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Mobile Technology Telecommunication: Early Telecommunications

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Mobile technology

Telecommunication is the transmission of messages, over significant distances, for


the purpose of communication. In earlier times, telecommunications involved the use of
visual signals, such as smoke, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical
heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud
whistles,

Early telecommunications
In the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of
relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single
bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted"
had to be agreed upon in advance.

The telegraph and the telephone

The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed by Sir Charles Wheatstone and
Sir William Fothergill Cooke, and its use began on April 9, 1839. Both Wheatstone and
Cooke viewed their device as "an improvement to the [already-existing, so-called]
electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device.[5]

Basic elements

A basic telecommunication system consists of three primary units that are always present
in some form:
I. A transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal.
II. A transmission medium, also called the "physical channel" that carries the signal. An
example of this is the "free space channel".
III. A receiver that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable
information

Mobile technology is a collective term used to describe the various types of cellular
communication technology. Mobile CDMA technology has evolved quite rapidly over
the past few years. Since the beginning of this millennium, a standard mobile device has
gone from being no more than a simple two-way pager to being a cellular phone, GPS
navigation system, an embedded web browser, and Instant Messenger client, and a hand-
held video gaming system. Many experts argue that the future of computer technology
rests in mobile/wireless computing.

Operating systems

There are many types of Smartphone operating systems available, including: Symbian,
Android, Blackberry, Palm Pre, Apple iOS, Windows Mobile Professional (touch
screen), and Windows Mobile Standard (non-touch screen). Among the most popular are
the Apple iPhone, and the newest - Android. Android is a mobile operating system (OS)
Mobile technology

developed by Google. Android is the first completely open source mobile OS, meaning
that it is free to any cell phone carrier. The Apple iPhone, which has several OSs like the
3G and 3G S, is the most popular smart phone at this time, because of its customizable
OS which you can use to download applications made by Apple (often referred to simply
as "Apps") like games, GPS, Utilities, and other tools. Any user can also create their own
Apps and publish them to Apple's App Store. The Palm Pre has an OS that has
functionality over the Internet and is able to support Internet-based programming
languages such as CSS, HTML, and JavaScript. The BlackBerry RIM is a SmartPhone
that has a multimedia player and third-party software installation. The Windows Mobile
Professional Smartphones (Pocket PC or Windows Mobile PDA) are like that of a PDA
and have touchscreen capabilities. The Windows Mobile Standard does not have a touch
screen but uses a trackball, touchpad, rockers, etc.

0G:These early mobile telephone systems can be distinguished from earlier closed
radiotelephone systems in that they were available as a commercial service that was part
of the public switched telephone network, with their own telephone numbers, rather than
part of a closed network such as a police radio or taxi dispatch system.

These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models
were also made. Typically, the transceiver (transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the
vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the
driver seat.

They were sold through WCCs (Wireline Common Carriers, AKA telephone companies),
RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers.

Mobile Telephone System (MTS): was one of the earliest mobile telephone standards. It
was operator assisted both directions, meaning that if you were called from a land line the
call would be routed to a mobile operator, who would route it to your phone. Similarly, to
make an outbound call you had to go through the mobile operator, who would ask you for
your mobile number and the number you were calling, and then would place the call

MTD: (Swedish abbreviation for Mobiltelefonisystem D, or Mobile telephony system D)


was a manual mobile phone system for the 450 MHz frequency band. It was introduced
in 1971 in Sweden, and lasted until 1987, when it was made obsolete by the NMT
automatic service. The MTD network had 20,000 users at its peak, with 700 people
employed as phone operators.

MTD was also implemented in Denmark and in Norway (from 1976), which allowed
roaming within the Scandinavian countries.

MTA: IN Sweden, the first mobile phone system was MTA (for Mobiltelefonisystem A),
which was introduced in 1956, and lasted until 1967. It was a 160 MHz system available
in Stockholm and Gothenburg, with 125 total subscribers. The second system, MTB (for
Mobiltelefonisystem B), had transistorized mobile sets, was introduced in 1962, and lasted
Mobile technology

until 1983. It operated in the 76–77.5 and 81–82.5 MHz bands, was also available in
Malmö, and had around 600 subscribers.

OLT :In Norway, the first mobile phone system was OLT, introduced in 1966. In 1981 it
had 30,000 subscribers, which made it the world's largest at the time.

1G: (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were
introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital
telecommunications. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone
systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G
networks are digital.

AMPS was a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies, or


"channels", for each conversation (see FDMA). It therefore required considerable
bandwidth for a large number of users. In general terms, AMPS was very similar to the
older "0G" Improved Mobile Telephone Service, but used considerably more computing
power in order to select frequencies, hand off conversations to PSTN lines, and handle
billing and call setup.

2G : (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second


generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM
standard in Finland by Radiolinja[1] (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. Three primary
benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were
digitally encrypted, 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum
allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services
for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Groupe Spécial
Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. The
GSM Association, its promoting industry trade organization of mobile phone carriers and
manufacturers, estimates that 80% of the global mobile market uses the standard.[1] GSM
is used by over 4.3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories.[2][3] Its
ubiquity enables international roaming arrangements between mobile phone operators,
providing subscribers the use of their phones in many parts of the world. GSM differs
from its predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital,
and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. This also
facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data communication applications into the
system.

CDMA or "code division multiple access" is a digital radio system that transmits streams
of bits (PN codes). CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike
TDMA "time division multiple access", a competing system used in 2G GSM, all radios
can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of
Mobile technology

active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-
sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based
standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency-division multiplexing.

2.5G (GPRS)

2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term
"second and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented
packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily
provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data
services (HSCSD) as well.

2.75G (EDGE)

EDGE takes GSM even further. GSM, which stands for Global System for Mobile
communications, reigns as the world’s most widely used cell phone technology.

EDGE, which stands for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, is a faster version of
GSM. EDGE is a high-speed 3G technology that was built upon the GSM standard.

EDGE networks are designed to deliver multimedia applications such as streaming


television, audio and video to mobile phones at speeds up to 384 Kbps. Such speeds still
pale in comparison, though, to standard DSL and high-speed cable access today.

High-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD), is an enhancement to circuit switched data


(CSD), the original data transmission mechanism of the GSM mobile phone system, four
times faster than GSM, with data rates up to 38.4 kbit/s.

General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available
to all users of the 2G cellular communication systems global system for mobile
communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides
data rates of 56-114 kbit/second [1]

GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time,
independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS
is a best-effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain
quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.

Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) (also known as Enhanced GPRS
(EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC), or Enhanced Data rates for Global
Evolution) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows
improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE is
considered a 3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition.[1] EDGE was
Mobile technology

deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003— initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in


the United States.[2EDGE can be used for any packet switched application, such as an
Internet connection. EDGE-delivered data services create a broadband internet-like
experience for the mobile phone user. High bandwidth data applications such as video
services and other multimedia benefit from EGPRS' increased data capacity.

3G:International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), better known as 3G


or 3rd Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications fulfilling
specifications by the International Telecommunication Union,[1] which includes UMTS,
and CDMA2000 as well as the non-mobile wireless standards DECT[citation needed] and
WiMAX[citation needed]. While the GSM EDGE standard also fulfils the IMT-2000
specification, EDGE phones are typically not branded 3G. Services include wide-area
wireless voice telephone, video calls, and wireless data, all in a mobile environment.
Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data
services and higher data rates (at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate to fulfill to IMT-2000
specification). Today's 3G systems can in practice offer up to 14.0 Mbit/s (1.75 MB/s) on
the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s (0.725 MB/s) on the uplink.

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is one of the third-generation


(3G) mobile telecommunications technologies, which is also being developed into a 4G
technology. The first deployment of the UMTS is the release99 (R99) architecture. It is
specified by 3GPP and is part of the global ITU IMT-2000 standard. The most common
form of UMTS uses W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) as the underlying air interface but
the system also covers TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA (both IMT CDMA TDD). Being a
complete network system, UMTS also covers the radio access network (UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network, or UTRAN) and the core network (Mobile
Application Part, or MAP), as well as authentication of users via USIM cards (Subscriber
Identity Module).

W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), UMTS-FDD, UTRA-FDD, or


IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread is an air interface standard found in 3G mobile
telecommunications networks. It is the basis of Japan's NTT DoCoMo's FOMA service
and the most-commonly used member of the UMTS family and sometimes used as a
synonym for UMTS.[1] It utilizes the DS-CDMA channel access method and the FDD
duplexing method to achieve higher speeds and support more users compared to most
time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes used today.

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications
not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

• Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone


where it can be watched.
• Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
• Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
• Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially
isolated subscriber.
Mobile technology

• Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic


conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby
businesses or friends.

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on extensions to 3G standard that are
based on an all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies
such as MIMO, these specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-
Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth
requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile
operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third


generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet
Access (HSPA) family, also dubbed 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks
based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data
transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds
of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with HSPA+,
which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of
the 3GPP standards.[1].

High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a 3G mobile telephony protocol in


the HSPA family with up-link speeds up to 5.76 Mbit/s. The name HSUPA was
created by Nokia.

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications


protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. The current WiMAX
revision provides up to 40 Mbit/s[1][2] with the IEEE 802.16m update expected offer up to
1 Gbit/s fixed speeds. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which
was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The
forum describes WiMAX[3] as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last
mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".[4]

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

About IEEE
IEEE is the world’s largest professional association dedicated to advancing technological
innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity. IEEE and its members inspire a
global community through IEEE's highly cited publications, conferences, technology
standards, and professional and educational activities.

IEEE 802.11 A way to get Internet access, the term Wi Fi is a play upon the decades-old
term HiFi that describes the type of output generated by quality musical hardware, Wi Fi
stands for Wireless Fidelity and is used to define any of the wireless technology in the
IEEE 802.11 specification.
Mobile technology

IEEE 802.20 or Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) is an IEEE Standard to


enable worldwide deployment of multi-vendor interoperable mobile broadband wireless
access networks[1]

4G:refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G


and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a
change in the fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission
technology and new frequency bands. The first was the move from 1981 analogue (1G)
to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media
support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, soon expected to be
followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband
(gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.[citation needed] Pre-4G technologies such
as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have been available
on the market since 2006[1] and 2009[2][3][4] respectively.

LTE Advanced is a preliminary mobile communication standard, formally submitted as


a candidate 4G systems to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be finalized in 2011.[1]
It is standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as a major
enhancement of the pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard.

IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards authored by the IEEE. The
current version is IEEE 802.16-2009 amended by IEEE 802.16j-2009.

IEEE 802.16 is written by a working group established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999
to develop standards for the global deployment of broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area
Networks. The Workgroup is a unit of the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee.

Advantages:
• you can carry a mobile phone with you so you don't miss important calls
• if you are lost, you can call for directions
• if you are in an accident, you can call the police or ambulance - and if the phone has a
camera, you can take pictures of the accident
• you can listen to music, text, play games when you're bored
• most mobile phones have a calculator and a phone book
• you can use a mobile phone to call your customers or boss if you are running late to a
meeting
Disadvantages:
• mobile phones can be expensive
• they can damage your ear
• sometimes the reception is poor in some areas, limiting your connectivity (you can't talk
underground or on planes)
• people use bluetooth and the camera in bad ways
• people use the phone while they are driving, and this can cause problems

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