me. probably required to work shifts. When they
are not involved in incidents, their working
3e Old and new days may be boring.
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2 Example answers 7
Other buildings: local shop or minimarket, Students’ own ideas
doctor’s surgery, vet’s surgery, nursery school,
primary school, garage or petrol station, pub, 8
church, mosque, cinema Students’ own ideas
1 Villages or small communities are likely to
only have a post office and perhaps a Unit 3 Review
community centre.
2 Many people think that having a local shop 1
or post office is vital. People in small It is an aquatics centre and is used for
communities also value a community centre as swimming.
a way of meeting people. In the UK, small
communities often have a pub and a church, 2
which many see as important. A local primary 1 really
school is important to young families. People 2 quite
don’t expect to have a fire station or hospital 3 extremely
but often aim not to live too far from one. 4 rather
5 particularly
3 6 completely
Things seen in the video: straight road, barns / 7 pretty
long buildings, trees/ants, a small store/shop, a 8 quite
pick-up truck, cows, fields, houses on bricks 9 really
1 very small, one street town, only 184 10 incredibly
inhabitants, rural, quiet, not rich
2 wooden or temporary-looking, nothing very 3
new, the houses were elevated on bricks a rare, practical, pleasing, dramatic
b remarkable, spectacular
4 c organic, still
1 old
2 architecture plans or design 4
3 functional, simple 1 bedroom
4 a grass fire 2 bitterly
5 various activities: cutting, sawing, 3 brick
assembling, drilling, sanding, welding 4 built
6 children 5 sprawling
6 storey
5 7 suite
1 burn down; insurance; homeless 8 wildly
2 organization; the building 9 walk
3 thirty-two House: 1, 7, 9
4 library Town: 4, 5, 6,
5 chose; glad Adverb + adjective: 2, 8
6 same goal
7 solution; people 5 Example answers
Students’ own answers
6a Picture 1: characterless, compact (apartments),
1b2a3c4c5c imposing, modern
Picture 2: quaint, sleepy
6b Picture 3: compact, quaint
1 The sole reason that I learn English is to
improve my job prospects. 6
2 Winning the singing contest was a catalyst Students’ own answers
for my career in show business.
3 The book, Catcher In the Rye, had a 7 Example answers
profound effect on me when I was younger. 1e2f3c4a5g6d7b
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UNIT 3 bend: a knife, a fork, a spoon, a book, a piece

of card, an electrical cable
1 fold: umbrella, wallet, bank note, lightweight
Students’ own ideas raincoat, folding chair, penknife, clothes,
sheets, towels
2 2 Students’ own answers, but anything bulky
1 She was (virtually) blind. that needs storing or carrying (a car, a laptop
2 Immediately after the operation she could computer, cooking pots and pans, a mattress,
see light and colour and later she could etc.)
identify nearby objects.
3 They are for anyone and they help people 2
hear better by allowing the wearer to choose a folding bike, raincoat, sunglasses
which sounds to ignore and which to focus on. b phones, computers, TV screens, satellites,
4 whether bionic body parts will actually be electronic
more efficient than our own biological body implants, stents, pills
parts
3
3 1 smaller, thinner
1 inserted 2 within windows
2 train 3 Bendable screens will become widespread in
3 distinguish (= to see and recognize the the next few years, e.g. being used in phones
difference that wrap around your wrist and computers
between things) that fit into your pocket.
4 filter out 4 anyone with $3,000 to spare
5 amplify 5 You only need to take the pill once; the pill
could be inserted exactly into the place where
4 Example answers it is needed.
Students’ own answers
bionic legs: could help you run faster, jump 4
higher, swim faster, etc., legs won’t get tired 1 Those cups aren’t reusable; they’re
or suffer muscle strain or pulled muscles, legs disposable.
won’t get conditions such as arthritis 2 They said this camera was unbreakable. I
in the joints, you could choose what length hope the money is refundable.
your legs are and therefore your height, you 3 Is this jacket washable …?
could have interchangeable different kinds of 4 The car is repairable. It’s just a question of
legs for different activities a bionic hand: whether the repair is affordable.
could help you grip things more tightly, 5 His behaviour is inexcusable. All I asked
you could hit things without it hurting you, was that he was reliable.
you won’t get arthritis in old age, your hand 6 The pain was unimaginable.
muscles wouldn’t get tired a bionic eye: could
help you see further or more clearly, 5
you won’t need to wear glasses, you might be 1 It means the thing is more likely to happen.
able to add special filters, e.g. to be able to see 2 before the main verb; occasionally at the
in the dark bionic skin: you won’t get sunburn; beginning of the sentence (with perhaps,
could be more resistant to cuts and bruises, it maybe)
won’t age like ordinary skin, it could 3 It’s likely that + subject + future
look smoother and more uniform than human subject + is likely to + infinitive
skin Such ‘super-pills’ are likely to be inserted
directly. It’s likely that progress in bionics will
4a Shrink it, bend it, fold it continue at a fast
pace.
1 Example answers
1 shrink: many kinds of clothes, often made of Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
wool, e.g. a jumper, a scarf, a dress, socks;
potatoes if you leave them in the oven too long 1
1 might
 tienganhedu.com

2 probably won’t pollution which is being emitted, new cleaner

3 may not fuels, electric vehicles
4 likely The growing shortage of water: technology to
5 should capture and store water, better desalination
6 a good chance techniques, more water recycling, home water
treatment units
2 Curing illnesses and disease: gene editing to
1 There’s a good chance that our train will be prevent genetic diseases, better drugs, laser
late surgery, etc.
2 He probably won’t come to our party
3 Perhaps we’ll all be driving electric cars 4b The mother of invention
4 It’s likely that space travel will be a lot
cheaper or Space 1
travel is likely to be a lot cheaper It means that new things are invented when a
5 It’s possible that the government might raise particular need arises.
interest rates
2 Example answers
3 Students’ own answers
1 almost certainly Possibilities include: crazy, innovative,
2 should/could interesting, funny, impractical, ridiculous,
3 could dangerous, etc.
4 possible It appears that the inventor is trying to involve
5 unlikely members of the family and give a form of
6 chances transport that allows the men/boys to do the
pedalling, the young girl to steer, and the
6 ‘mother’ to do some sewing at the same time.
1 may, could, might, perhaps, maybe, possible
2 may/could/might well, probably, probable, 3
likely, should, The likelihood is (that), The b
chances are (that), There’s a good chance
(that) 4
3 unlikely 1 doing research
4 almost certainly 2 an academic
3 of little use
7 4 didn’t exist before
1 (the) chances are (that) we will see 5 easier
2 may well have 6 going out to shop
3 are likely to be wearing 7 very expensive at first
4 This could mean 8 remain a luxury
5 probably won’t produce
6 it should be 5
1b2a3a4b5a6b
8
1 may/could/might/will 7
2 may/could/might a3b1c4d2
3 likely
4 certainly Answers to Grammar Summary exercises
5 well
6 certainly/probably/possibly/perhaps 4
1 had to
9 2 didn’t have to
Students’ own views 3 didn’t have to buy / needn’t have bought
Traffic congestion and pollution: self-driving 4 needn’t have worn
cars, technology to make journey routes more 5 weren’t allowed to
efficient, more technology to measure 6 didn’t need to go
pollution, technology in cars to reduce
 tienganhedu.com

5 / They had to rely on their body clocks. /

1 shouldn’t have Someone had to stay awake at all times.
2 should have They must have put their money in some kind
3 couldn’t have of safe box.
4 must have / They might/may have hidden it somewhere at
5 could have home. They must have read a lot of books /
6 might not have played a lot of games
/ told a lot of stories. / They could have visited
6 friends more.
1 can’t/couldn’t have driven They might have had natural remedies. / They
2 shouldn’t have eaten might have used herbal medicines. / They
3 should have left might have just put up with the discomfort.
4 must have seen They can’t have contacted people quickly. /
5 might have bought They must have needed help from neighbours.
6 must have opened (also acceptable: must be / They might have sent telegrams.
open) Either they can’t have bothered or they must
have chewed something that made their breath
8 fresher.
1 a needn’t have b didn’t need to They must have just guessed from how much
2 a must have b can’t have c might/may/could pain the person was in. / They might have
have touched and moved the bone.

9 13 Example answers
1 must I couldn’t live without an electric iron. In the
2 needn’t have bothered old days, it can’t have been easy to do the
3 could ironing without one.
4 should have woken People had to heat up the iron on a hot stove. It
5 had to be must have taken ages.
I don’t see the point of electric toothbrushes.
10 In the past, people had to use normal
1 can’t/couldn’t have been toothbrushes and they were perfectly good.
2 didn’t need to own The person who invented the electric one
3 had to depend needn’t have bothered – they are just a waste
4 shouldn’t have bought or needn’t have of energy and money.
bought or didn’t need to buy
5 must have been 4c The shoe giver
6 could/may/might have been (Note that you
would probably only use must have been if 1 Example answers
you are fairly sure you are right.) Students’ own answers
7 should have received 1 make a profit, provide jobs for people, look
8 must have realized or should have realized after employees, improve society
or can’t have realized 2 by doing good work, e.g. helping the
environment, employing people with
11a disabilities; by making a product
1 It should have worked, but it didn’t. that is beneficial, e.g. a health food; by
2 I had to wait half an hour. creating wealth and jobs for a town
3 He must have forgotten.
4 You needn’t have worried. 2
5 She may have left already. It sells shoes for a profit and also gives shoes
6 I didn’t need to be there. away to poor children, so helping to solve a
social problem at the same time.
12 Example answers
They must/could have woken up when it got 3
light. / They can’t have slept very well. / They 1 T (He set up his first business … he sold his
had to go to bed early. share to his business partner and moved on …
 tienganhedu.com

This again he sold on … Three more a while = some time (sentence 5)

businesses later …) a try = a go (sentence 6)
2 F (Mycoskie’s first instinct was to set up a Possible sentences:
charity to donate shoes to the children. But I’ve just moved house – it feels odd – I need to
after giving it some thought …) give it some time.
3 T (if he asked people to donate repeatedly My boss gave me the chance to come here to
every time more shoes were needed, their study.
sympathy for the cause might also wear out I’ve been offered a new job – I’m giving it
pretty quickly.) some thought.

4 4d An elevator pitch
a It’s quite an expensive product. (… sell it as
a high-end fashion item at around US$50 a 1
pair. Quite a lot for a canvas shoe you might See answers to Exercise 2
say … – paragraph 4)
b The business model is perhaps not very 2
successful as it didn’t make money for a long Three points:
time. (TOMS is a for-profit business, 1 Say in a few words what your product or
but for a long time it didn’t show a profit. – service does.
paragraph 7) 2 Make clear what problem it solves and why
c Mycoskie thinks giving alone isn’t enough. your solution is different.
(He is conscious that ‘giving’ alone is not the 3 Convince the other person that you are a
answer and that educating people to improve good person to implement this idea.
their own lives is the real key. – paragraph 7)
3
5 Example answers 1 Volunteer Planner
Students’ own answers 2 charities (who are
a Why should I buy these shoes? Are they looking for help)
really worth the money? Couldn’t you make 3 regular time
and sell them more cheaply? 4 TimePal
Wouldn’t it be better to just give the money 5 qualifications
directly to charity? 6 skills
b Is this a good model if it doesn’t make a 7 IT experts
good amount of money? Is there any point to 8 working with charities
the business if it doesn’t make money? 9 Funding
c Isn’t there a danger that you are discouraging
people from charitable giving if you say what 4
people really need is education? Rhetorical questions:
How does it work? (Basically, it’s an
6 interactive diary that links people who
a stop doing something for a while volunteer to charities …)
b think about an idea Why is that necessary? (Well, essentially the
problem is that voluntary organizations always
7 want people to commit to a regular time …)
1 time So, what are we asking for? (Well, we’ve
2 best made a prototype and now we need some
3 go ahead funding to bring it to market.)
4 break Sentence adverbs:
5 thought Basically, …
6 go Essentially, …
Of course, …
8 Honestly …
a chance = a break (sentence 4)
consideration = thought (sentence 1) 4e Problem or solution?
your all = your best (sentence 2)
the green light = the go ahead (sentence 3)
 tienganhedu.com

1 Time-saving and cost-saving for teachers –

1 no (we suggest that teachers actively allows teachers to provide texts, images and
encourage students to use the internet in class) activities easily without having to use books or
2 because reading books is known to help our photocopies.
ability to do many things: focus and Motivating for students – they like working
remember, expand vocabulary, improve with laptops.
communications skills, develop analytical Allows students to learn how to use a laptop
thinking and how to surf the internet safely.
3 Students’ own ideas Why this is an opportunity not to be missed:
Reflects the real world – young people need to
2 be computer savvy.
1 It’s divided into paragraphs with headings: Saves time and money for teachers and
Introduction, Current situation, Possible schools (in the long run) because everything is
solutions, Recommendations. online.
The proposal uses bullet points to list different Access to a greater variety of interesting
points. materials than when using tradition classroom
2 materials.
a This proposal suggests ways teachers can use Interactive – students and teachers can interact
technology to get children reading. more easily online.
b So how can we use students’ enthusiasm for
digital devices to encourage them to read 4f This man risked it all
more?
c Unless we begin to see technology as part of 1 Example answers
the solution, rather than part of the problem, Students’ own answers
we are unlikely to reverse the trend. a Children have to work instead of play/study;
it could be bad for them physically, e.g. it may
3a cause bad backs, etc.; on the plus side, they are
1 … we suggest that teachers actively contributing to their family’s welfare and are
encourage students to use … being active.
2 … we recommend using student blogs or b Wood burning produces pollutants that affect
learning diaries … the ozone layer; trees get cut down; the natural
3 We strongly recommend teachers to explore habitat is changed and reduced.
similar ideas.
2b
3b 1c2d3a4e5b
1 people (should) follow
2 people (should) save 3
3 wait / to wait How it affects children’s lives: they miss
4 teachers (should) always teach school and are unhappy about this, they lose
5 the company looks that opportunity to improve their lives
How it affects the environment: deforestation,
4 Example answers air pollution
Students should provide their own ideas under The benefits of Sanga Moses’ business:
the three ‘points’. However, here are some producing clean fuel that burns longer and is
suggestions you can use to prompt them: 65 per cent cheaper, stopping deforestation,
Different uses for these tablet computers: stopping indoor air pollution, enabling
Students can go online to find out information. farmers and women to earn a living, more
Students can interact with other students and children are in school (getting an education)
the teacher.
Students can access a wide range of texts and 4 Example answers
images. The tool used to cut wood: a large knife with a
Students can play educational games. long, wide, sharp metal blade (called a
Students can write and send their homework machete)
online. The buildings in the villages: simple, single-
The benefits they could bring: storey buildings made of mud, bricks, wood
and corrugated metal
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The ‘clean’ cooking fuel he produced: Unit 4 Review

cheaper, popular;
when it’s being made, it is formed into dark, 1
wet-looking cylinders; sacks of dry cylindrical 1 might
fuel bricks 2 needn’t
The transport farmers were using: a three- 3 chances
wheeled motorbike fitted with a pickup back 4 likely
for carrying goods 5 possible
6 had
5 7 must (also acceptable: might)
1 the fact that she was missing school / 8 certainly
missing out on her education / on the verge of
the opportunity to improve her life 2
2 His boss thought he was crazy. 1 likely (so, 8 or 9)
3 all of them 2 thinks must or might (so, 7 or 6)
4 He sold his things (his bed, TV and sofa set). 3 almost certainly (so, 9 or 10)
5 She was angry and thought it was a waste of
energy. / She didn’t want to stay with him. 3
1 extendable
6 2 non-washable
1 waste 3 forgivable
2 longer 4 unreliable
3 65 per cent / 65% 5 removable
4 460 6 non-refundable
5 10,000 7 reusable
6 ten 8 unavoidable
7 deforestation
8 indoor 4 Example answers
9 women 1 Think about it carefully for a time – so,
10 education perhaps advising someone to consider a job
offer carefully (or think about whether to join
7 a club or volunteer for something
1a2b3a4a5b6a or accept an offer of help).
2 Used to say that somebody should be
8 Example answers allowed to do something or shouldn’t be
1 The news that there had been another criticized – so a situation could be that
terrorist attack hit people hard. somebody has worked hard all night but not
2 It’s important to have a good network of completed a task – you are saying that she
friends because you need people around you shouldn’t be criticized because she has put in a
when things go wrong. lot of effort.
3 I have an idea to extend the living room, but 3 I’ll attempt to do this even though it’s
I don’t know if should act on it. difficult or I might fail – somebody being
asked to try skiing for the first time or drive a
9 Example answers new car.
Eco Fuel Africa’s service is ecological in the 4 We met strong opposition or disagreement –
sense that it uses farm waste to create fuel, perhaps they had building plans that local
thus reducing deforestation and indoor air people were angry about.
pollution. It’s also beneficial because it
enables farmers and women to earn a living. 5 Example answers
However, the fuel used is still a carbon-based 1 is it / exactly is this machine
fuel and therefore is still polluting. Energy also 2 is it necessary; buy/choose it
needs to be used to collect the waste, process it 3 does it work
and distribute it. 4 it/that be expensive / cost a lot
5 are we going to do/achieve that
10
Students’ own ideas
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6 famous monuments or relax and have fun and

Students’ own answers get a suntan in a tourist resort. Others want to
see the world, broaden the mind, find
UNIT 5 themselves, be inspired, learn new things or
meet people from many places.
1 Example answers 2/3 Students’ own ideas
Students’ own ideas 4 To some, it means travelling on organized
This is a photo of Paris. It’s known for its tour groups, to others it means backpacking
romantic character, its cafés and wide roads and finding your own way around, to yet
(boulevards), such as the Champs Elyseés. others it means a package holiday in a resort.
Famous landmarks include the Eiffel Tower
(shown in the photo), Arc de Triomphe, Sacré 2
Coeur and Notre Dame Cathedral. The people 1 In India, people generally visit relatives in
of Paris are usually thought of as being stylish their parents’ home town during the summer.
and cultured. 2 His father prefers to stay at home and
doesn’t like to travel, but when he does, he
2 Example answers doesn’t behave as a tourist. The writer agrees
Students’ own ideas that doing things in your own time and being
1 the time of year, reason for travel, the open to experiences is the right way to
weather, our mood, whether we are in a hurry travel.
or not, our background and interests, where we 3 He wants experiences that are exciting and
stay, who we meet, what we eat, whether we unusual.
travel with someone else or alone, how much 4 Students’ own answers
money we have or spend, whether we can
speak the local language, etc. 3
2 experienced at travelling, a good way with 1 carefree
words, descriptive, good at meeting people, 2 a (strict) itinerary
observant, able to see beneath the surface of a 3 smouldering
place, open-minded, flexible, humorous, etc. 4 glassy
The travel writer’s opinion: 5 flanked
1 the circumstances and state of mind in which 6 a gorge
we arrive, the people we meet, the
preconceptions we may have of a place 4
2 the ability to capture the essence of a place a meet someone in person
in a way we can all identify with, and to show b one day at a time, not thinking about the
how people and places shape each other future or planning
1 not seeming to stop
3 2 you can’t have one thing without the other
Note that some adjectives can go in more than 3 neither person appears to be winning
one category. 4 agree
P: romantic, officious, lazy, elegant, affable, 5 become better and better
wary, lively 6 slowly and following the correct procedure
PL: romantic, cosy, elegant, grand, lively
T: romantic, lazy, lively 5 Example answers
The speaker uses the adjectives as follows: Students’ own ideas
romantic evening, cosy restaurant, officious Possibilities:
museum attendant, lazy afternoon, elegant on and on: a homework assignment, a report at
park, affable fellow traveller, wary local, work, painting/decorating your house, a friend
grand architecture, lively cafés telling a story, a boring film at the cinema,
waiting at the dentist’s
5a How we travel don’t see eye to eye: bringing up your children,
getting a
1 Example answers serious job, the importance of social media,
Students’ own ideas politics, saving money
1 Mostly, people travel to see family, do strength to strength: a successful film star or
business, visit pop star, a politician, a member of your family
 tienganhedu.com

taking step by step: learning a language, going 5 But the thing they never tell you is how
on a diet / losing weight, getting fit, going boring it can be too.
sugar free, becoming a vegetarian/vegan, 6 but he does like to eat well when he’s on
learning to drive holiday.
7 The thing I’ll never forget is the seven of us
6 travelling through France in a tiny car.
2 I enjoy sitting and reading the newspaper. 8 It wasn’t the disruption (that) I minded
3 We (really) value being carefree.
4 When I travel now, I avoid the ‘sights’. 9a
5 I took my laptop on my last holiday too. 1 do 2 does 3 do 4 did

Answers to Grammar Summary exercises 10 Example answers

Students’ own views
1 What I like to take with me is my phone and
was Francis that called Ben last night also my favourite T-shirts.
2 ’s more free time that I’d like, not money I do like trying different food when I’m
3 ’s the way her manager speaks to her that she travelling.
doesn’t The thing I hate when I travel is having to wait
like hours at the airport or bus station.
4 was the flights that cost us the most What I love when I travel is using public
5 ’s the reasons why the project failed that the transport – you really get to see a place like
report is that. Unfortunately, my boyfriend doesn’t see
going to focus on eye to eye with me on that. He prefers to get
6 ’s in January that the students find out their taxis everywhere.
results What I really want to do on holiday is
activities that I would never do at home.
2 It’s the culture of a place that I’m really
I hate in winter is the cold weather interested in.
2 we forgot to do is (to) lock our front door
3 I loved was being able to relax on a beach 5b Magical mystery tour
4 she liked most was the film’s ending
5 the airline won’t do is (to) refund our tickets 1 Example answers
6 you’re going to see now is a summary of the hotel: guest house, B&B, motel, inn, hostel,
research villa, lodge, resort
relax: take it easy, rest, chill (out), unwind, put
3 your feet up
I did think travel around: get around, tour, explore,
2 will sightsee, visit
3 She did seem to be ignoring trip: journey, voyage, holiday, tour, excursion,
4 have expedition, outing
5 They did offer
6 She does work 2
1d2e3g4h5i6a7f8c9b
7
1 the unpredictability of travel that I love. 3
2 I love about travel is its unpredictability. 1 Secret
3 that I love about travel is its unpredictability. 2 London
4 do love the unpredictability of travel. 3 bicycle
4 swimming costume
8 5 two
1 It’s the journey that matters. 6 flat/easy
2 What I missed was my friends and family. 7 island
3 I did read up about it before I went, but … 8 the open
4 what struck me was how relaxed the people 9 train
were / what I was really struck by was how 10 less than £40
relaxed the people were.
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4 8
1 The Beatles (‘Magical Mystery Tour’ film) 1 did 2 that 3 leave/go 4 not to 5 one 6 it
2 coach tour operators
3 (a) magical (dream) 9b
4 Too much information would have spoiled 1 that
the surprise. 2 did
5 He gave them a few clues about where they 3 so
were going. 4 it
6 She felt it was exhilarating. 5 ones
7 It felt strange, like the whole thing had been 6 it
a magical dream.
8 You don’t need to travel far or spend a lot of 5c The adventures of Hergé
money to have a magical experience.
1
5 Students’ own answers
1 Sentence 1: an experience
Sentence 2: how far they’d have to swim 2
Sentence 3: one of the trips 1 F (the investigative journalist, Tintin)
Sentence 4: it’s our island 2 F (their creator never travelled to these
2 a Sentences 1 and 3 b Sentences 2 and 4 places either.)
3 Sentence 5: ask 3 T (the books … were all the result of
Sentence 6: screaming and gasping painstaking research … to provide as accurate
a representation, both in the drawings and the
Answers to Grammar Summary exercises storylines, as they could.)

4 3
1b2c3b4a5c6b 1 read
2 National Geographic
5 3 drawings
go to one of the busier islands 4 movie makers
2 go on a jungle hike 5 at the last moment
3 felt like relaxing on a beach 6 best
4 go elephant trekking
5 been snorkelling before 4
6 on the island 1 far-off
2 marvelled
6 3 painstaking
1 a concept b path 4 faithfully
2 (the) easy cycling 5 uncanny
3 sleeping in the open without tents 6 gift
4 been a magical dream
5 trip 5
6 travel a long way and spend a lot more a mention of technical drawings of a ship but
otherwise no source provided
7 b This included examining catalogues of cars
1 that and planes, and technical drawings of ships
2 trip/vacation/one and bridges. (lines 30–32)
3 Coming back / Getting back / Going back c I can personally attest to the incredible
4 an incredible / a wonderful accuracy of Hergé’s representations of foreign
5 one places because a few years ago, I visited Petra
6 do that with my family. … I was looking at a view
7 That straight from the pages of the book
8 it/that (lines 49–60)
9 didn’t d … gave, according to commentators at the
10 That time, an extraordinarily realistic account of
11 they should / so what would be involved
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in sending a manned rocket to the Moon. (lines Consequently, we get a lot of tourists and
67–70) sunseekers here.
A few years ago I was in my clinic and …
6 Example answers The following morning, I was walking to work
Students’ own answers along the street by the beach.
It’s important that writers do this for the By chance, I happened to glance down at the
following people on the beach …
reasons: it shows they have done research; and there, to my amazement, was the same
allows the man!
reader to be more confident that they are being
told facts 5a
not opinions; it makes a book truly educational aTbFcFdTeFfTgFhFiTjT
as well as
entertaining. 6
1 /eɪ/ 2 /ɪ:/ 3 /aɪ/ 4 /ɒ/ 5 /eɪ/ 6 /aɪ/ 7 /eɪ/ 8 /a/
7 The two which are not long vowel sounds are
b 4 (horror) and 8 (embarrassment).

8 7 Example answers
1 time Have you ever noticed that when we are
2 laughing abroad, we tend to forget we aren’t at home
3 mind and can be surprised by something different?
4 course For example, a few years ago, my friends
5 way Theo and Eleni had just got married and were
6 principle on honeymoon in Cyprus.
Several days into the holiday, they decided to
5d To my amazement go for a long walk in the countryside.
Worryingly, it was really hot
1 Example answers and they hadn’t taken any water with them.
1 It was probably taken on a beach in a But as luck would have it, they came across a
tropical country. café and stopped for a rest before setting out
(The photo was actually taken in Thailand.) on the walk again. A little while
2 beach, sea, sand, sun loungers, parasols, later, they came to the top of a cliff and
boats, palm trees, blue sky paused to look at the amazing view. Just as
3 Students’ own ideas Theo was thinking he was the happiest man
alive, to his delight, he felt Eleni’s hand
2 on his. But then he looked down. To his
1 People didn’t use to be so careful about horror, it wasn’t Eleni’s hand on his at all – it
getting sunburned. was a massive insect! As soon as he realized
2 Speaker’s background: medical clinic; the what it was he screamed and leapt about all
setting for the story: Patong beach in Phuket, over the place. But as if by magic, the insect
Thailand – a few years ago. immediately vanished, and Eleni never even
3 Speaker was in clinic when a man with fair saw it. To Theo’s embarrassment, Eleni
skin came in with terrible sunburn – put always tells the story at dinner parties
bandages on him. Next day, the speaker was and claims that there was no insect at all, and
walking by the beach and saw the same man that Theo was just having second thoughts
sunbathing. about having married her!
4 That the situation was so crazy it was almost
funny. 5e Book of the month

4 1 Example answers
It’s a well-known fact that a lot of exposure to Students’ own ideas
strong sun is a dangerous thing. Students may argue that a press review is
These days people are generally more careful reliable, especially if they trust the view of the
– they take precautions not to get sunburned. writer. It also tends to be thorough and
It’s famous for having beautiful beaches … relatively detailed. The
 tienganhedu.com

recommendation of friends can be good if you 8 uninspiring – thought-provoking

know your friend has similar tastes to you.
Blurb can be unreliable because it’s always 5f On the road: Andrew McCarthy
written to be positive and to market
the book. 1 Example answers
1 It’s an old, medieval city – probably
2 somewhere in
The reviewer has a positive opinion of the southern Europe. It’s the Camino do Santiago
book: a beautiful reflection on the subject of in Spain.
destiny; elegant prose; the compelling 2 They seem to be on a walking holiday.
characters that Wilder has drawn so
vividly; I cannot recommend this thought- 2b
provoking book highly enough. 1 a; c 2 e 3 d 4 b 5 f

3 3
1 a (short) novel 1 his trip along the Camino de Santiago to
2 that a monk has witnessed the accidental Santiago de Compostela
deaths of five people and wants to make sense 2 He felt unafraid in the world for the first
of the tragedy time, on a deep level, and then, as a result, he
3 present tense started travelling.
4 elegant (prose)
4
4 a Andrew McCarthy came across Jak Hitt’s
C book about the Camino in a bookstore.
b McCarthy read Hitt’s book about walking
5a the Camino while he was on a plane.
short (novel), beautiful (reflection), true c The internet didn’t exist at the time of the
(story), real (people), elegant (prose), story and so McCarthy couldn’t easily research
aristocratic (Marquesa de Montemayor), native the Camino.
(Spain), wise (Uncle Pio), lifelong d Harper’s magazine was the magazine that
(ambition), young (actress), frustrated Jack Hitt wrote for at the time of the story.
(ambition), compelling (characters), vividly e Jack Hitt gave McCarthy his home number
(drawn), eccentric (characters), human so McCarthy could call him and ask more
(characters), thought-provoking questions about the Camino.
(book), highly (recommend)
Lifelong and thought-provoking are compound 5
adjectives. 1 a transformative
b terrifying, lonely, miserable
5b c not religious
1 provoking d unafraid
2 fetched 2 I went there to see if I could take care of
3 going myself, in a certain way, though I didn’t know
4 written that at the time.
5 packed
6 breaking 6
7 moving 1 He says: do you really want to go do those
8 willed things again?
He implies that it was a difficult emotional
5c journey and that it would be difficult to repeat.
1 convincing – far-fetched 2 a month
2 easy-to-read – heavy-going 3 refugios (= Spanish pilgrim hostels),
3 happy – heart-breaking pensiones (= little Spanish inns)
4 indecisive – strong-willed 4 gold-card; It means he likes comfortable
5 poorly written – well-written hotels – he prefers to pay with his ‘gold’ credit
6 slow-moving – fast-moving card for expensive places to stay rather than in
7 uneventful – action-packed uncomfortable hostels.
 tienganhedu.com

5 it was a way of meeting locals not tourists. b experience this paradise (Fiji) more simply
c desire of tourists to experience Fiji on a
7 budget
1 bookstore d Yasawa
2 walked e go fishing
3 Spain f the feeling of being a tourist
4 grabbed/found
5 internet/way 3
6 guy/author/writer 1 If what you value is seeing the country’s true
7 transformative way of life …; If you value seeing the
8 miserable/lonely country’s true way of life …
9 changed 2 … it’s here that you can experience real
10 unafraid Fijian culture.; … you can experience real
11 hostels/inns/refugios Fijian culture here.
12 locals
4
8a 1 (met) face to face
1c2b3b4b5a 2 (see) eye to eye
3 (went) on and on
8b 4 (taking …) day by day
1 Often for lunch I just grab a sandwich. / a 5 (go) hand in hand
bite to eat. Example sentences:
2 Sometimes I feel like I can’t take criticism / 1 I’ve never met my French pen pal face to
late nights / working nights anymore. face.
3 I didn’t mind paying the fine / losing the 2 I don’t think I’ll ever see eye to eye with my
game. It was just one of those things. brother about his way of life.
3 That lecture was terrible! He just went on
9 Example answers and on about the same thing for an hour!
1 not knowing the language, not being familiar 4 After my accident I just had to take things
with a different culture, not knowing very day by day.
much about the route or place, not having his 5 In my opinion, medical care and kindness
home comforts around him, etc. should go hand in hand.
2 He might have met someone who helped him
realize travelling wasn’t frightening; he had a 5
good experience travelling that helped him 1 magical
overcome his fears; he had an opportunity to 2 cosy
spend time thinking and reflecting. 3 ruined
3 missing a plane/bus/train, losing a passport / 4 spot
money, being ripped off, getting injured, 5 grand
feeling ill, travelling at night, getting split up 6 wary
from people you are travelling with, not being 7 officious
able to speak the local language, not being 8 headed
able to read road signs, etc.
6
Unit 5 Review Students’ own answers

1 7
1 It has upmarket hotels catering for rich 1f2g3a4e5h6c7b8d
tourists and honeymooners, but it also has less
expensive youth hostel-style accommodation 8
for backpackers. Students’ own answers
2 Most of the population live there and you
can experience real Fijian culture there.

2
a the Fijian islands
 tienganhedu.com

UNIT 6 5 drive-in

1 Example answers 6
Students’ own ideas Come across is a phrasal verb (you cannot
Examples: Racing at high speed, Racing guess the meaning of ‘to find by accident’ by
through nature, Speed thrill understanding or combining the meaning of its
separate parts: come and across).
2 Coming from is a verb + preposition (it has a
1 She says intensive exercise is less effective literal meaning).
than gentle exercise and that intensive exercise
means your body demands calorie 7
compensation afterwards; this isn’t the We have to put the object between the verb
case with less intensive exercise. and the preposition when the phrasal verb is
2 She does active things that she enjoys, e.g. separable and the object is a pronoun. When
road cycling (rather than going to the gym or the object is not a pronoun, we can choose to
going for a run). put it between the verb and preposition, or
after the preposition.
3 Note also following things about the examples
1 in 2 – 3 for 4 – 5 on 6 – 7 out 8 – 9 – in the grammar box (also see Grammar notes
below):
4 Example answers 1 Intransitive phrasal verbs have no (noun or
Students’ own answers pronoun) object.
How often do you work out at the gym? 3 In inseparable phrasal verbs, the object (both
Have you ever been on a diet? noun or pronoun) comes after the phrasal verb
What do you do to keep active in the winter? – the verb and preposition cannot be separated.
Do you ever stretch your legs if you are 4 In three-part phrasal verbs with one object,
working at a desk? the object (both noun or pronoun) comes after
What do you do to keep active? the phrasal verb.
5 In three-part phrasal verbs with two objects,
6a Exercise around the world the first object (noun or pronoun) comes after
the verb and the second after the particle.
1
The point he’s making is that if you do Answers to grammar summary exercises
exercise that you enjoy, the time passes very 1
quickly. If you do exercise that you don’t 1 pay back me – pay me back
enjoy, it feels that it takes much longer. 2 took the plane off – the plane took off
3 looking his phone for – looking for his
2 phone
1 Y 2 RT/Y 3 RT 4 S 5 S 6 RT 4 turn off it – turn it off
5 put up his bad behaviour – put up with his
3 Example answers bad behaviour
Students’ own ideas 6 let in Adam on the plans – let Adam in on
1 Warming up to Japanese radio, Japan’s the plans
national exercise, How Japan stays fit
2 Swogging – the secret to longevity?, Using 2
nature as your gym, Freezing, free and 1 turned to him
fabulous 2 put it off
3 Yoga in Tamil Nadu, Yoga – a growing 3 takes after her father
western trend, Holistic well-being through 4 fallen out with their neighbours
yoga 5 come over
6 throw away these old clothes / throw these
4 old clothes away
warm-up (adjective), workout (noun) 7 ran into her
8 fill this form in / fill in this form
5
1 backup 2 stop-off 3 break-in 4 far-off 3
 tienganhedu.com

a3b8c2d4e7f6g5h1 lose – your arm, your ribs, your tooth, your

voice (lose your head has nothing to do with
8 injuries but means ‘to get angry or lose
1 set up – both correct control’)
2 catch up with – b is correct pull – your back, a muscle (pull a tooth means
3 go for – a is correct to take it out)
4 look up to – a is correct sprain – your ankle, your arm, your knee, your
5 take up on – b is correct muscle, your toe
strain – your ankle, your arm, your back, your
9 knee, your toe, your voice
1 get over this (= to recover from this) stub – your toe
2 setting them up (= starting businesses or
companies) came about (= happened, 2 Example answers
originated) Students’ own answers
3 hit on it (= had the idea) 1 He risks most of them. Perhaps the most
4 fell back on some Salsa dance music (= used likely are sprains to his ankles and knees,
as a reliable support or source) stubbing his toes, straining his back, pulling a
taken off (= become successful) muscle.
5 getting out of dangerous situations (= 2a Bumps and bruises to parts of the legs or
escaping from) arms are common.
6 trying them out (= testing them or using 2b breaking your arm or ankle, losing an arm
them for the first time)
3
10 1 running distances beyond a usual marathon
1 I’m thinking of taking up Pilates. distance (for example running 100 kilometres
2 It took me ages to get over it. in a single day, or running several marathons
3 We couldn’t get out of it. on consecutive days)
4 The doctor is going to carry out some tests 2 failure
on my knee. (or carry some tests out) 3 They try to go through the pain or they tend
5 How did you come up with that idea? to carry on exercising despite injury.
6 She puts her success down to hard work. 4 He does the right kind of preparation –
7 Playing hockey takes me back to my stretches and strengthening exercises.
childhood.
4
11 1 exhaustion; sick
Students’ own answers 2 strains; pain
3 severe
6b No pain, no gain 4 sprains; back; knee

1 5
break – your ankle, your arm, your back, your seriously injured or ill
knee, your ribs, your toe, your tooth (note that
we would normally say crack your head; you 6
can say my voice broke, but it has nothing to 1 in; up 2 out; on 3 off; under; down
do with injuries – it refers to when a boy
reaches adolescence and his voice becomes 7
deeper) 1 + to + infinitive
bruise – your ankle, your arm, your back, your 2 + -ing
head, your knee, your ribs, your toe 3 + -ing
bump – your ankle, your arm, your head, your 4 + -ing / object + preposition + -ing
knee, your toe 5 + object + infinitive
chip – your ankle, your knee, your ribs, your 6 + object + preposition + -ing
tooth 7 + preposition + -ing
graze – your ankle, your arm, your back, your 8 + to + infinitive / + -ing
knee, your ribs, your toe 9 + object + to + infinitive
10 + object + to + infinitive
 tienganhedu.com

Answers to Grammar summary exercises 12

1 having
4 2 to develop
1 doing 3 to play
2 to wait 4 to tackle
3 ringing 5 fall
4 to finish 6 for putting
5 missing 7 to play
6 wearing 8 to do
7 wake
8 watching 13
Students’ own answers
5
1 stopped playing squash 6c The enigma of beauty
2 promised not to be
3 don’t want to discourage you from doing the 1 Example answers
race Students’ own answers
4 urged us to decide Likely findings include the fact that ‘beauty’ is
5 let me borrow her racing bike subjective not objective, and that people don’t
6 you miss living agree; your perception can also depend on
your age, sex, sexual orientation and culture.
6 Note that these are discussed in the next
1 decided to do section and the recording.
2 started to train / started training
3 makes me exercise 2
4 stopped going 1 The author contradicts this by pointing out
5 helping me get / helping me to get that there are some universally agreed
6 ask her to work characteristics: across different
7 thought about doing cultures we can agree on certain points.
Psychologists have proven this by testing the
9 attractiveness of different faces on children.
1 about suffering (from); to be Symmetry … averageness … Things that
2 damaging; getting suggest strength and good health …
3 on using; to have 2 The author agrees: in northern Europe, a
4 to warm up; (from) occurring tanned skin belonged to those who were forced
5 on bending; to raise to work outside – agricultural workers or
other poorer members of society – and so a
10 white skin was a symbol of status and beauty.
1 swimmers 3 The author agrees to a point (We say that
2 runners (also, all the others except beauty is only skin deep: that personality and
swimmers) charm contribute more to attractiveness than
3 tennis players (arguably swimmers) superficial beauty. Certainly, as we grow
4 footballers (or tennis players) older, the more generous our definition of
5 cyclists beauty seems to become. Experience teaches
us to look for the beauty within).
11 4 The author challenges this view: most of us
1 stop still care how we look … It seems the quest for
2 blamed beauty goes deeper than vanity – maybe it
3 means fulfils a deep need in all of us.
4 decided
5 appeared 3
6 postpone 1a2a3b4b5b6a
7 expect
8 convinced
 tienganhedu.com

4 very unfashionable
Students’ own answers 2 Washington – pros: people can see what they
are eating, educational because people become
5 more aware of their diet, puts pressure on
1 The author feels sorry for them (one poor companies to change; cons: expensive for
hopeful, Rebecca). companies, people can just ignore the advice
2 The author gives no opinion. 3 Qatar – pros: companies forced to be
3 The author thinks this is a bad practice responsible, workers have great facilities to
(thankfully the ancient practice of foot-binding use, it’s very convenient and efficient for
has now disappeared.). workers; cons: only useful for healthy
4 The author thinks magazines nowadays give working population, expensive for companies,
people an idea of beauty that is difficult to people could exercise when they should be
achieve (Nowadays, a very different image working
stares out at us from the pages of fashion 4 UK – pros: useful advice for people,
magazines: that of … an impossibly slim educational, can reach most of the population;
figure.). cons: people can ignore them, expensive to
5 The author thinks that it can be a positive make
thing to care about your looks (she radiated 5 South Korea – pros: provides an incentive,
happiness). forces schools and parents to prioritize fitness,
makes exercise the social norm; cons: unfair
6 on unfit but intelligent students, may force
a long faces schools to focus on PE ahead of other subjects
b let’s face it 6 Philippines – pros: useful life skills,
efficient; cons: may do this ahead of other
7 subjects
1 lose credibility, not be respected anymore
2 hid her disappointment from others 2
3 as it appeared, without reading extra 1 because there’s a benefit in terms of
meaning into it productivity and days lost through sickness,
4 not laughing, looking serious and it’ll make for a happier workforce
5 confront reality; accept the consequences of 2 encourage people to walk to work, not spend
your action(s) so much time at their computers, install a gym
6 on the surface, without examining or fitness centre, offer team sports / activities
(something) in more detail which employees think are fun, dance classes,
group exercises, a bike to work scheme
8 Example answers 3 the bike to work scheme got approval; the
I applied for a job last summer but didn’t get group exercises idea was rejected
it. I had to put a brave face on it with family
and friends. 3
On the face of it, English grammar seems easy, 1 Propose: Or the other alternative is to …;
but it isn’t once you look at it more closely! Concede: Having said that, I realize …
You can’t take anything he says at face value. 2 Propose: Another idea could be …;
He always has some other motive that you Concede: Admittedly, …
didn’t suspect. 3 Propose: And what about the idea of … ?;
Concede: I’ll grant you
6d A bold initiative 4 Propose: I think it’d be better to …;
Concede: I haven’t thought the details through
1 Example answers exactly, but …
Students’ own ideas
Pros and cons: 5 Example answers
1 Japan – pros: something that everyone does organize regular exercise breaks, introduce
at the same time, not expensive to run, doesn’t desk exercise equipment or ‘standing’ desks,
cost people money, doesn’t use up too much of install a table tennis table in the office, arrange
the day, no need for regulations or compliance; talks by fitness and health experts, extend the
cons: people don’t have to do it, it become provision of healthy foods in the work canteen
repetitive and boring, it could become or in vending machines
 tienganhedu.com

6e A controversial plan 3 benefit, help, aid, contribute to, improve,

enhance
1 4 suggest, propose, advise, urge; group,
1 This report examines a proposal to make working group, research group, task force,
smokers pay committee
higher health insurance premiums.
2 … 55% took the opposite view: that smokers 5
make a personal choice to smoke and therefore Students should provide their own ideas for
should pay for the consequences. With regard the reports, but here are some possibilities
to assistance to quit smoking, 74% of from the listening in lesson 6d and the
respondents believed free help should example answers from Exercise 5 in that
be given to smokers. lesson:
3 Accordingly, we recommend that a pilot walking to work
scheme should be set up where smokers are not spending such long periods at their
given free help by their insurer to stop computers
smoking over a six-month period. … If installing a gym or a fitness centre on site
they succeed, they will be rewarded with a introducing team sports
discount of 5% on their insurance premiums doing group exercises
… if they fail, their insurance premiums will regular exercise breaks
rise by 20%. introduce desk exercise equipment
a table tennis table in the office
2 talks by fitness and health experts
Features included in the report in Exercise 1: health foods in the work canteen
findings, recommendations, subheadings, short
paragraphs, objective facts, passive verb forms 6f The art of parkour
There are no bullet points, but both the
statistics and the results could be broken down 1 Example answers
into bullet points. Students’ own answers
a boxing, motor racing, extreme sports such as
3 bungee jumping, skydiving, free climbing
1 on the grounds that b gymnastics, dance, rock climbing
2 according to c sports requiring a lot of equipment or travel,
3 therefore e.g. golf, fishing, horse riding,
4 With regard to mountaineering, skiing, snowboarding
5 Overall d football, basketball, jogging, skateboarding,
6 Accordingly stunt scooting, rollerblading, free running
7 Conversely (parkour)
e women’s football, eSports, mountain biking,
4a foot golf (golf played with a football), archery
1 those questioned, respondents (note that the
writer then reverts to ‘interviewees’ in 2 Example answers
paragraph 4) Students’ own answers
2 believed (note also variations on ways to The sport involves running, jumping, doing
express their viewpoint: objected to, one acrobatics like
comment argument was that, agreed that, were back flips and forward rolls, and being fit,
in favour of) quick-witted
3 help (note that the writer reverts to ‘help’ in and brave.
paragraph 4 and also uses the word solutions’) Arguably it fits all categories except c.
4 stop smoking, give up
5 insurer 3b
6 time 1e2c3a4b5d

4b Example answers 4
1 outcomes, findings, conclusions 1 Parkour is also known as free running. It
2 opinions, attitudes, feelings involves
 tienganhedu.com

‘navigating the urban landscape by moving on, 2

off and around obstacles without using any 1 (from) working
other equipment’, it’s ‘the art of moving from 2 to become
one part to another as fast and easily as 3 for thinking
possible by using physical strength and 4 to suffer / to be suffering
ability’. 5 sitting
2 young city dwellers in cities all over the 6 working
world, especially those with fewer
opportunities; it’s assessable, affordable, 3
creative, expressive, keeps you fit, and gives a 7 go in for it
sense of personal achievement 8 look into them
3 They use the environment around them – 9 turn it around
stairways, railings, walls and ledges – to jump 10 put up with it
on, off and over things, balance and do
somersaults. 4
4 It seems unlikely for the majority of people 1 go in for (it) = three-part; inseparable;
who do parkour, but according to the narrator transitive
there is a hope that they ‘may one day be 2 look into (them) = inseparable; transitive
asked to perform their art in 3 turn (it) around = separable; transitive
a competition, a film or even as professional 4 put up with (it) = three-part; inseparable;
stuntmen’. transitive

5 5
1 1940s 1 go out; stretch
2 He’s unemployed or ‘looking for a job’. 2 keep; take
3 20 years old 3 pulled; working
4 He can ‘climb a picket fence with no special 4 grazed; bruised/bumped
shoes, 5 chipped; shaken
no balancing pole, just nerve and an uncanny 6 set
sense
of balance’. 6
Students’ own answers
7
1 unemployment 7
2 apathy 1 particularly
3 fit 2 grant
4 expressing 3 through
5 proud 4 Admittedly
6 tooth 5 having
7 fall 6 possibility/alternative
8 convince 7 alternative/possibility
9 achievement 8 out
10 film
8 Example answers
8 Students’ own answers
1c2a3c4b5a 1 Admittedly, I know people’s budget can
sometimes be an issue.
Unit 6 Review 2 Having said that, if you are elderly or
disabled, they may not even be an option.
1 3 It’s not particularly exciting, I’ll grant you,
1 everyone around the world / 80% of but at least it doesn’t cost anything.
Americans at some time in their lives
2 You can do yoga or Pilates classes; take
painkillers or (undergo) manipulation; but
often nothing can be done.
 tienganhedu.com

UNIT 7 3
1 We don’t know how many are taken each
1 Example answers year, but 24 billion of them were uploaded on
Students’ own ideas Google’s app alone in 2015.
They are taking photos of Van Gogh’s portrait, 2 young people – the average age is 24
using their mobile phones, possibly either to 3 a they have the most ‘straight to camera’
record to show to friends and family, or to poses.
share on social media. b they are the most expressive selfies.
4 seven minutes on average
2 5 The study doesn’t give reasons why people
1 They have changed the way we record and take selfies, though some other researchers
share our experiences (and we now seem to have noted the current importance of people’s
spend as much time recording the experience online image.
as we do experiencing it).
2 They record and share the information as it 4
happens, i.e. by taking photos, sending texts or 1 outnumber
tweeting. 2 outgrow
3 The journalist thinks that provided you use 3 outweigh
digital media in moderation, it shouldn’t 4 have outsold / are outselling
detract from the experience itself. 5 outclassed
6 outlived
3
The journalist mentions: instant messaging, 5
blogs, social networking sites, internet forums, 1
online photo albums, online music and video 1 present simple
Other examples: business networking sites, 2 present perfect simple
games consoles, online gaming, apps on 3 present simple
smartphones and tablets, interactive 4 present simple
information points (e.g. in train stations, 5 past simple
airports and doctor’s surgeries), augmented 2
and virtual reality, specific examples of social no (see Grammar notes below)
networking sites (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, 3
Snapchat, Instagram) The agent is only included in sentence 2: other
researchers. The agent is included because
7a Selfie world this is relevant information – the writer wants
to retain the formal passive style but to reveal
1 who, in contrast to Manovich, has observed
Symbols used: emoji (= a graphic symbol that that the selfie is indispensable.
you type in a text message or email to show 4 It’s useful for academic reports because it’s a
how you feel or to represent a person or more formal, impersonal style; Journalists
object), hashtag (= #), exclamation cannot always give the source of the
mark (= !) information or may want to indicate that it’s
The expression has been adapted from the not 100% reliable (e.g. It is believed that …).
widely known expression Believe in yourself!,
which means ‘have confidence in yourself’. Answers to Grammar summary exercises
Here, the word self has been changed to selfie.
1
2 1 is
According to the article, the best way to take a 2 was
good selfie is to flip the view on your phone so 3 is being
that you are looking at the image you are 4 were
taking; hold the phone away from you – 5 was
usually at a high angle to make your eyes look 6 are
bigger and slightly right or left to show off
your ‘best’ side; and then click.
 tienganhedu.com

2 A fireman is expected to receive a medal for

1 is said to be working; is said that the director bravery after rescuing the US president from a
is working burning car.
2 is known that regular exercise is; is known to Three sisters who developed an app at home
be are believed to have sold it to Google for $100
3 was claimed to be carrying; was claimed that million.
the suspect was carrying
4 are expected to have arrived; is expected that 7b Creating a buzz
the guests will have arrived
5 is argued that the mobile phone has had a big 1
impact; is argued to have had a big impact Students’ own answers
6 were thought to cause; was thought for a
long time that bad smells caused 2
1 lemonade
6 2 free wi-fi
1 It’s not really known why women take more 3 hand-made signs, posters; possibly a website
selfies than men. (if we believe that the web address quoted on
2 It has been said (by many) that the social the poster is real); possibly demonstrating the
pressure on women to look good is an use of wi-fi at this location on a laptop
important factor.
3 The proportion of men taking selfies is 3
believed to be increasing. 1 loyal ones
4 Another reason for the popularity of selfies 2 National Geographic (they actively
is thought to be their democratic nature. encourage fan interaction and offer discounts);
5 Last year, pictures of ‘ordinary’ people were a company that sells tea (they give you an
reported to outnumber those of celebrities by a interactive tour of the teas of China on their
million to one. or … were reported to have website)
outnumbered …
6 The selfie phenomenon is not expected to 4
end soon. 1 T (Good marketing is an ability to turn your
7 It is thought that it will begin to decrease in customers into fans … making people so
the coming years. passionate about what you do that they want to
8 At the same time, banks are reported to have share it with others.)
started looking at selfies as a possible 2 F (… customers these days want to know a
replacement for passwords and PIN numbers. company’s story, and they want to learn
something.)
7 3 T (… National Geographic. They actively
1 are / were / have been reported to have been encourage fan interaction … You can enter
arrested competitions …)
2 are said to be working 4 F (there are offers of discounts for magazine
3 is expected to announce or is expected to be subscribers, coupons you can use for National
announcing Geographic products …)
4 were feared to have died 5 F (it’s really no different – the same
5 is / has been claimed to be or is / has been principles apply … It doesn’t matter what
claimed to have been you’re selling: customer engagement will
6 has been suggested / is being suggested boost sales.)
6 F (It was great fun and very educational …)
8 Example answers
Two walkers are reported to have gone 5
missing during their round-the-world trip. 1 interested in or concentrating on what the
An old coin, which is thought to be one of the customer really wants
first coins ever made, has been found by a 2 believe and be interested in
four-year-old boy. 3 the best or recommended way of doing
It is feared that a dog who became a famous something (usually in business)
celebrity for its part in a Hollywood film has
been stolen.
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6 12 Example answers
1d2f3h4e5g6c7b8a I always buy Samsung phones. The quality and
reliability of their products is very good.
7 I get my underwear from Marks and Spencer
a T b F c T (Note that this is often the case, but in Oxford Street. The main reason why I do
not always.) this is the cost, but the quality is of importance
too.
Answers to Grammar summary exercises
7c A hacker’s life
3
1 disappointment 1 Example answers
2 decision Students’ own answers
3 destruction Possible answers: use passwords, change your
4 suitability passwords frequently, don’t use personal
5 awareness information as part of a password, use
6 treatment complex passwords, use encryption apps,
7 dangers don’t give out personal information online,
back up information regularly, don’t click on
4 unknown links, don’t open emails/messages
1 f, definition from unknown senders, don’t log in or make
2 a, disinterest payments on public networks, use a virus
3 e, fear checker
4 b, hobbies
5 d, person 2
6 c, location The author’s view aligns with definition 1. (…
passionate hackers meet at the DefCon
8 convention in Las Vegas to present their
1 intention knowledge and capabilities … ‘criminals’
2 announcement … is actually a gross misrepresentation of
3 discovery what most hackers do.)
4 wish
5 concern 3
6 anger 1 They look for the weak points in … security
and fix them.
9 2 They are not a seventeen-year-old in their
1 speed; response; indication; interest; bedroom, illegally hacking into the US’s
satisfaction defence secrets or ‘criminals’.
2 Interaction; risk; comments 3 They examine all kinds of systems, from the
internet to mobile communications to
10 household door locks.
1 Success; good preparation; hard work 4 Their findings are dutifully passed on to the
2 Good leaders; the ability; their industries that design these systems so that
workers/employees they can plug the holes.
3 Honesty; the respect of 5 Social status is based on knowledge and
4 Competition (between companies); reduction accomplishment, not on clothing labels or
in what car you drive. The writer finds this
refreshing.
11 6 a cyber game of attack and defence between
1 Payment / The payment was made the best hackers
2 Arrangements have been made / An 7 There is no greater ignorance to be found
arrangement has been made online than that of an average internet user.
3 The decision will be taken 8 They are fanatical about online freedom and
4 No explanation was given for safety and have the means to help us
5 Complaints / A complaint should be made vulnerable users protect our privacy.
6 Research was carried out on
7 Photographs can’t be taken of
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5 7d A podcast
a a gross misrepresentation
b plug the holes 1 Example answers
c bad manners Students’ own views
d dimly-lit 1 Many would argue that news stories in print
e filing cabinet are more reliable (written by professional
f computer geek journalists, published by reliable newspapers
or journals).
6
Paragraph 2: passionate (hackers), gross 2
(misrepresentation) a science and environment report
Paragraph 3: enormous (impact)
Paragraph 4: great (example), significant 3
(weaknesses), easily (defeated) 1 That the source of the light is from small sea
Paragraph 5: vast (mix), refreshing creatures called phytoplankton.
Paragraph 6: intensely (trying), mesmerizing 2 Now they think that motion in the water
Paragraph 8: dedicated (people) causes electrical signals to make a chemical
Paragraph 9: fanatical (group of people) reaction in the phytoplankton’s body,
producing a blue light.
7 Example answers
Students’ own answers 4b
a They are mostly people who are passionate glowing /ˈgləʊɪŋ/
about fixing problems with computer systems phytoplankton /ˌfaɪtəˈplaŋktən/
so that we can all feel safe. Martin Roddick /ˈmɑːtɪn/ /ˈrɒdɪk/
b Defcon is an extraordinary mix of people bioluminescent /ˌbaɪəʊˌluːmɪˈnɛsənt/
doing some very important and useful work. predators /ˈprɛdətəz/
c We’re ignorant of the threats we face from emitted /ɪˈmɪtɪd/
insecure computer systems.
5
8 1 glowing blue waves, which are arguably
break in = to enter a house or property by one of the most spectacular sights in nature
force 2 there are thought to be a lot of sea creatures
1 tell (someone) something important and that are bioluminescent
usually negative (that they don’t know about 3 most of these creatures tend to live in the
yet) deep ocean 4 or perhaps just lighting your
2 help people relax (usually in a social, work way as you move around
or school situation) 5 It seems that an electrical force in the
3 stop doing something that you often or phytoplankton’s body causes a chemical
regularly do (or do too much) reaction
4 use up all your money 6 we can probably conclude that the
5 we‘ve done most of the (hard) work electricity is generated by motion in the water
6 made neither a profit or loss (in financial
terms, it means you have made as much 6 Example answers
money as you have spent) Possible group A podcast:
In an amazing twist, it seems that scientists
9 Example answers have changed their view on why stars twinkle.
Playing music is a good way of ______ early It was thought that the light from stars was
on at parties. disturbed by the movement of air in
(breaking the ice) our own atmosphere. But perhaps that theory
We spent £10,000 so we’ll have to sell a doesn’t explain why planets twinkle too. This
thousand tickets at £10 to ______ . (break suggests that the real reason may be to do with
even) Amy isn’t in the team this week. Can the distance (planets are much nearer) and that
you ______ to her – you’re her sister? (break there is something getting in the way. It
the news) appears that we don’t yet know what that
‘something’ is.
Possible group B podcast:
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It seems that people yawn not to show they are 4 It seems (that) he wants to draw our
sleepy, but to try and stay awake. People tend attention to what we cannot see in a picture. or
to yawn to cool the brain so it can operate He seems to want to draw our attention to
better. It’s reasonable to assume that that is what we cannot see in the picture.
why others yawn when they see us yawning. 5 It is believed that Bolin used friends at first
Most likely, it’s part of ancient behaviour that to help him paint his pictures. or Bolin is
helps groups to stay awake and be alert to believed to have used friends at first …
danger.
7f Talking dictionaries
7e The Invisible Mam
1
1 Example answers 1
Students’ own ideas English is the primary language in the UK,
Who is this man? What is he doing? Where is Ireland, the USA, Canada, Australia, New
he? When did this happen? Why is he doing Zealand, and a number of African and
this? How has he achieved this incredible Caribbean countries.
effect? French is spoken in France, Belgium,
Switzerland, Canada, and a number of African
2 Example answers and Caribbean countries.
Students’ own answers German is spoken in Germany, Austria and
Here are the answers to the model questions: Liechtenstein.
Who is this man? Chinese artist Liu Bolin Arabic is spoken in the United Arab Emirates,
What is he doing? He’s taking part in an art Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Chad,
project. Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Israel, Iraq,
Where is he? in a supermarket Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco,
When did this happen? in the summer of 2011 Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Why is he doing this? to express his shock at Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Western Sahara and
the discovery of plasticizer in food products / Yemen.
to make a statement about the use of Spanish is spoken in Spain, Mexico, USA and
plasticizer in food products most of central and South America.
How has he achieved this incredible effect? He English is the most widespread language
has had his body painted so that when he is geographically (it’s spoken on all five
photographed it looks like he has blended into continents as a first language, and is by far the
the supermarket shelves. most common second language).
However, there are more native speakers of
3 Mandarin and Spanish than of English.
a paragraph 3 2/3
b paragraph 1 Students’ own answers
c paragraph 2
2 Example answers
4a Ideas include: using technology to sustain
1 he seemed to have disappeared; they appear languages (recording and archiving speakers;
to have appealed to people all over the world broadcasting in the language – TV and radio
2 it is said he used them originally to … stations, websites, etc.; social media, text
3 Plasticizer is normally used to … messaging); language classes; making study
4 presumably in some discomfort part of the school curriculum or even
5 The pictures may be unusual … compulsory; encouraging employers to employ
people with skills in a disappearing language;
4b making it compulsory to hold a certificate of
1 His pictures generally carry a strong social qualification in the language to be accepted
message. for certain jobs, e.g. teacher, civil servant
2 Apparently, he became internationally It’s important because we may also lose
famous when a New York art dealer bought culture, literature, identity and history when a
some of his works. language dies.
3 His work might make people think more
about their surroundings.
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3b 1 Siletz Dee-ni: salmon, basket

1d2e3a4b5c 2 Matukar Panau: a white pig, a black pig, my
pig. It reveals that it is probably typical for the
4 Siletz nation to eat fish and use baskets, while
Students’ own answers speakers of Matukar Panau probably keep or
The speaker says: hunt pigs.
… using technology to sustain themselves, to
expand their reach, to broadcast themselves 9a
out through many different channels, whether 1b2a3b4a5c6b
it be social media, text messaging, … Under
[the] Enduring Voices programme, 9b
… building talking dictionaries … to give 1 I always feel revitalized after a nice hot bath.
some very small languages a first-ever / I’ve had a proper holiday. / spending quality
presence on the internet. time with friends.
… linguistic diversity is one of the most 2 Talking to my grandparents / the locals gave
important parts of our human heritage. … It me real insight into what life was like in the
gives us insight into history, into past. / what it must be like to live in a rural
culture, into how the brain functions. Without village.
linguistic diversity, we really wouldn’t be 3 We mustn’t devalue the cleaning staff in
human. hospitals because they play a really important
role.

5 10 Example answers
1 3,500 (half of 7,000) A possible English lexicon (for speakers from
2 For a variety of reasons, mostly because of south-east England) you could present as an
social pressure and attitudes that devalue those amusing model: a cup of tea, a game of
small languages and tell people that they’re cricket, it’s raining, I’m sorry, I’m in the
not worthwhile, they’re not modern enough to garden.
continue using.
3 using technology to sustain themselves, to 11
expand their reach, to broadcast themselves Students’ own answers
out through many different channels, whether
it be social media, text messaging … Unit 7 Review

6 1
1 presence The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the
2 internet ocean.
3 fluent He visited it to learn more about what was
4 knowledge living in the deep ocean.
5 revitalize/revitalise (= to bring back to life)
2
7 1 It is said to be
1 They said: ‘We would like our language to 2 is known to be
be on the internet.’ 3 it is/was already known
2 This sends a very powerful message that 4 is said to have had
their language is just as good as any other, 5 were reported to have spent
even though it may be very small and no one 6 is said not to have been able to
has ever heard of it, it’s just as good as
any other – it can exist in a high-tech medium. 3
3 It has been launched as an iPhone 1 hope; knowledge/understanding; life
application, so you can actually hear the Tuvan 2 amount; observation
language … on a smartphone platform. Nominalization emphasizes who is responsible
4 Not only to scientists, but to journalists and for an action and expresses ideas more
to indigenous communities whose languages concisely and objectively.
are struggling to survive.

8
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4
1 uploaded; click 2 Example answers
2 broadcast 1 because she wanted to get more confidence
3 posting as a performer
4 writes 2 She started busking in a nearby town when
5 reviewed she was seventeen. She gradually got better at
6 outnumber(ed) it, and then was approached by another
musician to write and perform together, and
5 now they work together and perform
1 d ballpark figure (rough estimate, gigs around the country.
approximate number) 3 They’re starting to make recordings and next
2 c (not) rocket science (not incredibly clever year they’re touring in some quite decent
or difficult) venues.
3 a best practice (the best or recommended
way of doing something) 3
4 b reality check (moment to face the true 1 live
facts) 2 acoustic
5 f going forward (in the future) 3 hum
6 e win-win (advantageous to both sides, 4 amateur
everybody has a positive outcome) 5 lyrics
6 gifted
6 7 solo
1 Gorillas tend to be shy creatures.
2 There are estimated to be around … 4
3 It’s reasonable to conclude that this is … / Students’ own answers
Beyond reasonable doubt, this is …
4 No one appears to know the real reason. / It 8a World music
appears that no one knows the real reason.
5 This suggests that the current regulations are 1
ineffective. Students’ own answers
6 She is arguably the greatest actor of her
generation. 2
b (I just get very excited when I hear new types
7 of music)
Students’ own answers
The public tend to be more interested in the 3
exploration of space than of the oceans. 1d2c3a4b
It appears that James Cameron is a person who
wants to test his own personal limits. 4
The small number of expeditions in the past 1 universal (line 07)
suggests that exploring the deep sea is not of 2 accessible (line 13)
great value to scientists. 3 rewarding (line 20)
We can probably conclude that Cameron did 4 upbeat (line 23)
not do this for profit. 5 eclectic (line 28)
The deep sea is arguably the last place people 6 introspective (line 37)
have yet to explore.
5
UNIT 8 Examples from the text:
I’m just working on a song … (line 24, just +
1 Example answers verb)
Students’ own ideas I just get very excited when I hear new types of
A busker is a person who plays music in the music
street and collects money from passers-by. (line 9, just + verb)
They can play any kind of music, often … each new generation feels that ‘their’ music
popular and well-known songs or tunes. They is speaking just to them … (line 39, just +
are common in tourist areas of major cities. preposition)
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… in just the same way that not many Indians 8 It’s just an idea, but why don’t you try to get
eat hamburgers and fries. (line 17, just + the tickets on eBay? or It’s an idea, but why
noun) don’t you just try to get the tickets on eBay?
.. and often just daily life. (line 34, just +
noun) 7 Example answers
1 a before the (main) verb Students’ own answers
b before the preposition 1 If you don’t mind, I’ll just move this chair –
c before (article) + noun it’s in the way.
2 a He has been travelling around the world 2 Don’t worry. It’s just a cold – you’ll feel
for just under two years, … better in the morning.
b I just get very excited when I hear new types 3 My home is just round the corner from here
of music…; Tastes are often just a question of – come over for a coffee.
habit; .. and often just daily life. 4 I’ll call you back. I’m just in the middle of a
c … each new generation feels that ‘their’ meeting.
music is speaking just to them, … 5 I’ve just come back from Lisbon – it was a
d Not many American teenagers listen to lovely trip.
Indian sitar music, in just the same way that
not many Indians eat hamburgers and fries. 8a Example answers
e Justin, you’ve just spent a lot of time Students’ own answers
studying … 1 Situation: you’re about to go out, one friend
f I’m just working on a song … is waiting for another; Response to: ‘Oh, look
at the time! I think we need to leave now.’
Answers to Grammar summary exercises 2 Situation: you nearly missed the train or you
arrived right at the start of a concert/film;
1 Response to: ‘I hope we get there before the
1a2b3a4b5a6b train leaves’ or ‘I thought you weren’t
coming!’
2 3 Situation: you are trying to behave as if the
1 cost just thing which has gone wrong isn’t a serious
2 ’ve just heard problem; Response to: ‘Oh, no! I’m so sorry,
3 that looks just like I’ve just broken your pen.’
4 is just dealing with another client (at the 4 Situation: someone has found or given you
moment) something that is exactly what you need to do
5 just need to arrive on time a particular task; Response to: ‘I’m going to
6 takes just under two struggle to fix this without a tool.’
5 Situation: a shop assistant has just offered to
6 help you; Response to: ‘Would you like any
1 If you just took the time to listen to Ry help?’
Cooder, you’d definitely like him. or If you 6 Situation: someone phones you when you
took the time just to listen were planning to call them;
to Ry Cooder … Response to: ‘Hello, it’s ___ here.’
2 I’ve just been listening to a live concert on 7 Situation: someone has asked you if you are
the radio. in a romantic relationship with someone;
3 It’s just over five years since they performed Response to: ‘Excuse me for asking, but is ___
in New York. your boyfriend/girlfriend/partner?’
4 Just hearing her sing gives me goosebumps. 8 Situation: someone has just asked a
or Hearing her sing just gives me particular question; Response to: ‘Have you
goosebumps. worked here for long?’
5 The concert is in an old theatre just behind 9 Situation: someone is offering to bring
the bank in the High Street. something that you may or may not need, e.g.
6 If you like Stevie Wonder, I have just the sun cream, tissues, chocolate, etc.;
thing for you: a CD of his early recorded Response to: ‘Shall I bring some reference
songs. books to the meeting?’
7 I don’t just listen to the lyrics; I like the 10 Situation: someone who you think highly of
music. or I don’t listen to the lyrics; I just like (or who thinks highly of themselves) has made
the music.
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a mistake; Response to: ‘I was surprised to 2

hear that Dr Brookes is a smoker.’ The speaker mentions a, b, e, f and g.

8b 3
1 two people leaving a place and going 1 many different parts – there’s no one centre
somewhere that processes music
2 two people arriving at a place 2 help us deal with stress or pain; feelings of
3 two people unable to go to a museum happiness (or even elation)
because they’ve just realized it’s closed 3 music and language
4 someone offering another person use of their 4 dyslexia; learning disorders
screwdriver 5 had had a stroke / were unable to speak after
5 a shop assistant and a person looking around (having had) a stroke
in a shop 6 amazingly successful / impressive
6 a person who is apologizing because they 7 they are an increasingly big problem and we
have just arrived late to meet someone else need to find a solution.
7 someone asking another person about a
relationship 4
8 two people talking about a third person something that we’re very pleased to hear
9 two people setting out on a train journey about
together
10 two people talking about a sporting event / 5
sportsperson 1b2c3f4e5a6d

9 Example answers 6 Example answers

Students’ own ideas 1 My dad likes to blow his own trumpet,
Here are some well-known songs that feature especially when he’s just done some DIY!
some of the words: 2 Last week, I scratched someone else’s car as
‘Hey Jude’ (The Beatles) I drove out of a parking space. I felt a bit sick
‘Sweet child of mine’ (Guns N’ Roses) because I knew I’d have to face the music
‘Never gonna fall in love again’ (Eric Carmen) when they came back to their car.
‘Dancing in the moonlight’ (King Harvest, 3 I read a newspaper report on how mobile
Toploader) phones are really affecting our level of
‘Three times a lady’ (Commodores) concentration these days. It really struck a
‘Summer rain’ (Belinda Carlisle) chord with me, because recently I’ve
‘Daydream believer’ (The Monkees) really been noticing just how often I feel
compelled to check my phone.
8b Healing music 4 The kind of holiday I love is where you just
relax and instead of having everything all
1 Example answers planned out, you just play it all by ear.
Optional step: He could be in his own home or
in some kind of meditation room. He may be 7
listening to music or some kind of other 1 a infinitive
recording in order to relax or meditate. b noun or verb + -ing
1 Quiet or ambient music can calm you down, c a clause with an indicative verb (i.e. the verb
loud music can make you excited, upbeat used in ordinary statements when stating a
music can make you feel happy and energized, fact, etc.) or the modal verbs can or will
while some other types of music can make you 2 sentence 3
feel sad or even angry. 3 a so + adjective + that
2 driving a car (upbeat music to make you feel b such + (+ a/an) (+ adjective) + noun + that
you’re on an adventure, relaxing music on a 4 In this case, we use so + much, many, little,
stressful commute); studying or revising few + noun.
(perhaps classical music to help you
concentrate); cooking (upbeat music to help Answers to Grammar summary exercises
you be creative); relaxing in the bath or late at
night (ambient music to relax) 3
1 in order to book
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2 so (that) we weren’t late 4 She’s so determined / She has such (great)

3 in order that it would/should determination that I think she’s bound to
4 for finding succeed.
5 in order not to live 5 The differences between us are so big /
There are such big differences between us that
4 I don’t think we’ll ever agree.
1 so 2 so 3 such 4 so 5 so 6 So 7 such 6 He has so many good ideas / He has such a
lot of good ideas that he never knows which
5 ones to develop.
1 so that I don’t fail it / in order not to fail
2 to improve our IT skills / so that we improve 11 Example answers
our IT skills / in order to improve our IT skills Students’ own answers
3 so … that it’s been hard to find time to study 1 Rita Ora’s new song is so catchy that I can’t
4 (in order) to persuade him to do that stop listening to it.
5 so … that I find it difficult to concentrate 2 We had such a wonderful time in Portugal
6 so … that I fall asleep that I can’t wait to go there again.
3 It was such a nice cup of tea that I felt better
8 almost immediately.
1 so as not to sound silly 4 What he said about local geography was so
2 in order to pronounce interesting that I’ve decided to find out more
3 for improving about it.
4 to avoid developing / in order to avoid
developing 12 Example answers
5 so that you get Elderly people play this game to / so as to / in
6 to help you lose / in order to help you lose order to keep their memory sharp.
They also play the game for fun.
9 Example answers Players work together in two teams, which is
Students’ own ideas great for promoting social interaction.
Keep a notebook to write down any new words The element of competition can be so
you come across. motivating that some people who are usually
Read online websites in English so that you reluctant can be persuaded to join in.
extend your vocabulary. The elderly people are asked to sing the song
Listen to English pop music for fun. to / so as to / in order to activate different
Write a blog in English in order to get used to memory skills.
expressing yourself in the language. It’s such an enjoyable game I would expect the
Make English friends so as to have a reason to elderly people to have fun.
practise. Songs are so memorable that I would expect
Watch films in English that you have already people to remember a lot.
seen in your own language – it’s a great way to
practise your English. 13 Example answers
If you can, go on holiday to an English- a If I’m stressed, I usually have a hot bath to
speaking country so as to experience the relax me, and then I have an early night so as
language in an authentic setting. to make sure I don’t get too tired.
b When I’m feeling down I talk to a friend so
10 as not to get things out of proportion.
1 The queue for taxis was so long that we c I find that watching TV is great for relaxing
decided to walk. / There was such a long in the evenings.
queue for taxis that we … d I have so many things going on in my life
2 I’ve worked there for so many years / such a that I have to write lists to keep on top of
long time that I really need to move on. everything.
3 I have so little experience of travelling that I
feel really nervous about this trip. / I’m so
inexperienced when it comes to travelling that
…
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8c One love his feeling of the power of music to effect

change
1 the hardship he experienced
Students’ own answers the risks he took
the assassination attempt
2 his early death from cancer at the age of 36
1 partly agrees (strictly speaking, he wasn’t the
first: Marley was not the first person to 5 Example answers
introduce reggae to a wider audience outside Students’ own answers
the West Indies, but he was largely responsible The author thinks that Bob Marley stands out
for the spread of reggae: He remains the only as a pop artist because he makes a heartfelt
global reggae superstar.) message to people in hardship and because of
2 agrees (in many developing countries, he is the magic of his performances and freshness of
celebrated as some kind of saviour, a symbol his music.
of hope.)
3 agrees (His difficult environment instilled in 6
him a keen sense of social justice, which came a popular and successful song that a lot of
to be expressed in his music; themes of social people buy or download
injustice and hardship in the shanty towns of
Kingston … characterize early songs) 7
4 partly agrees (his daughter, Cedella, talks 1e2c3b4d5f6a
about her difficulty in getting her father to
notice her but There is no sense that he did not 8 Example answers
have time for them; simply that he was 1 Criticizing Susie for talking too much really
prioritizing) hit a nerve. She’s very sensitive about that.
5 partly agrees (we do learn a lot but the 2 I’m planning my speech for the wedding. I
documentary … fascinates even if it does not think I’m going to avoid mentioning how we
provide all the answers; provides an insight met and focus instead on telling funny stories
into the mind and motivation of … Marley; about what has happened since then. Do you
there are many unanswered questions) think that will hit the right note?
6 agrees (whether the songs deal with injustice
or with dislocation, they still contain the 8d Desert Island Discs
sentiments of unity and love that run through
all his work; the concert was intended to unite 2
the warring political factions) 1 a disc jockey (DJ)
2 He has managed to appeal to each new
3 generation and keep going for over thirty
1 saviour (line 9) years.
2 footage (line 14) 3 it’s a song by a blues and jazz guitarist, John
3 ghetto (line 19) Etheridge; it was the first blues record he ever
4 outsider (line 25) heard; it opened up a new world to him; it
5 displaced (line 45) reminds him of the hot summer
6 hardship (line 53, also occurs in line 43) of 1976.
7 (warring) factions (line 56)
8 ecstatically (line 64) 3
a Frank, what’s the secret of your continuing
4 Example answers success?
born in a ghetto / difficult environment What, for you, makes a good record?
internationally recognized as a reggae And what’s your first record?
superstar and symbol of hope How did that come about?
keen sense of social justice b That’s a good question, …
mixed race origins … isn’t something I’ve often thought about.
absence of his own father, his father’s death I honestly don’t know.
when Marley was ten years old That’s difficult to say.
his Rastafarianism and love of Africa
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4 Example answers 4 You can spend hours wandering around the

Some challenging questions to ask: old town, visiting cafés and listening to live
Do you ever wish you’d chosen a different music.
course of study? 5 The music fuses traditional Spanish folk
Have you ever made a mistake in life that you music and/with elements of north African
still regret? music.
What hobby or sport would you most like to
take up? 8f A biopic
What do you think you will be doing ten years
from now? 1
Students’ own answers
8e Fado a Being happy depends on having your own
positive outlook regardless of how things are
1 in reality – you choose what you focus on.
Students’ own answers b Be friends with and spend time with people
who have something good to offer, people you
2 really love.
1 Fado is comparable to the blues – its songs c It’s a lyric about perspective. Some take a
tell of pain and hardship, but unlike the blues, moment to appreciate the rain, the way it feels
the songs focus on the pain of separation – the on your skin, the pretty reflections and
sheer drama of the music tells its own story. puddles. Others perceive the rain as a
2 Today it has an international following (its nuisance, something that dampens your day,
appeal has broadened), but twenty years ago it literally and figuratively.
was only popular in Portugal and Portuguese- d It’s a way of telling people to take
speaking former colonies (Brazil, responsibility for their lives – enjoy the life
Mozambique, Angola). you have, but also choose and live the life you
want to have.
3 e We don’t need to run round trying to achieve
1 sheer (drama) things or solve things – when we see that life
2 you’ll love it or you’ll hate it; the intensity of isn’t a race and we just have to be – then we
the emotion … piercing the listener’s body will be happy and fulfilled. It’s advising a
like a knife; pain and hardship; the pain of change of perspective.
separation f This is a way of saying that you should fight
3 dimly lit café; sultry evening for what you believe with a sense of purpose,
4 piercing the listener’s body like a knife and not to remain passive and accept things
5 either you’ll love it or you’ll hate it … you that you believe are wrong.
can’t ignore it; you should go where its roots
are … you may hate it, but I suspect you will 2b
love it. 1d2c3a4e5b

4a 3 Example answers
1 either + pronoun + verb, or + pronoun + Students’ own answers
verb Why did you want to make a documentary
2 like + noun + clause, but unlike + noun + about …?
clause Has … had a big influence on your life?
3 either + noun phrase, or + noun phrase, or + What was it about …’s life story that attracted
noun phrase you?
4 by + -ing, (and) by + -ing Were you concerned about giving a distorted
or untrue picture of …’s life?
4b
1 Mariza is young, talented and energetic. 4
2 She sings both traditional and more modern And what was it like to take on a project like
songs. this – about someone so popular?
3 You can either book in advance or pay on What is there in Marley’s life story that
the door. recommended itself to you?
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Why is Bob Marley so special? What was it 3

about him that touched people? But the wider aim of the Concert for
Bangladesh wasn’t just to raise money. (only)
5 The organizers felt people were just not aware
1 who Marley really was as a person and what enough of Bangladesh and its problems.
his inspiration was (simply)
2 He says we don’t really listen to it properly Ravi Shankar later said that in this sense the
now – it’s often background music to our response to the concert had just been amazing.
lives. (simply)
3 He hopes it will make us listen to his music It also proved to be just the start of a new
with fresh ears. movement in benefit concerts. (only)
Just under fifteen years later, Live Aid, a
6 response to the Ethiopian famine, was staged
fascinating, extraordinary, rags to riches, racial in London and Philadelphia, attracting a global
issues, TV audience of almost two billion.
violence, gangsters, amazing (a little)

7 4
1 attractive / gorgeous-looking 2 sincere 3 1 amateur
solace 2 acoustic
4 believe him 5 universal 6 relate to 3 lyrics/words
4 solo
8a 5 gigs (concerts)
1 on 2 to 3 in 4 through 5 at 6 to 6 trumpet
7 gifted
8b Example answers
1 Hip hop music doesn’t really appeal to me. 5
2 When I agreed to organize the party, I took 1 sing (words)
on more than I bargained for. hum (a tune)
3 My sister went through a difficult time when 2 gig (a performance in a small, local venue)
our parents died. concert (a performance in a big venue such as
a stadium
9 Example answers or concert hall)
1 at parties, carnivals, parades, concerts, 3 song (with words)
funerals, ceremonies, choirs, bands, in classes tune (without words)
where people are learning musical instruments, 4 pop (in the charts – often electric)
etc. folk (traditional songs – often acoustic)
2 Students’ own answers 5 busker (someone who plays in the street for
money) amateur musician (any musician who
10 doesn’t do it for a living)
Students’ own answers 6 title (name of a song)
lyrics (words of a song)
Unit 8 Review 7 chord (a group of three or more notes
sounded together, as a basis of harmony)
1 note (one individual musical sound)
1 to 2 so 3 for 4 so 5 as
6
2 1 thought
1 It raised over US$250,000 (and then made 2 would/should
further money from the live album of the 3 interesting
concert that was made). 4 tell
2 It raised awareness of the problems in 5 say
Bangladesh. 6 honestly/really
3 It started a new movement in benefit
concerts. 7
Students’ own answers
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UNIT 9 9a Dear little daughter

1 1
Students’ own ideas (the answer is in the Students’ own ideas
recording to Old photos remind us of what we looked like,
follow) where we were and who we were with. They
reveal fashions and haircuts of the time and
2 remind us of what we were doing
Age: 5,000 years old and feeling.
Location: (on a grassy hill) on the island of Letters and diaries also reveal where we were,
Orkney, far north of Scotland how we felt and who we were with.
Purpose: exact purpose not known, probably Old schoolwork may remind us of fellow
culturally important monument, possibly with students and teachers as well as what subjects
religious significance we were good at or enjoyed, or personality
Built by: a wealthy civilization traits we displayed as children.
Other: impressive, on an old trade route, part Other documents may include old passports
of discovery of wealthy civilization, rich and their photo (they show places we have
farming community visited), legal records like birth certificates,
scrapbooks and albums we kept as a child,
3 newspaper cuttings of things featuring us or
the bones of domestic animals, pieces of our family members, stories or poems we
pottery, ruins of smaller stone buildings made wrote, greetings cards that acknowledge life
of stone, volcanic glass, highquality events such as birthdays, marriage, illness,
flint tools that were transported from other moving house, etc.
islands
2
4 He wrote the letter to send advice to his
1 find out daughter who had left the US and started
2 determine boarding school in England. He hopes that
3 uncovered some of the strangeness (of being at
4 clues boarding school) has worn off and that she has
5 indicated settled in, that his daughter is working hard
6 evidence and regularly, that she starts to love the ‘old
7 deduced world’, that she doesn’t avoid new
experiences and customs, that she does
5 Example answers embrace her new life and does unpleasant
We discussed Newgrange, which is a things to ‘gain the upper hand of her soul’, that
prehistoric monument in County Meath, she remembers her father loves her and
Ireland. It was built in around 3200 BC, believes in her, and that she writes to him
which makes it even older than the Egyptian every week.
pyramids and Stonehenge. It’s basically a big,
round man-made hill of earth with passages 3
inside that are made of stone. Archaeologists 1 Advantages: they are engaging, they are a
have uncovered human bones inside it, as window on people’s values and behaviour,
well as objects and other clues that tell us that their subject matter is something we can easily
the people who built Newgrange probably had relate to;
ceremonies around death. They are thought to Disadvantages: owing to their personal nature
have been artistic people, since there is letters don’t always represent mainstream
evidence of megalithic art on some of the views
bigger stones. Another interesting fact is that 2 He was well educated – he got a PhD from
entrance to the passages lines up with the Harvard University.
rising sun on the winter solstice – we can 3
deduce from this that the people of that time a He considered America to be new and smart.
had a very good understanding and b He talks of the beauty of ‘the old world’,
appreciation of the movements of the sun and which shows that he sees it as a place of
probably moon.
 tienganhedu.com

tradition and heritage, and refers to its ‘calm 3

and eternity’ and sees it as lovable. 1 Most people expected Martinez to become
c new experiences and customs, sleeping in a president.
dormitory (a big bedroom), taking cold baths, However, Sanchez won easily. / Even though
having to do unpleasant things and ‘take people expected Martinez to become president,
herself in hand’ Sanchez won easily. / In spite of the fact that
d Dubois had high expectations of his daughter people expected Martinez to become president,
– he wants her to read serious books and be Sanchez won easily.
strict with herself. By saying he expects her to 2 As well as visiting our friends in New York,
be ‘wonderful’ may be interpreted as a kind we also spent some time in Boston.
and supportive comment – he wants her to 3 Our offices are closed on Monday on
achieve what she can and be as good as she account of the holiday.
can be. 4 Many motorists went out on the roads, in
spite of the police’s warning to stay at home.
4 5 The hotel is very conveniently located.
1 a relate to Moreover, it is very good value for money.
b wait for 6 Even though I don’t normally like classical
c shrink from music, I really enjoyed the concert. / In spite
of the fact that I don’t normally like classical
5 music, I really enjoyed the concert. / I don’t
1 from 2 of 3 to 4 on 5 in 6 at normally like classical music. However, I
really enjoyed the concert.
6
Examples from the article are underlined 7
below: 1 Despite (linking word + -ing form)
a although, but, while, despite, in spite of, 2 and also (linking word + clause)
however, nevertheless, yet (no additional 3 on account of / after (linking word + -ing
examples) form)
b and, as well as, in addition to, moreover, 4 Moreover (linking word + -ing form)
what’s more … Dubois … valued education 5 After / Following (linking word + new
highly and was concerned because … (line 11) sentence)
and soon after she left (line 14) 6 Since (linking word + clause)
c as, because, since, on account of, because of,
as a result of, owing to, consequently 8
owing to their personal nature, they often 1
provide a fascinating window on people’s a Despite war breaking out in Europe shortly
values and behaviour. (line 3) after Yolande arrived, her mother decided to
d after, when, following, afterwards, visit her there anyway. (linking word + -ing
subsequently soon after she left (line 14) form)
b War broke out in Europe shortly after
Answers to Grammar summary exercises Yolande arrived. However, her mother decided
to visit her there anyway. (linking word + new
1
sentence)
1 What’s more 2
2 Although a In addition to showing that he was a
3 subsequently/afterwards concerned father, the letter (also) reveals that
4 consequently he was quite strict. (linking word + -ing form)
5 as well as / in addition to b The letter showed that he was a concerned
6 Since/As father as well as (also) revealing that he was
quite strict. (linking word + -ing form)
2 3
1 while a Owing to his busy schedule / Owing to
2 However having such a busy schedule, Dubois did not
3 despite see his daughter again for two years. (linking
word + noun phrase) or Dubois did not see his
daughter again for two years, owing to (the
 tienganhedu.com

fact that he had) such a / his busy schedule. 3 dangerous driving

(linking word + noun phrase) 4 fraud
b Since he had such a busy schedule, Dubois 5 possession of drugs
did not see his daughter again for two years. 6 theft
(linking word + clause) 7 vandalism
4 8 trespassing
a Following Yolande and her mother’s return
to America, Dubois went off travelling 2
himself. (linking word + noun phrase) 1g2d3h4e5c6a7b8f
b Yolande and her mother returned to The next step: They are released.
America. Soon afterwards, Dubois went off
travelling himself. (linking word + new 3 Example answers
sentence) Students’ own ideas
Assault and theft (and perhaps burglary)
9 Example answers probably took place. However, the other
(Note that there are many possible variations.) common crimes in Exercise 1 probably didn’t
Dear Jana (or couldn’t) happen. Punishments were severe
Thanks for your letter and news. I was very and police forces non-existent so there were
glad to hear that you’re well. However,/But I probably few crimes (or few crimes that were
was really disappointed to read about Nathan’s solved).
job. I do hope he’s able to find another one
soon. 4
It would be great if you could visit us here. 1 The historian is interested in what is called
Although the weather’s quite cold at the ‘microhistory’, which focuses on small, single
moment, it’s often sunny and there’s so much events in history, because he believes you can
to see. Berlin has some fantastic museums learn more about a society from intensive
and galleries, as well as (having) some study of these events.
amazing shops. 2
It’s also just a great place to walk around on a Martin Guerre was a French peasant who
account of (it) not being / because it’s not lived in a village called Artigat in the south-
very densely populated – unlike London, west of France.
which always feels too crowded and hectic. b Bertrande was Martin’s wife.
What’s more, there are loads of interesting c Arnaud de Tilh was a French peasant who
places to eat and drink. turned up in Artigat claiming falsely to be
If you don’t make it here, I’ll probably come Martin Guerre.
back to England in the summer following my d Pierre was Martin’s uncle, and was in charge
exams at the end of May. In spite of having of administering his estate.
made some good friends here, I really miss 3 He left after being accused of theft (stealing
my old friends. Anyway, when you’ve had a his father’s grain).
think about it, write to me and let me know. 4 She accepted him as her husband – perhaps,
Much love having waited so long, she was just glad to
Harriet have someone to support her again financially.
5 He turned up in court and told his story and
9b The story of Martin Guerre was believed.

1 5
Students’ own ideas 1c2h3e4b5f6a7g8d
Here is a possible list. However, the order is
open to interpretation. If dangerous driving 6
results in serious injury or death, you might 1 1 We
put it at the top of the list. Similarly, 2 he
if fraud involves stealing millions, it might be 3 Bertrande
at the top of the list, if it involves a small 4 he
amount of money, it might be at the bottom. 5 she
1 assault 2 a secondary event
2 burglary 3 before
 tienganhedu.com

Answers to Grammar summary exercises estate.

5 Suspecting Arnaud was an impostor,
4 Martin’s uncle Pierre took him/Arnaud to
1 Not being very interested in the film, she left court. or Martin’s uncle, suspecting that
early. Arnaud was an impostor, took him to
2 Reading / While reading the contract, I court.
realized I had made a big mistake. 6 Having lost the first case, Arnaud appealed
3 Forgetting my friend’s birthday made her and took the case to a higher court.
very angry.
4 Not wanting to spend too much money, they 9 Example answers
went on holiday nearby. 1 He didn’t tell his parents, fearing their anger
5 Looking / When looking around the room, I / that they would punish him.
noticed an old school friend in the corner. 2 Having travelled round the world, she
6 Walking into the house with his shoes on, he decided that New Zealand was the place she
left dirt all over the floor. most wanted to live.
3 I called the police, thinking there was a
5 burglar / an intruder in the house.
1 compared 4 I burned my hand trying to take the cake out
2 Given of the oven.
3 Comparing 5 Having waited an hour, he concluded that
4 Having compared his friend must have forgotten their
5 giving arrangement.
6 Having given 6 They sold all their possessions – their house,
their car, their furniture, having decided that
6 they would move abroad.
1 Considering
2 looking 10
3 hacking 1 Given that is used to introduce a reason and
4 Using refers to a
5 stealing fact that is already known.
6 Assuming 2 It gives extra information.
3 The subjects of each clause are different.

7 11
1 We look out for that kind of unusual story 1b2e3a4c5f6d
because we hope (that) it will give a better
idea of … 12 Example answers
2 Because he feared a severe punishment, … a Considering it has such a wet climate,
3 Bertrande was left at home and she didn’t Vancouver offers
know what had happened … a lot of outdoor activities.
4 After he had spent some time doing b Provided (that) my favourite restaurant is
different jobs, he … open, we can have something to eat before the
5 Perhaps, after she had waited (for) so long, show.
… or Perhaps, because she had waited so c Given that she’s only been having lessons for
long, … a few months, her performance on the piano
was amazing.
8 d Compared to some other existing medicines,
1 Clara focuses on historical events that are the drug has a lot of advantages.
unusual, examining them in great detail. e Assuming (that) we all work as a team, I
2 Having got married very young, Martin had don’t mind being in charge of the project.
a son when he was 21. f Seen from the point of view of cost, I think a
3 He was wounded in battle while fighting for book about ancient maps would be a great gift.
the Spanish army. or While fighting for the
Spanish army, he was wounded in battle. 13
4 Arnaud came to the village hoping to inherit Student A:
Martin’s
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Having created some fake government 5 Example answers

documents …, he then looked … Students’ own answers
Having claimed that it was a secret …, he The treasure: Where is the treasure now and
persuaded … who does it belong to? Did they find all of it?
Taking the money, Lustig returned … Are people still trying to look for it?
Continuing his career as a fraudster, he even The geologist: Which company did he work
cheated … for? What work was he doing? Was he
Student B: working alone? What was his
Having run out of money, he began … name?
Having no qualifications …, he created … The wreck: How big was the ship? Are there
Using false identities, he cashed … any signs of it today? How do we know that
Having finally been arrested and sentenced …, the bow broke off?
he spent … The sailors’ bodies: What happened to the
sailors’ bodies?
14 Do we know exactly where they died? Are
Students’ own ideas they buried on the island?
The diamonds: How many are here? Are there
15 still a lot there? Are people still searching in
Students’ own ideas that area for more diamonds?

9c Diamond shipwreck 6
We know:
1 Example answers The fleet was caught in a storm and that Bom
Students’ own answers Jesus disappeared somewhere near the Cape of
1 for trading purposes; to explore and map Good Hope.
coastlines; to find gold or other valuable items; We know who the captain was, how many
to capture slaves crew there were and what the ships were
2 bad weather, pirates, illness, shortage of carrying. We know what happened to the
water and fresh fruit and vegetables, treasure that the Bom Jesus was carrying.
disagreements between crew members, hostile We don’t know for sure:
locals if they had to make an unexpected stop What happened after the storm hit and what
exactly happened to the sailors.
2 We don’t know if there are still diamonds
In the spring of 1533, the ship the Bom Jesus there today.
set off from Portugal with other ships headed
for the East Indies. It hit a storm and was 7
wrecked near the Cape of Good Hope. 1 accepted and acted upon
The crew either died in the sea or in the desert. 2 let’s return to the very beginning of the
The irony is that they were searching for process, start again
riches, and unknown to them the ship was 3 do too much or get too excited
wrecked on a coast with millions of 4 regular, correct, legal
diamonds. 5 in all situations

3 8 Example answers
1a2c3c4a5a6a Students’ own ideas
1 I wanted to study to become a vet. But I’ll
4 have to go back to the drawing board now
1 remarkable (line 1) because I didn’t get the right grades in my
2 exquisite (line 10) exams.
3 capable (line 25) 2 My sister is going overboard with her
4 sketchy (line 35) wedding – she’s going to have six
5 chunk (= a chunk is a large piece which has bridesmaids! I think that’s far too many.
been broken 3 I really didn’t enjoy managing the project.
off roughly) (line 44) Having to take so many people’s views on
6 inhospitable (line 52) board was very
 tienganhedu.com

challenging, especially when I didn’t really 3 They have done this with technology,
agree with some of them. including an experiment that involved putting
chemicals into clouds in the 1950s.
9 4 It probably caused terrible floods in the
Student A: south-west of England that happened the same
1 Alfred Nobel was the man after whom the year.
Nobel peace prize was named, but he also 5 That we need to explore solutions for dealing
invented dynamite. with climate change but that it’s important not
2 Jim Fixx, the author of The Complete Book to rush into things without looking at the
of Running, was the man who popularized history of previous attempts to use various
jogging as a way to get healthy exercise. But at techniques. or Climate change solutions are
the age of 52, while out jogging complex but necessary. The history of climate
he had a heart attack and died. change techniques should be taken into
Student B: account.
1 Henry VIII of England (1492–1547) had six
wives because he desperately wanted a son 3
and strong male successor. See answers to Exercise 4
But Edward, his only son, was a weak child
and he died when he was fifteen, being King 4
for only six years. His greatest successor was 1 What do you mean by
his daughter Elizabeth I, who ruled for 45 2 that’s to say
years. 3 I’ll give you an example
2 Einstein had one of the most brilliant minds 4 the point is that
of the twentieth century. Yet when he was 5 let me get this straight
seventeen, he failed his university entrance 6 Are you saying that
exam. 7 am I right in thinking
Student C: 8 In other words
1 In the US civil war, General John Sedgwick
said to his soldiers, ‘Don’t worry. The enemy 9e Krakatoa
couldn’t hit an elephant at this distance.’
However, he was then shot by an enemy 1 Example answers
bullet. It’s a picture of a volcanic island, and it seems
2 Alexander Bell worked hard at creating new to be
inventions. He came up with the telephone, for erupting. There are spumes of smoke and dust
example. But he refused to have one in his above the
own study because he said that the telephone island.
got in the way of his work.
2
9d I’ll give you an example 1 an explosion that could be heard 160
kilometres away and that sent ash up six
1 Example answers kilometres into the upper atmosphere; the
Students’ own answers deaths of thousands of people; the
The photo seems to show a storm coming in or destruction of two thirds of the island of
blowing away across a mountainous Krakatoa
landscape. There are storm clouds to the left, 2 Because ash reached the upper atmosphere
clear skies to the right, and a rainbow in and was blown around the world on the trade
the sky and a suggestion of rain over the water winds, there was a drop in global temperatures
on the left. of 1.2 degrees Centigrade for several years.
There were unusual global weather patterns for
2 several years, e.g. temperatures in Nebraska,
1 It’s about people’s attempts in the past to USA, dropped 18 degrees in three minutes
control the weather. and 125 cm of snow fell in 36 hours. This was
2 by praying for sunshine and doing rain unusual as 60 cm was the average for a whole
dances year.
 tienganhedu.com

3a
1c2b3a 6
1 repatriate
3b 2 auction
1 until then (up to then / up to that time) 3 bidding
2 in the preceding months (in the months prior 6 affordable
/ in the months immediately prior to) 7 investment
3 the following year (the year after / a year 8 heritage
later)
4 in those days (back then) 7a
1c2a3a4c5b6b
3c
1 a few days earlier 7b Example answers
2 the following day 1 The price of petrol/electricity has soared in
3 at that time the last few years.
4 the previous day 2 The professional hacker is one of a new
5 from then on breed of techsavvy young people who
understand how the internet works.
9f Collecting the past 3 Usain Bolt smashed the record for the 100
metres.
1 Example answers
1 9 Example answers
This is a print showing a Chinese Emperor. Students’ own ideas
It’s important because it’s probably extremely The Alfred Jewel in the Ashmolean Museum
old, may be very rare, may be the only in Oxford is a small jewel with an enamel
likeness of the Chinese emperor, and pattern showing the head of a ninth-century
may tell us something important or unique English king, Alfred. It was used as part
about the emperor and Chinese history. It may of a page marker when reading the bible, and
have belonged to important people or be part was made to encourage priests across England
of an important collection today. to read in English.
2/3 Consequently, it’s important not only as a relic
Students’ own answers of a great English king, but also as a reminder
of how the English language and the
2b instruction of people in English was
1e2c3a4d5b important even a thousand years ago.

3 Unit 9 Review
Chinese collectors are collecting these objects;
they think it’s important that these items are 1
brought back to China. 1 compared
2 What’s more
4 3 Referring
1 Qing dynasty 4 and
2 private collector 5 since
3 foreign auctions 6 However,
4 a shopping mall 7 painting
5 US$ 100 million 8 Using
9 after having out
5 10 Assuming
1 (wealthy) Chinese collectors 11 in spite of
2 Prices are soaring (rising very high). 12 as well as
3 in Japan, in the late 70s and 80s
4 more affordable decorative pieces 2
5 They are a good investment; 1 Due to the adult-like representation of
investors/collectors want to bring a piece of children in painting of the time, and the fact
their heritage home. that life expectancy
 tienganhedu.com

was much shorter, historians assumed that 7

children were sent out to work at a young age. 1 correctly
2 They found and dug up children’s toys in an 2 missing
archaeological dig by using metal detectors. 3 in
4 straight
3 5 by
1 compared to (+ noun); However, (+ clause); 6 over
even though (+ clause); although (+ clause); in
spite of (+ noun or -ing) 8
2 What’s more, (+ clause); and (+ noun or Students’ own answers
clause); in addition (+ clause); as well as (+
noun or -ing) UNIT 10
3 Referring to (+ noun); Assuming that (+
clause); since (+ clause); because of (+ noun) 1 Example answers
4 after (+ -ing) Students’ own ideas
Optional step: I can see a number of women
4 who are dressed in very similar dresses and
1 took have their hair styled in the same way. The
2 committed dresses appear to be black and are made of a
3 accused material such as cotton. They are covered in
4 found very colourful, detailed floral embroidery
5 appealed work. Colours that can be seen include bright
pink, purple, turquoise, orange, blue, yellow,
5 green, red and gold. The women are also
of: accuse, approve wearing chunky gold jewellery and each have
to: adjust, aim, belong, relate a different coloured scarf around their
in: believe, participate, specialize shoulders. They are taking part in an organized
from: benefit, suffer dance or procession as part of the Cinco de
on: reflect, rely Mayo festival.

6 Example answers 2
Students’ own answers 1 Melbourne, Australia: Greek
When I started my new job, I found it took me London, UK: French
a long time to adjust to the working hours. Denver, USA: Mexican/Hispanic
I aim to do exercise four times a week. 2 They mainly consist of second to fifth
I belong to a cycling club. generation immigrants.
My brother finds it difficult to relate to people 3 Family is more important than the
who don’t like computer games. individual.
I really benefit from revising little and often if
I want to learn new vocabulary. 3
I suffer from hayfever in the summer. ethnic groups
My brother is always being accused of losing first-generation migrants
things because he’s so untidy. long-standing immigrant community
I don’t approve of people who use their extended family
mobile phones while driving. traditional/deep-rooted values
I believe in giving people a second chance. close-knit community
My friend always participates in every class, social gatherings
whereas I only answer questions when I’m rich heritage
asked.
There’s a shop in my town which specializes 10a A co-operative society
in doll’s house furniture – it’s incredible!
It’s better not to reflect on your past mistakes 1 Example answers
too much. 1
I have to rely on my sister for lifts because I Humorously, the quotes reveal that ants are
don’t drive. numerous and faceless, and that the individual
is not important; the second quote reveals that
 tienganhedu.com

ants are remarkably strong in relation to their b incredibly, probably

size and weight. c socially, unfortunately
2 2 1 degree; 2 frequency; 3 manner; 4 degree;
Students’ own answers – typical answers: ants 5 viewpoint; 6 probability; 7 comment; 8
are small black or red six-legged insects; live manner; 9 manner
in societies with a queen that lays eggs; most 3 1 end position; 2 end position; 3 before main
ants are ‘workers’ who follow trails to collect verb; 4 none; 5 end position or before
food; behave like a well-ordered sophisticated; 6 none; 7 end position or after
society; often live in underground networks; this is if between two commas; 8 none; 9 none
seem to eat almost anything; predators include 4 Fast is an adverb but is formed without -ly.
anteaters and ant-eating birds Organized needs a phrase to make it an adverb
because you can’t add -ly to it.
2
efficient, co-operative Answers to Grammar summary exercises

3 1
1 mountain peaks and the polar regions 1 He rarely buys a present for my birthday.
2 because they are socially sophisticated 2 She absolutely loves listening to podcasts.
creatures (unselfish, community minded, they 3 Luckily, I was offered the job.
think as one) 4 In my opinion we should postpone the
3 workers and soldiers meeting.
4 1) an ant leaving a pheromone trail leading 5 He was slightly annoyed by what I said.
to food 2) alarm pheromone alerting the 6 She probably won’t respond to my email.
colony to danger 7 My driving test didn’t go very well.
5 They work as a group to overwhelm their
attacker. 2
6 If people were more like ants and acted in a 1 very well
community minded way all the time, the 2 probably
achievements of the human race would be 3 absolutely, slightly
greater / more positive. The writer is implying
that people tend to act in selfish ways. 3
1 Always he drinks – He always drinks
4 Example answers 2 friendly – in a friendly way
There are many examples of social animals. 3 lately – late
Termites, bees and wasps also live in large 4 if I certainly can – I will certainly help you if
colonies around a ‘queen’ and help each other I can.
in similar ways to the ants. 5 very well going – going very well
Many fish live in huge shoals to help protect 6 fast drove – drove fast
themselves from predators.
Many hunting animals work together in groups 4
(dolphins, wolves, lions), which can make 1 really
hunting more effective, and help to protect 2 fortunately
them from attacks from other animals. 3 probably
Bats live in large cave colonies and many birds 4 rarely
colonize cliff faces. Grouping together in large 5 In my opinion
numbers can help to keep warm and protect 6 Luckily
from predators. 4 always
Prey animals (buffalo, deer, antelope, etc.) 5 late
tend to live in large herds in order to protect 6 quickly
themselves from predators.
6
5 Paragraph 1:
1 approximately: degree, -ly ending, after the
a entirely, regularly, readily, fast, in an verb largely: degree, -ly ending, before the
organized adjective
manner Paragraph 2:
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clearly: manner, -ly ending, before the 2 do (volunteer to collect litter or clean road
adjective shortly (after): degree, -ly ending, signs)
after the verb / before after 3 lend (knock on an elderly neighbour’s door
Paragraph 3: and ask if they need some shopping or need
primarily: degree, -ly ending, after the verb their lawn mown)
straight: manner, irregular adverb, after the 4 take (use the recycling bin correctly, try not
object to use plastic bags)
Paragraph 4: 5 show (give money to local charities, help at a
completely: degree, -ly ending, before the shelter for the homeless)
adjective 6 have (vote in local elections, be a committee
Paragraph 5: member for a local group)
in this unselfish and community-minded way:
manner, adverbial phrase, after the verb 11 Example answers
Students’ own ideas and ranking
7 Possible statements:
1 slowly … should volunteer to help neighbours.
2 in a lively manner/way … should give time and money to local
3 Technically causes.
4 straight … should watch out for and report on crime.
5 generally
6 colourfully 10b The power of play

8 1
1 Ants have a highly developed social system. 1 f space invaders, Super Mario, Grand Theft
2 An ant can easily lift objects as much as Auto
twenty times its own body weight (or its own 2 e crossword, jigsaw, wordsearch
body weight easily). 3 c football, rugby, hockey, volleyball
3 A worker ant doesn’t live long – on average 4 a ring toss, capture the flag, sack race, tag
fifty days. 5 b Monopoly, Cluedo, draughts, solitaire
4 Many brown ants don’t work hard at all, 6 d follow my leader, musical chairs, pass the
with 72 per cent being inactive half the time. parcel
5 Physically, different species of ant vary
enormously (or Different species of ant vary 2 Example answers
enormously physically). keeps you fit, develops co-ordination,
6 Ants do not necessarily act in a friendly improves strength/balance/mobility, enhances
way/manner towards each other (or act concentration, encourages
towards each other in a friendly teamwork, teaches kids how to take turns,
way/manner). helps you to make friends, is entertaining,
7 Surprisingly, some species of ants attack encourages collaboration rather than
other ant colonies aggressively (or competition
aggressively attack).
3
9 Example answers 1 Play is a brain stimulant and helps us think
A lot of my friends are incredibly health- in more creative ways.
conscious: they do a lot of exercise, eat 2 It’s good for our health because it relieves
healthily, and so on. Personally, I’m a tension, and laughter improves circulation and
bit more relaxed about those things. increases our resistance to disease.
Generally, I’d say that people in my social 3 Play connects us socially with other people
circle are financially secure. Many of them are and encourages communication and improves
highly motivated and work incredibly hard. On empathy.
the downside, they often stay in the office late 4 Play keeps us immersed in the present
and tend not to eat very healthily. moment, which is where true happiness lies.

10 4
1 play (using local shops and facilities, 1 luxury
chatting to local people) 2 box
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3 resistance 4 Only after

4 go 5 Under no circumstances
5 barriers 6 No doubt
6 wander
7 lose 7
8 state 1 No way can we afford
2 Not until … will we
5 3 Little did she know
1 of 4 No sooner had she
2 against 5 Rarely have we
3 on
4 out of 9
5 on 1 No sooner had we set out on our walk than it
6 about started to rain.
2 Sorry, I’ve barely had a minute to think
6 Example answers about it.
Students’ own ideas 3 Only by using a special card reader is it
Last week, I came back to my parked car and possible to access the bank’s website.
saw something tucked under my windscreen 4 Under no circumstances must you mention
wiper. My heart sank – I thought it was a this to her.
parking fine. But when I picked it up I realized 5 Only very rarely did/would we go out in the
that someone had played a joke on me – it evenings, because it was so expensive.
was just a piece of paper and someone had 6 Not only does he look like George Clooney,
used black and yellow pens to make it look he sounds like him too.
like a parking ticket! 7 We hardly ever go out dancing anymore.
8 Nowhere else in America could you find
7 such a spectacular view.
1 after the subject, before the verb (but after
the verb to be in sentence 3) 10
2 In many ways, it almost doesn’t matter what 1 seldom
kind of play it is. / In casual play, there’s 2 when
almost no formality. 3 do
3 The subject and verb have been inverted (as 4 hardly (also possible: never)
they are in a question). 5 never
4 As soon as we start to relax, our minds also 6 should
begin to think differently. / Studies have 7 Only
shown that laughter not only relieves tension, 8 will
it also improves blood circulation. 9 not
5 It makes the sentence more emphatic. 10 you

Answers to Grammar summary exercises 10c Living free?

5 1
1 he plays A hunter-gatherer is a person who survives by
2 do the buses arrive hunting animals for meat and collecting
3 it stops; can we (gathering) plants, fruits, etc. to eat. Their life
4 were the passengers is different to farmers because they don’t own
5 we had complained; did our neighbours animals or land, so they move from place to
switch off place to find food and they don’t plant crops.
6 have I won; I have They are often nomadic.
7 have they
2
6 The map shows that most people were hunter-
1 not only gatherers in prehistory. By 1,500 BC, many
2 Only by had become farmers. The map shows that only
3 Rarely
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sparsely inhabited areas in the north and south stewards of the land), and seems to agree with
of the world (where deserts or cold restricted the view that agriculture was an evolutionary
farming) continued to be home to hunter- error (a mistake … from which we have
gatherers by AD 2,000. In this millennium, never recovered). The author is critical of
hunter-gatherers have all but disappeared. encroachment on Hadza land (they are being
Only certain tribal people in remote, forced to share what was once their exclusive
undeveloped areas continue to live in this way. territory), and infers that we should be
concerned about protecting their way of life
3 (Of greater concern is that soon it may be
a (they do not engage in warfare … too few impossible for them to remain in it.).
and spread out to be threatened by infectious
disease; no history of famine; they enjoy an 8
extraordinary amount of leisure time; There It means that the Hadza are free from the
are many things to envy … free spirits but … restrictions and limitations most of us have to
it’s too late for us to go back to a Hadza live with. to be a free spirit = to be free from
lifestyle.) social conventions and do more or less what
you want
4
Things they have: sufficient food, basic tools 9
(cooking pot, water container, axe, blanket), a 1 There’s no need to ask if you want to do
lot of free time, a difficult environment something.
Don’t have: working animals, enemies, a 2 You can’t ever get something for nothing.
government, their own strict routines 3 an uncontrolled discussion with everyone
talking at once
5 4 the freedom to do what we wanted
1 also had (significant) disadvantages 5 came out of the situation without receiving
2 people who are well off (the ‘haves’) and any punishment
those that are poor (the ‘have nots’)
3 left behind signs of their presence, or any 10d Showing interest
pollution or damage to the land
4 careful and thoughtful caretakers 1 Example answers
5 only theirs; no one else was there Students’ own ideas
6 unbelievably absorbed and involved, their Suggested answers: b, c, e, f
way of life seems very extreme to us, always
living in simple, temporary accommodation, 2
that would seem to us like a camping trip that Students’ own ideas
never ends
3
6 Conversation A:
1 Yes. The author talks in a positive tone about 1 She wants Reka to play tennis with her that
the positive aspects of their lifestyle. (They do afternoon.
not engage in warfare. They are too few and 2 She says she can’t – she has to write an
too spread out to be threatened by infectious essay.
disease. And they have no history of famine Conversation B:
… They enjoy an extraordinary amount of 1 She wants help clearing up after a party.
leisure time.) 2 He says he can’t help – he has to wait at
They have not harmed the environment (they home for a delivery to arrive.
have scarcely left a footprint on the land; the
Hadza are such gentle stewards of the land) 4
and they are a peaceful people (are by nature 1 I’d love to, but …
peaceful). The writer says: There are many 2 Working.
things to envy about the Hadza – principally, 3 Oh, that’s a shame.
what free spirits they appear to be. Free from 4 Are you?
schedules, jobs, bosses, bills, traffic, taxes, 5 It was, wasn’t it?
laws, social duties and money. 6 (Yeah,) I’m afraid so.
2 Yes. The author seems to support being 7 I expect so.
respectful of the land (the Hadza are gentle 8 (Oh,) have you?
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9 (Yeah,) me too. (children’s prospects are connected to their

10 Yeah, do, please. expectations) is true.
3, 4 and 5 are used when we can deduce from
5a ‘what was said before’ that the statement
1 rising intonation – interest (children’s prospects are connected to their
2 rising intonation – interest expectations) may be true.
3 rising intonation – interest 6 carries a similar meaning to 3, 4 and 5.
4 falling intonation – agreement However, note the change of form: This points
5 falling intonation – agreement to children’s prospects being connected to …
6 rising intonation – surprise or This points to the fact that ….

5c 4b Example answers
1 ’fraid not 1 Their excellent exam results prove that
2 s’pose so everybody worked hard / the teaching had
3 espec so been of a high standard.
4 hope so 2 The fact that no one passed the exam points
5 doubt it to the exam being too hard.
6 (’d) love to 3 From the age of the paper we can infer that
the documents are from the eighteenth century
6 Example answers / are genuine.
Model conversation: 4 His popularity with the students illustrates
A: Hi, Maria. Fancy a cup of coffee? the fact that teachers don’t have to be distant.
B: I’d love to, but I have to meet Jo in a 5 The high quality of her writing indicates that
minute. she may have studied language at university.
A: Jo? Really? You haven’t told me about her
before, have you? 10f Initiation with ants

10e A good start in life 1 Example answers

In North America or Europe, some of the
1 Example answers following apply:
Students’ own ideas a christening, baby shower, registering the
Answers will depend on your students’ culture birth
and b confirmation, bar mitzvah, family party,
personal views. In many western societies, a having your first alcoholic drink
strong work c wedding, honeymoon, stag and hen party,
ethic and good education are considered to be buying a ring
prerequisites for professional success. d buying a uniform, doing a test, having to
perform a dare or forfeit
2 e have to do a dare or commit a crime, get a
Students’ own ideas tattoo, have a particular hair cut or wear
particular clothes
3 f pay a fee to join, formally introduce yourself
1 That your prospects are determined by your to existing members, do a test, do a dare on the
own opinion of what you can achieve. first day – sing a song
2 a recent study in Baltimore, USA
3 Students’ own opinions 2 Example answers
The boy has black paint covering half of his
4a face and some of his chest – there also seems
Note that in all these sentences, the to be some red paint on his chest. He’s holding
demonstrative pronoun this refers back to what and wearing items made from grass,
has been said before. bamboo or a similar plant. He’s also wearing a
1, 7 and 8 are used when ‘what was said necklace that seems to be made of small black
before’ is clear evidence that the statement beads. He looks quite serious and possibly
(children’s prospects are connected to their worried.
expectations) is true.
2 is used when ‘what was said before’ is an
example showing that the statement
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Perhaps he has to find, kill, eat, or endure the Unit 10 Review

ants (perhaps by letting them crawl on him or
bite him). 1
The key was creating a conservation area and
3b banning fishing so that the stocks of fish,
1c2a3f4d5b6e which are an important part of the ecosystem,
increased.
4
Students’ own answers 2
1 acting in a concerted way/manner
5 2 deteriorating fast
1 sound of the horn 3 campaigning hard
2 eleven hours 4 hardly any fish were left
3 twelve years and upwards/older 5 incredibly successful
4 giant tropical bullet ants 6 Sadly, there’s a new …
5 initiation into adulthood / to become a ‘true 7 Currently, we’re negotiating …
Indian, a warrior’ 8 conducted in a friendly way/manner
6 twenty
3
6 1 can we relax (more emphatic and broader)
1 thirty times worse than a bee sting 2 had we finished one campaign than we had
2 They are drugged with a herbal solution to begin another (more emphatic, greater sense
which lasts long enough for the medicine man of immediacy of the second campaign
to put them into the glove. beginning)
3 Because they are trapped in the woven parts
of the inner glove. 4
4 to distract the young men from the pain 1 rich; ethnic; generation; part; show; lend
5 The pain gets worse. 2 extended; gatherings; knit; laugh
6 He’s brave: although it hurts a lot he
continues to dance and says he’s prepared to 5
go through it again. Students’ own answers

7 6
The chief says that the ritual marks the Positive: 3 and 5
initiate’s entrance into adulthood and makes Negative: 1 and 2
them better men; you have to suffer and make Both: 4 and 6
some kind of effort to really appreciate
your life. 7
Students’ own views as to whether they agree 1 That’s a shame. / Me neither. (also possible:
with the chief. Really?)
2 Definitely. / I hope so.
8a 3 Working, mostly. / Not much.
1c2c3a4c5b6b 4 Yes, it was, wasn’t it? / You enjoyed it, did
you?
8b 5 Yes, please do. / Thanks, I’d appreciate it.
1 I think my prospects of getting a job in 6 Really? / Have you? (also possible: What
advertising aren’t very good. about?)
2 My brother was completely unfazed by
doing a bungee jump. 8
3 I didn’t enjoy the walk because I had to Students’ own answers
endure some awful weather.

10
Students’ own ideas
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UNIT 11 experiencing problems; when you want to

come across well, for example at an interview;
1 Example answers in stressful situations, etc.
Students’ own ideas
Possibilities: delight, happiness, feeling 2
proud/pride, pleased with himself, satisfied 1 F (if you are someone who often feels
The photographer says: This little boy looks so anxious and on edge in the modern world …
proud and pleased with himself … He’s and wish you were more in control of things,
obviously delighted to have brought lunch perhaps it’s time you looked into EI training.)
home for his family. 2 T (EI training is about learning to …
distinguish constructive emotions from
2 harmful ones … you
1 composition, colour, the emotions it get to know when to follow you head and when
expresses / emotional gravity to follow your gut feeling.)
2 emotions that are revealed in one glance; 3 NG
they can be extreme or more subtle 4 T (… excitement might be influencing an
3 Children are good to photograph because important decision.)
they tend not to hide their emotions as adults 5 NG
sometimes do. 6 T (Understanding these micro-expressions is
very useful for managing relationships …
3 supposing you were …
The adjective with the stronger meaning is trying to decide whether to trust the other
shown in brackets: person; an ability to read such signals could
Anger: cross, livid (livid) be invaluable.)
Fear: petrified, scared (petrified)
Surprise: astonished, taken aback (astonished) 3
Happiness: content, ecstatic (ecstatic) 1 sad
Sadness: low, miserable (miserable) 2 confused and disorganized
3 optimistic
4 Example answers 4 exhausted
I was cross when the bus arrived ten minutes 5 very surprised
late this 6 very happy
morning. I was livid when my flatmate went
away for the 4 Example answers
weekend, taking my key and leaving me I felt a bit down after losing the match.
unable to get My brother’s having a tough time at university
into the house. at the moment – the pressure of exams is too
It rained all day on Sunday and I felt pretty much for him and he’s all over the place.
miserable. I feel upbeat about the interview. I think I’m a
The only time I’ve really felt despondent was strong candidate and I’ve done lots of
when I was preparation for it.
rejected by the university I’d applied to and I On Friday evening, after a hard week at work,
thought I I always feel done in.
would never have the career I wanted. My friends organized a surprise birthday party
for me – when I walked in I was speechless!
11a Emotional intelligence I was thrilled to bits when we won first prize!

1 5
Emotional intelligence, or EI in its abbreviated a3b4c2d6e5f1
form, is the ability to recognize, judge and deal
with one’s own emotions and those of others. Answers to Grammar summary exercises
How it might be helpful: in tasks that involve
problem-solving; in building relationships with 1
others; in roles where you have to manage 1 didn’t
people or work as a team; when you are 2 had
helping people who are in distress or 3 not go
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4 had been Here is a top ten list of hates adapted from a

5 would stop national British newspaper:
6 moved 1 People driving close behind you
7 could 2 People who smell of body odour
8 watch 3 People who eat with their mouth open
4 Rude shop assistants
2 5 Slow internet connections
1 ’s time you went home 6 Dog owners that don’t clean up after their
2 wishes he earned/earnt more money dog
3 ’d just as soon she asked 7 Noisy eaters
4 only I’d stayed in touch 8 Spam email
5 ’d rather cook the meal 9 Adverts in between TV programmes
6 wish my colleagues would knock 10 People reading over your shoulder

3 11b Thinking fast and slow

1 wish I hadn’t decided
2 would rather they didn’t make / wish they 1
didn’t make Students’ own ideas
3 ’d rather live
4 it’s time I spoke 2
5 what if it doesn’t help 1 how we make certain judgments and
6 wish we lived decisions
7 If only we’d decided 2 Nobel Prize in Economics
3 asking people questions
6
1 It’s high time he sorted out his life. 3
2 I wish I didn’t have to commute to work Students’ own answers
every day.
3 If only I’d listened to his advice, none of this 4
would have happened. 1 1 53
4 I’d rather you had shown me the letter before 2 Neither statement is statistically more
you had sent it. probable.
5 Modern life is too hectic. I wish people 3 a/3b Logically, you should answer both these
would just slow down a bit. questions the same way – either choosing
6 It’s time we left. In fact, I wish we had left a certainty, or choosing risk.
while ago. 2 Our intuition can be unreliable and irrational
and affects our ability to use more conscious,
7 deliberate thought to make good decisions.
1 rubbed
2 would come out 5
3 did a 2 (We assume Linda is a feminist because of
4 were lying / was lying our preconceptions and the influence of the
5 would take plausible details of the human story.)
6 made b 3 (Probabilities are the same in 3a and 3b –
it’s illogical to choose different answers.)
8 c 1 (The number we choose here is influenced
1 didn’t talk by high or low numbers we have recently
2 didn’t get heard or thought about – the temperature we
3 could show have just heard is irrelevant to the question
4 were/was, would find asked.)
5 would teach
7a
9 1 a adjective; b verb
Students’ own ideas 2 a verb; b adjective
3 a verb; b adjective
10 Example answers 4 a adjective; b verb
Students’ own ideas 5 a verb; b adjective
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4 Were you to take the job, I am sure you

7b Example answers wouldn’t regret it. (or Should you take the job
Students’ own ideas …)
The politicians are deliberating the issue. 5 Were I to analyse the part my emotions
That was a deliberate attempt to cheat. played, I’d probably make fewer bad
This will separate the men from the boys. decisions.
There’s a separate changing area for families. 6 Should you need any help, I hope you will
feel able to
8 call me.
a i) sentences 1 and 5 ii) sentences 2–4 and 6–
9 10
b The subject and verb have been inverted as 1 would/’d
in a question; the word if has been left out. 2 were
c It means ‘if this thing or situation did not 3 found
exist’; it’s followed by a noun. 4 take
d more formal 5 were
6 to
Answers to Grammar summary exercises 7 ‘d
8 have/‘ve
4 9 Had
1 if I have time – if I had time 10 would/could/might
2 they’ll continue – they continue 11 been
3 she’ll be able – she’d be able 12 were
4 won’t – wouldn’t
5 would be – was 11 Example answers
6 you remembered – you’d remembered Students’ own answers
1 Were it not for my parents, I would have left
5 school early. / I would have given up learning
1 put English.
2 change 2 Had it not been so expensive, I would have
3 wouldn’t have bought a new car. / gone on last weekend’s
4 hadn’t been trip to London.
5 lose/lost 3 Were I not such a lazy person, I think I
6 ’ll/’d would have learned the guitar. / have run a
7 don’t need marathon by now.
8 were 4 I would have become a vet, had I been any
9 wouldn’t have bought good at biology at school!
10 hadn’t spent 5 Had I not been so young at the time, I might
11 would have been able to / would be able to have learned some Swedish before my family
left Stockholm and moved to America.
6
1 Should … be 12
2 Had … known Students’ own ideas
3 Had … treated
4 Were 13
5 Had … not arrived 1 The bat costs $1.05 – $1 dollar more than the
6 Should … sell ball costs, which is 5 cents. If you got the
puzzle wrong (most people say $1.00), don’t
9 be discouraged – so did more than 50 per cent
1 Should anyone ask, please don’t tell them it of students at Harvard, MIT and Princeton.
was me who told you. $1.00 is the intuitive, but incorrect answer.
2 Had I thought about it longer, I think I would 2 Most answer yes, but according to
have got the answer right. probability it should be an equal number of yes
3 Had they taken my advice, they wouldn’t be and no. The point of the first puzzle is to show
in this situation now. how important it is to stop and think before
giving a quick answer.
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The point of the second puzzle is that we are the same time felt confident that she would be
influenced by more than just simple logic. We able to produce a better-crafted report …)
already have the disappointment of losing $30, 2 making a distinction between that was
but we don’t want the added disappointment of significant and of interest, and what was not
not seeing the show. (lines 20–22: the program was unable to make
a distinction between significant facts and
14 Example answers facts that readers would find interesting.)
Ideas include: which university to go to, what 3 They don’t think they will any time soon.
to study, which career to follow, who to marry, (lines 25–26: AI is intelligent but not
what to call your children, whether to take a intelligent enough to make humans obsolete
job or not, how to spend a large sum of money just yet.)
you have been given, where to live, 4 It occurs when technology replaces jobs,
whether to buy or rent a property, whether or which has already happened in manufacturing
not to report a crime, etc. but hasn’t yet in the services sector. (lines 40–
41: Technology has already largely replaced
11c Who’s working for who? people in manufacturing. If it does the
same in the services sector – banks,
1 Example answers restaurants, shops …)
1 Students’ own answers 5 It is when machines learn to do tasks that
2 Machines like cars are largely put together they weren’t specifically programmed for.
by machines nowadays – the cars are designed (lines 43–45: ‘machine learning’, the idea that
on computers; the parts are moved by machines can learn to do tasks for which they
machines (conveyors, forklift trucks); have not been specifically programmed.)
the parts are connected and painted by 6 because they involve tasks that computers
machines with robotic arms. are not good at (lines 51–52: ‘crowdwork’,
Newspapers are now designed exclusively on boring tasks that machines are not good at but
computers, and printed on large automated can be done by an army of independent
printing presses. human workers from their home computers.)
3 Possible jobs include: performing surgery,
providing services (robots as waiters, shop 4
assistants, hotel receptionists), doing 1 under threat (line 2)
dangerous jobs (mining, bomb disposal, space 2 fell short (line 18)
exploration). 3 subtlety (line 22)
4 obsolete (line 26)
2 Example answers 5 monotonous (line 54)
Sarah’s story: Financial Times journalist – 6 bizarre (line 59)
competed with computer to write report for the
newspaper – computer was quicker but Sarah’s 5
report was better – Sarah could distinguish Answers are provided in Exercise 6.
facts that readers would find interesting
What Sarah’s story tell us: AI is intelligent but 6
not intelligent enough to make humans Answers to Exercise 5:
obsolete just yet … but more parts 1 that an increasing number of people are
of our work can and will be done by machines worried that their jobs are threatened by
in future. Other jobs currently done by machines (paragraph 1)
machines: manufacturing, stock market trading 2 that machines could take over the boring
Other jobs currently done by people: boring, parts of work, leaving (people) more time to
monotonous jobs, e.g. checking the work be creative (paragraph 4)
machines do 3 There are three fundamental problems:
‘technological unemployment’, ‘machine
3 learning’ and ‘crowdwork’.
1 She wasn’t worried that her job was under (paragraphs 4 and 5)
threat from AI. (line 3 onwards: Sarah 4 with a different problem: people are doing
O’Connor did not really think she was one … work you would expect a machine to do – will
was fairly sure that her artificial intelligence you be one of those lucky enough to have
(AI) rival would be quicker than her, but at
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machines working for you, or will you be decision-making, interpretation of complex

working for them? (paragraph 5) and varied information, and for work in court
Students’ own ideas about how effective they Teaching: teaching grammatical rules, facts
think the structure is. It is one of several and figures could be done by a robot, as well
possible structures for a discursive article. as some marking and preparation, but anything
involving subtle judgments, feedback, etc. is
7 best done by a person
was beyond it = it was too difficult or
complicated for it 10
to do Students’ own ideas
1 recognition
2 doubt 11d You look concerned
3 me
4 means 1
5 a joke Students’ own ideas
6 the call of duty
2
8 Example answers 1 Conversation 1: colleagues
1 My old school / the city centre where I live Conversation 2: friends
has changed Conversation 3: friends
beyond recognition. 2 Conversation 1: frustrations at work
2 A new house / A new car / Private school for Conversation 2: making a birthday card
the kids is Conversation 3: new job at Disney
beyond my/our means at the moment.
3 Having to work weekends / travel around the 3
world / Speaker’s feeling Comment by other speaker
pay for my own coffee seems beyond the call
of duty. 1 Felipe: frustrated Jennie: You don’t seem fine.
4 This bad weather / The rising cost of Is there anything I can do?
inflation is beyond 2 Ohoud: distracted Lara: You look a bit
a joke. troubled.
I didn’t mean to offend you.
9
Students’ own ideas 3 Megumi: excited Paola: Don’t get me wrong
Police work: routine jobs such as paperwork, – I wasn’t laughing at you.
surveillance, etc. could be done by robots – but I’m really happy for you.
not subtle things like communicating with
people in the community, making an
arrest, using a weapon Healthcare: dispensing
medicine, performing routine surgery, 4 Example answers
monitoring patients – but not talking to 1 Is there anything I can do?
patients, diagnosing and decision-making 2 You seem a bit worried. or You look a little
Childcare: observing, feeding and doing troubled.
routine tasks; but people are needed to deal 3 I didn’t mean to sound ungrateful. or I didn’t
with any problems, watch for safety, comfort mean to be rude.
and interact with children on an emotional 4 Did I say something funny?
level
Public transport: already used on some tram 5a
and train networks – driverless cars, taxis and /d/: annoyed, confused, preoccupied, puzzled,
buses still sci-fi – need a person to make troubled
decisions in busy city centres and deal /t/: embarrassed, shocked
with unexpected situations /ɪd/: distracted, frustrated, offended
Legal work: robots could interview and take
notes and carry out routine tasks (e.g. drawing 5b
up contracts or wills); need person for See the Pronunciation notes below.
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5c C Thanks for your suggestions. Please don’t

busied /ˈbɪzi:d/ take this the wrong way, but in the end
naked /ˈneɪkɪd/ we’ve decided that we’re going to stick to the
readied /ˈrɛdi:d/ original plan. We do really appreciate your
rugged /ˈrʌɡɪd/ time and help, though.
sacred /ˈseɪkrɪd/ D As you might know, we’re going to the
races next week and a couple of spaces have
6 Example answers become free at short notice. Would you like
Students’ own ideas to come? It would be great if you could.
A: Are you OK? You look a bit annoyed. E Thanks for the email asking for my opinion.
B: Oh, sorry, I’m just a bit frustrated by this Without wanting to be rude, personally, I
exercise. / I’m worried about today’s test. / I’m think the blue curtains look nicer.
distracted by what’s happening outside the F Without wanting to be rude, I know you’re
window. very busy, but could you reply to the email I
A: I’m sorry to hear that. Is there anything I sent two days ago? I don’t want to pressure
can do? you, but the deadline for a decision is today.
B: Not really, but thanks anyway.
11f Madeleine the robot tamer
7
Students’ own ideas 1
Students’ own ideas
11e Don’t get me wrong
2 Example answers
1 Example answers It looks industrial (large, heavy, functional).
1 Because we can’t hear the tone of the It seems to have moving parts – perhaps it can
person’s voice, or see their facial expression lift things,
while they are communicating, it makes it easy move things, attach things or build things.
to misinterpret an email.
2 Students’ own answers 3b
1d2a3e4b5c
2
People generally treat an email like a face-to- 4
face To react to people’s movements, coming
conversation, but we aren’t able to closer to them when they walk near.
communicate feelings To help people to see an opportunity for
with gestures, facial expressions and tone of interacting with robots and to think about what
voice in an other kinds of interactions we might have with
email – the reader must imagine the tone – them.
that’s why it’s
so easy to misinterpret the content. 5
1 need
3 2 replace
1b2d3e4f5c6a 3 expand
4 artists
4 Example answers 5 people
A Thanks. I got your report. I really 6 seven
appreciate your help with this. It took me 7 cameras
slightly by surprise as I didn’t expect to see it 8 gestures
until the end of the month.
B Thanks for letting me know about Jessica’s 6
farewell party next Saturday. Please don’t 1 a more interactive one – a bit more like a
take this the wrong way, but I hoped you humanhuman interaction
were going to change the day of the party to 2 because the robot isn’t doing a specific
one I could manage. I don’t want to industrial job and does not have a special tool
pressure you, but it would be great if you attached to it
could.
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3 the ‘raw experience’ of just interacting with in statement 4: I wish people wouldn’t ask me
the robot personal questions.)
4 it’s the way you innovate 3 wish + past perfect = to talk about a past
5 anyone and everyone situation that we would like to be different (not
used in the article)
7a
1b2a3c4c5b6c7a8b 4
1 a bit on edge
7b Example answers 2 livid
1 I don’t know what’s going to happen with 3 taken aback
my job. The ideal scenario would be a pay 4 thrilled to bits
rise. / a promotion. / a fresh start. 5 down
2 Sony / Samsung / Microsoft is a 6 petrified
company/organization that’s always trying to
push the boundaries of technology. 5 Example answers
3 An example of when everything came Students’ own answers
together for me was when I met the woman 1 I’m not depressed, I’m just a bit down
who is now my wife. because I got a bad test result.
2 I’m a bit all over the place at the moment
8 because I’ve just heard the news that my mum
Students’ own ideas is seriously ill.
3 I’m absolutely done in. Remind me never to
9 work the whole weekend again!
Students’ own ideas 4 You seem surprisingly upbeat for someone
who’s just lost their job. Is there something I
Unit 11 Review don’t know?
5 I simply can’t believe Mark’s been arrested.
1 I’m speechless.
1 give 6 I don’t like being scared, so I’d rather watch
2 told a thriller than a horror film, to be honest.
3 could
4 wouldn’t ask 6
5 had 1 You look/seem a bit
6 praises 2 say something funny/wrong
7 Were I to be asked 3 seemed/sounded; rude/abrupt (also possible:
8 Had you been instructed was; direct)
4 be rude / sound ungrateful
2 5 didn’t upset you / offend you / say
1 The problem with measuring emotional something wrong
intelligence 6 out wrong / out the wrong way
is that it relies on the respondent knowing their
own 7
feelings, and being truthful in their responses. Students’ own answers
2 Most of us are inclined / tend to give
untruthful UNIT 12
responses about our weaknesses.
1 Example answers
3 Students’ own ideas
1 wish + past = to talk about a present situation The photo shows a mountainous landscape
that we would like to be different (used in with snowcapped peaks and large boulders and
statement 3: I wish I could control my bad crags – there is a blue lake in the valley. The
habits … ) sky is clear and it’s a sunny day.
2 wish + someone + would = to express the There is a person – possibly a woman – who is
fact that we would like someone to do or stop wearing a rucksack and is standing and
doing something, often used to complain (used looking at the view.
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2 3b
1 Speaker 1: Azraq, east of Amman in Jordan; Japan (110 active)
desert Indonesia (76 active)
Speaker 2: the village of Tyssedal in Norway; Nicaragua (8 active)
dramatic scenery – a valley between a fjord 4b
and a mountain 1 nitrogen (N2) 78.084%
Speaker 3: Blaenavon in Wales; rugged, hilly, 2 oxygen (O2) 20.9476%
industrial landscape 3 argon (Ar) 0.934%
2 Speaker 1: it’s beautiful – nature untouched 4 carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.0314%
by man 5a
Speaker 2: loves the contrasts in the landscape, Aleppo (at least 6000 BC)
it’s all on a huge scale, but still calming Varanasi (1800 BC)
Speaker 3: the shared social history and sense Beijing (1045 BC)
of community connected to the industrial 6a
landscape grassland (around 50%)
3 Speaker 2 desert (25%)
rainforest (less than 12%)
3
Speaker 1: a blue, cloudless sky; sparse 2
vegetation; a bleak, monotonous landscape Accept students’ own ideas. See the expert’s
Speaker 2: dramatic scenery; wooded hillsides; reasons (Exercise 3 answers) for a possible
snow-capped mountains list.
Speaker 3: rich farmland; lush green valleys;
rugged, hilly Terrain 3
1 without a mental map of the Earth’s surface
4 Example answers and the distribution of people across it, the
Students’ own ideas world is confusing
I love the sandy beaches and rugged coast line 2 Geo-literacy gives people the ability to use
of Cornwall in the UK. I grew up there and it geographic knowledge to make connections
really reminds me of happy days on the beach. between things and to understand how changes
The most dramatic scenery I have ever seen in nature and how our own actions affect us
has to be the volcanoes of Indonesia. There’s all.
nothing like Indonesia for lush green 3 It can help us to understand how actions in
vegetation and incredible sweeping valleys one place (e.g. pollution) can affect outcomes
with dramatic volcanoes rising up through the elsewhere (e.g. drought).
early morning mists. 4 It can help us understand how the
There used to a beautiful view near where I organization of a city affects quality of life.
live, with rolling hills and wooded 5 Geo-literacy helps to develop cultural
mountainsides. But last year they built a new understanding.
shopping complex there. It’s such a blot on the
landscape – I don’t know why they allowed it. 4
1 to make connections between things and to
12a The why of where understand how changes in nature and how our
own actions affect us all
1 2 The pollution in the northern hemisphere
Note that these answers are also given on page contributed to a drought by changing the
190 of the climate – by cooling air over Europe and the
Students’ Book. Atlantic, it forced the rain further south in
1a Africa.
2a 3 They felt helpless and not responsible for the
Monaco: Number 1 in the world (3 situation.
billionaires, population 37,800) 4 It could help us make decisions about where
USA: Number 13 in the world (536 we live and what transport we use.
billionaires, population 321 million) 5 that it is one homogenous country
Kuwait: Number 14 in the world (5
billionaires, population 3.2 million) 5 Example answers
 tienganhedu.com

1 Understanding geography (and geology) 3 stuff

helps us find mineral resources, plan best 4 or something
where to build new towns, predict the weather 5 sort of
and other natural events, avoid natural 6 and so on
disasters; understanding geography (and
geopolitics) helps us understand why there are 3
conflicts in the world, and helps us understand 1 up to ten people
people better. 2 sort of boring
2 Students’ own ideas 3 or something
4 and that sort of thing
6 5 two hours or so
The following should be crossed out: 6 he has forty-odd
1 ethnically
2 internationally 9
3 geographically Other possible answers are given in brackets.
4 socially 1 Around (Over, Roughly)
5 visually 2 or something
6 culturally 3 or so (-odd)
7 industrially 4 about (around)
8 politically 5 kind of (sort of)
6 stuff (things)
7 Example answers 7 as many as (over, around, about, roughly)
Older people are more physically active these 8 -ish
days – they go to the gym. 9 more or less (sort of, kind of)
Since the last election, 18 to 25 year olds have 10 over (as many as, around, about, roughly)
become more politically active.
Japan is an economically/industrially advanced 10 Example answers
country. 1 greenish
It’s politically correct to use ‘Ms’ when 2 as many as / about / around / over / roughly
writing business correspondence to women. ten
George Clooney is an internationally famous 3 kind of bleak and monotonous / sort of hilly
actor. 4 more or less / as many as / about / around /
Wind power is environmentally friendly. over / roughly ten
Mozart was musically gifted. 5 fast/slow; more or less / as many as / about /
Some islands in the Pacific are geographically around / over / roughly fifty thousand
remote. 6 dozens of different things; seeing friends,
playing tennis, going for a walk and so on
8
1 Less precise words in themselves are: 11 Example answers
hundreds of, dozens of, stuff. All the others Students’ own ideas
make another word imprecise. Near where I live there is a river and at one
2 -odd, (or so), (dozens of), -ish, kind of, more point there’s a wide part which is particularly
or less, stuff, things, or something beautiful. It’s a special place because not only
is it very pretty, but it’s the perfect spot
Answers to Grammar summary exercises for families to visit in the summer. Some
people fish there, but there are usually dozens
1 of young children paddling and playing in the
1 up to 3,000 people water.
2 under ten hours In the town near me is the biggest free multi-
3 as many as five years storey car park in Europe. It has around four or
4 hundreds of dollars five floors and over five hundred cars can park
5 under fifty cars there. It’s very popular because it’s free, and
also because it’s right next to shops,
2 restaurants, cafés and so on.
1 -ish
2 Up to 12b Nature close up
 tienganhedu.com

1 Thankfully Dad managed to swerve out of the

three lines; five syllables in the first line, seven way. But for Dad’s lightning quick reactions,
syllables in it could have been serious. I was scared stiff
the second line, five syllables in the third line; …
seventeen
syllables in total 8
a7b6c1d4e5f3g2
2
1 travel guides 9
2 seventeenth century 1e2f3d4c5g6b7a
3 because he wanted to escape his fame and
lead a simpler life 10
4 that even though she was writing about 1 that would be great
places she visited, she was missing lots of the 2 wouldn’t have thought
beautiful details in nature around her 3 wouldn’t start; would have given
4 (that) you’d be
3 5 would go
1 the brilliant colour
2 the way sunlight catches the spray and 11 Example answers
makes a rainbow Long walks:
3 the reflection of the leaf in the crystal-clear When I was younger, I’d go on really long
water of a stream walks with my dad / we’d often get lost / we’d
4 the splash it makes when it jumps into the take a picnic for the journey.
water If I had more time, I’d go on more long walks.
5 was in ruins and overgrown with grass and I promised myself I’d take up long-distance
seemed Forgotten walking / I’d join a walking club one day.
Reading poetry:
4 When I was younger, I’d spend days reading
extremely clear – a crystal is a mineral rock poetry books.
which looks pure and transparent, like glass If I had more time, I’d study poetry at college.
I promised myself I’d join a poetry reading
5 course.
scared stiff, worried sick Nature:
When I was younger, we would go on nature
6 walks.
bone dry: ground/earth If I had more time, I’d spend more time in the
brand new: a car countryside.
fast asleep: a baby I promised myself I’d take up gardening.
freezing cold: a winter’s day
lightning quick: reactions 12 Example answers
pitch black: a cave Students’ own ideas
rock hard: old bread Examples of ‘nature’s modest dramas’ could
scared stiff: a child be leaves falling into ponds, ants carrying
sopping wet: a towel food, a bird feeding its chicks, a mouse
stone cold: dinner running into a burrow.
wide open: eyes
worried sick: a parent 12c Rise of the urban animal

7 Example answers 1
Students’ own ideas 1/2 Students’ own answers. It depends, of
One freezing cold winter’s evening, we went course, on where they live. On a typical day, in
out to see some friends in our brand new car. the UK, people might see common
Dad drove, the baby was fast asleep in the domesticated pets (cats, dogs, hamsters,
back, and I sat in the front. It was pitch black rabbits, gerbils, goldfish, tropical fish, etc.),
out there, so when a deer ran out of the bushes, farm animals (cows, sheep, pigs, chickens,
we didn’t see it until the very last moment. goats, etc.), wild birds (pigeons, sparrows,
crows, blackbirds, robins, finches, kites, gulls,
 tienganhedu.com

etc.) and occasionally wild animals (squirrels, c There are more dangerous animals in urban
rabbits, deer, urban foxes). areas and when predators lose their instinctive
3 In the UK, pigeons, cats, dogs, urban foxes, fear of humans, they actually become more
rats and mice. likely to attack us.
d Some animals are thriving successfully in
2 cities and there is plenty of food for them –
a Students’ own ideas. they are here to stay; animals that are naturally
For reasons why the number of animals in cautious or timid do better in cities; How do
cities is rising, see the answers in Exercise 3. we turn cities into something good,
b From left to right (top row): fox, falcon, boar something positive for wildlife?
From left to right (bottom row): pigeon, coyote
(a wolf-like wild dog native to North America) 7
The author concludes that the growth of cities
3 has meant animals have had to adapt and that
Reasons: abundance of food in cities we humans also need to adapt and learn to live
(discarded food, land-fills, rubbish bins); with animals in cities – we should also think
increased number of prey animals about making our cities more animal friendly.
(e.g. pigeons) has attracted predators; native
habitats are disappearing (urban sprawl and 8
climate change); less animal hunting now come into a new place and start living in it
According to the text, it’s a trend we can’t (can be applied equally to people)
stop.
9
4 1 around
1 Peregrine falcons are more concentrated in 2 to
New York City than anywhere else; they have 3 out
started to attack pigeons in cities. 4 on
2 There are 2,000 wild coyotes in Suburban 5 over
Chicago. 6 on
These animals have begun to take on some 7 in
aspects of human behaviour (e.g. waiting at 8 off
traffic lights).
3 Foxes are very common now in city streets, 10 Example answers
especially at night, and now feed from rubbish I’m going to move in to my new flat in June.
bins. I found it hard to move on when my first
4 Ants’ behaviour hasn’t changed – have been girlfriend left me.
living and feeding in cities for a long time. I ran to catch the bus yesterday, but it moved
5 Mountain lions usually need a lot of space off just as I got there!
and usually roam an area of about 1,000
square kilometres, but have adapted to living 11
in smaller spaces, e.g. 65 square Students’ own ideas
kilometres in Hollywood. As a result, they are
becoming less wary of humans. 12d A blot on the landscape
6 Some bears have stopped hibernating
through winter because there is so much 1
discarded food for them to feed on all year. Note that these answers are also given on page
190 of the Student’s Book.
5 1 Buenos Aires
a Rodents and insects, such as ants, have long 2 Beijing
been city dwellers; animals feel less wary of 3 Bucharest
their human neighbours than in the past 4 Jakarta
because animal hunting is far less popular. 5 Mexico City
b Urban sprawl and climate change have
meant that animals’ native habitats have 2 Example answers
shrunk or have begun to disappear. banning cars on certain days or at certain
times;
 tienganhedu.com

congestion charging; only allowing zero- 4a

emission cars; 1d2f3c4b5a6e
providing park and ride services or trams or
underground rail; providing free rental 4b Example answers
bicycles; encouraging people to lift share; (for the topic of littering)
having improved traffic light systems; using The issue is one of personal responsibility. (2)
computerization to organize traffic flow; At any time of day, you’ll find a sea of paper
widening roads or building new roads; washing around our streets. (1)
building a ring road It has a disastrous effect on our health and
well-being. (6)
3a
1 a congestion charging scheme; banning all 5 Example answers
private cars from the centre and providing a Pros: clean energy, safe, inexpensive to
park and ride bus service from various points maintain once you have built the turbines,
on the outskirts of the city into the centre often placed in areas far from where most
2 a scope people live
b cost Cons: unattractive, a blot on the landscape,
c charged/exempt expensive to build, dangerous for birds, spoils
nature experiences for tourists, can be noisy if
3b you live nearby
Sorry, can I just say something in answer to
that? 12f Three years and 6,000 miles on a horse
No, hang on, hang on a minute.
Yes, but … 1 Example answers
Sorry, can I just finish what I was saying? a I once did a charity walk to raise money for
homeless people and I walked twenty
12e To the editor kilometres. I think I could push it and walk at
least twenty-five in a day.
1 Example answers b I think riding a bike is much easier and more
Students’ own answers efficient than walking. I reckon I could easily
People write to newspapers to complain about cover 60 kilometres in a day, maybe more.
something in the newspaper (e.g. an opinion I’ve never ridden a horse, so maybe I’d only
they disagree with), to voice a complaint about manage fewer than ten kilometres!
something which is directly affecting them c 4.7 miles a day
(e.g. complaining about poor rubbish
collection in their area) or a cause that they are 2b
passionate about (e.g. saving wild animals, 1d2b3f4e5a6c
protecting the environment).
3
2 The landscape: snow-capped mountain peaks,
1 a news item about people in the city dying desert, bleak, dry, rugged, grasslands, lush
from air green valleys and hills
pollution The weather: mostly cloudy and wet, foggy,
2 there’s no political will with some clear skies and some snow
3 increase awareness of air pollution through The people: there is a western adventurer and
public his team and there are also local people who
Displays seem to work with horses and live in simple,
remote huts or gers, they probably live in
3 family groups
Yes, it responds the same day. The animals: there are horses which are ridden
It refers to the article (but does not give the and herded, there is a domesticated dog with
title or author). the adventurer
So-so (the letter could be shorter).
Yes (points are stated boldly). 4
It’s not angry, but not that funny either. 1 meeting nomadic people in the Gobi Desert
2 to ride from Mongolia to Hungary
 tienganhedu.com

3 he couldn’t ride a horse 3

4 They were tied up badly; he found them Line 2: You’d think (to express an opinion or
unexpectedly. hope less forcefully)
5 He realized that he shouldn’t rush or make Line 3: You’d be mistaken (hypothetical
too many plans. situation)
6 eighteen months Line 19: The hunters would stalk (habitual
action in the past)
5 Line 21: They’d sweep them up (habitual
1 through; eyes action in the past)
2 down Line 23: I would have asked (hypothetical
3 ocean; yacht situation)
4 rush slowly Line 26: none … would admit to (refusal)
5 turning
6 rise; fall 4
1 monotonous
6a 2 sparse
1b2b3c4c5a6c 3 hilly
4 lush
6b 5 rich
1 Did you get to the beach when you were on
holiday? 5
2 Once you have started on this 1 bone dry and sopping wet (a desert; a towel)
journey/course/programme, there’s no turning 2 completely fearless and scared stiff (a
back. warrior; a nervous child)
3 You need to let go of your fear of travelling. 3 wide awake and fast asleep (a marathon
Otherwise, you’ll never go anywhere! runner; a baby)
4 boiling hot and freezing cold (a desert; an
7 Example answers ice cap)
Students’ own ideas 5 dazzlingly bright and pitch black (a
It sounds like he became much more patient greenhouse; a cellar)
and relaxed. 6 utterly unconcerned and worried sick (a
He may well have returned to home and teenager; a parent)
decided to live a much simpler, slower life. He
also seemed to get very used to being with 6
horses and said he couldn’t imagine life 1 Could I just interrupt you there?
without them. Maybe he carried on riding 2 Can I just say something in answer to that?
when he got home, or perhaps he even decided 3 I’m sorry. I need to stop you there.
to stay there. 4 Can I just finish what I was saying?
5 OK. You can make your point in a moment.
8 6 Just a moment, please.
Students’ own ideas
7
Unit 12 Review Students’ own answers

1
It’s Iceland and he’s hunting/catching puffins.

2
1 roughly ten kilometres / ten kilometres or so
2 fifty years or so
3 smallish
4 a bit like
5 Dozens of puffins
6 kind of fishy / a bit fishy