‫‪ ------‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ،18‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ ،1‬ﺹ‪------ 2007 ،124-111‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬

‫ﻤﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬

‫)ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻼﻡ ‪ ، 2006/3/13‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭل ‪(2006/12/4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺤﺘﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (12‬ﺸﻬﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺩﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻬﺭ ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ ‪ 2000‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺫﺍﺭ‪.2001‬‬
‫ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻷﻭل ﻗﺒل ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل )ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺇﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺤﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﻴﺭﻓﺔ( ﻭﺃﻵﺨﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺇﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺼﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻟﺒﻭﺴﻴﻑ‪ .‬ﺃﺜﺭ ﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻗﺒﻴل ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻓﻼﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ )‪ (400‬ﺃﻟﻑ ﻡ‪/3‬ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﺃﺒﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺃﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻁﻌﻡ ﻭﻟﻭﻥ ﻭﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺼﻴﻔﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺫﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺒﻪ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺃﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻜﺴﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻟﺘﻐﺫﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻹﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻹﺴﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

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 ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬ 112

Quality Difference Between Two Location on Tigris

River Within Mosul City

Muath H. Mustafa Muna H. Jankeer

Director of Environmental and Department of Biology
Pollution Control Research Center College of Science
Mosul University Mosul University

ABSTRACT
Tigris River is one of the main important surface water resources in Iraq. This
necessitates continuous study of its quality. In this regard two locations had been chosen
to be studied through 12 month, starting from April (2000) up to March (2001). The
study included testing of some physical and chemical parameters of the two locations.
The locations were first at Msherfa village (water treatment plant), before the river enters
the city of Mosul, the other is down stream at Al-Bosafe (water treatment plant). Waste
water as much as 400000 m3/day of different kinds reaches the river within Mosul City.
Sanitary waste is assumed as the main part; accordingly some parameters surpass
international recommended levels, mainly organic load and the hardness. Eutrophication
phenomenon was clear too, due to change in taste, color and odor of the raw water during
summer time. Turbidity due to organic load was quite clear due to the organic load and
the main nutrient of nitrogen and phosphorous. Finally the drop in pH did occur probably
due to carbon dioxide liberated from organic compounds cracking. Results of the studied
locations reflected that Tigris river water quality was beyond the international
recommended standard of raw water; conventional raw water treatment plant could not
treat and improve such quality of raw water and restoring it to be within the international
recommended levels of water supply.
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ‬،(2006 ،‫ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ )ﻁﻠﻴﻊ‬/3‫( ﻡ‬6598)
‫ ﺍﻥ‬.‫ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻫﻪ‬،(2005) ‫ﻴﻭﻡ( ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺭﻱ‬/3‫ ﻡ‬400000) ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻗﺒل ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ‬
‫ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬,‫ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ‬،‫ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺴﻭﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ‬,‫ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻌﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﺓ‬
.(1987 ،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺄﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﺎﻟﺔ )ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ﻋﻀﻭﻱ )ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼل ﻻ ﻋﻀﻭﻱ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺤﺼﺭ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬،‫ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟىﻅﻬﻭﺭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻀﺒﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‬،(‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫‪113‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪.......‬‬

‫ﺃﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻗﺘﺔ ﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻠل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‪(Mustafa, ،‬‬
‫)‪ 2000a‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Organic‬‬ ‫‪CO2+H2O‬‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺌﻴ ﹰﺎ‬
‫‪materials‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺒﻴﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ )ﻋﺴﺭﺓ ﻤﺅﻗﺘﺔ(‬
‫‪H2CO3 + CaCO3‬‬ ‫‪Ca(HCO3)2‬‬

‫ﺘﺼﻨﻑ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻜﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻓﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺩﻴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺨﻁﺭﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﻓﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻘل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﻬﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺼﺭ ﻭﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﻜﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﻨﻔﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺩﻭﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﻨﺠﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻗﻠﺔ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻀﻭﺤﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺘﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻴﻨﺎﺒﻴﻊ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻤﻲ‪ ,‬ﻭﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻤﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪,‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﻋﻴﻥ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ ﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺭ‪ ,‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‪ ,‬ﻭﻴﻌﺩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺼﺭ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ‪ :‬ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺼﺒﺎ‪ ,‬ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻟﻌﻜﺱ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺼﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻫﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻷﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺤﺩ )ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﻴﺭﻓﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺼﺒﺔ ﺃﻟﺒﻭﺴﻴﻑ ﺸِﻜل )‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻨﺒﻊ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ )‪ (400‬ﻜﻡ ﻟﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪,‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻭﻀﻪ ‪ 55‬ﺃﻟﻑ ﻜﻡ‪ ,2‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺩﺭ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪ (46-45‬ﺃﻟﻑ ﻜﻡ‪ ,2‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ )‪ (1000‬ﻤﻠﻡ ﺴﻨﻭﻴﺎ‪ ,‬ﺇﻥ‬
 ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪114‬‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻀﻪ ﺍﺜﺭ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﺹ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺤﻭﻀﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﻜﻡ‪ 2‬ﻭﺒﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ‪ 63‬ﻜﻡ )‪.(Al-Hamdani, 1977‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻴﻨﺎﺒﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﺸﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ )ﺁﺫﺍﺭ ﻭﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 2000‬ﻡ‪/ 3‬ﺜﺎ(‪ ,‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1907‬ﺇﺫ ﺒﻠﻎ )‪ (9750‬ﻡ‪/3‬ﺜﺎ )‪ ،(Kurukji, 1985‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1963‬ﺇﺫ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫)‪ (8750‬ﻡ‪/3‬ﺜﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻟﻕ ﻤﻭﺜﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺒﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ )‪ (1972/9/28‬ﺍﺜﺭ ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺠﺎﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (22000-20000‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﻭﺒﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ)‪ (2000‬ﻡ‪/3‬ﺜﺎ‪ .(Mustafa, 2000b) ,‬ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻭﻫﺩﺕ ﻁﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻟﻕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ )ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ‪ .(1972 ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺕ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﺯﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻫﻪ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻑ ﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻵﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭ‬
‫)‪ .(Al-Hamdani, 1997‬ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻠﻭﺜﻪ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺴﻲﺀ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ .‬ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻤﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ )‪ (100‬ﻡ‪/3‬ﺜﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫ﻋﺯﺯ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺫﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻲ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻴﻑ ) ‪ ،(1998‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜ ُ‬
‫ل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻹﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺨﺎﺹ ) ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺠﻲ‪ 1998 ،‬ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙً)‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ )ﻜﺎﻟﺴﺒﺎﻴﺭﻭﺠﻴﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻭﻻﻭﺴﻴﻼﺘﻭﺭﻴﺎ‪...‬ﺍﻟﺦ( ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻵﺨﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺫﺒﺫﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭﺤﻅﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (Mustafa, 2000a‬ﻟﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻨﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﺫﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺩ ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺘﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻌﺭﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺭﻗﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻴﻥ‪.(Gazal, 1996 ).‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺎﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺸﺎﺡ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﻔل ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ)‪.(Al-Jubori, 1988‬‬
‫‪115‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪.......‬‬

‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﻭﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﻀﻭﺍﺤﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺍﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻨﺸﻭﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ‪ :‬ﻴﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺃﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴ ﹰﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺭﻯ‪ :‬ﻴﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤل ﺍﻻﻴﺴﺭ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻗﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﺃﻴﻀ ﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (1‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (1‬ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﻴﺼل ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻟﺒﻭﺴﻴﻑ ﻴﺼﻨﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺴﺊ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻊ ﻗﺭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ)‪ (BOD5‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ .(Mustafa, 1982) ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ )ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺭﺓ( ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻹﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﻔﺅ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﺈﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎﻻﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ ‪ 30‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪،%70‬‬
‫)‪ ،(Mustafa, 2000a‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Mustafa, 2005‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬

‫ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ :‬ﺠﻤﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻬﺭ‬
‫ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ ‪ 2000‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺸﻬﺭ ﺃﺫﺍﺭ‪) 2001‬ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺃﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ )‪ (BOD5‬ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫)‪ (250‬ﺴﻡ‪ ،(3‬ﻨﻘﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻵﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ )‪(APHA, AWWA , WPCF, 1998‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺴﺒﻴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ ،(Mustafa, 1982‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ ﹰﺎ‬
‫ﺴﺊ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ)‪ ،(2002‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(2‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪116‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :1‬ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻁﻭل‬
‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺽ ﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻡ‪/3‬ﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻜﻡ‬
‫ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻤﻁﺎﺭﻭﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫‪4.04‬‬ ‫‪32.55‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﻋﻜﺎﺏ‪1‬‬
‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪6.5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺭﺍﻟﺤﺭ‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪3‬‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﺄﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻀﻼﺕ ﺠﺯﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ ‪3‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺠﺎﺌﺭ ﻟﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻔﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻴﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺭﻯ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻭﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺩﻭﻗﻲ‪3‬‬
‫ﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺩﻤﻥ ﻭﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺸﺤﻭﻡ ﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺒﻐﺔ‪3‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺤﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪11.6‬‬ ‫‪71.8‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺏ‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺒﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺩﻤﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪3‬‬
‫ﻤﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻟﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪3‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ‬ ‫‪11.64‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺍﺯﻱ‪1‬‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺼﺭ‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻴﺴﺭ‬
‫)ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ(‬
‫ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺠﺴﺭ‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺃﺒﻲ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ‪3‬‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪68‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻨﻔﻴﻠﻲ‪1‬‬
‫ﻭﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ (2) ، Gazal (1996)(1‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﻱ )‪ (3) ،(1968‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ )‪Al-Sheikh and Mahmoud ،(2002‬‬
‫)‪.(4)(1974‬‬
‫‪117‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪.......‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :2‬ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻷﻭل‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻁﻥ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺔ*‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩل‬
‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫‪7.2/7.7-7.0‬‬ ‫‪7.9/8.2-7.4‬‬ ‫‪pH unit‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫‪9.9/16-3‬‬ ‫‪9.2/12-4‬‬ ‫)‪Turbidity (N.T.U‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻜﺩﺭﺓ‬
‫‪4730‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬ ‫‪6.6/7.1-5.5‬‬ ‫‪7.2/7.6-5.8‬‬ ‫‪D.O‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪480/721-345‬‬ ‫‪464/655-340‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ‪E.C µhos/cm‬‬
‫‪236520‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪555/750-440‬‬ ‫‪525/740-400‬‬ ‫‪T.S‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫‪63072‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪50/80-20‬‬ ‫‪42/60-20‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻺﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ‪T.V.S‬‬
‫‪157680‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪490/605-400‬‬ ‫‪470/595-360‬‬ ‫‪T.D.S‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫‪23652‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪28/60-0.0‬‬ ‫‪25/40-0.0‬‬
‫‪T.V.D.S‬‬
‫‪78840‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪75/110-25‬‬ ‫‪65/100-25‬‬ ‫‪S.S‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫‪39420‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪22/60-10‬‬ ‫‪17.0/30-0.0‬‬
‫‪V.S.S‬‬
‫‪102492‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪350/450-270‬‬ ‫‪337/450-280‬‬ ‫‪T.H‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪181332‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪178/181-165‬‬ ‫‪155/175-140‬‬ ‫‪Alk.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪42574‬‬ ‫‪5.4‬‬ ‫‪100/134-77‬‬ ‫‪94.6/123-83‬‬ ‫‪SO4-2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪788‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪53.7/64.5-39.6‬‬ ‫‪53.6/79-43‬‬ ‫‪Cl-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ‬
‫‪339012‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪97/135-75‬‬ ‫‪54/62-41‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻼﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ‪COD‬‬
‫‪339012‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪48.4/78.7-35.1‬‬ ‫‪5.4/6.8-2.2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ ﻟﻼﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ‪BOD5‬‬
‫‪78.8‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.04/0.08-0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.03/0.07-0.01‬‬ ‫‪NO3-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪78.8‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪0.04/0.080-0.0‬‬ ‫‪0.3/0.07-0.0‬‬ ‫‪PO4-3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ‪ :‬ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻐﻡ ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﻋﺩﺍ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺇﺯﺍﺀﻩ‪.‬‬
‫*ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ‪250‬ﻡ‪/3‬ﺜﺎ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺤﻭﺼﺔ‬
‫‪.12‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ )‪:(pH‬‬

‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫)‪ ،(Sawyer and McCarty, 1978‬ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻴل ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ )‪ ،(APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1998‬ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪(2‬‬
‫ل ﻤﻥ ﻁﻠﻴﻊ ﻭﺨﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ‪ 7.9‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ .7.2‬ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻜ ُ‬
 ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪118‬‬

‫)‪ (1989‬ﻭﻁﻠﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻭﻱ )‪ (2000‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺠﺭﻱ )‪ (2001‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ )‪ ،(2005‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬

‫ل ﻤﻥ)‪ (Al-Sawaf, 1977‬ﻭ ‪(Sawyer and‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻜ ٌ‬
‫)‪ McCarty, 1978‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺃﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﻭﺍﺌﻴ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻙ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (Buffering Capacity‬ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻟﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻷﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﺃﻹﺫﺍﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺩﻱ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺄﻜﺜﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺃﻻﻭﻜﺴﻴﺠﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ )‪: Dissolved Oxygen (D.O‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺃﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﻠﻭﺜﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﺃﻻﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ‪ .(2005 ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺃﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺃﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻊ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺍﺌﺢ‬
‫ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ )‪ .(Tchobauoglous, 1979‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺇﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺃﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻷﻭل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻤﻥ )‪ 7.2‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﻜﻤﻌﺩل( ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ 6.6‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﻬﻼﻜﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺯﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻭﺕ ﺃﻻﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﻀ ﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﻁﻠﻴﻊ ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪ 1994 ،‬ﻭ‪.(Kanber, 1981‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﺓ ‪: Turbidity‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻜﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻟﻕ ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺠﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻠﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺩ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ ،‬ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ‪ NTU 1000‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ )‪ ،(25‬ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭﺓ‬
‫)‪ ،(Mustafa, 2000b‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻟﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻤﻥ )‪ (9.2‬ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (9.9‬ﻜﻤﻌﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪.(2‬‬

‫‪.4‬ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ) ‪: Electrical Conductivity ( E.C‬‬

‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻲ‪ .(2000 ،‬ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (464‬ﻭ )‪ (480‬ﻤﺎﻴﻜﺭﻭﺴﻴﻤﻨﺯ‪/‬ﺴﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ .(2‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻭﻱ )‪ (1999‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺠﺭﻱ )‪ (2001‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ‬
‫ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴل ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻷﻤﻼﺡ‪.‬‬
‫‪119‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪.......‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )‪: Total Solid (T. S‬‬

‫ﺘﺸﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ‪o550‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻷﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻜل ﻋﺏﺀﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ )‪ (750‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻭﺯﻨﹰﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (236520‬ﻁﻥ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ )‪ (250‬ﻡ‪/3‬ﺜﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺇﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،(Mustafa, 2000 b) ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (300‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (350‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺤﺩ ﺍﺩﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ )ﺍﺫﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ( ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ )ﺒﺈﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤل‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ )‪ (400‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﺍﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻱ ﻗﺒل ﻨﺯﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺤﻤﺎل ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ )‪: Total Hardness (TH‬‬

‫ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻭﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺸﻴﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )‪.(Sawyer and McCarty, 1978‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﺘﻐﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻭﻡ )‪ .(APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1998‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺩل ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻷﻭل‬
‫)‪ (337‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ )‪ (350‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬
‫)ﻁﻠﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻭﻱ‪ (2000 ،‬ﻭ)ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪ (2000 ،‬ﻭ)ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺠﺭﻱ‪ .(2001 ،‬ﻋﻜﺴﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺜﻴﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ 198‬ﻭ‪ 206‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ )‪ ، (Mustafa, 2000a‬ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺨﺭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺠﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺩ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺃﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻟﻴ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ )‪ ،(Mustafa, 2000a‬ﺇﺫ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ )‪ (350‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪ (400‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺎﺭ)‪ ،(2001‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﻪ )ﺇﺘﺼﻼﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪.(2001 ،‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪120‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ( )‪: Alkalinity, (Alk.‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻻﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺴﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (Buffering Capacity‬ﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻷﻭل )‪ (155‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (178‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ )‪ (23‬ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ﻤﺎ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭﻴﺔ ‪ 181332‬ﻁﻥ‪/‬ﺴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.8‬ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ‪:Sulfate‬‬
‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺇﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻑ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﺎﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺴﻴﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ )‪ (30‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ )‪ (Mustafa, 2000b‬ﻟﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ )‪ (123‬ﻭ)‪ ( 134‬ﻭﻜﻤﻌﺩل )‪ (100‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪) ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ (2‬ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎﺩل ‪ 42574‬ﻁﻥ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪.9‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ‪: Chloride‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺘﻨﺸﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﻠﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩﻴﺔ ‪...‬ﺃﻟﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﻼﺡ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ)‪ (20‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ )‪.(Mustafa, 1982‬‬

‫‪.10‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ‪:Organic Load‬‬

‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻜﺴﻪ ﻓﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭﺓ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺍﺌﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ) ‪ T.V.S‬ﻭ ‪ T.V.D.S‬ﻭ ‪ (V.S.S‬ﻜﻭﺯﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎﺩﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻼﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ )‪ (COD‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ )‪ ( BOD5‬ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻌﻡ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﺸﺭ ﺍﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ )ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ(‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﺴﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‬
‫‪121‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪.......‬‬

‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺨﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺃﻹﺤﻴﺎﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺨﺘـل ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴـﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ‪.(2000 ،‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ )‪ (550‬ﻡ‪ ،º‬ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ )‪ (550‬ﻡ‪ .(APHA ,AWWA,WPCF, 1998) º‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ BOD5‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ COD‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ T.V.S‬ﻭ ‪ T.V.D.S‬ﻭ ‪ ،V.S.S‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻭ‬
‫ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍل ‪ COD‬ﺩﻭﻥ ‪ ،BOD5‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﺹ ﺃﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺒﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺈﻗﻠﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻬﻀﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺴﻤﻭﻡ ﺘﻘﺘل ﺃﻭ ﺘﺜﺒﻁ ﻨﺸﺎﻁﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ) ‪COD‬ﻭ‪ ( BOD5‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ،(WHO, 1997‬ﻴﺼﻨﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺴﺊ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ ‪ 4‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ‪ BOD5‬ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ل ﻤﻥ ) ‪COD‬ﻭ‪ ( BOD5‬ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 339012‬ﻁﻥ‪/‬ﺴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻭ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺘﻘﺩﺭ ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻜ ٌ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺴﻴﺌﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻗﺒل ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺴﻭﺀﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻤﻀﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻊ ﻗﺭﻥ)‪ .(Mustafa, 1982‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﺭﺩ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻁﻭﻴل ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻔﻪ ﺒﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺃﻷﺴﻔل‪.‬‬

‫‪.11‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﺍﺕ ‪:Nitrate‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺅﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﺯﻟﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﺎﺯﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺯﺍل‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻨﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻜﺴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(Goldman and Horne, 1983‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻁﻑ ﻭﺇﻨﺠﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺼﻨﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (0.04-0.034‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪.12‬ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ‪:Phosphate‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺨﺫ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﺍﺴﺏ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﺍﺌﺏ ﻤﺜل ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺤﺴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻷﻭل)‪ (0.03‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ )‪ (0.04‬ﻤﻠﻐﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺭ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫‪122‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﻭﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ )ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺫﺍﺭ ﻭﻨﻴﺴﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻫﻭ ﻗﺒﻴل ﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺃﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻴﻑ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﻭﺼﻭل ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﻤﺘﻼﻙ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻨﻘل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﻭ ﺒﺄﺨﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻪ )ﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺨﺩﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﺸﻁﻔﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻟﺘﺼل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻗﺒل ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل )ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻷﻭل( ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻤﺎﻴﻌﻜﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﻤﺅﺸﺭﻱ ‪ COD‬ﻭ ‪ BOD5‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻨﻔﺎﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺴﺊ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻹﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺈﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻭ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﻻﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻭﺀ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺠﺯ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻭﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﺭﻓﻊ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻹﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻌﻡ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺩﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺈﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺨﻔﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺃﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ )‪ (2001‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻜﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻑ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺩﻱ ﻤﺴﺅﻭل ﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ " ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻏﻲ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ"‪ ،(2002) ،‬ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ ،‬ﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪123‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻟﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪.......‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ‪ .1999 ،‬ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ،1‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ ،2‬ﺹ ‪.96-86‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺠﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﺯﻥ ﻨﺯﺍﺭ ﻓﻀل‪ .2001 ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ .‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ 33 ،‬ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜﻨﻰ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ‪ .2000 ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺌل ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻟﻌﻤﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻴﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺏ‪ .1968 ،‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬل ﺃﻷﻭﻟﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﺸﺭﺏ ﺃﻷﺼﻔﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺒﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻭﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ ،‬ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺨﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪) ،‬ﻤﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﺤﺎﻟﻴﹰﺎ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻻﺭﻴﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩل ﻗﺎﺌﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ .2005 ،‬ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺃﻷﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺏ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺯﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‪ .‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺸﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻨﺼﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺒﻠﺤﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺒﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻨﻡ‪ .2000 ،‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺸﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪، 2‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ‪ ،2‬ﺹ ‪.93-79‬‬
‫ﻁﻠﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ‪ .2006 ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ )ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻁﻠﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﺠﻭﻯ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‪ .2000 ،‬ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻤﺎل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ ،21‬ﺹ ‪.68- 60‬‬
‫ﻁﻠﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ ﻭﺨﻠﻴل‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ .1989 ،‬ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺩﺨل ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪،8‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.134- 131‬‬
‫ﻁﻠﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻭ ﺃﻟﻘﺯﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﻟﻘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ,‬ﺨﻠﻴل‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺴﻠﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺴﻠﻡ‪ .1994 ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺼﺭ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺩﺠﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﺩﻴﻥ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ،2‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪،3‬‬
‫ﺹ‪.56-45‬‬
‫ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‪ .2000 ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻠﻭﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‪ ,‬ﻤﺼﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻁﻴﻑ ﺤﻤﻴﺩ‪ .1987 ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ )‪.(1972‬‬
 ‫ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﻭ ﻤﻨﻰ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﻜﻴﺭ‬ 124

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