Fallacies As Reasoning Errors Fallacies of Faulty Authority Fallacies of Cause and Effect Fallacies of Irrelevance

REGIE REY N.
AGUSTIN LEGAL TECHNIQUE AND LOGIC

JD-1 ATTY. LEO MALAGAR
FALLACIES AS FALLACIES OF FAULTY FALLACIES OF CAUSE FALLACIES OF

REASONING ERRORS AUTHORITY AND EFFECT IRRELEVANCE
 Appeal to Authority  Cause and Effect  Ad Hominem
 Circular Argument
Reasoning
- It is the premise and the Requisites: - it does not mean that - attacking the arguer
conclusions are the same a) Actual physical Presence we can assert with any instead of attacking
proposition. of purported authority; certainty that one caused the argument.
(ex. My name is Steve b) Cited authority is in fact the other when simply
because my name is an expert; and we can find two things (ex. Don’t listen to
Steve.) c) Expert must be objective occurring together. him. He can’t even
or disinterested. speak proper
English, so you
know his argument
is also non-sense.)
 Begging the Question  Appeal to Common  Post Hoc Fallacy  Attacking a Straw
Opinion Man
- arguing unfairly in a way - simply because something - just because it comes - metaphor for
that tries to use the is a common belief, that is after, it does not mean arguments that do
conclusion in support of not sufficient for rational that it happened because not deal with the
itself. belief. of it. actual argument
- a question that is not - prior difference might be made but rather a
fairly asked to elicit an completely unrelated to weaker, easier-to-
honest response from the the posterior difference. refute version.
listener, but rather a
sentence that looks like a Kinds:
question but is designed (1) Altering the scope of
to lead the listener to a the premises offered
particular desired
response. (2) Interlocutor replaces all
of the premises wholesale
(“the real reason”)
 Equivocation (ambiguity)  Appeal to Tradition  Neglect of a Common  Red Herring

Cause
- changing the meaning of a - just because it has always - correlation does not - changing the topic
word in the middle of an been believed or always necessarily mean or conclusion of the
argument. been done a certain way causation. conversation.
(ex. *Tables are furnitures. does not make that belief or (ex. just because (ex. You really
* My statistics book has that method justified. whenever we see A, we need to clean those
tables in it. also see B does not mean dishes in the sink.
* Therefore, there is that A causes B or that B You make yourself
furniture in my statistics cause A; there might be a a snack and just
book.) third thing, C, that cause clutter the kitchen
both A and B.) and leave it for me.)
 Distinction Without a  Fallacy of Novelty  Causal  Tu Quoque
Difference Oversimplification
- drawing of distinction - just because something is - convergence of a - informal

between two things that the latest does not multiplicity of factors. logical fallacy that
are not, in fact, distinct. necessarily make it the - . intends to discredit
(ex. I didn’t steal it; I just greatest. (ex. The reason drug use the opponent's
didn’t ask before I (ex. is down is because they argument by
borrowed it.) advertisement/commercial) have been showing those asserting the
“just say no” opponent's failure
commercials on to act consistently
television. The message in accordance with
must really be getting its conclusion
through to people.)
 Arguing by Analogy  Confusion of a

necessary with a
sufficient condition
- employing a flawed - taking a sufficient

analogy in an argument, condition and wrongly
where the system and the assert it to be necessary.
analogue are not alike in (ex. A is necessary for B
the ways used to draw the if you cannot have B
inference. without first having had
(ex. She must wear A. In other words, A is
dentures. He said that her necessary for B if A is
teeth were like the stars, required for even the
and we know that the stars possibility of B. A
come out at night.) doesn’t bring about B by
itself, but if there is no
A , there is no B.)
 Slippery Slope Fallacy
- one asserts the existence

of such a chain without
giving full causal
arguments for each step
in the chain.

Fallacies As Reasoning Errors Fallacies of Faulty Authority Fallacies of Cause and Effect Fallacies of Irrelevance

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REGIE REY N.

AGUSTIN LEGAL TECHNIQUE AND LOGIC

FALLACIES AS FALLACIES OF FAULTY FALLACIES OF CAUSE FALLACIES OF

 Equivocation (ambiguity)  Appeal to Tradition  Neglect of a Common  Red Herring

- drawing of distinction - just because something is - convergence of a - informal

 Arguing by Analogy  Confusion of a

- employing a flawed - taking a sufficient

- one asserts the existence

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