PHYSICS

Aakash
STUDY PACKAGE – 02
For – JEE / NEET
 Alternating Currents
AIEEE Syllabus
Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/ voltage;
reactance and impedance; LCR series circuit, resonance; Quality factor,
CHAPTER
6
power in AC circuits, wattless current

ALTERNATING CURRENT THIS CHAPTER

A time varying, periodic current is called an ac when its amplitude is constant COVERS :
and alternate half cycles are positive and negative.
 Alternating current
 Average and rms
value of AC
 Phasors and
component of AC
circuit
 Series LCR circuit
The alternating emf E at any instant may be expressed as E = E0 sin t  Power consumed in
where  is angular frequency of alternating emf and E0 is the peak value or AC circuit
amplitude of alternating emf.
The frequency of alternating emf, f = /2 and time period of alternating emf.,
T = 1/f = 2/.
The alternating current in a circuit, fed by an alternating source of emf may
be controlled by inductance L, resistance R and capacitance C. Due to
presence of elements L and C, the current is not necessarily in phase with
the applied emf. Therefore alternating current is, in general expressed as
I = I0 sin (t + ) where  is the phase which may be positive, zero or
negative depending on the value of reactive components L and C.

AVERAGE AND RMS VALUE OF AC

1. Mean or Average value for time ‘t’

t t
1 1
E mean 
t
0
Edt , Imean 
t
0
Idt

2. Root Mean Square (RMS) Value

RMS value of ac is equal to that value of dc, which when passed through a
resistance for a given time will produce the same amount of heat as
produced by the ac when passed through the same resistance for same time.
RMS values are also known as virtual or effective value.

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 Alternating Currents IIT - JEE/NEET

Cases :
t t
2 1 1 2
E rms  E 2dt , Irms
2
 
I dt I
t t
0 0
I0 Sine curve
1. Imean = 0 for t = T
2I 0 t
Imean = for t = T/2 T/2 T

I0
Irms = for t = T Case-1
2
I0
Irms = for t = T/2
2
I0
2. Imean = t=T
 I Sine curve
2I 0
Imean = t = T/2

t
I0 T/2 T
Irms = for t=T
2
I0
Irms = for t = T/2 Case-2
2
2I 0 I Sine curve
3. Imean = for t = T
 I0
2I 0
Imean = for t = T/2 t
 T/2 T
I0
Irms = for t = T Case-3
2
I0 I
Irms = for t = T/2 Square wave
2 I0
4. Imean = 0 for t = T
Imean = I0 for t = T/2 t
T/2 T
Irms = I0 for t = T –I0
Irms = I0 for t = T Case-4

PHASOR AND AC CIRCUITS

Phasor
1. A vector rotating in anticlockwise direction with angular velocity ‘’.
y-axis y-axis
E = E0 sin  t
' ' I = I0 sin ( t +  )
I0
E0
E0
E0sin t 
t t
x-axis x-axis

2. Its length is equal to amplitude of alternating quantity.

3. Projection of vector on y-axis gives the instantaneous value of alternating quantity.

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 IIT - JEE/NEET Alternating Currents

Different ac Circuits R
1. Resistive Circuit
I = I0 sin t E = E0 sin wt
E0
I0 
R Generator
L
2. Inductive Circuit
I = I0 sin (t – /2)
E0
I0  , where XL = L = 2fL
XL
E = E0 sin  t
Capacitive Circuit + –
–
+ –
1. I = I0 sin (t + /2) + –
+ –
+ –

E0 1 1
2. I0  , where XC =  E = E0 sin  t
XC C 2 C

SERIES LCR CIRCUIT I L C I R I

E0
V  = rms value of applied voltage V1 V2
2

V1 = rms voltage across L-C = VL – VC V

V2 = rms voltage across R = VR

E = E0 sin  t
Phase Relationship
I and VR are in same phase.
VL leads I by 90°.
VC lags behind I by 90°.
Case 1 :
VL > VC
 V leads I by 
VL – VC V
VL  VC
where tan   
VR VR
I
X L  XC
tan   Phasor diagram
R

1
Here XL > XC i.e., 
LC
Case 2 : I VR
VL < VC 
i.e., V lags behind I by  VL – VC
V
V  VL X  XL
tan   C  C
VR R Phasor diagram
1
Here XC > XL i.e.,  
LC

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 Alternating Currents IIT - JEE/NEET

In both cases V  VR2  (VL  VC )2  I R 2  ( X L  X C )2

(a) Impedance = Z  R 2  ( X L  X C )2

R R
(b) Power factor = cos   
Z R  ( X L  X C )2
2

Case 3 :

1
VL = VC i.e., XL = XC i.e.,   [Resonance]
LC
In this case

E0
(a) V2  V 
2
(b) V1 = VL – VC = 0
(c) tan  = 0, or  = 0
(d) cos  = 1
(e) Z = R (minimum)
(f) Power consumed is maximum
(g) Graphs :

I
R3 < R2 < R1 Z
Q3 > Q2 > Q1
Q3 Q2
R3 Zmin = R
Q1 R2
R1 
 1
1 r =
r = Series LCR circuit LC
LC
(Acceptor Circuit)
Series LCR circuit

(h) In a series LCR circuit,

(i) When voltage leads current, then to bring resonance state, either L or C should be decreased.
(ii) If voltage lags behind current, then to bring resonance state either L or C should be increased.
(iii) Quality factor Q represents the sharpness of tuning at resonance

1 L 1
Q i.e., Q
R C R

Case 4 : Series LR Circuit L R

V VL VR
(a) Z  R 2  X L2 , V  VR2  VL2 , I 
Z

R XL V
(b) cos   , tan   . Voltage leads current
R 2  X L2 R

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 IIT - JEE/NEET Alternating Currents

Case 5 : Series CR Circuit

V VC VR
(a) V  VR2  VC2 , Z  R 2  X C2 , I 
Z
V
R R XC
(b) cos    , tan   . Voltage lags behind current
Z R 2  X C2 R

Case 6 : Series LC Circuit L C

V
(a) V = VL – VC, Z = XL – XC , I 
Z

 
(b)  (XL > XC),   (XL < XC)
2 2 Z
(c) When XL = XC, Z = 0

1
i.e.,  
LC 1
r =
LC
POWER CONSUMED IN AN A.C. CIRCUIT
T
1
Pav 
T 
EIdt
0

If E = E0 sin t and I = I0 sin (t + )

E 0I 0 E I
Pav  cos   0 . 0 cos   Ev Iv cos 
2 2 2
[Ev = Virtual or rms voltage, Iv = Virtual or rms current]

Some Important Points :

E0 I0
1. For pure resistor  = 0, Pav   E rms I rms
2
2. For pure inductor or capacitor, Pav = 0 [Non resistive circuit]
3. Power consumed is independent of Ivsin. This is called wattless component.

R
4. cos  = Power factor 
Z
5. In a series LCR circuit

Ev2
Pav = EvIv cos   cos   Iv2 R
Z
Wattless current Iv sin

1
6. At resonance i.e., at r  , Z = R power is maximum
LC

1
7. At frequencies other than r  , power consumed is less.
LC

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 Alternating Currents IIT - JEE/NEET

8. At  = 1 or 2, power = half the maximum power then r  1 2

2
Pmax  Imax R
I

2 2
I max R  Imax 
Imax
P1/ 2     R
2  2 
Imax Imax
I= I=
Imax 2 2
i.e., when I  , power is half
2

Ev E 
Imax  , Iv  v 1 r 2
R Z
half power half power
I max frequency frequency
I  Z R 2
2

or, ( X L  X C )2  R 2  R 2  X L  X C  R

R 1
cos      = 45º
Z 2

r 1 L
9. Quality factor Q  
2  1 R C
R
and   2  1 
L

  

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