1.

-Mixing
1. Which type of fermenter is used mainly for mixing?
a) Air-Lift fermenter
b) Stirred Tank fermenter
c) Fluidised Bed bioreactor
d) Packed Bed bioreactor

2. What is the ratio of tank diameter to impeller diameter for Newtonian fluids?
a) 3:1
b) 2:1
c) 1:3
d) 1:2

3. What is the width of baffle in order of the tank diameter used for mixing?
a) 1/5- 1/10
b) 1/12-1/15
c) 1/10-1/12
d) 1/5-1/12

4.” Pitch of a propeller”, Here what does pitch refer to?

a) Advance per resolution
b) Advance per rotation
c) Advance per Sharpness
d) Advance per revolution

5. Which is the most frequently used impeller in the fermentation industry regarded as 6- flat-
blade disc-mounted turbine?
a) Propeller turbine
b) Rushton turbine
c) Bladeless turbine
d) Screw turbine

6. “Rotational stirrers are advantageous for mixing”?

a) True
b) False
7. Are Propellers and Impellers different in function from each other?
a) True
b) False

8. Mixing is sufficiently done away from the impeller?

a) True
b) False

9. Which of the following is the slowest step in mixing process?

a) Distribution
b) Diffusion
c) Dispersion
d) Decomposition

10. In the following equation, what does “λ” Represents for the formed eddies?

a) Wavelength
b) Kinematic velocity
c) Viscosity
d) Dimension

11. A fermentation broth with viscosity 10-2 Pa s and density 1000 kg m-3 is agitated in a 3.00
m3 baffled tank using a Rushton turbine with diameter 0.5 m and stirrer speed 1 s-1. Estimate
the mixing time.
a) 37 s
b) 33 s
c) 35 s
d) 39 s
2.- Power requirements for mixing
1. “Power required for turbulent flow is independent of the viscosity of the fluid but proportional
to fluid density”, this statement is applicable to which type of regime?
a) Laminar regime
b) Turbulent regime
c) Transition regime
d) Streamline regime

2. Pseudoplastic consume less power than Newtonian fluids?

a) True
b) False

3. Power consumption is less in ungassed fluids.

a) True
b) False

4. Fluid height in the tank is H= 16 m and Diameter of the tank, D = 14 m. Calculate the slurry
volume in the tank.
a) 2450 m3
b) 2463 m3
c) 3450 m3
d) 3463 m3

5. Refer to Q4, and estimate the Agitator impeller diameter D, assuming it to be 33% of tank
diameter.
a) 4.62 m
b) 4.50 m
c) 4.60 m
d) 4.52 m

6. What is the degree of agitation if bulk fluid velocity is 23.55 ft/min? (For 6 ft/min., degree of
agitation =1 and Degree of agitation varies from 0 to 10).
a) 5
b) 6
c) 4
d) 3
7. It is proposed to mix a batch of water at 80 deg F in an agitated vessel. Determine the agitator
speed in appropriate units for Reynolds number calculation for agitation speed of 60 rpm. Use an
approximate loss of efficiency of 20% for the motor, gearbox, and bearings. Equipment details are
given below:

Equipment Data: Vessel Diameter (T) = 9.0 ft. Impeller Diameter (D) = 3.0 ft. Impeller type = Flat
blade turbine. # of blades = 6 Blade width (W) =7 inches. Blade length (L) = 9 inches. Number of
Baffles = 4; equally spaced. Baffle width (B) = 11 inches. Liquid Depth (H) = 9.0 feet. Impeller height
above vessel bottom (Z) = 3 feet.
a) 2, 400 rph
b) 4, 500 rph
c) 3, 500 rph
d) 3, 600 rph

8. Refer to Q7, and determine the agitated batch liquid Reynolds number. (ρB = 64.0 lbs./cu. ft.
and μB = 2.12 lb./hr-ft.)
a) 977,035
b) 900,045
c) 877,035
d) 800,045

9. Refer to Q7 and Q8, and determine the agitator speed in appropriate units for power
calculation.
a) 3 rps
b) 1 rps
c) 6 rps
d) 4 rps

10. Refer to Q7, Q8 and Q9, and determine Power Number from the appropriate correlation, and
calculate the uncorrected Power required. (Gc = 32.2).
a) 5.3 Hp
b) 6.3 Hp
c) 5.6 Hp
d) 6.6 Hp

11. Refer to Q7, 8, 9 and 10, and determine the motor Power required using estimated losses at
30%.
a) 5.3 Hp
b) 6.3 Hp
c) 5.6 Hp
d) 6.6 Hp

3.- Role of Shear in Stirred Fermenters

1. Which type of forces stretch and distort the bubbles?
a) Shear forces
b) Strain forces
c) Surface tension
d) Frictional forces

2. Viscosity is inversely proportional to the size of eddies?

a) True
b) False

3. Larger foam is produced in bioreactors with increased headspace and small workspace?
a) True
b) False

4.” Instrument air compressor” should be used generally as a compressor?

a) True
b) False

5. What is the function of Pluronic f-68?

a) To increase the foaming
b) To decrease the foaming
c) Increase cell attachment
d) To change the composition of the cells

6. Microcarrier beads 120 μm in diameter are used to culture recombinant CHO cells for
production of growth hormone. It is proposed to use a 6-cm turbine impeller to mix the culture in
a 3.5-1itre stirred tank. Air and carbon dioxide are supplied by flow through the reactor
headspace. The microcarrier suspension has a density of approximately 1010 kg m-3and a viscosity
of 1.3 x 10-3 Pa s. Estimate the kinematic viscosity.
a) 1.30 × 10-6 m2s-1
b) 1.29 × 10-6 m2s-1
c) 1.50 × 10-6 m2s-1
d) 1.49 × 10-6 m2s-1
7. Refer to Q6, and calculate the power dissipated per unit mass of fluid.
a) 0.050 m2 s-3
b) 0.042 m2 s-3
c) 0.040 22 s-3
d) 0.052 m2 s-3
View Answer

8. Referring to Q6 and Q7 and, calculate the stirrer power.

a) 1.13×10-2 W
b) 1.10×10-2 W
c) 1.20×10-2 W
d) 1.23×10-2 W

9. Referring to Q6, 7 and Q8, and calculate the stirrer speed. (Given: Np’ = 5)
a) 80.5 rpm
b) 85.0 rpm
c) 85.5 rpm
d) 80.0 rpm

10. What is the function of microcarrier beads?

a) To give the cells the shape of beads
b) It provides non-buoyancy condition
c) It helps in the lysis of cells
d) It provides protection and surface area

4.- Role of Diffusion in Bioprocessing

1. The size of eddy is proportional to the streamline flow.
a) True
b) False
View Answer

2. Diffusion maintains the concentration difference between high and low concentrations.
a) True
b) False

3. The total rate of oxygen uptake is proportional to the concentration of __________

a) Medium
b) Liquid
c) Number of cells
d) Gas
View Answer

4. Which one of the following is not the type of transfer in molecular diffusion?
a) Density
b) Mass
c) Momentum
d) Energy

5. If the rain drop drags and enter into the atmosphere, which type of diffusion will it experience?
a) Energy
b) Osmosis
c) Momentum
d) Mass

6. The S.I. unit of thermal diffusivity is ___________

a) m/s
b) m2/s
c) m/s2
d) m2/s2

7. In the below equation, what does “D” represents?

a) Length of the membrane

b) Distance
c) Diffusion
d) Thickness of the membrane

8. A bioreactor of working volume 50 m3 produces a metabolite (X) in batch culture under given
operation conditions form a substrate (S). The final concentration of metabolite at the end of each
run was 1.1kg m-3. The bioreactor was operated to complete 60 runs in each year. What will be the
annual output of the system (production of metabolite (X)) in Kg per year?
a) 70
b) 66
c) 77
d) 60

9. Example of steady-state diffusion is _______________

a) Hydrogen purification by palladium sheets
b) Doping semi-conductors
c) Corrosion resistance of aluminium
d) Decarburization

10. Fick’s second law is applicable to steady –state diffusion?

a) True
b) False

11. The most influencing factor of diffusivity of molecules is _______________

a) Lattice structure
b) Temperature
c) Presence of defects
d) Diffusing species

5.- Oxygen Uptake in Cell Cultures

1. What do you mean by “NA” in mass transfer?
a) Rate of oxygen transfer per unit volume of fluid
b) Rate of oxygen transfer per unit volume of gas
c) Avogadro number
d) Rate of oxygen transfer per unit mass of solid

2. The solubility of oxygen in aqueous solutions is about?

a) 20 ppm
b) 15 ppm
c) 10 ppm
d) 5 ppm

3. What is the unit of “Qo”, the oxygen uptake rate per volume of broth?
a) gl ssup>-1
b) g-1l s
c) g-1l-1 s
d) g l-1-1

4. Which Substrate is consumed rapidly in fermentation process?

a) Fructose
b) Glucose
c) Sucrose
d) Lactose

5. Single cells are smaller than gas bubbles?

a) True
b) False

6. At steady state, there is accumulation of oxygen at any location in the fermenter?

a) True
b) False

7. Maximum rate of oxygen transfer occurs when?

a) CAL = 0
b) CAL < 0
c) CAL >= 1
d) CAL > 1

8. A strain of Azotobacter vinelandii is cultured in a 15 m 3 stirred fermenter for alginate

production. Under current operating conditions kLa is 0.17 s- 1. Oxygen solubility in the broth is
approximately 8 x 10–3 kg m-3. The specific rate of oxygen uptake is 12.5 mmol g-1 h-1. What is
the maximum possible cell concentration?

a) 10 gl-1
b) 15 gl-1
c) 20 gl-1
d) 12 gl-1

9. Refer to Q8 and, calculate the bacteria suffer growth inhibition after copper sulphate is
accidently added to the fermentation broth. This causes a reduction in oxygen uptake rate to 3
mmol g-1 h-1. What maximum cell concentration can now be supported by the fermenter?
a) 50 glsup>-1
b) 10 glsup>-1
b) 25 glsup>-1
d) 55 glsup>-1

10. Which type of microbes grow well in the condition of enriched oxygen?
a) Obligate anaerobes
b) Obligate aerobes
c) Facultative anaerobes
d) Facultative aerobes

11. Beer may be produced by ________________

a) Fermentation of rice
b) Germination of rice
c) Germination of barley
d) Fermentation of grapes

12. In anaerobic condition sugar in dough is converted into?

a) Alcohol
b) Water
c) Glucose
d) Sucrose

13. The lowest yield of ATP is in ____________

a) Aerobic respiration
b) Aerobic fermentation
c) Anaerobic respiration
d) Fermentation

14. The population of microbes is maintained in which phase for long time using continuous
culture system?
a) Lag
b) Log
c) Exponential
d) Stationary

15. Cell density is controlled by increasing or decreasing flow of culture medium in which state?
a) Turbidostat
b) Chemostat
c) Continuous culture
d) Synchronus culture

6.- Oxygen Transfer in Fermenters

1. The smaller bubbles are sensitive than larger bubbles?
a) True
b) False

2. Which size of bubbles is relevant for mass transfer?

a) Small
b) Very small
c) Large
d) Very large

3. Coalescence is appropriate for oxygen transfer in bubbles?

a) True
b) False

4. What do you mean by “Impeller flooding”?

a) The flooding of an impeller
b) Gas handling is greater than the amount introduced
c) Gas handling is smaller than the amount introduced
d) Leakage of the Broth

5. Dispersion of gas in stirred vessels is largely independent of sparger design?

a) True
b) False

6. Which of the following is not an antifoam agent?

a) Surfactants
b) Silicone oil
c) Fluorosilicone
d) Fatty alcohol
7. Which type of fermenter is used in laboratory scale?
a) Stirred tanks
b) Shake-flask
c) Bubble columns
d) Air-lift fermenter

8. Which part of fermenter is used for mixing process?

a) Impeller
b) Shaft
c) Sparger
d) Headspace

9. Bubble column reactor cannot be used for?

a) Low viscous medium
b) High viscous medium
c) Liquid state medium
d) Solid state medium

10. KLa is different in between Air-lift reactors and bubble columns?

a) True
b) False

11. What is the function of disengagement zone from the following?

a) Increase foaming
b) Maximize recirculation of bubbles
c) Increase volume to the reactor
d) Decrease volume to the reactor

12. The rising tube and the down coming tubes are the features of which type of fermenters?
a) Bubble column
b) Air-lift
c) Packed bed
d) Fluidized bed

13. The pH of water sample collected from a river was found to be acidic in the range of 3.5 – 4.5.
On the banks of the river were several factories that were discharging effluents into the river. The
effluents of which one of the following factories is the most likely cause for lowering the pH of
river water?
a) Soap factory
b) Detergent factory
c) Alcohol distillery
d) Plastic cup manufacturing factory

14. Mixing in an anaerobic sludge blanket reactor is due to?

a) Rapid change in water temperatures throughout the reactor
b) Release of gases by the microbial populations
c) Rapid change in medium temperature throughout the reactor
d) Due to viscous medium

15. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations leads to

a) Low biomass yields
b) High biomass yields
c) Equal biomass compositions
d) No effect on biomass yields

7.- Estimating Oxygen Solubility

1. The partial pressure of oxygen at 1atm is ________________
a) 0.2000 atm
b) 0.2098 atm
c) 0.2099 atm
d) 0.2096 atm

2. What is the unit of oxygen solubility “C*AL”?

a) mgl-1
b) mg-1l-1
c) m-1g-1l-1
d) mgl

3. The addition of ions and sugars added to the fermentation increases the oxygen solubility?
a) True
b) False

4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature and pressure dependent?

a) True
b) False

5. “The amount of air dissolved in a fluid is proportional to the pressure in the system”, which law
is applicable to this statement?
a) Raoult’s law
b) Fick’s law
c) Henry’s law
d) Newton’s law

6. Henry Law’s Constants at a system temperature of 25oC (77oF) of oxygen is 756.7 atm/
(mol/litre). Molar Weight of O2 is 31.9988 g/mol and partial fraction in air is ~ 0.21. Calculate the
Oxygen dissolved in the Water at atmospheric pressure.
a) 0.0090 g/liter
b) 0.0089 g/liter
c) 0.0080 g/liter
d) 0.0099 g/liter

7. Henry Law’s Constants at a system temperature of 25oC (77oF) of nitrogen is 1600

atm/(mol/litre).Molar weight of N2 is 28.0134 g/mol and partial fraction in air is ~ 0.79. Calculate
the Nitrogen dissolved in the Water at atmospheric pressure.
a) 0.0138 g/liter
b) 0.0130 g/liter
c) 0.0132 g/liter
d) 0.0134 g/liter

8. Refer to Q6 and Q7, and calculate the air dissolved in water?

a) 0.0228 g/liter
b) 0.0223 g/liter
c) 0.0227 g/liter
d) 0.0222 g/liter

9. The dissolved oxygen decreases when?

a) The temperature is increased
b) The pressure is increased
c) The salinity is decreased
d) The salinity is increased
10. The Henry’s law constant for O2 in water at 25°C is 1.27×10−3M/atm and the mole fraction of
O2 in the atmosphere is 0.21. Calculate the solubility of O2 in water at 25°C at an atmospheric
pressure of 1.00 atm.

Strategy: Use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to calculate the partial pressure of
oxygen.

Use Henry’s law to calculate the solubility, expressed as the concentration of

dissolved gas.
a) 2.5×10-4 M
b) 2.1×10-4 M
c) 2.3×10-4 M
d) 2.7×10-4M
View Answer

11. The value of Henry’s law constant increases with increasing temperature?
a) True
b) False

12. Does yeast need oxygen in fermentation process?

a) True
b) False

13. Which type of homebrewer is best for 8 ppm of dissolved oxygen in solution?
a) Siphon sprays
b) Whipping
c) Splashing and shaking
d) Pure air through a stone with an aquarium pump

14. The atmospheric pressure is 1.0 atm and Henry’s law constant for O2 is 1.66 x 10-6 M/mm Hg
at 25 °C. Assume air contains 21% oxygen. Calculate the partial pressure of oxygen. (21% of air is
oxygen and the mole fraction of O2 is 0.21).
a) 180 mm Hg
b) 130 mm Hg
c) 120 mm Hg
d) 160 mm Hg
15. Refer to Q14 and, Calculate the solubility of oxygen in units of grams of oxygen per liter of
water.
a) 0.0080 g/L
b) 0.0082 g/L
c) 0.0083 g/L
d) 0.0085 g/L

8.- Measurement of KLa

1. What do you mean by “kLa”?
a) Volumetric mass transfer coefficient
b) Henry’s law coefficient
c) Volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient
d) Volumetric Solute transfer coefficient

2. For which type of mass transfer does Oxygen-Balance method is used?

a) Gas- Gas
b) Gas-Solid
c) Gas-liquid
d) Liquid-Liquid

3. What is the proper concentration unit of kLa?

a) h-1
b) ml/h
c) mmol/h
d) ml/sec

4. Which of the following is the efficient value for oxygen concentration?

a) Equal to Ccrit
b) Below Ccrit
c) Above Ccrit
d) Ccrit

5. A 20-1 stirred fermenter containing a Bacillus thuringiensis culture at 30°C is used for
production of microbial insecticide, kLa is determined using the dynamic method. Air flow is shut
off for a few minutes and the dissolved-oxygen level drops; the air supply is then re-connected.
When steady state is established, the dissolved-oxygen tension is 78% air saturation. The following
results are obtained.
Estimate kLa.
a) 0.080 s-1
b) 0.083 s-1
c) 0.085 s-1
d) 0.081 s-1

6. Refer to Q5 and, calculate: An error is made determining the steady-state oxygen level which,
instead of 78%, is taken as 70%. What is the percentage error in kLa resulting from this 10% error
in C A
̅ L?
a) 50%
b) 25%
c) 75%
d) 100%

7. “The kLa value will depend upon the design and operating conditions of the fermenter”, is this
statement true or false?
a) True
b) False

8. Which of the following technique does not require the measurement of dissolved oxygen
concentrations?
a) Dynamic gassing out method
b) Static gassing out method
c) Oxygen-Balance method
d) Sulphite oxidation method

9. Speed is the factor affecting the value of kLa.

a) True
b) False

10. Which of the following is not a chemical method to measure kLa?

a) Dynamic gassing out method
b) Sodium sulfite oxidation method
c) Carbon dioxide absorption method
d) Glucose oxidase method
11. Which of the following does not affect KLa value?
a) Air flow rate
b) Presence of enzymes
c) Presence of antifoam agents
d) Degree of agitation

12. A 10,000 liter (of liquid) bioreactor contains 5 g / L of growing cells qO2 = 20 mmoles O2 / (g
cells hr) DT = 2 m, Di = 1 m, (6 – blade turbine agitator) x 3 blades and CL = 1 mg O2/L. Calculate
OUR.
a) 200 mmoles O2 / (g cells hr)
b) 250 mmoles O2 / (g cells hr)
c) 100 mmoles O2 / (g cells hr)
d) 150 mmoles O2 / (g cells hr)

13. Refer to Q12 and, calculate OTR. (Given: kLa = 169 mmol O2/ 1 hr atm, P* = 0.0263 atm and
PO2 = 0.21 atm).
a) 30.05 mmoles O2/ liter hr
b) 31.05 mmoles O2/ liter hr
c) 20.05 mmoles O2/ liter hr
d) 21.05 mmoles O2/ liter hr

14. From Q12 and Q13, which of the following condition is relevant?
a) OTR>OUR
b) OTR<OUR
c) OTR=OUR
d) OTR≠OUR

15. KLa is measured in the absence of microorganisms?

a) True
b) False

9.- Bioreactor Configurations

1. Which type of reactor, aeration is generally accomplished in a separate vessel?
a) Fluidised bed
b) Trickle bed
c) Packed bed
d) Stirred and air-driven reactors

2. What is the unit of influent flow rate?

a) m d
b) m/d
c) m2/d
d) m3/d
View Answer

3. The reverse of Hydraulic Retention Time [HRT] is the ________

a) Sedimentation rate
b) Dilution rate
c) Filtration rate
d) Chemical rate

4. Which material is disengaged in the disengagement zone?

a) Culture broth
b) Culture media
c) Bubbles
d) Microbes

5. Mechanical foam breaker is generally preferred over antifoam agents.

a) True
b) False

6. Backmixing of gas occurs in homogenous flow in bubble column.

a) True
b) False

7. Mechanical agitation is required only in ____________

a) Packed bed
b) Airlift reactor
c) Stirred tank
d) Bubble column

8. Mixing is usually better in external-loop than internal-loop reactors in air-lift reactors.

a) True
b) False

9. Airlift reactors generally do not provide better mixing than bubble columns.
a) True
b) False

10. Which of the following is the function of draft tube?

a) Decrease the pressure
b) Increase the velocity
c) Maximize kinetic energy
d) Minimize kinetic energy

11. For deep-shaft systems the height-to-diameter ratio may be increased up to 100.
a) True
b) False

12. For high viscous fluids, air-driven reactors are preferred over stirred vessels.
a) True
b) False

13. In which of the following bioreactors, the particles are not immersed in liquid?
a) Air-lift reactor
b) Stirred vessel
c) Packed-bed
d) Trickle-bed

14. Microcarrier beads can be used in __________

a) Fluidized-bed
b) Stirred vessel
c) Packed-bed
d) Trickle-bed

15. Baffles are not needed in Up and down agitation bioreactor.

a) True
b) False
10.- Practical Considerations For Bioreactor Construction
1. Positive pressure is the pressure in which air flows only inside.
a) True
b) False

2. The vessel of bioreactor is draining from _________

a) Top
b) Below
c) Bottom
d) Side

3. The vessel should have the minimum number of internal structures.

a) True
b) False

4. Simple gate and globe valves are not better valves.

a) True
b) False

5. For smaller vessels, which type of sealing is required between the gap of fermenter and the
stirrer?
a) Mechanical seal
b) Double-mechanical seal
c) Magnetic seal
d) Non-magnetic seal

6. Glass fermenters is used for about _____

a) 50 litres capacity
b) 100 litres capacity
c) 300 litres capacity
d) 30 litres capacity

7. Copper is not suitable for the construction of the fermenters.

a) True
b) False
8. Cheaper grades of stainless steel is not preferred in the construction of the fermenter.
a) True
b) False

9. Electro polishing is also referred as _________

a) Anodic polishing
b) Cathodic polishing
c) Electron polishing
d) Non-ionic polishing

10. Which sparger consist of a single open or partially-closed pipe providing a stream of air
bubbles?
a) Perforated sparger
b) Orifice sparger
c) Nozzle sparger
d) Porous sparger

11. Which of the following sparger is most suitable for agitated fermenters?
a) Perforated sparger
b) Orifice sparger
c) Nozzle sparger
d) Porous sparger

12. A water cooled condenser is a heat exchanger.

a) True
b) False

13. Is bioreactor and fermentor same?

a) True
b) False

14. All bioreactors deal with ___________

a) Homogenous systems
b) Heterogeneous systems
c) Non-heterogeneous systems
d) Isolated systems
15. Anaerobic fermenters are complex than aerobic fermenters.
a) True
b) False

11.- Ideal Reactor Operation

1. Aerobic reactions are not batch operations.
a) True
b) False

2. In a perfectly mixed reactor _________

a) The output composition is different from input composition
b) The output composition is identical from input composition
c) Both output and input composition are constant
d) Both output and input composition are not constant

3. Convert vmax = 2.5 mmol m-3 s-1 into mM h-1.

a) 2500
b) 900
c) 25
d) 9

4. Convert vmax = 7 mmol m-3 s-1 into mM h-1.

a) 25
b) 20
c) 25.20
d) 20.25

5. In batch reaction time with enzyme deactivation, calculate the first-order deactivation rate
constant.
(Given – so = 12 mM; vmax = 9 mM h-1; Km = 8.9 mM; sf = 1.2 mM; th = 4.4 h).
a) 0.150 h-1
b) 0.158 h-1
c) 0.155 h-1
d) 0.154 h-1

6. By taking the parameters of Q5, and the batch reaction time tb.
a) 5.0 h
b) 10.0 h
c) 15.0 h
d) 20.0 h

7. Zymomonas mobilis is used to convert glucose to ethanol in a batch fermenter under anaerobic
conditions. The yield of biomass from substrate is 0.06 g g- 1; YPX is 7.7 g g- 1. The maintenance
coefficient is 2.2 g g-1 h-1; the specific rate of product formation due to maintenance is 1.1 h-1. The
maximum specific growth rate of Z. mobilis is approximately 0.3 h-1.5 g bacteria are inoculated into
50 litres of medium containing 12 g l-1 glucose. Determine batch culture times required to produce
10 g biomass.
a) 3.1 h
b) 3.3 h
c) 3.5 h
d) 3.7 h

8. By taking the pararmeters of Q7 and Determine batch culture times required to achieve 90%
substrate conversion.
a) 5.1 h
b) 5.3 h
c) 5.5 h
d) 5.7 h

9. By taking the parameters question 8 and question 7, determine batch culture times required to
produce 100 g ethanol.
a) 3.2 h
b) 3.4 h
c) 3.6 h
d) 3.8 h
10. The Zymomonas mobilis cells are used for chemostat culture in a 60 m3 fermenter. The feed
contains 12 g l-1 glucose; Ks for the organism is 0.2 g l-1. What flow rate is required for a steady-
state substrate concentration of 1.5 g l-1?
a) 15.6 m3 h-1
b) 15.8 m3 h-1
c) 15.4 m3 h-1
d) 15.2 m3 h-1

11. By taking Q10 and at the flow rate of Q10, what is the cell density?
a) 0.42 g l-1
b) 0.44 g l-1
c) 0.46 g l-1
d) 0.48 g l-1

12. By taking Q10 and Q11 into account and at the flow rate of Q10, what concentration of
ethanol is produced?
a) 5.1 g l-1
b) 5.3 g l-1
c) 5.5 g l-1
d) 5.7 g l-1

13. Which of the following type is of the perfusion culture?

a) Batch
b) Conc. Batch
c) Continuous
d) Conc. Fed-Batch

14. Immobilised lactase is used to hydrolyse lactose in dairy waste to glucose and galactose.
Enzyme is immobilised in resin particles and packed into a 0.5 m3 column. The total effectiveness
factor for the system is close to unity; Km for the immobilised enzyme is 1.32 kg m -3; Vmax is 45 kg
m-3 h-1. The lactose concentration in the feed stream is 9.5 kg m-3; a substrate conversion of 98% is
required. The column is operated with plug flow for a total of 310 d per year. At what flow rate
should the reactor be operated?
a) 1.56 m3 hh-1
b) 1.58 m3 hh-1
c) 1.50 m3 h-1
d) 1.54 m3 h-1
15.By taking the parameters of Q14 into consideration, estimate how many tonnes of glucose are
produced per year?
a) 56.3 tonnes yr-1
b) 56.6 tonnes yr-1
c) 56.7 tonnes yr-1
d) 56.5 tonnes yr-1