1

Unit 2 – Step 3

UNIT 2 - STEP 3

CRISTIAN CAMILO GALLEGO ARIAS

JOHN FREDY ZULUAGA

MAIGER OVALLE

JONATAN PATINO

THEORY ELECTROMAGNETIC AND WAVES

TUTOR:

OMAR LEONARDO LEYTON

UNIVERSITY NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

BASIC SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

April 2018
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Unit 2 – Step 3

Table of contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Activities ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Question 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Question 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Question 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Question 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Question 5 ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Question 6 ............................................................................................................................................... 11
Problems ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Problem 1 cristian gallego....................................................................................................................... 13
Problem 2 Jonatan patiño romero .......................................................................................................... 15
Problem 3 Maiger ovalle ......................................................................................................................... 17
Problem 4 john zuluaga .......................................................................................................................... 19
Practical exercise......................................................................................................................................... 22
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 23
References .................................................................................................................................................. 24
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Unit 2 – Step 3

Introduction

Electromagnetic waves are today an important factor in social life and work, with them
we can shorten distance through communications links, as well as eliminate or spread diseases of
our body. Although the waves are not visible by human vision, it is our duty to understand them
so as not to incur physical damage and to use them appropriately for the benefit of our society.

The reflection and refraction of waves has a great importance in the industry. Sometimes these
phenomena are favorable, as in the transmission of information through fiber optic, due to the
reflection of light in this medium. On other occasions they are harmful, as in the transmission of
information through copper.
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Unit 2 – Step 3

Activities

Question 1

Explain how refraction and reflection phenomenon could be used in transmission systems

Answer:

Reflection and refraction can be used in transmission systems, for example, the optical fiber that
uses light when traveling through optical fiber. Fiber optic communication is a technique for
transmitting information by sending light signals through fiber optics. Currently, thanks to its
excellent features, fiber optic is the means of transport of information used by large
communication networks. Basically, an optical communication system is composed of the
message to be transmitted, a light source, the optical fiber, and an optical detector, as illustrated
in the figure

When the light passes from an optically denser medium, with refractive index n1, to another
optimally less dense medium, with index of refraction n2, the incident light ray is refracted in
such a way that it is not able to cross the surface between both means reflecting completely and
being totally confined the light beam in the optically denser medium whose interior propagates
(Franco Garcia, 2018)

For: Jonatan Patino

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Unit 2 – Step 3

Question 2

Explain the Snell law, the critical angle and practical applications where it could be used

Answer:

is a formula used to calculate the refractive angle of light when crossing the separation surface
between two means of propagation of light (or any electromagnetic wave) with a different
refractive index

𝑛1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚

𝜃1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒
𝑛2 = 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝜃2 = 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

when a wave passes from one medium to another and the first medium has a refractive index
lower than the second, the refractive angle is smaller than the angle of incidence
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Unit 2 – Step 3

when a wave passes from one medium to another and the first medium has a refractive index
higher than the second, the refractive angle is smaller than the angle of incidence

(WindTechTv, 2013)

under this principle works the optical fiber where you have a core with a higher refractive index
than the claddings

(WindTechTv, 2013)
This causes the wave that enters the core to have a greater refractive angle, until reaching the
point of finding the critical angle that is the point where the wave remains in the core
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Unit 2 – Step 3

When in angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle the wave is reflected without
refraction, this is known as total internal reflection where the wave has no loss

(WindTechTv, 2013)

For: Cristian Gallego

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Unit 2 – Step 3

Question 3

Explain the physics behind lenses for optical diseases

Answer:

There are various diseases that alter the vision of our eyes and the following types of lenses are
used to correct the vision:

a. Converging lenses

(Romero Medina & Bautista Ballén, 2011) Recuperado de https://issuu.com/danielcastro56/docs/hipertexto_santillana_fisica_2/133

b. Divergent Lenses

(Romero Medina & Bautista Ballén, 2011) Recuperado de https://issuu.com/danielcastro56/docs/hipertexto_santillana_fisica_2/133

According to the eye such as myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and presbyopia disease, is a type of
lens that corrects the refraction of light entering the eyes.

Myopia: occurs when the eyeball is longer than normal, forming the image before reaching the
retina, corrected with a diverging lens.

(Romero Medina & Bautista Ballén, 2011) Recuperado de https://issuu.com/danielcastro56/docs/hipertexto_santillana_fisica_2/133

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Unit 2 – Step 3

Hyperopia: it occurs when the eyeball is shorter, the formed image is formed behind the retina, is
corrected with a convergent lens

(Romero Medina & Bautista Ballén, 2011) Recuperado de https://issuu.com/danielcastro56/docs/hipertexto_santillana_fisica_2/133

Astigmatism: occurs when the curvature of the lens or cornea is incorrect, corrected with a
cylindrical lens.

(Romero Medina & Bautista Ballén, 2011) Recuperado de https://issuu.com/danielcastro56/docs/hipertexto_santillana_fisica_2/133

Presbyopia or eyestrain: occurs when there is fatigue in muscles affiliates or lack of flexibility of
the Crystal being less convergent position.

(Romero Medina & Bautista Ballén, 2011) Recuperado de https://issuu.com/danielcastro56/docs/hipertexto_santillana_fisica_2/133

A convergent lens helps focus the objects with difficulty or not possible to focus on a short
distance.

For: John Fredy Zuluaga

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Unit 2 – Step 3

Question 4

What is the importance of the index of refraction?

Answer:

The refractive index is governed by Snell's law and to know it we must divide the sinuses of the

angles of incidence, (the angle between the ray in the first medium and the perpendicular in the

dividing surface) and refraction (angle corresponding to the second half)

𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅ 1
𝑛=
𝑠𝑒𝑛 ∅ 2

The importance of the Refraction index is that with it we can know the speed of propagation in

medium 2 and the angle of incidence, likewise we can determine the deviation that is generated in

the medium change and the trajectory of the wave.

For: Maiger Ovalle

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Unit 2 – Step 3

Question 5

Is it possible that a single light beam be refracted into

several beans? Explain.

Answer:

if it is possible that a single beam of light is refracted

in several grains, an example of this we see in the law

of brewster that corresponds to the angle of incidence

of light on a surface that annuls the component with

polarization parallel to the plane of incidence. The

result when a non-polarized light beam is applied on

a surface under the Brewster angle is the obtaining of a reflected beam of polarized light in one

direction (whose polarization vector is perpendicular to the plane of incidence).

The law of brewster says that When a beam of light strikes the surface separating two non-

conducting media characterized by different electrical permittivity ϵ and magnetic permeability μ,

part of it is it reflects to the source medium, and part is transmitted to the second medium. In 1812

Brewster observed that when the directions of the transmitted and reflected beams formed a 90 °

angle (as seen in the figure), the beam of reflected light was linearly polarized.

Put another way: The polarization by reflection is maximum when the tangent of the angle of

incidence is equal to the index of refraction of the substance. Polarization is zero for normal

incidence.

For: Jonatan Patino

Question 6
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Unit 2 – Step 3

How is it possible to use the Brewster angle in practical applications?

Answer:

If possible, the Brewster angle is used to build instruments of polarization of satellite dishes,
these polarizations can be Horizontal or Vertical linear and can be left or right circular. The
satellites are built for two types of polarities linear or circular, depending on transmission
applications and the location of transmission and coverage of the satellite is chosen the type of
antenna and FEED.

For: John Fredy Zuluaga

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Unit 2 – Step 3

Problems

Problem 1 cristian gallego

When red light in vacuum is incident at the Brewster angle on a certain glass slab, the angle of

refraction is 43𝑜 What are (a) the index of refraction of the glass and (b) the Brewster angle?

Answer:

a. the index of refraction of the glass

𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 = 1 = 𝑛1 = 1

𝜃𝐵 = 47°

𝜃𝑟𝑒 = 43°

𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = ? = 𝑛𝑟 = 𝑟

𝑛1 ∗ sin(𝜃𝐵 ) = 𝑛𝑟 ∗ sin(𝜃𝑟𝑒)
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Unit 2 – Step 3

1 ∗ sin(47°) = 𝑛𝑟 ∗ sin(43°)

0.7313 = 0.6819 ∗ 𝑛𝑟

0.7313
𝑛𝑟 = = 1.072
0.6819
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 1.072

b. the Brewster angle?

𝜃𝑟𝑒 = 43°

𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝑟

𝜃𝐵 + 𝜃𝑟𝑒 = 90°

𝜃𝐵 + 43° = 90°

𝜃𝐵 = 90° − 43°

𝜃𝐵 = 47°

𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑤𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 47°

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Unit 2 – Step 3

Problem 2 Jonatan patiño romero

In the following figure n 1 = 1.7, n 1 = 1.5, and n 3 = 1.3, light refracts from material 1 into material
2. If it is incident at point A at the critical angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what
are (a) the angle of refraction at point B and (b) the initial angle θ? If, instead, light is incident at
B at the critical angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what are (c) the angle of
refraction at point A and (d) the initial angle θ? If, instead of all that, light is incident at point A at
Brewster’s angle for the interface between materials 2 and 3, what are (e) the angle of refraction
at point B and (f) the initial angle θ?

a) In the first case 𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝑐, so,

𝑛3
𝜃𝑐 = sin−1 ( )
𝑛2

𝜃𝐴 = 𝜃𝐶 = 60°
By geometry, we can see that,
𝜃𝐵 = 180° − 90° − 𝜃𝐴

𝜃𝐵 = 30°
b) The initial angle (𝜃) is given by the Snell Law,
𝑛1 sin(𝜃) = 𝑛2 sin(𝜃𝐴 )
Solving for 𝜃,
𝑛2
𝜃 = sin−1 ( ⋅ sin(𝜃𝐴 ))
𝑛1

𝜃 = 48,9°
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Unit 2 – Step 3

c) Now, if light is incident at B at the critical angle, then 𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝐶 = 60°, so

𝜃𝐴 = 180° − 90° − 𝜃𝐵

𝜃𝐴 = 30°

d) Using the equation of the item b, we find the initial angle as,

𝑛2
𝜃 = sin−1 ( ⋅ sin(𝜃𝐴 ))
𝑛1

𝜃 = 26.18°
e) Finally, We consider the case at which light is incident at point A at Brewster’s angle, in
this sense,
𝑛3
𝜃𝐴 = tan−1 ( )
𝑛2

𝜃𝐴 = 40.91°
Again, by geometry we find that,
𝜃𝐵 = 180° − 90° − 𝜃𝐴

𝜃𝐵 = 49.09°
f) Using the equation of the item b, we find the initial angle as,

𝑛2
𝜃 = sin−1 ( ⋅ sin(𝜃𝐴 ))
𝑛1
So,

𝜃 = 35.5°
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Unit 2 – Step 3

Problem 3 Maiger ovalle

In about A.D. 150, Claudius Ptolemy gave the following measured values for the angle of
incidence 𝜃1 and the angle of refraction 𝜃2 for a light beam passing from air to water:

Answer:

Assuming these data are consistent with the law of refraction, use them to find the index of
refraction of water. These data are interesting as perhaps the oldest recorded physical
measurements.

𝑛1 sin ∅1 = 𝑛2 sin ∅2

𝑛1 sin ∅1
= 𝑛2
sin ∅2

1 sin 10° 0.17364

= 𝑛2 = = 1.24771
sin 8° 0.13917

1 sin 20° 0.34202

= 𝑛2 = = 1.27983
sin 15.5° 0.26723

1 sin 30° 0.5

= 𝑛2 = = 1.30656
sin 22.5° 0.38628

1 sin 40° 0.64278

= 𝑛2 = = 1.32585
sin 29° 0.48480
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Unit 2 – Step 3

1 sin 50° 0.76604

= 𝑛2 = = 1.33555
sin 35° 0.57357

1 sin 60° 0.86602

= 𝑛2 = = 1.33347
sin 40.5° 0.64944

1 sin 70° 0.93969

= 𝑛2 = = 1.31747
sin 45.5° 0.71325

1 sin 80° 0.98480

= 𝑛2 = = 1.28557
sin 50° 0.76604

𝑛1 ∅1 ∅2 𝑛2

1 10° 8° 1.24771

1 20° 15°30'= (15.5°) 1.27983

1 30° 22°30'= (22.5°) 1.30656

1 40° 29° 1.32585

1 50° 35° 1.33555

1 60° 40°30'= (40.5°) 1.33347

1 70° 45°30'= (45.5°) 131747

1 80° 50° 1.28557

(Gutierrez Ramos, 2018)

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Unit 2 – Step 3

Problem 4 john zuluaga

In the following figure a 2 m-long vertical pole extends from the bottom of a swimming pool to a
point 50.0 cm above the water. Sunlight is incident at angle 𝜃=60°. What is the length of the
shadow of the pole on the level bottom of the pool?

Answer:

The angle of incidence is calculated

𝜃1 = 90° − 60°

𝜃1 = 30°

The air refraction index is 𝑛1 = 1

The water refraction index is 𝑛2 = 1.33

𝑛2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃2 = 𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1
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Unit 2 – Step 3
𝑛
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃2 = 𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1 We clear in the equation 𝜃2
2

𝑛
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 (𝑛1 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝜃1 ) We replace the known data
2

1
𝜃2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛(30°))
1.33

𝜃2 = 22.08°

We apply trigonometry law of Tangent with the angle 60°

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

We clear the adjacent, to find the shadow with respect to that angle
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑠1 We say that adjacent is the shadow "𝑠1 "

50𝑐𝑚
𝑠1 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛(60°)

𝑠1 = 28.87 𝑐𝑚

We apply trigonometry law of Tangent with the angle 22.08°

𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

We clear the adjacent, to find the shadow with respect to that angle
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

𝐴𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑠2 We say that adjacent is the shadow "𝑠2 "

150𝑐𝑚
𝑠2 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛(22.08°)

𝑠2 = 123.26 𝑐𝑚

The shadow that is generated will be the sum of 𝑠1 + 𝑠2

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Unit 2 – Step 3

𝑠 = 𝑠1 + 𝑠2

𝑠 = 28.87 + 123.26

𝑠 = 152.13 𝑐𝑚

The length of the shadow of the pole on the level bottom of the pool is 152.13 cm
 22
Unit 2 – Step 3

Practical exercise

Microsoft Excel
Worksheet

Microsoft Excel
Worksheet
 23
Unit 2 – Step 3

Conclusions

The use of wireless communication technology is fast becoming the fastest working platform,
the mobile devices along with their associated transmission infrastructure are spreading. Mobile devices
allow us to improve communication and are becoming an integral part of how we live and work. They
can reinforce work productivity, they can improve service capabilities.
 24
Unit 2 – Step 3

References
Franco Garcia, A. (09 de 04 de 2018). http://www.sc.ehu.es. Obtenido de http://www.sc.ehu.es:
http://www.sc.ehu.es/sbweb/fisica_/ondas/reflex_trans/snell/snell.html

Gutierrez Ramos, W. A. (28 de 03 de 2018). Google Drive. Obtenido de Google Drive:

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1_lUkNTSd-1cIWO0OD67nFlkdocm98ne_

Microwaves101.com. (s.f.). Obtenido de https://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedias/transmission-

line-loss

Romero Medina, O. L., & Bautista Ballén, M. (2011). Hipertexto Fisica 2. Bogota: Santillana.

Tomasi, W. (2003). Sistemas de comunicaciones Electrónicas. Mexico: Pearson.

WindTechTv. (12 de Junio de 2013). www.windtechtv.org. Obtenido de www.windtechtv.org:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTakwkDtBDw