Organisation Profile
Organisation Profile
Organisation Profile
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DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE TOOLS
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Comparison of GPM / SPM / CNC :
GPM - Completely manual
SPM - Built in automatic cycles / For mass production / Changes are
difficult
CNC - Highly flexible / Suitable for batch production / Job production as
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per requirement
By controlling the relative movements between the tool and the work
piece geometrical shapes are machined. Control of these relative
movements through coded letters numbers is known as Numerical
Control of machine tools.
NC is simply a way of electronically controlling the operations of a
machine. In conventional machine operator directly controlling the
machine functions. Where as in NC machine a separate media which is in
between machine and operator is controlling the machine functions.
These NC machines do not have any memory of their own and hence
capable of only executing a simple block of information fed to it at a
time.
Hardware automation gave way to computer controlled automation in
manufacturing process. Computer numerical control is the term used
when the control system of an NC includes a computer. The availability
of a dedicated computer permits new control features to be made
available on CNC machines.
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Program of instructions:
The program instructions is the detailed step by step of directions
which tell the machine tool, what to do.
Machine tool:
It is the part of the NC system which performs the useful work.
OPERATING PRINCIPLE :
Conventional machine tool NC machine tool
Operators brain = NC controller
Hands = DC servo drives
Eyes = Feed back system
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ADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINES :
CNC machines offer the following advantages in manufactur
• Higher flexibility.
• Increased machine utilization
• Increased productivity.
• Consistent quality.
• Reduced scrap rate.
• Reliable operation.
• Reduced non-productive time.
• Reduced man power.
• Shorter cycle time.
• Higher accuracy.
• Reduced lead time.
• Automatic material handling.
• Lesser floor space.
• Increased operational safety.
• Machining of advanced material.
• Savings in jigs and fixtures.
• Changes in the design can be easily incorporated.
• Ability to combine operations.
• Stored programs
• Editing facility near the machine
• Graphic simulation
• User written programs
• First step in CIM
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CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF COMPONENTS FOR NC
MACHINING:
Adaptive controls
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CNC PROGRAMMING:
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RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CNC PROGRAMMER WHILE
PREPARING THE MANUAL PART PROGRAM :
While preparing the part program, depends upon the availability of the
features in the system, the below shown system features or the
combination of different features can be used advantageously depending
upon the amount of material to be removed, machining sequence,
machine and the programmers convenience. Some of the CNC system
features are listed below.
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VARIOUS OPERATOR AND PROGRAM CONTROLS ON
CONTROL PANNEL OF A CNC MACHINE
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VARIOUS CNC SYSTEMS :
Various types are CNC systems are available in the market. These
systems are having their own advantages and disadvantages.
• SINUMERIK / HINUMERIK
• FANUC
• GE
• MARK ++
• FAGOR
• GE-FANUC
• ANILAM
• KONGSBERG
• CRUSADOR
• LAXMI etc
The popular systems are Sinumerik from Siemens, Germany and
Fanuc from Fanuc corporation , Japan.
Alphabetical characters
A - Angle 0-3590
B - Radius / Chamfer
D - Tool offset
F - Feed rate
G - Preparatory function
H - Auxiliary function
I - Arc center offset in X- axis
K - Arc center offset in Z- axis
L - Sub program / Machining cycle
M - Miscellaneous function
N - Block Number
P - Number of passes
R - Assignable Parameters / Variables
S - Spindle speed in RPM or CCS in mts / min
T - Tool number
X - Transversal axis
Z - Longitudinal axis
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Numerical characters
0–9
Special characters
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
= Equal to
% Main Program file
LF End of Block
@ At the rate function
/ Slash
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ACTIVITY FLOW CHART FOR CNC MACHINES
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FRONT TURNING LATHE
( MACHINING BEFORE TURNING CENTER )
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REAR TURNING LATHE
( MACHINING AFTER TURNING CENER )