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    Tugas Turbin Resume Chapter 3-Two-Dimensional Cascades: Turbo Cascade

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    zuhdy
    This document discusses two-dimensional cascades and cascade tunnels used to study turbomachinery. It describes two main types of cascade tunnels - low-speed operating below 60 m/s and high-speed for testing compressible flows. Key cascade parameters are defined such as camber line shape, thickness distribution, spacing, and angles. Forces on cascades are analyzed using momentum and continuity equations. Non-dimensional coefficients are introduced to describe pressure rise, tangential force, lift and drag.

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    Tugas Turbin Resume Chapter 3-Two-Dimensional Cascades: Turbo Cascade

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    zuhdy
    50 views6 pages
    This document discusses two-dimensional cascades and cascade tunnels used to study turbomachinery. It describes two main types of cascade tunnels - low-speed operating below 60 m/s and high-speed for testing compressible flows. Key cascade parameters are defined such as camber line shape, thickness distribution, spacing, and angles. Forces on cascades are analyzed using momentum and continuity equations. Non-dimensional coefficients are introduced to describe pressure rise, tangential force, lift and drag.

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    Bab 3 Turbin

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    This document discusses two-dimensional cascades and cascade tunnels used to study turbomachinery. It describes two main types of cascade tunnels - low-speed operating below 60 m/s and high-speed for testing compressible flows. Key cascade parameters are defined such as camber line shape, thickness distribution, spacing, and angles. Forces on cascades are analyzed using momentum and continuity equations. Non-dimensional coefficients are introduced to describe pressure rise, tangential force, lift and drag.

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    50 views6 pages

    Tugas Turbin Resume Chapter 3-Two-Dimensional Cascades: Turbo Cascade

    Uploaded by

    zuhdy
    This document discusses two-dimensional cascades and cascade tunnels used to study turbomachinery. It describes two main types of cascade tunnels - low-speed operating below 60 m/s and high-speed for testing compressible flows. Key cascade parameters are defined such as camber line shape, thickness distribution, spacing, and angles. Forces on cascades are analyzed using momentum and continuity equations. Non-dimensional coefficients are introduced to describe pressure rise, tangential force, lift and drag.

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    of 6

    Tugas Turbin Resume

    Chapter 3-Two-dimensional Cascades


    Turbo Cascade
    The operation of any turbomachines is directly dependent upon changes in
    the working fluid’s angular momentum as it crosses individual blade rows. A
    deeper insight of turbomachinery mechanics may be gained from consideration of
    the flow changes and forces exerted within these individual blade rows. The linear
    cascade of blades comprises a number of identical blades, equally spaced and parallel to
    one another

    Two main types of cascade tunnel are:


    1. low-speed, operating in the range 20 60 m/s

    Fig 3.1 Conventional low-speed, continuous running cascade tunnel


    2. high-speed, for the compressible flow range of testing

    Fig 3.2 Transonic/supersonic cascade

    Blade Nomenclature
    Fig 3.3 Blade Nomenclature
    Cascade Nomenclature

    Fig 3.4 Cascade Nomenclature


    Useful Parameter
     Camber line shape: mainly, circular or parabolic arc
     Type of thickness distribution  t x

    t max b a
     also, the following ratios 
    l l l
    s
     Space – chord ratio 
    l
      '1 and  ' 2
     Camber angle     '1  ' 2

     Stagger angle   
    1
     '1  ' 2 
    2
    b
     '1    tan 1 l
    a l  2

    b
     ' 2    tan 1 l

    1 a
    l

    2

    Cascade Forces

    Fig 3.5 Forces and velocities in a blade cascade


    Applying the principle of continuity to a unit depth of span and noting the
    assumption of incompressibility, yields
    c1 cos 1  c2 cos  2  c x
    The momentum equation applied in the x and y directions with constant axial
    velocity gives,
    X   p2  p1 s

    Y  sc x c y1  c y 2  or Y  sc x tan 1  tan  2 


    2

    Energy Losses

    Loss in total pressure 


    p 0


    p1  p 2


    2

    1 2
    c1  c 2
    2

    2

    Noting that c1  c2  c y1  c x  c y 2  c x
    2 2 2
      2 2
      c y1  c y 2 c y1  c y 2 
    p 0

    1
     X  Y tan  m 
     s
    where

    tan  m 
    1
    tan  1  tan  2 
    2
    A non-dimensional form:
    p 0
    
    1 c 2
    2 x
    p 0
     
    1 c 2
    2 1
    pressure rise coefficient C p and a tangential force coefficient C f

    p 2  p1 X 
    Cp   
    1 c x 2 1 sc x 2
    2 2 
    C p  C f tan  m  
     2tan  1  tan  2 
    Y
    Cf 
    1 sc x 2 
    2 

    Lift and Drag

    Fig 3.6 Lift and drag forces exerted by a cascade blade (of unit span) upon the
    fluid.
    Drag
    D  Y sin  m  X cos  m
     cos  m Y tan  m  X 
     sp0 cos  m

    Lift
    L  X sin  m  Y cos  m
     Y tan  m  sp0 sin  m  Y cos  m
     Y sec  m  sp0 sin  m
     sc x tan  1  tan  2 sec  m  sp0 sin  m
    2

    Lift and Drag Coefficients


    L
    CL 
    1 c 2 l
    2 m
    sc x 2 tan  1  tan  2 sec  m  sp 0 sin  m

    1 c 2 l
    2 m
     2 cos  m tan  1  tan  2   C D tan  m
    s
    l
    s  sin 2 m 
     cos  m  C f   
    l  2 
    D
    CL 
    1 c m 2 l
    2
    sp 0 cos  m

    1 c m 2 l
    2
    s
      cos 3  m
    l
    As  m is unlikely to exceed 60 deg, C D tan  m can be dropped.

    L C L 2 sec 2  m C
      tan 1  tan  2   f sec 2  m
    D CD  

    Fig 3.7 Axial and tangential forces exerted by unit span of a blade upon the fluid.
    Circulation and lift
    The lift of a single isolated aerofoil for the ideal case when D D 0 is given by the
    Kutta Joukowski theorem
    L=c
    The cascade wind tunnel

    Fif 3.7 Cascade wind tunnel

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