WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS Y.C.Liang Y.M.

Li

On-Line Dynamic Cable Rating for Underground Cables based on DTS

and FEM
Y.C.Liang*1,2 Y.M.Li1
1School of Electrical Engineering *2Department of Electrical and Information
Xi’an Jiaotong University Hebei University of Science and Technology
No 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an No 70 Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang
CHINA CHINA
yongchunliang@hotmail.com

Abstract: - The development of surface temperature on-line monitoring techniques for 110kV and above XLPE
power cable gives a strong support to power cable load dynamic adjustment. However, the problem is how to
determine the conductor temperature from the surface temperature. A technique based on distributed
temperature sensing (DTS) and finite element method (FEM) is presented to estimate the soil thermal
properties by matching the computed thermal fields to that obtained from measurement and predict the real-
time current carrying capacity by iterative method in order to prevent overheat of insulation. Compare with the
thermal circuit model, the method based on DTS and FEM is more accuracy.

Key-Words: - Online monitoring，Dynamic cable rating，Distributed temperature sensing， Finite element

method, current carrying capacity, Underground cables

1 Introduction monitoring of buried cable circuits and installed

advance distributed temperature sensing (DTS)
systems to monitor cable surface temperature [6-14].
In densely populated areas, electricity is usually
In [1], the cable surface temperature is used to
transmitted and distributed through buried cables.
improve the calculation model based on IEC 60287
The main disadvantage of buried installations is to
and McGraph/Neher method. However, analytical
obtain, with sufficient accuracy, the maximum
method is based on some assumption conditions and
values of current that can flow through the cables in
can’t simulate the real condition. The cable surface
steady states without insulation deterioration.
temperature is just an indirect indication for the
For modern HV cables, oil-filled paper-insulated
cable insulation thermal states. From the viewpoint
cable can be operated at maximum temperature of
of cable operation, cable conductor temperature is
85 C and XLPE insulated cable at a maximum
the most desired and useful quantity, which directly
temperature of 90 C . There are several factors reflects the cable thermal condition [15].
determining the current carrying capacity of a In [16], the conductor temperature is calculated
specific cable circuit, namely, the cable construction, from cable surface temperature by thermal circuit
cable surrounding soil, ambient temperature and method. However, dynamic rating systems have a
sheath-bonding method. Of these factors, the limited numbers of discrete sensors-typically
thermal properties of soil are always varying thermocouples-that are placed at representative
whereas the others are relatively stable. locations on the cable system. There can be several
Because the thermal properties of soil change hotspots in a cable circuit, which act as bottle necks
with time depending on the weather in different to limit the load-carrying capacity. It is vital for a
seasons and the heating in the cable, the current utility to locate and rectify all hotspots in a cable
carrying capacity could change significantly from circuit so that it can be driven to its rating limit
time to time. Therefore, it is important to determine comfortably. Unfortunately, the system can do a
the dynamic rating of a cable circuit so that its full superb job of dynamically rating the cable-based
capacity can be utilized all year around, and it is upon measurements at the wrong location.
always a challenge for power system operators to The temperature distribution of the most used
assign adequate power load to underground cables configurations for buried cables under normal
without exceeding their current rating [1-5]. loading conditions is shown in figure 1[17]. For the
Nowadays more and more power utilities have middle cable, the maximum temperature difference
recognized the importance of thermal condition

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of the cable surface is 0.6 C . For the outer cable, calculating the temperature distribution of electrical
the maximum temperature difference of the cable equipment [18] [19]. Compared with the analytical
surface is 1.3 C . How to select the correct hot point methods, numerical methods not only allow better
on the surface of cable is very difficult to calculate representation of the mutual heating effects, but also
the conductor temperature and determine the current permit more accurate modeling of the region’s
carrying capacity. In recent years, numerical boundary.
methods, such as FEM, have been developed for

Figure1. A single-loop buried cable’s temperature field distribution

In this paper, we use DTS to monitor the surface

temperature and estimate the soil thermal properties In order to determine heating of underground
by FEM and predict the real-time current carrying cable system, the system losses have to be known.
capacity by iterative method. Compare with the The current dependent losses of cables with the
traditional thermal circuit, the position of hot point solid sheaths can be calculated by finite element
dose not influence the computational accuracy of method.
the conductor temperature. For the electric-magnetic field in power cables,
the problem can be calculated in two-dimensional
Cartesian coordinate system and space charge and
2 Overview of the thermal circuit displacement current can be neglected. A single-
core power cable structure is given in Figure 2.
method There are two kind of region: metal and others. The
Magnetic-vector potential can be described by
Lapalace’s and Poisson equation differently in these
A typical single-core power cable is composed of at areas.
least four main components, namely, electrical Magnetic-vector potential equation of cable in
conductor, conductor insulation, sheath, and different parts under the Coulomb norms is as
external covering as shown in figure 2. follows:
Cable conductor region:  2 A1    0 J s , J s is the
current density of conductor region.
Cable insulation region:  2 A 2  0 .
Conductor insulation
Cable sheath region:  2 A 3    0 J e , Je is the
Electrical conductor Eddy current density of metal package region.
Cable external covering region:  2 A 4  0 .
sh eath Soil region:  2 A 5  0 .
The continuity equation between different
External covering medium is:

A i  A j (1)
Figure2. The structure of a typical single-core cable

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1 1
  A i    A j (2)
i j where Ws represents the eddy current loss in the
1 1 sheath;  3 represents the sheath conductivity.
  A1  n12    A 2  n12 (3)
1 2 The calculation of the dielectric losses is
considered as a rather straightforward task, and
i, j  1, 2,3, 4,5
details can be found by standard Neher/McGraph
and IEC 60287 procedures. Dielectric loss of per
where i and j represent finite element neighboring unit length in each phase can be calculated as follow:
region.
Magnetic vector potential can be calculated using
Wd    c  U 02  tg (7)
FEM [20]. The eddy current in cable conductor and
metal package can be calculated by magnetic vector
potential as follow: 
where   2f ； c , the
 D
 10 9
18 ln
J e   j 3 A 3 
(4)   de
capacitance in per unit length cable ； tg , the
where J e represents the current density in metal insulation loss factor in power system and working
package; A 3
represents the magnetic vector temperature; U 0 , the phase voltage ；  , the
potential of metal package region. dielectric coefficient of insulation material； D , the
Then the conductor electromagnetic loss can be insulation diameter； d c , the conductor diameter.
calculated as follow: After the losses in the cable is known, the
conductor temperature and the current carrying
Wc   1 1 ( J s  J e ) 2 dV
 capacity can be calculated by the thermal circuit
method based on the standard Neher/McGraph and
 1 1
 ( J s (i )  J e(i ) ) 2 2ri S i (5) IEC 60287 procedures, with the further de-rating for
 j 3 A 3,i ) 2 2ri S i ] potential hot spots, as shown in figure 3.
  1 1  [( J s (i )
Now, many power utilities installed advanced
DTS systems to monitoring the cable surface
where Wc represents the losses in the conductor;  1 temperature  w . When current flow through cable is
represents the conductor conductivity; ri represents known, the conductor temperature can be calculated
the distance from the center to the axis of each unit; as follow.
S i represents the unit area.
Then the sheath electromagnetic loss can be  c   w  (Wc  12 Wd )  ( RTj  RTw )  (Ws  12 Wd )  RT2 (8)
calculated as follow:
where  c is the conductor temperature, RT1 thermal
W s   3 1 J e 2 dV  resistance of the conductor insulation, and
1 2 RT2 thermal resistance of the external covering.
3 J e (i ) 2ri S i (6)
  3 1  [( 3 A3,i )
2
2ri S i ]

c w
RT1 RT 2 RT3

Wc 1
W 1
W Ws a
2 d 2 d

Figure3. The thermal circuit model

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The difficult problem in the thermal circuit steady-state heat conduction equation for a two-
method is how to determine the surface temperature. dimensional buried cable system, as shown in
Different surface temperature may result in different Figure 4, can be described as
conductor temperature. But the surface temperature
is not an isotherm as shown in Figure 1. With the (
 2T

 2T
)  q (9)
2
development of the number of power cables, the x y 2
surface temperature is more disperse and it is more
difficult to determine the correct surface where  is the thermal conductivity W m 2  C ,   
temperature to result correct conductor temperature. T is the unknown temperature, q is the heat sources
Otherwise, because the soil thermal conductivity is
highly dependent on moisture content of soil, generated by cables.
thermal resistance RT3 is dynamic and the current Equation (9) is subjected to the following
boundary conditions:
carrying capacity calculated by the traditional a. In the soil which is far enough away from the
thermal circuit model as shown in Figure 3 may be cables, both to the sides and underneath,
not accurate. temperature is not affected by the cables’
presence. In the areas far enough away
underneath the cables, a temperature
3 Principle isotherm is considered to be equal to the
deep soil temperature ( Ts ).In the areas far
enough away to the sides from the cables,
3.1 Finite element formulation
.1Finite calorific flow is:

One of the most used configurations for buried T

 0 (10)
cables consists of three individual cables at the same l
level with a typical separation between them of one
cable diameter as shown in Figure 4. These cables b. At the separation surface between soil and
are usually buried directly in the earth or in a air, convection losses are considered, which
backfill material such as concrete or sand. The means that temperature at this surface is
analysis presented in this paper is based on the obtained by taking into account Newton’s
following assumptions: law:
a.The cable system is infinitely long, so that the
problem becomes a two-dimensional one. Q1  h(T  Ta ) (11)
b. Steady-state conditions exist.
c. All materials have constant thermal properties. where h is the convective heat transfer
d. The ambient air is stationary. coefficient （ W / m 2  C ) ） , T is the
temperature at the surface, and Ta is the air
air
ground surface temperature.
c. In the separation between the different
soil materials of the cable, between the surface of
L1 the cables and the surrounding medium, and
between the different materials surrounding
sand the cables, calorific flow continuity is
conductor fulfilled at the separation surface:
insulator
O T T
1  2 (12)
l l

Figure 4 Geometric Model of a Typical Buried where l is the normal to the separation
Cable Installation surface, and 1 and  2 represent the thermal
conductivity of medium 1 and medium 2,
Based on the above assumptions, if the system respectively. Likewise, the temperature in
cross-section lies on the x-y plane, the associated

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both materials at the border points must be Discretizing the field domain is usually the
the same. most tedious work during implement of FEM.
The finite element modeling of equations is Triangular elements are used in forming the
obtained by using weak Galerkin’s procedure and network modeling the cable and surrounding
performs over all the elements [21-22]. environment. Figure 5 shows the discretised
cable domain.
J e Wl T Wl T 3.2Estimation of soil thermal properties
 [( x  )]dxdy (13)
Tl e x y y
Once the cable construction, installation, sheath
J e Wl T Wl T bonding method, cable load and the ambient
 [( x  )]dxdy (14) temperature are determined, the temperature
Tl e x y y
distribution only depends on the thermal properties
of the surrounding soil. The thermal properties of
Je Wl T Wl T soil are always varying. Our site soil test shows that
Tl
 [( x
e

x y y
)]dxdy
(15) soil thermal conductivity is highly dependent on the
moisture content. Under unfavourable conditions,
 jm
Wl (T  Tf )ds
heat flux from the cable entering the soil may cause
significant migration of moisture away from the
cable. A dried-out zone may develop around the
The temperatures of every node can be described cable, in which the thermal conductivity is reduced
by equations (16). by a factor of three or more over the conductivity of
the bulk. This in turn may cause an abrupt rise in
temperature of the cable sheath and conductor which
 k11 k12  k1n   T1   P1  may lead to damage of cable insulation. How to
     determine the thermal properties of soil is very
k 21k 22  k 2 n  T2    P2  (16) difficult using FEM to calculate the thermal field
       
     too.
k n1 k n 2  k nn  Tn   Pn  On the middle cable of Figure 3, a DTS optic
fiber is installed at point O. Suppose the temperature
at surface point “O” is measured with DTS and the
Where, k ij and Pi are given by solution of equation soil is taken as a homogeneous thermal medium, the
(13), (14) and (15). Ti are the temperature of nodes. conductor temperature and the effective thermal
conductivity of soil can be calculated based on the
They are variables desired to solve. i  1 ~ n ,
FEM under the uniqueness theorem of the thermal
j  1 ~ n . n is the number of dissecting node.
field.
The temperature at point “O” calculated by FEM
is denoted by T F . The temperature at surface point
“O” measured with DTS is denoted by Tm . In this
study, the effective thermal properties of soil are
determined by minimizing the following objective
function.

F TF  Tm 2 (17)

Here, we use subtense truncation approach to

calculate the effective thermal conductivity of soil.
The literate equation of the subtense truncation
approach is equation (18). T F (k ) is the temperature
at point “O” calculated by FEM.  is the effective
thermal conductivity of soil. k  1 is the next step
Figure 5 Discretised cable domain: triangular
result, k is the temporary step result, k  1 is the last
meshes
step result.

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In order to verify the effective the method presented

in this paper, we use three buried heat pipes to
(Tm  T F (k ))  ( (k )   (k  1)) verify the method as shown in Figure 6
 (k  1)   (k )  (18)
T F (k )  T F (k  1)

The iteration process is terminated if the 50cm

following condition is satisfied:
The objective F is not greater than 0.1 C . E

N
3.3Prediction of the current carrying capacity
10cm 10cm
The effective thermal conductivity of soil was
adjusted until the calculated temperature was the Thermalcouple
same as the measured temperature, and the
conductor temperature was calculated. A current Heat pipe
carrying capacity was calculated until the conductor
temperature is equal to 90 C (XLPE power cable) Figure 6 Test model of heat pipe
for those conditions by iterative method. The literate
equation of the subtense truncation approach is Three buried heat pipes covered with rubber are
equation (19). TC (k ) is the conductor temperature placed horizontally at 0.5 m depth and separated
calculated by FEM. I is the thermal conductivity of 0.1m between the pipe centers. The length of heat
soil. k  1 is the next result, k is the temporary pipe is 2.5m and the radius is 0.006m. The thickness
result, k  1 is the last result. of rubber is 0.004m. The thermal conductivity of
soil and rubber are 1.664 W /( m 2  C ) and
(90  TC (k ))  ( I (k )  I (k  1)) 0.25 W /( m 2  C ) . The temperature of air is 28 C .
I (k  1)  I (k )  (19)
TC (k )  TC (k  1) When the power of heat pipe is 92W, the
temperature of point “N” after 10 days is 96 C and
It is important to note that temperature in a cable the temperature of point “E” after 10 days is 83 C .
system at any time are a function of loading at that Using the method presented in this paper, the
time plus the loading for the last week or so because temperature of point “E” is 82.93 C and the
of the very long thermal time constant of the temperature of point “N” is 95.78 C . The effective
cable/earth system. For example, a cable that has thermal conductivity of soil is 1.19 W /( m 2  K ) . The
been operating at 700 amperes constantly for 200
result shows that the method is effective to
hours will be much hotter than a cable that has been
calculated the conductor temperature of power
operating at 100 amperes for the last 190 hours, then
cables and predict the current carrying capacity of
700 amperes the last ten hours.
power cables with highly accuracy.
So, the current carrying capacity should be
calculated for different times, using expected
changes in ambient earth temperature and backfill 4.2 Single loop power cables in horizontally
and soil thermal conductivity at those times by the
subtense truncation approach. In this section, the thermal circuit method and the
method presented in this paper are applied to
estimate the conductor temperatures of single loop
underground cables. In order to describe the
4 Test and Results disperse of the surface temperatures, we measured
four point temperature on the surface of cable as
shown in figure 7.
4.1 Method verify

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1 loop power cables placed horizontally with sheath

bonded at both ends is 597A at this time.

Table 1The cable surface temperature and the cable

conductor temperature
2 4
Temperature ( C )
Cable
structure T1 T2 T3 T4
3
Cable
Figure7. The positions of the four points on the 61.3 61.6 61.4 61.8
surface
cable surface
Cable core 65.05 65.35 65.15 65.55
Three 800mm2 110kV YJLW02 cables are
placed horizontally at 0.7m depth and separated
0.2m between the cable centers. A 35℃ ambient 4.2 Three loop power cables in horizontally
temperature is specified. The current supplying the
cables is 500A. When the sheaths are bonded at both In this section, the thermal circuit method and the
ends, the losses in the conductors of different phases method presented in this paper are applied to
are estimate the conductor temperatures of three loop
5.6919W/5.6989W/5.6929W underground cables. Nine 800mm2 110kV YJLW02
The losses in the sheaths of different phases are cables are placed horizontally at 0.7m depth and
9.601W/10.0839W/13.5855W separated 0.1m between the cable centers. The
The dielectric losses are 0.69W. ambient temperature and the thermal conductivity of
The ambient thermal conductivity of soil is all thermal medium is the same as above. The
current supplying the cables is 500A.
 soil  1W /(m 2  C ) When the sheaths are bonded at both ends, the
losses in the conductors of different loop and phase
The thermal resistivity of insulation and external are
covering are Loop1:5.7314W/5.2976W/5.7611W
Loop2:5.7566W/5.7567W/5.7587W
3.5 W /( m 2  K ) Loop3:5.7541W/5.7670W/5.7376W
The losses in the sheaths of different loop and
6 W /(m 2  K ) phase are
Loop1:6.0379W/6.7763W/5.7846W
The thermal resistance of insulation and external Loop2:5.7045W/5.7231W/5.6367W
covering are
Loop3:6.1392W/4.7133W/11.5221W.
Table 2 shows the surface temperatures of every
RTj  0.4334
cable.
RTw  0.0708 For different loop, the current carrying capacity
depends on the hottest cable. Table 3 shows the
For the middle cable, the four point temperatures cable conductor temperatures from different surface
on the surface and the cable conductor temperatures points by thermal circuit method. The maximum
resulted from the cable surface temperature in (8) difference for phase C2 is 1.7 C . The maximum
are shown in table 1. From different surface difference for phase B2 is 1.2 C . The maximum
temperature, the conductor temperature is different. difference for phase A3 is 1.5 C . With the increase
The maximum difference is 0.5 C . of the number of the power cables, the difference of
The effective thermal conductivity of soil the cable surface temperature is more disperse and it
calculated by FEM and iteration method is is more difficult to determine the correct surface hot
0.7333 W /( m 2  C ) and the conductor temperature point to calculate the correct conductor temperature
calculated by FEM is 65.13℃. The result by FEM by thermal circuit method.
and iteration method is more accuracy. By iteration The effective thermal conductivity of soil
method, the current carrying capability of single calculated by the method presented in this paper is

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0.773 W /( m 2  C ) . Table 4 shows the cable conductor temperatures using FEM.

Table 2 The cable surface temperatures of three loop underground cables placed in horizontally

Temperature ( C )
Point
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3

T1 70.7 75.9 78.8 80.5 81.2 80.9 79.8 77.3 74.2

T2 70 76 79.5 81.4 82.3 82.2 81.3 79 76.4

T3 71.1 76.3 79.2 80.9 82.4 81.3 80.2 77.7 74.6

T4 73 77.8 80.5 81.9 81.6 81.9 80.5 77.9 73.6

Table 3 The conductor temperatures of three loop

power cables placed in horizontally using thermal 4.3 Single loop power cables in triangular
circuit method
Three 800mm2 110kV YJLW02 cables are placed
Temperature ( C ) in triangular at 0.7m depth. A 35℃ ambient
Point temperature is specified. The current supplying the
C1 B2 A3 cables is 500A and the sheaths are bonded at one
end.
The losses in the conductors of different
T1 82.28 84.97 83.29
phases are
T2 82.98 86.07 84.79 5.9337W/5.9604W/5.9511W

T3 82.68 86.17 83.69 The losses in the sheaths of different phases

are
T4 83.98 85.37 83.99
1.7407W/1.9506W/1.8698W

Table 4 the conductor temperature of three loop Table 5 shows the surface temperatures of
power cables placed in horizontally using FEM every cable. Table 6 shows the conductor
temperatures of every cable by thermal circuit
Temperature ( C ) method. The maximum difference of phase A is
Method 1.4 C . The maximum difference for phase B is
C1 B2 A3 1.1 C . The maximum difference for phase C is
1.0 C .
Fem 82.8 85.09 83.7 The effective thermal conductivity of soil
calculated by the method presented in this paper
is 0.773 W /( m 2  C ) .
By iteration method, the current carrying
The conductor temperature of phase A is
capability of three loop power cables placed
53.02 C . The conductor temperature of Phase
horizontally with sheath bonded at both ends is
B is 53.17 C . The conductor temperature of
459A at this time.
Phase C is 53.15 C .

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By iteration method, the current carrying The method based on DTS and FEM can
capability of single loop power cables placed in improve the defect. When we know the
triangular with sheath bonded at one end is temperature and the position of the hot point on
763A at this time. the cable surface, we can calculate the
conductor temperature with high accuracy. At
Table 5 The cable surface temperatures of single the same time, we can predict the effective
loop underground cables placed in triangular thermal conductivity of soil and calculate the
current carrying capacity of the power cables by
Cable T1 T2 T3 T4
iterative method.

Phase A 49.2 49.8 50.6 49.8 6 Conclusion

Phase B 50.4 49.6 49.8 50.7

DTS systems have been installed by numerous
power utilities to monitor in real time the cable
Phase C 50.4 50.7 49.7 49.6
surface temperature. To make full use of advanced
DTS, a technique based on FEM and surface
temperature of cable has been developed to calculate
Table 6 The cable conductor temperatures of single the cable conductor temperature and predict the
loop underground cables placed in triangular by current carrying capability. The computational
thermal circuit method results show that the conductor temperature can be
determined more accurately. This technique will be
Cable T1 T2 T3 T4 useful for the future development of an online
dynamic rating system for the underground cables
based on DTS.

Phase A 52.48 53.08 53.88 53.08 References:

[1] G.J.Anders, J.M.Braun, S.Ressetto and
D.Casselman, Real Time Monitoring System
Phase B 53.7 52.9 53.1 54 for 230 kV Cables in Tunnels. IEEE PES
Transmission and Distribution Conference and
Phase C 53.69 53.99 52.99 52.89 Exposition , Vol.3, 2003, pp. 886-891
[2] Dale A. Douglass and Abdel-Aty Edris, Real-
time Monitoring Dynamic Thermal Rating of
Power Transmission Circuit, IEEE
5 Discussion Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.11, No.3,
1996, pp.1407-1418
[3] Steven P.Walldorf, John S.Engelhardt and
Frank J.Hoppe, The Use of Real-time
Table 1 and table 2 show that the difference of the Monitoring and Dynamic Ratings for Power
surface temperature increases with the increase of Delivery Systems and the Implications for
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