Eastman

Sorbic Acid and Potassium

Sorbate as Cosmetic Preservatives

eastman
 Key Characteristics 2
Contents
Wide-Spectrum Antimicrobials for Maintaining Freshness 2
Properties 3
Solubility Charts 4
Antimicrobial Effectiveness 7
Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Preservatives 8
Microorganisms Inhibited by Sorbates 9
Relationship of pH to Antimicrobial Effectiveness 11
Sorbate Use Levels 14
Safety and Regulatory Status 15
Storage and Handling 16
References 16

1
 ■ Wide-spectrum antimicrobial
Key Characteristics ■ Good water-to-oil partition coefficient
■ Compatible with other cosmetic ingredients
■ Effective over a wide pH range
■ Nontoxic, safe for human use
■ Environmentally safe

Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are excellent, safe preservatives for
Wide-Spectrum cosmetics and personal care products with a pH lower than 6.5. They
Antimicrobials have good skin compatibility and are easy to use, especially potassium
for Maintaining sorbate in salt form.
Freshness
Sorbic acid, a straight-chained monocarboxylic acid whose chemical
formula is C6H8O2, has the following structure:

CH3—CH—CHCH—CH—C—O

OH
2,4-Hexadienoic Acid
Sorbic Acid
CAS No. 110-44-1

The structure for the potassium salt known as potassium sorbate

(C6H7O2K) is:

CH3—CH—CHCH—CH—C—O

OK
2,4-Hexadienoic Acid
Potassium Salt
CAS No. 24634-61-5

Sorbic acid was first isolated from the pressed unripened berries of the
rowan or mountain ash tree by A. W. Hoffmann, a German chemist,
in 1859.

The antimicrobial preservative power of sorbic acid wasn’t discovered

until 1939–1940. After that, the effectiveness of sorbic acid as a
preservative and its physiological safety were thoroughly studied. As early
as 1955, both sorbic acid and potassium sorbate were proven to be safe
and innocuous. Since that time, sorbates have been approved for use as
food preservatives in nearly all countries of the world. Sorbic acid has
been used as a preservative in cosmetics since the early 1960s.

Eastman is the only American manufacturer of sorbic acid. Both sorbic

acid and its potassium salt are manufactured at a modern plant located at
Chocolate Bayou near Alvin, Texas. They are manufactured under
rabbinical supervision and are kosher.

2
 The following pages provide a variety of technical data to help determine
whether sorbates are suitable for your particular application. The sections
give property and solubility information, specific organisms inhibited by
sorbates, effectiveness of sorbates under various conditions and use levels,
and product safety and regulatory information. Additional information
can be obtained by contacting Eastman Chemical Company Technical
Service.

Propertiesa
Properties
Eastman Eastman
Sorbic Acid Potassium Sorbate
INCI/CTFA Nameb Sorbic Acid Potassium Sorbate
Molecular Weight 112.13 150.22
Water Solubility @ 20°C 0.15% 58.2%
Solubility in Organic Compounds,
% by wt @ 20°C
Ethanol, 100% 12.9 2.0
Ethanol, 95% 12.6 6.5
Ethanol, 50% 4.8 45.3
Ethanol, 20% 0.29 54.6
Ethanol, 5% 0.16 57.4
Ethyl Ether 5.0 0.1
Fatty Oils 0.6–1.2 <0.1
Propylene Glycol 5.5 20
Glycerol 0.31 0.20
Acetic Acid, Glacial 11.5 —
Acetone 9.2 0.1
Vapor Pressure, mm Hg
@ 20°C <0.001 NA
@ 120°C 10 NA
@ 140°C 43 NA
Flash Point, °C (°F)
(COC, ASTM D 92) 127 (260) none
Ionization Constant @ 25°C 1.73 3 1025 —
Assay, Dry Basis 99.0%–101.0% 98.0%–101.0%
Identification Passes Food Chemicals Codex Specifications
Appearance White to off-white, free flowing
Melting Range 132.0°–135.0°C Decomposes
above 270°C
Water Content 0.5% maximum 1.0% maximum
Alkalinity/Acidity — 1.1 mL 0.1N NaOH
to 0.8 mL 0.1N
HCl per 1.1 g
Products Available Powder, dust-free Powder or granular
aProperties reported here are typical of average lots. Eastman makes no representation that
the material in any shipment will conform to the values given.
bInternational Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient; Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association.

NA—Not Applicable
3
 Eastman sorbic acid and Eastman potassium sorbate are highly refined,
white to off-white, free-flowing powders or granules. Sorbic acid provides
greater antimicrobial potency than potassium sorbate. However, in water,
sorbic acid is barely soluble while potassium sorbate is extremely soluble.
Therefore, potassium sorbate is usually chosen as a preservative for cosmetic
products. The potency of the salt on an equivalent weight basis to the
acid is 74%. Thus, for equal preservative power, four parts of potassium
salt must be used to equal three parts sorbic acid.

Solubility in Water

SORBIC ACID, 0° TO 100°C

4.00

3.00
Sorbic Acid, percent by weight

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperature, °C

POTASSIUM SORBATE, 0° TO 100°C

100

90

80
Potassium Sorbate, percent by weight

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperature, °C

4
 Solubility in Corn and Cottonseed Oils

SORBIC ACID, 0° TO 100°C

10

8
Sorbic Acid, percent by weight
7

2
COTTONSEED OIL
1
CORN OIL

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperature, °C

POTASSIUM SORBATE, 0° TO 100°C

0.20

0.18
Potassium Sorbate, percent by weight

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.10

0.08

0.06
CORN AND COTTONSEED OIL

0.04

0.02

0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperature, °C

5
 Solubility in Propylene Glycol/ Water Solutions

SORBIC ACID, 20°C

6.00

Sorbic Acid, percent by weight

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Propylene Glycol, percent by weight

POTASSIUM SORBATE, 20°C

80

70
Potassium Sorbate, percent by weight

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Propylene Glycol, percent by weight

6
 Above about 60°C (140°F), sorbic acid begins to sublime. This volatility
should be considered when sorbate is to be added prior to a heating step
in the existing process.

Sorbates have a relatively high water-to-oil partition coefficient. A high

water-to-oil partition coefficient means a high concentration of sorbates in
the aqueous phase and a low concentration in the oil phase. As the pH of
the formulation increases (approaching pH = 7) and sorbic acid converts
to the salt form, the partition coefficient increases. A high partition
coefficient is favorable because microorganisms reproduce in the aqueous
phase and, in the case of an emulsion, at the interface between the aqueous
and oil phase. Therefore, a balance is achieved. Even though the potassium
sorbate has less antimicrobial potency than sorbic acid, it offers better
solubility in water where antimicrobial effectiveness is most needed.

Sorbates are compatible with other cosmetic ingredients. Unlike the

p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens), sorbic acid remains active when
used with nonionic emulsifiers. Sorbates do have an antagonistic effect on
chlorhexidin digluconate, which is inactivated by the potassium ion.
However, chlorhexidin digluconate and sorbates are not normally used in
the same products. Sorbates are used in leave-on or rinse-off products
and chlorhexidin digluconate is used in oral hygiene products. Several
other cosmetic preservatives are also antagonistic to chlorhexidin
digluconate.

Under certain conditions, sorbic acid may oxidize and cause slight color
changes in the cosmetic product. This can normally be prevented by
adding 0.1%–0.3% citric acid to the product. Citric acid may already be
added to cosmetics to obtain a skin-neutral pH. Highly concentrated
solutions of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate may oxidize and become
discolored during prolonged storage, especially when exposed to sunlight.
Therefore, sorbate stock solutions should be used up as soon as possible.

Most cosmetics have great potential for microbial contamination and

Antimicrobial growth, especially creams and lotions that are packed in jars, opened
Effectiveness frequently, and applied to the skin with the fingers. Brushes that are
used to apply makeup around the eyes or other parts of the face touch
the skin and the cosmetic repeatedly. Each use increases the chance for
contamination. Several cases of eye ulceration and partial or complete
blindness have been attributed to mascaras contaminated with pseudomonas.
Cosmetic contamination may also occur because consumers leave the
containers open for a period of time. Moreover, most cosmetics are
stored at room temperature and the warm temperatures stimulate the
growth of microorganisms. In addition, the ingredients in cosmetics
contain all the things microorganisms like—water, oils, peptides, and a
variety of carbohydrates.

7
 All of these factors mean that good preservatives are essential for cosmetics.
In fact, cosmetics need better preservation than foods normally stored in
cooler temperatures and consumed quickly. Cosmetic preservatives must
be strong, but they must also be nonirritating to skin. Sorbates fit both of
these criteria.

Sorbic acid is effective against small populations of common micro-

organisms in cosmetics. Cosmetic preservatives are not intended to
combat extremely high counts of bacteria. They are intended to control
small populations that would normally be present in products manufactured
under clean, sanitary conditions. Sorbic acid can be metabolized by
some species of organisms when they are present in extremely high
concentrations. However, this situation should not occur when good
manufacturing practices are employed.

When selecting a preservative and establishing a use level, two factors are
particularly important: the type of microorganisms that can potentially
grow and the pH of the product. Other factors to consider include water
content, storage temperature, shelf life expectancy, and potential for
abuse in distribution and use. Generally higher sorbate levels are required
when the water content is higher and storage temperatures are warmer.

Initial Contamination Level

Factors That Influence
the Effectiveness ■ Raw materials
of Preservatives ■ Water supply
■ Processing sanitation—equipment and premises

Composition of Cosmetic/Personal Care Product

■ pH of the product
■ Water content
■ Antimicrobial effects of other ingredients

Distribution and Use

■ Packaging
■ Storage temperature
■ Shelf life expectancy
■ Potential for contamination by consumer

8
 The following charts list the most common microorganisms inhibited by
Microorganisms Inhibited sorbates. These organisms are not necessarily found in cosmetics.
by Sorbates
Molds

Alternaria citria Myrothecium sp.b

Alternaria tenuisb Papularia arundinisb
Alternaria spp.c Penicillium atromentosumb
Ascochyta cucumisb Penicillium chermesinumb
Ascochyta sp.b Penicillium chrysogenumc
Aspergillus clavatusa Penicillium citrinuma
Aspergillus elegansb Penicillium digitatuma
Aspergillus flavusb Penicillium duclauxib
Aspergillus fumigatusb Penicillium expansumb
Aspergillus glaucusc Penicillium frequentansb
Aspergillus nigerb,c Penicillium funiculosumb
Aspergillus ocraceusa Penicillium gladiolib
Aspergillus parasiticusa Penicillium herqueib
Aspergillus sydowib Penicillium implicatumb
Aspergillus terreusb Penicillium italicuma
Aspergillus unguisb Penicillium janthinellumb
Aspergillus versicolorb Penicillium notatumc
Botrytis cinereaa Penicillium oxalicumb,c
Cephalosporium sp.b Penicillium patulum
Cercospora sp.b Penicillium piscariumb
Chaetomium globosumb Penicillium purpurogenuma
Cladosporium cladosporiodesb Penicillium restrictumb
Colletotrichum lagenariumb Penicillium roquefortiic
Cunninghamella echinulatab Penicillium rugulosumb
Curvularia trifoliib Penicillium sublateritiumb
Fusarium episphaeriab Penicillium thomiib
Fusarium moniliformeb,c Penicillium urticaeb
Fusarium oxysporumb,c Penicillium variabileb
Fusarium roseumc Penicillium spp.b,c (2 strains tested)
Fusarium rubruma Pestolotiopsis macrotricha sp.b
Fusarium solanib,c Phoma sp.b
Fusarium tricinctuma Pullularia pullulansb,c
Geotrichum candiduma Rhizoctonia solania
Geotrichum sp.b (2 strains tested) Rhizopus arrhizusb
Gliocladium roseumb Rhizopus nigricansb,c
Helminthosporium sp.b (2 strains tested) Rosellinia sp.b
Heterosporium terrestreb Sporotrichum pruinosumb
Humicola fusco-atra.b Stagonospora sp.b
Mucor silvaticusb Stysanus sp.b
Mucor spp.b,c (5 strains tested) Thielavia basicolab
Myrothecium roridumb Trichoderma virideb
Myrothecium verrucariab Truncatella sp.b
aEastman Chemical Company unpublished data.
bBell,T. A., Etchells, J. L., and Borg, A. F., J. Bacteriology 77 573 (1959).
cYork, G. K., Dissertation, University of California Davis (1960).

9
 Yeasts

Brettanomyces clauseniic Rhodotorula flavab

Brettanomyces versatilisb Rhodotorula glutinisb
Candida albicansb,c Rhodotorula rubrab,c
Candida kruseib,c Rhodotorula spp.b
Candida tropicalisc Saccharomyces cerevisiaeb,c
Candida mycodermac Saccharomyces cerevisiae var.
Cryptococcus terreusc ellipsoideusc
Cryptococcus neoformansb Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
Cryptococcus sp.c Saccharomyces fragilisb,c
Debaryomyces membranaefaciensc Saccharomyces rouxiic
Debaryomyces membranaefaciens Saccharomyces delbrueckiib
var. hollandicusb Saccharomyces lactisb
Debaryomyces spp.c Schizosaccharomyces octosporusc
Endomycopsis ohmerib Sporobolomyces sp.c
Hansenula anomalac Torulaspora roseib,c
Hansenula saturnusc Torulopsis candidab
Hansenula subpelliculosab,c Torulopsis carolinianab
Oospora sp.c Torulopsis minorb
Pichia alcoholophilab Torulopsis polcherrimac
Pichia membranaefaciensc Torulopsis versitalis lipoferab
Pichia polymorphac Zygosaccharomyces globiformisb
Pichia silvestrisc Zygosaccharomyces
Pichia sp.b halomembranisb

Bacteria

Acetobacter acetic Micrococcus sp.c

Acetobacter xylinumc Propionibacterium zeaec
Achromobacter sp.c Propionibacterium freundenreichii
Alcaligenes faecalisc Proteus vulgarisc
Azotobacter agilisc Pseudomonas aeruginosad
Bacillus coagulansc Pseudomonas fragic
Bacillus cereusc Pseudomonas fluorescensa
Bacillus poymyxac Pseudomonas sp.c
Bacillus stearothermophilusc Salmonella heidelberga
Bacillus subtilisc Salmonella montevideoa
Clostridium perfringensa Salmonella typhimuriumc
Clostridium sporogenesa Salmonella enteritidisc
Clostridium tetanid Sarcina luteac
Enterobacter aerogenesc Serratia marcescensc
Escherichia colic Staphylococcus aureusc
Escherichia freundiic Streptococcus pyogenesd
Klebsiella speciesd Vibrio parahaemolyticusa
Lactobacillus brevisa
aEastman Chemical Company unpublished data.
bBell,T. A., Etchells, J. L., and Borg, A. F., J. Bacteriology 77 573 (1959).
cYork, G. K., Dissertation, University of California Davis (1960).
dJager, M., Preservatech Conference Proceedings, pp 39–50 (1995).

10
 The antimicrobial potency of all commercial cosmetic preservatives is
Relationship of pH to pH-dependent. Sorbates are more effective at higher pH ranges than
Antimicrobial other organic acids used as preservatives. Sorbates are effective up to 6.5,
Effectiveness whereas benzoates are effective to only 4.5. These preservative compounds
can be used in either the acid or salt form. Their antimicrobial activity is
mainly due to the undissociated acid molecule. Sorbates are most effective
when used below pH 6.0. They function up to pH 6.5, but are relatively
ineffective above pH 7.0.

The graph shows the relative inhibition of yeast by equal concentrations

of sorbate and benzoate at pH 5.5 and 30°C when a broth is inoculated
with 3 3 104 organisms/mL. Growth is measured by the optical density
of the broth. Sorbate significantly delays growth, and the amount of
ultimate growth at 72 hours is far less.

SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
pH 5.5, 30°C
3.0 3 104

UNPROTECTED

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7 0.10% SODIUM BENZOATE
0.6
0.5
0.4
O.D.

0.10% POTASSIUM SORBATE

0.3

0.2

0.1
0 24 48 72

Time (Hours)

11
 The following graphs show the effectiveness of sorbate at pH 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5

ESCHERICHIA COLI SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

pH 5.0 pH 5.0
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6 CONTROL
CONTROL
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
O.D.

O.D.
0.3 0.3
0.05% SORBATE

0.2 0.2

0.05% SORBATE
0.1% SORBATE
0.1% SORBATE
0.1 0.1
0 24 48 72 0 24 48 72
Time (Hours) Time (Hours)

pH 5.5 pH 5.5
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 CONTROL 0.8 CONTROL
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.05% SORBATE
0.4 0.4
O.D.

O.D.

0.3 0.05% SORBATE

0.3

0.2 0.2 0.1% SORBATE

0.1% SORBATE

0.1 0.1
0 24 48 72 0 24 48 72
Time (Hours) Time (Hours)

pH 6.0 pH 6.0
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 CONTROL 0.8 CONTROL
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5 0.05% SORBATE
0.05% SORBATE
0.4 0.4
O.D.

O.D.

0.3 0.3 0.1% SORBATE

0.2 0.1% SORBATE 0.2

0.1 0.1
0 24 48 72 0 24 48 72
Time (Hours) Time (Hours)

12
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SALMONELLA

pH 5.5 pH 5.0
1.0 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
CONTROL
0.5 0.5
CONTROL
0.4 0.4

O.D.
O.D.

0.3 0.3
0.10% SORBATE

0.2 0.2

0.05% SORBATE
0.1% SORBATE

0.1 0.1

0 24 48 72 0 24 48 72
Time (Hours)
Time (Hours)

pH 6.0 1.0 pH 5.5

1.0 0.9
0.9 0.8
0.8 0.7 CONTROL
0.7 CONTROL
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.10% SORBATE 0.05% SORBATE
O.D.
O.D.

0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1% SORBATE

0.1
0.1
0 24 48 72 0 24 48 72
Time (Hours) Time (Hours)

pH 6.5 pH 6.0
1.0 CONTROL 1.0
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8 CONTROL
0.7 0.10% SORBATE 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.05% SORBATE
0.4
O.D.
O.D.

0.3 0.3
0.1% SORBATE

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0 24 48 72 0 24 48 72
Time (Hours) Time (Hours)

13
 Normally, Eastman sorbic acid and Eastman potassium sorbate are effective
Sorbate Use Levels in a concentration range of 0.05% to 0.3% by weight. Generally, the
higher the sorbate level, the longer the microbial growth will be inhibited.
Increasing the potential of exposure to microbial contamination (e.g.,
cosmetic containers that are opened frequently, contents that last beyond
a single use, or a product that is particularly susceptible to attack) requires
the use of a higher level of preservative.

In a study done on a rinse-off product, potassium sorbate was very

effective in combating microorganisms. The product was inoculated with
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. When the rinse-off product (pH
5.5) contained 0.4% potassium sorbate, fewer than 10 microorganisms
remained in the product after both one week and one month even
though the initial concentration had been as high as 6.5 3 105. For most
of the microorganisms tested, 0.4% potassium sorbate in combination
with 0.1% citric acid reduced the microorganism counts faster than
potassium sorbate alone.

Another study showed that 0.05% to 0.2% sorbates are required to combat
gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus
pyrogenes, and Clostridium perfringens. Greater than 0.4% sorbates are
required to fight Clostridium tetani.

It also showed that 0.05% to 0.2% sorbates are required to combat gram
negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species.
0.2% to 0.4% sorbates are required to fight Pseudomonas fluorescens.

Molds such as Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Aspergillus species,

Penicillum species, Fusarium species, Geotrichum candidum, Rhizopus
nigricans, Pullularia pullulans, Rhodotorula rubra, and Alternaria species
are kept in check by 0.05% to 0.2% sorbates.

Use Levels of Sorbic Acid and Potassium Sorbate in Cosmetics

Market Survey, 1995
(According to M. Jager, 1995 Preservatech Conference Proceedings)

Used w/
Product Chelating Agent pH-Value Concentration%a
Shampoo Yes 4.8–5.6 0.15–0.3
Shower Gel Yes 4.8–5.6 0.15–0.35
Body Lotion Yes 5.0–6.0 0.1–0.2
Sun Lotion Yes 5.2–5.6 0.1–0.2b
Cleansing Lotion No 5.8–6.2 0.1–0.2b
Toning Lotion Yes 5.8 <0.1b
Artificial Tanning Lotion Yes 4.9 <0.1b
Oral Hygiene Products No 6.5–6.6 0.15
Moist Tissues Yes 5.5–5.9 0.1–0.15
aConcentrations are calculated as sorbic acid, although potassium sorbate is more
commonly used.
bSorbic acid used in combination with other preservatives.

14
 Sorbic acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid similar in structure to corn
Safety and Regulatory oil’s linoleic acid and margarine’s oleic acid. Because sorbates are commonly
Status used as preservatives for foods, they have been subjected to repeated toxi-
cological testing. In acute oral toxicity studies, sorbic acid and potassium
sorbate were practically nontoxic to mice and rats.

Sorbates do not irritate the skin. At concentrations up to 10%, sorbic acid

and potassium sorbate were practically nonirritating to rabbits’ eyes. Very
few allergic reactions to sorbic acid have been demonstrated. As a result,
sorbates are often used in baby-care products and creams and lotions.

Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate have been tested for mutagenic and
other genotoxic effects using a variety of tests. The sorbates were at most
weakly genotoxic in some of the tests.

Sorbates are nonphotosensitizing, so they are also appropriate as

preservatives for sun care products.

Sorbates are environmentally safe. Even though they function as antimi-

crobials, they are rapidly and completely broken down in biological
wastewater treatment plants. Sorbic acid is classified in the lowest water
hazard class (0) by the German government and does not harm aquatic
life. Many other cosmetic preservatives are classified in water hazard class
1 or 2. A few are even classified as a 3, the highest water-hazard class.

Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate have general acceptance as preservatives

for almost all types of foods and are accepted for use in cosmetics in
accordance with the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and
Handbook, CTFA.1

■ The CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) panel has concluded

that sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are safe as cosmetic ingredients
in the present practices of use and concentration—up to 1.0%.
■ The European Commission Cosmetic Directive has approved the use of
sorbic acid without restrictions or warning labels at levels up to 0.6%.
This is equal to 0.8% potassium sorbate.
■ The Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare has approved sorbic acid
and potassium sorbate for use in hair-care products and cleansing,
makeup, suntan and sunscreen, lip, eyeliner, and bath preparations at
levels up to 0.5%. This level of sorbic acid is equal to 0.67% potassium
sorbate.
■ Sorbates have been approved as cosmetic preservatives in China and
Australia.
1Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association.

15
 Eastman sorbic acid and Eastman potassium sorbate are shipped and
Storage and Handling stored in boxes that have a moisture-barrier inner liner. The compounds
deteriorate when exposed to heat or light for prolonged periods of time.
Boxes should be kept closed as much as possible. Storage areas should be
cool and dry. In order to minimize exposure to elevated temperatures,
boxes should not be stored next to steam lines or directly under space
heaters.

Aruba aloe Internet site.

References
CIR Compendium, p. 138–139, 1996.

Eastman Chemical Company, “Sorbic Acid and Potassium Sorbate for

Preserving Food Freshness.” Publication ZS-1C, August 1995.

Food and Drug Research Labs, Inc. Scientific literature reviews on

generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredients—Sorbic acid and
its derivatives. June, 1973. PB-223-864. National Technical Information
Service. U.S. Department of Commerce.

Gaunt, I. F.; Butterworth, K. R.; Hardy, J.; and Gangoli, S. D., “Long-
Term Toxicity of Sorbic Acid in the Rat.” Fd. Cosmet. Toxicol., 13(1), 31,
1975.

Hendy, R. J.; Hardy, J.; Gaunt, I. F.; Kiss, I. S.; and Butterworth, K. R.,
“Long-Term Toxicity Studies of Sorbic Acid in Mice.” Fd. Cosmet.
Toxicol., 14,318, 1976.

Jager, Martin, “Sorbic Acid—The Gentle Alternative for Preservation,”

Preservatech Conference Proceedings, pp. 39–50, 1995.

Lück, Erich, “Sorbic Acid for the Preservation of Cosmetic

Preparations,” Soap, Perfumery, & Cosmetics, November 1964, p. 981.

Meyer, B.; Gedek, B.; Heinzel, M., “Mycotoxins—Relevance to

Cosmetics.” Cosmetics & Toiletries, Vol. 107, May 1992, pp. 75–79.

Sofos, John, Sorbate Food Preservatives. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc.,
p. 147.

U.S. FDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA/IAS*
Booklet, 1992.

Woodford, R. and Adams, E., “The Effect of Ethanol and Propylene

Glycol, and a Mixture of Potassium Sorbate with Either, on Pseudomonas
Aeruginosa Contamination of an Oil-in-Water Cream,” Am. Cos. and
Perfumery, 87 (2), 53, 1972.

Woodford, R. and Adams, E., “Sorbic Acid,” American Perfumer and

Cosmetics, Vol. 85, March 1970, p. 25.

16
 eastman
■ NORTH AMERICA
Eastman Chemical Company
Corporate Headquarters
P.O. Box 431
Kingsport, TN 37662-5280 U.S.A.
Telephone:
U.S.A. and Canada, 800-EASTMAN (800-327-8626)
Other Locations (1) 423-229-2000
Fax: (1) 423-229-1673
http://www.eastman.com

■ LATIN AMERICA
Eastman Chemical Latin America, Inc.
2333 Ponce de Leon Blvd.
Suite R-20
Coral Gables, FL 33134 U.S.A.
Telephone: (1) 305-461-8240
Fax: (1) 305-461-8254
Material Safety Data Sheets providing safety
precautions that should be observed in
■ EUROPE / MIDDLE EAST / AFRICA handling and storing Eastman products are
available on request. You should obtain and
Eastman Chemical, Europe,
review the available material safety information
Middle East, and Africa Ltd.
before handling any of these products. If any
Tobias Asserlaan 5
materials mentioned are not Eastman products,
2517 KC The Hague
appropriate industrial hygiene and other
NETHERLANDS
safety precautions recommended by their
Telephone: (31) 70 370 1711 manufacturers should be observed.
Fax: (31) 70 370 1704
Neither Eastman Chemical Company nor its
■ ASIA PACIFIC marketing affiliates shall be responsible for the
use of this information, or of any product,
Eastman Chemical Japan Ltd. method, or apparatus mentioned, and you must
Yebisu Garden Place Tower, 32F make your own determination of its suitability
4-20-3 Ebisu and completeness for your own use, for the
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150 JAPAN protection of the environment, and for the
Telephone: (81) 3-5424-1551 health and safety of your employees and
Fax: (81) 3-5424-1590 purchasers of your products. No warranty is
made of the merchantability or fitness of any
Eastman Chemical Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. product, and nothing herein waives any of the
#05-04 Winsland House Seller’s conditions of sale.
3 Killiney Road
Singapore 239519 SINGAPORE Eastman is a trademark of
Telephone: (65) 738-4877 Eastman Chemical Company.
Fax: (65) 732-4930
© Eastman Chemical Company, 1998.

Publication CB-35
April 1998
ECP 9585 9B Printed in U.S.A.