MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2 : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS, HYPERBOLIC & INVERSE

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

At the end of this chapter, student must be able to :

i. Identify inverse trigonometric, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions.

ii. Differentiate the functions using appropriate derivative rules.

iii. Integrate the functions.

iv. Differentiate inverse trigonometric, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic

functions using logarithmic differentiation.

2.1 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The six basic trigonometric functions are not 1-1 (their values repeat, so we can restrict the
domain to intervals in which they are 1-1.

Domain Restrictions that make the Trigo Functions 1-1

Function Domain Range

sin x  π / 2 , π / 2  1,1
cos x 0 , π  1,1
tan x  π / 2 , π / 2   , 
csc x  π / 2 ,0  0 , π / 2   ,1  1, 
sec x 0 , π / 2  π / 2 , π   ,1  1, 
cot x 0 , π    , 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

Since the restricted functions are now 1-1, they have inverses which we denote by

i. y  sin 1 x or y  arc sin x

ii. y  cos 1 x or y  arc cos x

iii. y  tan 1 x or y  arc tan x

and etc and we call this function as the inverse trigonometric functions

Definition :

i. y  sin 1 x is defined to be the inverse of sin x ,  π / 2 , π / 2 for which sin y  x

ii. y  cos 1 x is defined to be the inverse of cos x , 0 , π for which cos y  x

iii. y  tan 1 x is defined to be the inverse of tan x ,  π / 2 , π / 2 for which tan y  x

Note :
D f  R f 1
R f  D f 1

Therefore,

Function Domain Range

sin 1 x  1,1  π / 2 , π / 2

cos 1 x  1,1 0 , π

tan 1 x   ,   π / 2 , π / 2

csc 1 x   ,1  1,   π / 2 ,0  0 , π / 2

sec 1 x   ,1  1,  0 , π / 2  π / 2 , π

cot 1 x   ,  0 , π 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

Graphs of ITF

y y
y  sin 1 x
π π
2

y  cos 1 x
x
1 π
1
2

π
 x
2 1
1

π
2 y  tan 1 x

π

2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2.1.1 Simplifying Expression Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

To simplify the inverse trigonometric expression, we use the triangle method .

Steps to be taken when using triangle method :

S1: Find the term of inverse function and use the relationship of inverse functions

S2: Draw the triangle and use Phythagoras to find all the sides

S3: Refer if related to trigonometric identities if it is related and use the information in S2

Trigonometric Identities

Fundamental Identities in Trigonometry

1. sin 2 θ  cos 2 θ  1

2. 1  tan 2 θ  sec 2 θ

3. 1  cot 2 θ  csc 2 θ

4. sin θ   sin θ

5. cos θ  cos θ

Double Angle Identities

1. sin 2A  2 sin A cos A

2. cos 2A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A
 2 cos 2 A  1
 1  2 sin 2 A
2 tan A
3. tan 2A 
1  tan 2 A

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

Sum and Difference Identities

1. sinA  B  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

2. cosA  B  cos A cos B   sin A sin B
tan A  tan B
3. tan A  B 
1  tan A tan B
Example :

Using Triangle Method, simplify the following questions :

 2 
1. sin  cos 1
 2 


Solution:

2
Let A = cos 1 2
2
2
2
cos A =
2
2
2  2 
sin A    
2  2 
2
=
2 2
1
=
2

  1  1
2. tan  sin 1     Ans : 
  2  3

3.   
csc sec 1 2  cos tan 1  3   Ans :
4 3
2 3
 1 1
4. sin sin 1   cos 1   Ans : 1
 2 2
 x x2 4
5. sec  tan 1  Ans 2:
 2 2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

 x  x
6. sin tan 1  Ans :
  2
 x 2
 1  2x 1

Past Semester Exams

a)
 3 π
cos  2 sin 1    A : - 24/25
5 2 
 
b) tan cos ec 12y A : 1 / 4 y 2  1

  1  2 30  1 π  4 
c) cos  sin 1   csc 1 3 A: d) tan   cot 1   A:-9
 4  12 4  5 
  1   2 3  1
e) sin  cos 1   sec 1 2 A : f) sin  2 csc 1  A : 2x 1  x 2
 2 3  x
  3 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2.2 DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS

2.2.1 Derivatives of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

If u is any differentiable function of x, then

1.
d
dx
 
sin 1 u 
1

du
dx
, u 1 √
1 u 2

2.
d
dx
 
cos 1 u  
1

du
, u 1 √
1  u 2 dx
3.
d
dx
 
tan 1 u 
1
1 u 2

du
dx
√

4.
d
dx
 
sec 1 u 
1

du
, u 1
u 2 u 2  1 dx

5.
d
dx
 
csc 1 u  
1 du
 , u 1
u2 u  1 dx
2

6.
d
dx
 
cot 1 u  
1
1 u 2

du
dx

So, from the formula above we can derive the following formula :

1.
d
dx
 
sin 1 x 
1
, 1 x  1
1 x 2
2.
d
dx
 
cos 1 x  
1
, 1 x  1
1 x 2
3.
d
dx
 
tan 1 x 
1
1 x 2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

Example :
dy
1. Find for the following functions:
dx
a) y  sin 1 3x

Solution :

y  sin 1 3 x
dy 1 d
  3x 
dx 1  3 x  2 dx
3
=
1  9x 2

1 1
b) y  tan 1 Ans :  2
x x 1
3x 2
c) y  cos 1 x 3 Ans : 
6
1 x
2
d) y  sec 1 e 2x Ans :
e 4x  1

1 1 1
e) y ;y Ans :  ;  cos ec 2 x
tan 1
x tan x 1  x tan x 
2 1 2

2. Differentiate the following equation

a) y  e x sec 1 x

Solution :
y  e x sec 1 x
y  e x  sec 1 x
 
dy
dx

 ex 
 x
  1  1

  sec x e
x
 
 x2 1
ex
=  e x sec 1 x
x x 2 1
 
x  1 1
=e  sec x
 x x 2
1 
 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

b) y  sin 1 x  cos 1 x Ans : 0

c) y  sec 1 x  csc 1 x Ans : 0
1
d) y  cot 1 x Ans : 
2 x 1  x 

e) 
y  ln cos 1 x  Ans : 
1
cos 1 x 1  x 2

f) y  x sin
2
 1
x 
3
Ans :

3x 2 sin 1 x 2  2x sin 1 x 3
1 x 2

2.2.2 Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions


dx x
1.  sin1    C
a2  x 2 a


dx 1 x
2.  tan 1    C
a
2
a  x2 a

Example: Solve the integrals

 
dx dx
1. ,
1 x 2 1 x2
1

Solution :


dx
1


4  x2 dx
x 1 x 2
 sin 1    C 1
2


= tan1 x 1
1
=  tan 1
1 tan1  1  
  
=  
4  4
2
=
4

=
2

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

 
dx dx 1 1 3 x  1  2x 
2. , , Ans : sin    C , tan 1   C
4  9x 2 25  4 x 2 3  
2 10  5 
t2

t
t 1
3. dt Ans : tan 1  C
4
9 6 3


3e  x 18 e 2 x  e x   2x 
4.
 4e  16  9e
2 x
dx , 4x
dx Ans :  3 sin 1 
 2 

  C , 3 tan 1  3e
 4  4

 C


 
 cos 2θ  4 dθ
sin 2θ 5 cos 2θ
5. Ans :  tan 1  C
2 4  2 

2.3 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

2.3.1 Hyperbolic Functions

2.3.1.1 Definition of hyperbolic functions and their graphs

Hyperbolic functions are combinations of e x and e  x . They have many properties in common
with the trigonometric functions

Definition :
e x  e x
1. Hyperbolic sine, sinh x 
2
e x  e x
2. Hyperbolic cosine, cosh x 
2
sinh x e x  e  x
3. Hyperbolic tangent, tanh x  
cosh x e x  e  x
1 2
4. Hyperbolic cosecant, csc h x   x
sinh x e  e x
1 2
5. Hyperbolic secant, sec h x   x
cosh x e  e x
1 e x  e x
6. Hyperbolic cotangent, coth x   x
tanh x e  e  x

Find the value of

1
a) sinh 3 b) cosh c) tanh 3
2
Ans : 10.018 Ans : 1.128 Ans : 0.995

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2.3.1.2 Identities for Hyperbolic Functions

1. cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1
2. tanh 2 x  1  sec h2 x ------ Eq (1)  cosh 2 x
3. coth 2 x  1  csc h2 x ------ Eq (1)  sinh 2 x
4. sinh 2x  2 sinh x cosh x
5. cosh 2x  cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x
cosh 2x  1
6. cosh 2 x 
2
cosh 2 x 1
7. sinh 2 x 
2

2.3.1.3 Graphs of Hyperbolic Functions

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2.3.2 The Inverse Hyperbolic Functions(IHF)

Referring to the graph of hyperbolic functions(HF), we can see that HF,

sinh x, tanh x, coth x and csc hx are one to one functions(using Horizontal Line Test). The graph
of cosh x and sec hx are not one to one, so we restricted the domain x  0 . Then all the six
hyperbolic functions are one to one and therefore have their inverses.

2.3.2.1 Graphs of IHF

The graphs of IHF can be obtained by reflecting the HF graphs about the line y  x (Refer the
graphs)
Form of HF Form of IHF
y  sinh x y  sinh 1 x iff x  sinh y
y  cosh x y  cosh 1 x iff x  cosh y
y  tanh x y  tanh 1 x iff x  tanh y

2.3.2.2 Logarithms form of IHF

HF are defined in terms of exponential function, but the IHF can be expressed in logarithm
forms.
sinh 1 x  ln x  x 2  1  ,    x  
 
cosh 1 x  ln x  x 2  1  , x  1
 
1  1 x 
tanh 1 x  ln  , 1 x  1
2  1 x 

Example :

1. Find the value of

a) sinh 1 2 Ans: 1.4436

b) cosh 1 2 Ans: 1.3169

 1
c) tanh 1   Ans: 0.2554
4

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2.3.2.3 Graphs of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2.4 DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS INVOLVING HYPERBOLIC AND INVERSE

HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

2.4.1 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Function

If u is any differentiable function of x,

1.
d
sinh u  cosh u  du
dx dx
2.
d
cosh u  sinh u  du
dx dx
3.
d
tanh u  sec h u  du
2
dx dx
4.
d
sec h u   sec h u tanh u  du
dx dx
5.
d
ccsh u   csc h u coth u  du
dx dx
6.
d
coth u   csc h 2 u  du
dx dx

Example :

1. Differentiate the following functions:

x
a) y  6 sinh  
3

Solution :

x 
y  6 sinh  
3
dy d   x 
6  sinh  
dx dx   3 
 x  1
= 6 cosh  
 3  3
 x 
= 2 cosh  
 3 
y  sinh 2x  1
1
b) Ans: cosh  2 x  1 
2

c) f t   2 t tanh t Ans: sec h 2 t 

 
tanh t
t
 1 1 1
d) gt   t 2 tanh   Ans:  sec h 2    2t tanh 
t t  t 
e) y  lnsinh z  Ans: coth z

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

f) y  lncosh z Ans: tanh z

g) y  sec h 1  ln sec h  Ans: ln sec h  sec h tanh
h) y  csc h 1  ln csc h  Ans: csc h coth ln csc h  
1
i) y  ln cosh v  tanh 2 v Ans: tanh3 v
2
1
j) y  ln sinh v  coth 2 v Ans: coth3 v
2

dy
2. Use logarithmic differentiation to find
dx
a) y  x tanh x

Solution:

tanh x
y x
ln y  ln x tanh x
= tanh x ln x
d
 ln y   d  tanh x ln x 
dx dx
1 d
y dx
  tanh x  
 1 
 x 

   ln x  sec h x
2

dy  tanh x 
y  ln x sec h 2 x 
dx  x 
 tanh x 
= x tanhx   ln sec h 2 x 
 x 

e x cosh 2x
b) y
x ln 2  x 

x
e cosh 2 x  1 1 1 
  2 tanh 2x  
2  x  ln 2  x  
Ans:
x ln2  x   2 x x

x5  3 x 
c) y
x
x sinh 
5

x  5  3x 
 1 3 1 1  x 
Ans:     coth 
 x 
x sinh     2 x 2 5  3 x  x 5  5  
 5 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2..4.2 Integrals of Hyperbolic Function


1
1. sinh ax dx  cosh ax  C
a


1
2. cosh ax dx  sinh ax  C
a


1
3. sec h 2 ax dx  tanh ax  C
a


1
4. cos ech 2 ax dx   coth ax  C
a

Example : Solve the integrals

x 
a)
 sinh 2x dx b)
 6 cosh   dx
5


 x 
Solution: sinh 2x dx Ans: 30 sinh    C
 5 
1
= cosh 2 x  C
2

x 
 
 1
c) tanh  dx d) sec h 2  x   dx
7  2
 x   1
Ans: 7 ln cosh   C Ans: tanh x    C
 7   2

 /4
sec h t tanh t
e)
 t
dt f)

 / 4
cosh tan  sec 2  d

Ans:  2 sec h 2 t C Ans: 2.3504

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

 /2 2
cosh lnt 
g)

0
2 sinhsin   cos  d h)

1
t
dt

3
Ans: 1.086 Ans:
4
4
x 8 cosh x
 

i) 6 cosh   ln 3  dx j) dx
2  x
1
x 
Ans: 12 sinh   ln 3   C Ans: 39.226
2 

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2.4.3 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Function

If u is any differentiable function of x, then

1.
d
dx

sinh 1 u  1

du
√
1  u 2 dx
2.
d
dx

cosh 1 u   1 du
 , u 1 √
u 2  1 dx
3.
d
dx

tanh 1 u   1
1 u 2

du
dx
, u 1 √

4.
d
dx
 
sec h 1u  
1

du
dx
, 0 u1
u 1 u 2

5.
d
dx

csc h 1u  
1
 
du
, u0
u 1  u 2 dx

6.
d
dx

coth 1 u 
1

du
1  u 2 dx
, u 1

Example : Differentiate the following functions :

a) f x   sinh 1tan x 

Solution:

1 d
f 1
x    tan x 
1  tan x 2 dx
1
=  sec 2 x  1
1  tan x 2
sec 2 x
=
1  tan x 2
sec 2 x
=
sec 2 x
= sec x

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

x
f x   sinh 1  , a  0 f ' x  
1
b) Ans :
a x  a2
2

x
f x   2 cosh 1  f ' x  
2
c) Ans :
3 x 9
2

y  x tanh 1 x   ln 1  x 2
dy
d) Ans :  tanh 1 x
dx

 
f x   x 2 sinh 1 2x f ' x   2x 
x
e) Ans :  sinh 1 x 
 
 1  4x
2


f x   tanh 1 x 2  4 f ' x   
x
3  x 
f) Ans :
2
x2  4

g) 
f x   ln cosh 1 2x  Ans : f ' x  
2
2
4x  1 cosh 1 2 x

1
f x  
1
f ' x   
1  x 2  tanh1 x 
h) i) 1
Ans : 2
tanh x

f x  
1
ii) Ans : f ' x    csc h 2 x
tanh x

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 MANUAL CALCULUS II Chapter 2

2.4.4 Integrals of IHF


dx x
1.  sinh 1   C
a x2 2 a


dx x
2.  cosh 1    C
x 2  a2 a


dx 1 xa
3.  ln C
a x
2 2 2a x  a

Example : Solve the integrals :

 
1 1
1. dx Solution:
x2  5 x 2 5
1  x 
= sinh    C
 5
3


dx
2. Ans : 0.9624
x2  4
2

  
1 1
3. dx Ans : cosh 1 3 x  C
3x  1 2 3


dx
4. Ans : 0.3126
9  4x 2
0


1 1 3x  5
5. dx Ans :  ln C
9 x  25
2 30 3 x  5

1/ 2


dx ln 3
6. Ans : @ 0. 5493
1 x 2 2
0


sin θ
7. dθ Ans :  sinh 1 cos    C
1  cos θ 2

Page 41