BFC32803

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Staircase Design

Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini

rizuan@uthm.edu.my

14/09/2015
 Introduction
Lift/ Elevator
Escalator
VS
Staircase

Why we still need staircase?

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Introduction
A stair is a convenient means of
access between the floors of a
building.

It is constructed to provide ready,

easy, comfortable and safe
ascent/descent.

It consists of a flight of steps,

usually with one or more
intermediate landings provided
between the floor levels.

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Introduction
R = Raiser
G = Going
h = Waist
N = Nosing
Ø = Slope
T = Tread

The basic terminology of stairs

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Introduction
The dimension of stair should be such as to give the maximum
comfort to the users, which depends on the use of the building.

Basic guideline:

- Public buildings: R is not more than 180mm, G shall not be less

than 255mm, whereas

- Private buildings: R is not more than 200mm, G are varies

between 250mm to 400mm.

For comfort R and G can be proportioned according to the

following formula; (2 x R) + G = 600mm (BS 5395)

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Introduction
For optimum requirement:

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Classification of Staircase
Two main classifications of staircase related to the design
method:

Transverse span staircase Longitudinal span staircase

 Staircases which spans  It spans parallel to the stair
perpendicular to the stair flight.
flight.  Two supports at upper and
lower of stair flight with no
lateral flight support.
 Design: one unit of step is  Design: similar to the design
taken as a beam. of one way spanning slab.
 Area of reinforcement is
determined like a beam.

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Classification of Staircase
Transverse- and longitudinal-span staircase are further
subdivided to the following:

Transverse span staircase

Staircase span Cantilever staircase
Cantilever staircase
between support on from the middle
from wall on one side
both beam
Transverse Transverse Transverse

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Classification of Staircase
Transverse span staircase – cantilever staircase

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Classification of Staircase
Transverse- and longitudinal-span staircase are further
subdivided to the following:

Longitudinal span staircase

 Monolithic staircase
 Staircase with landing
supported by beam/wall
 Staircase and landing built
into the wall
 Staircase supported by
landing perpendicular to the
stair flight
 Staircase surrounding
openings
BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Classification of Staircase
Longitudinal span staircase

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Classification of Staircase
Longitudinal span staircase

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Type of Staircase
Depend mainly on the type and function of the building, and on
architectural requirements.
Type of staircase:
- Straight flight (floor to floor, with/out landing, used where
space is limited)
- Quarter turn (rises to landing between floors, turn to 90°,
space saving)
- Half turn/dog-legged (rises to landing between floors, turn to
180°, used in most building)
- Geometrical (spiral, elliptical, extravagant, used in prestigious
building)

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Type of Staircase

a) Straight stair spanning b) Straight stair spanning

longitudinally horizontally

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

14/09/2015
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Type of Staircase

c) Free-standing stair d) Helical stair

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

14/09/2015
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Type of Staircase

e) Spiral stair f) Slabless stair

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

14/09/2015
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
Support Condition

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Support Condition
Landings and flights as
cranked slab between
Cast in- beams of structural frame
situ
Structural spine
supports wall
provides
stability
to stairs Stairs
supported
by spine Beam
wall supports
cranked
e) Spiral stair f) Slabless stair slab
Cranked
slab
BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II
14/09/2015
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
Support Condition

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
Support Condition

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 General Design Consideration
The reinforced concrete stairs should be designed generally similar
to reinforced concrete slabs, except as indicated otherwise.

1. Actions

When considering the permanent load for the flights of stair, care
should be taken to ensure that a sufficient allowance is made to
cater the weight of the steps and finishes as well as the increase
loading on plan occasioned by the inclination of the waist.

Where stair with open wells have two intersecting landings at

right-angles to each other, the actions on the areas common to
both spans may be divided equally between the spans.

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

14/09/2015
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 General Design Consideration
2. Bending Moments and Shear Forces
Stair slabs and landings should be designed to support the
most unfavorable arrangements of design loads.

For example, where a span is adjacent to a cantilever of length

exceeding one third of the span of the slab, the case should be
considered of maximum load on the cantilever and minimum
load on the adjacent span.

Stairs which are continuous and constructed monolithically with

their supporting slabs or beams can be designed for a bending
moment of say FL/10, where F is the total ultimate load.

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

14/09/2015
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 General Design Consideration
3. Effective Spans

The effective span of stairs spanning between beams or walls is

the distance between centre-line of supporting beams or walls.

The effective span of stairs spanning between landing slabs is

the distance between centre-line of supporting landing slabs, or
the distance between the edges of the supporting slabs plus
1.8 m, whichever is the smaller.

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

14/09/2015
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 General Design Consideration
4. Detailing

The reinforcement arrangement in stair flights follows a

standard pattern. Deviation from this is not recommended
unless a specific need arises. Longitudinal steel is the main
reinforcement and in the transverse direction the minimum
percentage of steel is provided as “distribution steel” to help
prevent cracking.

Strength requirements are not always critical for stair slabs. It is

therefore essential that the other limit states are checked:
a. Deflection
b. Cracking
c. Min. % As
BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 General Design Consideration
5. Bar Arrangement

Reinforcement should also be provided in the compression zone

with distance 0.3L for flight and 0.2L for landing (from support).

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Concept of Design
Flight and landing Flight and landing
monolithically separately

 Simply supported stair  Flight perpendicular to

1 flight + 1 landing landing in the direction of
 Flight perpendicular to load distribution (Ly)
landing in Lx  Sharing spanning landing
Condition of support at Condition of support at
landing is simply support landing is 3-edge-support

Example: Half-turn Example: U-turn, parallel flights

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Concept of Design
Exact design should be based on the requirement of
reinforcements
Monolithic or separated ?

Ly (landing) Le (flight)
Check direction of
main reinforcement
and deflection
control

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Concept of Design
Monolithic or separated ?

Check the
conditions of
landing and flight

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Procedure of Design
Identify type of staircase Monolithic/separated
Determine R, G, hf, hL Comfort requirement & T4.7N
Calculate average thicknesses y and t
Calculate actions Gk, Qk, nk for flight/landing
Calculate moment and shear Simple support/with cantilever
Design main reinforcement d, k, z, As, Asmax, Asmin, Assec
Check shear resistance k, ρ1, VRd,c, Vmin
Check deflection ρ, ρo ,l/d, fmodification
Check cracking h, Smax,slab, max. bar spacing
Detailing main/secondary
BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II
by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)
 Example
1) Example 1
- Stair Spanning Longitudinally Continuous Over Supports
2) Example 2
- Stair Spanning Longitudinally with Landing and Continuous
at One End
3) Example 3
- Staircase Spanning Parallel to Flight with Landings
4) Example 4
- Stair Supported by Landing Spanning Perpendicular to Stair
Flight (Half Turn)
.

5) Example 5
- Stair Supported by Landing Spanning Perpendicular to Stair Flight
(Quarter Turn)
 References
1) M. S. Yassin. Reinforced Concrete Design To Eurocode 2.
Johor: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 2012.
2) B. Mosley, J. Bungey and R. Hulse. Reinforced Concrete
Design To Eurocode 2. 7th Ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan,
2012.
3) A. J. Bond, O. Brooker, A. J. Harris, T. Harisson, R. M. Moss,
R. S. Narayanan and R. Webster. How To Design Concrete
Structures Using Eurocode 2. Surrey: The Concrete Centre,
2006.

BFC32803 Reinforced Concrete Design II

by Dr. Zainorizuan Mohd Jaini (rizuan@uthm.edu.my)