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Contents
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1. State Profile....................................................................................................................................... 3
2. River Basins in Chhattisgarh............................................................................................................. 5
3. Water:................................................................................................................................................ 6
4. Pollution Sources: ............................................................................................................................. 7
5. Water Harvesting Structures ............................................................................................................. 9
6. Inter-State Agreements ..................................................................................................................... 9
RIVER BASINS ......................................................................................................................................... 11
MAHANADI .............................................................................................................................................. 11
7. Salient Features: .............................................................................................................................. 17
8. Mythology & Folklore .................................................................................................................... 24
9. Archaeological Exploration Of Jonk River .................................................................................... 28
10. Biodiversity: ................................................................................................................................ 29
11. Impact of human activities on the river system .......................................................................... 31
12. Dam cum Barrage over river Arpa:............................................................................................. 39
13. Chhattisgarh - Odisha conflicts simmering over River Mahanadi .............................................. 41
14. River People’s movements / campaigns ..................................................................................... 43
15. Red (Critical), Pink (Threatened) and Blue (healthy) Status of rivers of Mahanadi................... 45
16. Recommendations: ...................................................................................................................... 46
GANGA SUB BASIN ................................................................................................................................ 47
17. Rivers of Ganga basin within the state of Chhattisgarh .............................................................. 48
18. Mythology and Archeology ........................................................................................................ 50
19. Threats to rivers .......................................................................................................................... 51
GODAVARI ............................................................................................................................................... 53
20. The Indravati ............................................................................................................................... 54
21. Following are the key tributaries of river Indravati: ................................................................... 56

India River Week - Chhattisgarh 2016
22. Following rivers rise or flow within the state but empties directly into the river Godavari ....... 62
23. Mythologies, History and Archeology ........................................................................................ 63
24. Human Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 64
25. The Red River (Sankhini) ........................................................................................................... 66
26. Dams on Indravati River ............................................................................................................. 68
27. Threat Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 70
NARMADA SUB BASIN .......................................................................................................................... 71
28. Narmada Basin ............................................................................................................................ 71
BRAHMANI SUB BASIN ......................................................................................................................... 72
29. Brahmani Basin ........................................................................................................................... 72
Maps
Map No 1: District Division of Chhattisgarh ................................................................................................ 3
Map No 2: River Map of Chhattisgarh ......................................................................................................... 4
Map No 3: River Basin Map of Chhattisgarh ............................................................................................... 5
Map No 4: Mahanadi River Basin .............................................................................................................. 11
Map No 5: Drainage map of Sheonath basin .............................................................................................. 18
Map No 6: Ganga River Basin in Chhattisgarh .......................................................................................... 47
Map No 7: Forest Map of Chhattisgarh ...................................................................................................... 49
Map No 8: Godavari River Basin In Chhattisgarh ...................................................................................... 53
Map No 9: Google earth image of Godavari sub basin in Bastar (CG) ...................................................... 54
Map No 10: Indravati river downstream of the Chitrakoot water fall ........................................................ 70
Map No 11: Narmada Basin In Chhattisgarh .............................................................................................. 71
Map No 12: Brahmani River Basin in Chhattisgarh ................................................................................... 72
1
Tables
Table 1: River Basin of Chhattisgarh ............................................................................................................ 5
Table 2: Rivers and Their Stretch & Towns ................................................................................................. 7
Table 3: Toxic Metals in Rivers .................................................................................................................... 8
Table 4: Hydro-electric Projects on Rivers ................................................................................................... 9
Table 5: River Mahanadi System in the State ............................................................................................. 13
Table 6: River Sheonath System in the State .............................................................................................. 19
Table 7: Places of Historical, Religious and Archeological Significance................................................... 25
Table 8: The Current State of Tributaries of Mahanadi .............................................................................. 45
Table 9: Key Tributaries of River Indravati................................................................................................ 56
Figures
Figure 1: Hill at Sihawa, Raipur. Google Earth Image ............................................................................... 12
Figure 2: Wider headwaters with true origins near Amgaon. Google Earth Image .................................... 12
Figure 3: Excavation Work at Rashmi Drolia ............................................................................................ 27
Figure 4: The Shivnath River near Mohamara village near Durg ............................................................... 32
Figure 5: Wire fencing at the Rasmara village near Durg .......................................................................... 33
Figure 6: Official Visit of Kelo River ......................................................................................................... 34
Figure 7: Kharun river at Mahadev Ghat, Raipur. ...................................................................................... 35
Figure 8: Kharun river near Durg-Raipur highway..................................................................................... 36
Figure 9: Riverfront work in progress at Mahadev Ghat in Raipur ............................................................ 37
Figure 10: Coal Mining in Chirimiri ........................................................................................................... 40
Figure 11: Indravati Waterfall at Chitrakut................................................................................................. 60
Figure 12: Jaura nala joins Mahanadi to Kolab .......................................................................................... 65
Figure 13: Jaura nala as it joins Mahanadi .................................................................................................. 65
Figure 14: Mahanadi water flowing into Jaura Nala onto Kolab ( Google image 28 2 2014) .................... 66
2
INTRODUCTION
1. State Profile
The state of Chhattisgarh (CG) was carved out of the state of Madhya Pradesh in the year 2000.
a. Area: The total area of CG state is 135,100 sq km
b. Administrative units: The state has been divided into 27 districts. (Map 1)
c. Population: The total human population of the state is 27.94 million. (2015)
Climate:
The climate of Chhattisgarh is tropical. It is hot and humid because of its proximity to the Tropic of
Cancer and its dependence on the monsoons for rains. Summer temperatures in Chhattisgarh can reach
45 °C (113 °F). The monsoon season is from late June to October and is a welcome respite from the heat.
Chhattisgarh receives an average of 1,292 millimetres (50.9 in) of rain. Winter is from November to
January. Winters are pleasant with low temperatures and less humidity.
The temperature varies between 30 and 45 °C (86 and 113 °F) in summer and between 0 and 25 °C (32
and 77 °F) during winter. However, extremes in temperature can be observed with scales falling to less
than 0 °C to 49 °C. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh)
Map No 1: District Division of Chhattisgarh
3
Physiographic features
The state of Chhattisgarh, which looks like a ‘sea horse’, is surrounded by 6 different states. While
Maharastra and MP form its western neighbours, UP and Jharkhand lie in its north and Odisha on its east.
The newly created state of Telengana lie on its south.Physiographically, Chhattisgarh is divided into three
distinct land forms.
The hills of Chotanagpur plateau in north east meet the Satpura-Maikal range along north and northwest
of the state. In the center are the plains of River Mahanadi and its tributaries and in the South is the
plateau of Bastar.
Map No 2: River Map of Chhattisgarh
4
2. River Basins in Chhattisgarh

The area of the state falls in the catchment of the following five major river basins.
Table 1: River Basin of Chhattisgarh
S. No River Basin Area(sq km) in the state
1 Mahanadi 75,858
2 Godavari 38,694
3 Ganga 18,407
4 Brahmini 1,394
5 Narmada 744
Map No 3: River Basin Map of Chhattisgarh
Source: http://hydrologyproject.cgwrd.in/
5
3. Water:
Surface water
The State is divided in to five river basins. Mahanadi Basin which is the largest, drains out 75,858.45 Sq
km. Godavari Basin, which comes next, drains out 38,694.02 Sq km. Ganga Basin drains out 18,406.65
Sq km; Brahmani Basin drains out 1,394.55 Sq km and the Narmada Basin drains out 743.88 Sq km of
catchment area in the state.
(Source:http://hydrologyproject.cg.gov.in/basin%20details/river_basin_in_chhattisgarh.htm)
Three of these are further divided into sub-basins as given below (Source: Chhattisgarh State Action Plan
for Climate Change, Final Draft):
1. Mahanadi Basin – Seonath sub basin, Hasdeo sub basin, Mand sub basin, Ib sub basin, Pairi sub basin,
Jonk sub basin, Kelo sub basin, and Tel sub basin;
2. Godavari Basin -- Indravati sub basin, Sabari sub basin, Pranhita sub basin, Lower Godavari sub basin,
and Wainganga sub basin;
3. Ganga Basin -- Son sub basin(Banas sub basin, Gopad sub basin, Rihand sub basin, and Kanhar sub
basin).
According to Chhattisgarh Water Year Book, 2013, there are 43 hydrological observation sites in the
state. Of which 32 sites are in Mahanadi basin, 10 sites in Godavari basin and 1 site in Bramhani basin.
Frequency of Monitoring of Gauge Discharge sites varies from once to thrice in a day.
The Surface Water quality in the state is good and suitable for Industrial, Irrigation purpose and it is
suitable for drinking purpose after primary treatment. NB: This claim is disputable in light of some recent
(2014) findings from a CWC study on heavy metal toxic levels in river waters in the state.
Ground water
As per the 2009 assessment, jointly done by the Water Resources Department, Govt. of Chhattisgarh and
Central Ground Water Board, Raipur, the annual replenishable ground water resource has been estimated
as 12.22 billion cubic meter (bcm), out of which 11.58 bcm is considered to be available for development
for various uses after keeping 0.64 bcm for natural discharge during non-monsoon period for maintaining
flows in springs, rivers and streams.
(Source: Aquifer systems of Chhattisgarh, CGWB, 2012)
6
4. Pollution Sources:
Rivers such as Shivnath, Hasdeo, Indrawati, Kharoon etc are found to be polluted at different stretches
due to industrial, domestic and agricultural pollution. Among all the rivers Hasdeo river is the most
polluted. This is resulting from major industrial centres located in Bhilai, Korba, Raipur, Bilaspur and
Raigarh districts. These include steel plant at Bhilai, super thermal power station and Aluminium smelter
unit in Korba and cement plants in Raipur and Bilaspur districts.
(Source: http://www.enviscecb.org/soer.htm, 2004).
According to State Environment Board there are 188 units spread over the districts of Raipur, Durg,
Bilaspur, Raigarh, Korba and Jagdalpur which produce hazardous waste.
(http://www.enviscecb.org/Data/Hazadous%20Inventry%2031-03-13.pdf)
According to a CPCB report (River Stretches for Restoration of Water Quality, 2015) Water Quality
of rivers in Chhattisgarh is measured at 24 locations on 8 rivers and among them 10 locations is non-
complying to the Water Quality Criteria with respect to BOD. These 10 locations are on 5 rivers. The
names of 5 polluted rivers are; Hasdeo, Kelo, Kharoon, Mahanadi and Seonath.
Table 2: Rivers and Their Stretch & Towns
S. No River Stretch Towns Distance (Km)

1 Hasdeo Korba to Urga Rumgara, Sonpuri, Korba 20
2 Kelo Raigarh to Raigarh 15
Kanaktora
3 Kharun Bundri to Raipur Raipur 20
4 Mahanadi Arrang to Sihawa Raipur, Nawapara nagar, 70
Dhamtari, Rudri, Kanker,
Rajim
5 Sheonath Simga to Bemta Simga, Bemta 10
While the scenario as above calls for ameliorative measures, it is notable that the stretch of Sheonath as it
traverses past the industrialized towns of Durg and Bhilai do not find a mention in the above list.
That the list as above is incomplete is exemplified by the following news item that mentions about the
rampant pollution being faced by river Arpa within the city of Bilaspur.
7
बलासपुर नगर नगम गैरकानन

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ल4*चंग के सिPजयQ और पानी के पीने Rवारा के बोSरंग जो है रहा Jमल मA भूजल हमारे ( पानी रासाय नक -जहर4ला अTयंत)
औ हमारे साथर बVचQ के शर4र मA जाकर अनेक घातक XबमाSरयQ को जYम दे रहा है । ल4*चंग अरपा नद4 मA भी Jमल रहा है जो
पया-वरण के Jलये अTयंत नुकसानदे ह है जो नद4 के पानी के साथ दरू दरू जाकर \दष
ू ण फैला रहा है । कूड़ा जलाने से होने वाला
जहर4ला धआ
ुँ चारQ ओर फैलकर वातावरण को \दaू षत कर रहा है ।
(http://www.aapchhattisgarh.org/2015/05/blog-post.html#.V6MXStJ96M8)
According to CWC STATUS OF TRACE AND TOXIC METALS IN INDIAN RIVERS, 2014:
12 sites in the Mahanadi basin within the state at rivers Hamp (Andhiyar Kore, Durg), Hasdeo (Bamnidih.
Janjgir-Champa), Pairi (Baronda, Raipur), Mahanadi (Basantpur, Janjgir-Champa), Seonath (Ghatora,
Bilaspur), Seonath (Jondhra, Bilaspur), Mand (Kurubhata, Raigarh), Hasdeo (Manendragarh, Koria),
Kharun (Pathardih, Raipur), Mahanadi (Rajim, Raipur), Jonk (Rampur, Raipur) and Seonath (Simga,
Raipur) were surveyed by the Central Water Commission for heavy metal presence.
Similarly 3 sites in the Godavari basin at rivers Indravati (Jagdalpur, Bastar), Sabari (Konta, Dantewada)
and Indravati (Pathagudem, Bijapur) were surveyed.
Following results which show sites where water in the river was found to be unfit for use due to presence
of more than two toxic metals above acceptable limits point to disturbing trends:
Table 3: Toxic Metals in Rivers
S. No. River Site Toxic metal due to which water is unfit

1 Hamp Andhiyar Kore Cr, Ni, Pb, Fe
2 Hasdeo Bamnidih Ni, Fe
3 Hasdeo Manendragarh Cr, Ni, Pb, Fe
4 Jonk Rampur Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe
5 Kharun Pathardih Ni, Fe
6 Mahanadi Basantpur Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe
7 Mahanadi Rajim Ni, Pb, Fe
8 Mand Kurubhata Ni, Fe
9 Pairi Baronda Ni, Fe
10 Seonath Simga Ni, Fe
11 Seonath Jondhra Ni, Fe
12 Seonath Ghatora Ni, Fe
8
It appears that the entire Mahanadi basin within the state is affected by heavy metal poisoning since there
is no tributary which is not showing unacceptable levels of heavy metal presence in its waters. This calls
for further investigation on the reasons for the same and for taking urgent ameliorative steps.
According to Inter-state river water quality (Water Quality of Rivers at Inter-state borders, CPCB,
2015) report:
Water quality monitoring of the river is carried out at the location at the interstate boundary of Orissa/
Chhattisgarh. (Hirakud) The BOD and DO level are within the prescribed range and Total Coliform count
is exceeding at the location.
5. Water Harvesting Structures

There are 250 dams of various sizes raised on the rivers of Chhattisgarh.
Of the 49 major and medium irrigation projects, 4 are in the Ganga basin, 2 in Godavari basin and the rest
in the Mahanadi basin.
Hydro-electric projects (India-WRIS WebGIS):
Table 4: Hydro-electric Projects on Rivers
S.No Name River Basin

1 Gangrel Mahanadi Mahanadi
2 Hasdeo Bango Hasdeo Mahanadi

3 Sikaser Pairi Mahanadi
6. Inter-State Agreements
Godavari Basin
1. Summary record of decision taken at the inter-state conference held on 27th July and 28th July,
1951 among the states of Bombay, madras, Hyderabad, Madhya Pradesh and Mysore regarding
the utilization of Krishna and Godavari waters.
2. Agreement Dated 31st January,1975 between the Governments of Maharashtra and Andhra
Pradesh regarding the swarn Project and other agreements between the governments of Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra regarding the following Projects: Bhawanthadi, Bhapalpatnam Project I
and II, Kalisarar Project, Nugur II Hydro-Electric Project, Kotri Nibra Hydro- Electric Project
and Bandia Hydel Electric Project.
3. Godavari Water Dispute Tribunal Award
9
4. Orissa Madhya Pradesh Inter-state matters on irrigation and Power projects- Memorandum of
agreement entered into between the states of Madhya Pradesh and Orissa on 28.4.1983 at
Bhubneshwar.
Ganga Basin
1. Agreements Dated 16th September,1973 among the Governments of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and
Uttar Pradesh regarding Bansagar project.
2. Summary record of decision taken at the interstate meeting held on 13th January 1977 between
the chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh regarding the following projects: (i)
Rajghat (ii)Paisuni (iii) ken Canal (iv) kanhar (v) Urmil, (vi) Bansagar, and (vii) Bhander Canal
3. Agreements Dated 20th February ], 1982 on sharing of kanhar waters reached between the states
of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.
10
RIVER BASINS
MAHANADI
River Mahanadi, draining the vast central region of Chhattisgarh state, forms the biggest river system in
the state.
Map No 4: Mahanadi River Basin
11
Popularly believed to rise underneath a hill at Sihawa in Dhamtari district, it actually has a wider
headwater span with true origins near a place called Amgaon (goggle earth image 2) within Sitanadi
Sanctuary. Interestingly one of its key tributaries namely the Sondhul also has its origins from a nearby
hills & forests in its east.
Figure 1: Hill at Sihawa, Raipur. Google Earth Image
Figure 2: Wider headwaters with true origins near Amgaon. Google Earth Image
12
Following are the key notables about the river Mahanadi system in the state (derived from Google earth
imageries):
Table 5: River Mahanadi System in the State
S No Distance Tributary River / Stream Location / Bank Tributary

from origin / structure Length (Km)
1 13 km Sitanadi (River Mahanadi has Deokhut / left 30

westwards flow)
2 14 km Nala Anchhidogri / left 15
3 20 km Dam at Dudhawa
4 31 km Nala Bhainsmundi / Right 10
5 41.5 km River Pataud / Left 30
6 44.5 km Hatkul Nala & Dudh Nala Downstream of Kanker / 40

(River turns northwards) Left
30
7 47 km River Ghotpur / Left 47
8 53.5 km Nala Dhekuna / Right 15
9 55 km River Opp Shahwada / Left 38
10 74 km Nala (River turns eastwards) Charama / Left 20
11 97 km Dam at Gangrel
12 97 km Sillari river (Dam at Gangrel / right 55

Madamsilli)
13 102 km Dam (River moves northeast Rudri

direction)
14 113.5 km Nala Bhawarmara / right 31 (four

pronged)
15 116 km Anicut Deopur
16 121 km Nala Louder / right 62 (five
13
pronged)
17 143 km Anicut Khatti
18 149 km Anicut Dulna
19 153 km Pairi & Sondhul river (Dams Rajim / right 90

on both rivers). Anicut on
65
Mahanadi after confluence
20 167 km Anicut Pokhra
21 170.5 km Sukho river Chinrod / right 60
36
22 178 km Barrage Nisda
23 190 km Kodar River (dam at Kodar on Accholi / right 44

river)
24 193.5 km Barrage under construction on Samoda

Mahanadi
25 199 km Anicut d/s of Nala Kagdehi / right 11
26 201 km Nala (2 dams on the Nala) Mohkam / right 12
27 206 km Nala u/s of Sirpur / right 6
28 212 km River (2 dams) & River d/s of Sirpur / left / right 50 (multi
pronged)
33 (two
pronged)
29 216.5 km Nala Mudiyadih / right 18
30 223 km Nala & Nala Detrengi / left /right 25

(multipronged)
12
31 225.5 km Barrage Amethi
32 226.7 km Nala Khaira / left 12
14
33 233 km River Tustusia / right 30
34 242 km Nala Narayanpur – Nawapara / 12

right
35 260.5 km Sheonath river Changori village / left >1800
(Mahanadi begins an
eastwards turn)
36 265 km Nala Khorsi/ left 15
37 270 km Jonk river (Patora dam in Sheorinarayan / right / right 105

Odisha) & Nala
10
(Anicut on Mahanadi)
38 277 km Nala Khapridih / right 15 (two

pronged)
39 281 km Nala (dam at origin) Kanasda / left 50

(multipronged)
40 285.5 km Hasdeo river (major dam) Mahuadih / left >200 km

(multipronged)
41 290 km Nala (Barrage under Chicholi / right 25 (two

construction on Mahanadi) pronged)
42 302.5 km Nala Khapridih/ right 30

(multipronged)
43 318 km River d/s Hasaud / left 110

(multipronged)
44 328.5 km Nala Jasara / right 45

(multipronged)
45 331 km Barrage under construction Ghatula chote
46 341 km Nala & Nala Chandrapur / right / left 55

(multipronged)
20 (two
15
pronged)
47 343 km Mand river d/s Chandrapur / left >190 km

(multipronged)
48 345.5 km Barrage under construction on Manikpur

Mahanadi
49 360 km Mahanadi enters Odisha
Total Length >3589
16
7. Salient Features:
a) While commonly believed to be around 360 km in length, the fact is that the total length of the
river Mahanadi system within the state is in excess of 3950 km.
b) Initially for around 50 km after origin, the river flows westwards and then briefly takes a north
westerly turn before taking a north easterly direction till its confluence with river Sheonath (its
largest tributary) at a place called Sheorinarayan, after which the river flows eastwards before
exiting the state to enter Odisha.
c) The key right bank tributaries of river Mahanadi in the state are Sillari, Sondur, Pairi, Sukha and
Jonk. While Sheonath, Hasdeo, Mand and Ib are the left bank tributaries.
d) Of the key tributaries, river Sheonath is a major system. (described in detail elsewhere).
e) The catchment of river Mahanadi in the state is spread over the districts of Mahasamund, Kanker
(part), Rajnandgaon (part), Durg, Raipur, Bilaspur, Janjgir-Champa, Korba (part), Surguja (part)
and Raigarh (part).
f) The river system is marked by a number of anicuts (which break the natural flow of the river) all
along its length.
g) In addition Mahanadi Reservoir Complex (Dudhawa Dam, Ravishankar Sagar Dam,
Murumsilli Dam and New Rudri Barrage); Sondur Dam; Pairi weir; Jonk weir; Tandula dam;
Mongra barrage; Kharkhara barrage; Sheonath diversion weir; Maniari dam; Kurang dam and
Hasdeo-Bango project ( Minimata Bango dam and Korba barrage) are the major completed
water resource projects within the basin in the state. At least three more barrages / weir are under
construction.
h) According to Central Water Commission (River Basin Atlas of India, 2012) there is one gauge,
discharge and water quality station at Pathardi (near Raipur) while gauge and discharge stations
are located at Kotni (Durg district), Sheorinarayan (Janjgir Champa district) and at Raigarh
(Raigarh district). Gauge, discharge, Sediment and water quality stations are located in Baronda
(Pairi river), Rajim and Basantpur (Mahanadi river), Simga (Sheonath river), Andhyarkore (Hanp
river), Ghatora (Arpa river), Manendragarh and Bamnidih (Hasdeo river), Jondhra (Sheonath
river), Rampur (Jonk river) and Kurubhata (Mand river).
Sheonath sub basin

River Sheonath, which is the largest tributary of Mahanadi in Chhattisgarh, occupies a major sub basin
within the state and deserves a dedicated description.
The river originates near village Godari, in Gadchiroli district of Maharastra state, near Chhattisgarh
border. It flows initially west to east, then north east, north and finally again south east before joining
17
after travelling a distance of about 383 km, river Mahanadi near Sheorinarayan in Bilaspur district. The
catchment area of this sub basin is 30,800 sq km, which is 40.6 % of the Mahanadi basin. Its key
tributaries are Sukha Gamriya, Kharkhara, Tandula, Amner, Kharun, Surhi, Jamunia, Khorsi, Dotua,
Sakari, Maniyari, Arpa and Lilaghar.
Map No 5: Drainage map of Sheonath basin
18
Following are the key notables about the river Sheonath system (derived from Google earth
imageries):
Table 6: River Sheonath System in the State
S. No Distance Tributary River / stream / Location / Bank Tributary

from origin structure Length (Km)
(km)
1 35 Mongra Dam
2 60 Nala & Anicut Biru tola / right 30 km
3 65 Anicut with a canal Salhe
4 75 Bagdai river (with Ganeri Dongargaon / left 40 km

Dam) (multipronged)
5 77.5 Anicut Bhatgvna
6 83 Anicut Arjuni (Sharp

meander)
7 86 Nala (with Matiya dam) Rupa Kathi / right 30 km
8 88 Tairi river (with dams at Ghorda / left 65 km

Paniyajab and Raur Kasa) (multipronged)
9 99 Anicut & Drain from Haldi / left

Rajnandgaon
10 110 Nala (three dams, Manki Toran Katta / left 35 km

Keshli & Ghatapar kalan) (multipronged)
south of Rajnandgaon
11 117 Khakhra river (Khakhra dam) Jhola / right 70 km

(multipronged)
12 125 Tandula river (Dam at Balod) Changori / right 100 km

(multipronged)
13 134 Nala (dam at Khapri) also Durg / right 30 km

brings waste from Durg city (multipronged)
19
14 154.5 Nala (bringing waste water Jhenjhari / right 15 km

from Durg / Bhilai city)
Maroda tank on its origin
15 155 Sonvarsha nadi (number of Jhenjhari / left 60 km

dams and tanks) (multipronged)
16 165 Amner nadi (dam at Budhan Sagni / left / right 65 km / 12 km

Bath) and Nala
17 185 Surhi Nadi Deori raksha / left 70 km

(multipronged)
18 200 Dotua nadi Daganiya / left 50 km

(multipronged)
19 202.5 nala Baherghat / right 25 km

(multipronged)
20 208 Nala Jeori / left 30 km

(multipronged)
21 230 Kharun nadi (passes by Raipur Kiritpur / right 120 km

city) (multipronged)
22 257 Haph / Sakri nadi Tarpongi / left 72 km

(multipronged)
23 277 Nala Semariya / right 15 km

(multipronged)
24 281.5 nala (Madku dwip on main Madku gaon / left 13 km

river) – Dam at Gudhiya (multipronged)
25 287 Nala (draining an industrial Dhuma / left 10 km

estate near Dhuma)
26 293 Maniari nadi (Originating Dagori / left 100 km

from Achanakmar - Dams at (multipronged)
Saraipali and Khuriya)
27 311 Arpa nadi (dams at Matiyari / left 250 km
20
Kutadihand at Ratanpur on (multipronged)

Kharung nala)
28 320 Jamuniya Nadi Boirdih / right 40 km

(multipronged)
29 325 Nala (drains waste water from Kokadi / left 10 km

Belpan industrial area) (multipronged)
30 330 Nala (Tank at semradih) Kukurdikera / left 7 km
31 334 Khorsi nadi (Tank at Chuiha Kasiyara / right 60 km

Malgujari) (multipronged)
32 348 Lilagar nadi (carrying waste Bhuigaon / left 70 km

water from Gondadih Lafarge (multipronged)
Cement plant)
33 352 Confluence with Mahanadi
Total Legnth 1452 km
Thus the actual length of Seonath river system is in excess of 1800 km.
Seonath system is also marked by a number of dams, anicuts raised over almost its every tributary
resulting in breakage in flow and drying up of the river during non monsoon months. The obvious adverse
impact is on the aquatic and riparian biodiversity.
With the key urban centres of Raipur, Durg, Bhilai, Bilaspur etc lying in its catchment, the river is facing
pollution from sewage and industrial run off.
Sheonath river system is extremely rich in archeological sites which have been detailed in a book titled
“Culture river Shivnath”, by Dr Kamta Prasad Verma (Directorate of Culture and Archeology, CG).
Present condition of Arpa river (2013):
(file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/Studies_on_the_Impact_of_Arpa_River_Chec.pdf)
From Khondari Khongsara to Bilaspur, the river passes through various adverse conditions. Streams
originating from the Michel range which is located between the Khondari-Khongsara is the source of
water of this river which flow throughout the year. Between Belgahan and Bilaspur there is no such
stream which can add water to the river. Its width between Belghan to Bilapur is quite wide as compared
to the availability of water. For last five years this river has been fully dependent on rain water. The main
21
reason behinds this is the drying of its origin sites.
More than 10 check dams have been constructed on this river. Earlier these check dams were constructed
to overcome the problem of irrigation and for human welfare (Kerr 2002). But due to the drying of its
origin sites for last 5 years its water content is decreasing day by day and these check dams have become
danger for the river. The maximum part of the rain water gets stored in these check dams and is used by
the local people and as a result little water reaches to Bilaspur (Kerr et al. 2004)
Other sub basins (SOURCE: CG HYDROLOGY PROJECT II)
HASDEO SUB BASIN PROFILE

(http://waterconflictforum.org/lib_docs/INT_RPT_PP.pdf)
Hasdeo River Basin is part of the Mahanadi middle sub basin (400-750 m above mean sea level) and is
the 2nd largest branch of Mahanadi after Sheonath River.
It originates from the hill region of Deogarh in Sonhat Taluka at an elevation of 1052m above msl in
Koriya district of Chhattisgarh and then flows through Korba and Janjgir Champa districts of
Chhattisgarh before joining Mahanadi near Seorinarayan which is a famous pilgrim centre.
The River Hasdeo Contributes 5389 MCM of water to the Mahanadi River. The total length of the
Hasdeo River is 333 Kms. The total catchment of this river is 10535.96 sq. Kms, thus the contribution is
13.9% to the Mahanadi Basin within Chhattisgarh state.
The rivers Gej, Bamni and Atem meet Hasdeo U/s of the Minimata Bango Dam whereas Tan and Ahiran
meet it D/s.
It flows from North to South direction and has 8 watersheds located between 21°45’ N to 23°37’ N
latitude and 82°00’ E to 83°04’ E longitude. The eight different watersheds are upper Hasdeo, Gej Nala,
Bamni Nadi, Tan Nadi, Chornai, Ahiran Nadi, Lower Hasdeo and Lower Basin Mahanadi.
TRIBUTARIES OF THE RIVER HASDEO
1. Halphate 2. Kauriya 3. Puraur 4. Anjan 5. Gej 6. Manasi 7. Bisrar 8. Chornai 9. Gudguda 10. Borai 11.
Belgari 12. Dhengur 13. Kochandi 14. Dom 15. Kholarnalla 16. Khar 17. Gogi 18. Soi 19. Baniya 20.
Dhunethi 21. Hasia 22. Bamani 23. Katai 23. Phulsar 24. Tan 25. Ahiran 26. Nauwnar 27. Gongdei 28.
Bakai 29. Chutaia 30. Lilaghar 31. Barr Nalla 32. Atem 33. Jhumka 34. Saudham Nalla 35. Korea Nalla
36. Balijhar Nalla 37. Bisrar Nalla 38. Gagechorai 39. Ganjar Nalla 40. Gokrai Nalla 41. Gokrai Nalla 42.
Patni Nalla 43. Rapakara Nalla 44. Laxman Nalla 45. Hathi Nalla 46. Karra Nalla 47. Tuma Nalla 48.
Sundhara Nalla 49. Jhinks 50. Bhandargarh Nalla 51. Dhardhoi Nalla
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JONK SUB BASIN

This river originates from State Orissa, near village Amamara of District Mahasamund Chhattisgarh.
More or less it travels South to North and joins river Mahanadi near village Kharidih of the Mahasamund
District. It’s catchment area is 2446.1 SqKm, thus the contribution is only 3.20% which is minimum of
the all of the major tributaries of the Mahanadi river. It travels about 196 kms. from it’s origin to the
confluence where it joins river Mahanadi near Seorinarayan.…
Jonk River is a tributary of Mahanadi River that flows for approximately 210 kilometers through
the Nuapada District and Bargarh District in the state of Odisha; and the Mahasamund District and Raipur
District in the state of Chhattisgarh in India.[1] The river starts from the Sundabeda plateau and
enters Maraguda valley where it is joined by a stream called Gaidhas-nala near Patora village. The river
forms Beniadhas fall(80 feet) and Kharaldhas fall (150 feet) before entering the valley. It joins Mahanadi
at Sheorinarayan.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonk_River)
MAND SUB BASIN

It originates from village Bargidih of District Sarguja of Chhattisgarh state. It runs about 164 Km from its
origin to confluence point, where river Mahanadi near village Aapos-Padigaon of District
Raigarh/Janjgir-Champa. Initially it travels north-south then east-west and later on again north-south and
south-east. The total contributes area is 5,576.78 SqKm thus it contributes only 7.35% towards Mahanadi
basin with in Chhattisgarh State.
Mand River is a tributary of Mahanadi and joins it in Chandrapur 28 km before Orissa border and before
the river reaches Hirakud dam. The river rises at an elevation of about 686 m in Surguja
district ofChhattisgarh and the total length of the river is 241 km. The Mand River receives the drainage
of the southern part of the Mainpat Plateau. It drains an area in the range of 5200 km
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand_River)
IB & KELO SUB BASIN

The river IB originate from village Pendrap at of District Jashpur initially it travels south-east and flows
on north-south before it joins river Mahanadi near town Belpahad of Orissa state. The total catchment
area including Kelo etc. comes out to be 6225.77 SqKm i.e. 8.20% of the total catchment area of the
Mahanadi Basin.
Ib River is a tributary of Mahanadi River in North-Eastern Central India. It joins Mahanadi

River flowing directly into the Hirakud Reservoir. The river originates in hills near
Pandrapet at an elevation of 762 metres (2,500 ft). It passes through Raigarh district and
23
Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh and Jharsuguda and Sundargarh District of Odisha and
finally meets Mahanadi at Hirakud Dam in the state.
Ib river valley is famous for its rich coal belt, Ib Valley Coalfield. Major portions of Mahanadi
Coalfields are situated on the banks of Ib. Many industries have flourished on the banks of the river Ib.
The Ib valley areas are counted as one of the most important industrial zones of Eastern India. The river
runs for a distance of about 252 kilometres (157 mi) and drains an area of 12,447 square kilometres
(4,806 sq mi).
There are enough sightseeing opportunities in the adjoining areas of River Ib. it is believed that the
perennial river inspired several tribal groups of Chhattisgarh and Odisha to make permanent habitat on its
bank in the past ages. Also there are ample folklores regarding the mythological significance of the Ib
River.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib_River)
8. Mythology & Folklore

The literal meaning of Mahanadi River is large size river. The originating place of Mahanadi River, which
is called as holy Ganga in Chhatisgarh is located at Sehawa near the Ashram of Maharshi Shrangi. It is
said that once all the sages of this area came at this place for taking holy bath in Mahakumbh. The
Maharshi was under meditation and penance at that time. The sages waited for several days to draw the
attention of the Maharshi but the Maharshi’s meditation was not disrupted. Thereafter, the sages went for
the holy bath. While returning after the bath, all the sages brought some holy water with them. Finding
that Maharshi Shrangi was still in the meditation, they filled the Maharshi’s kamandal (vessel) with water,
and returned to their native places. After some time, when the meditation of the Maharshi Shrangi was
disrupted, the water of the kamandal fell down on the ground with the stroke of his hand. This water
began to flow towards east and was converted into a stream. This stream was called as Mahanadi which is
said to fulfill the desires of millions of people.
River Mahanadi finds reference as ‘Chitrotpala’ in ancient texts, while river Sheonath finds mention in
Matsya and Vaaman puranas as ‘shuni’ and in Garud purana as ‘shiva’.
It is mentioned in the Padma Purana and has been identified with the present day river hasto (Hasdeo)
river which flows into the Mahanadi in Madhya Pradesh. Hastisoma is also mentioned in Bhishmna-
parvan of the Mahabharta.
“According to a folklore a gond youth served in the house of a prospective father-in-law in the hope that
he would marry his daughter named Shiva. But instead he was buried as nar bali (human sacrifice) by the
24
father of the girl. The girl later committed sati (self immolation) at the burial site of his prospective
husband (nath) and hence the name Shivnath of the river that sprouted out of the site”. (source: Culture
River Shivnath by Dr. K P Verma, 2012)
Historical (H), religious (R) and archeological (A) significance

Number of places of historical, religious and archeological significance is found all along the main stem
of river Mahanadi, as well as its key tributaries.
Table 7: Places of Historical, Religious and Archeological Significance
S. No. Place, District River Significance
1 Sehawa, Dhamtari Mahanadi Origin of Mahanadi, Shringi rishi

ashram
2 Rajim, Raipur Confluence of Prayag of CG. Temples like Rajiv

Mahanadi, Sondur & Lochan mandir, Kaleswar mahadev
Pairi
3 Champaranya, Mahanadi Birthplace of Sri Vallabhacharya,

Raipur Vaishnava guru of Pushtimarga
sect.
4 Arang Mahanadi Ancient “city of temples”, Finds

mention in Mahabharat epic
5 Giraud, Baloda Jonk Birth place of Sant Ghasidas

bazar
6 Sirpur, Mahanadi Historical town of archeological

Mahasamund significance. Finds mention in
travels of Chinese pilgrim Hieun
Tsang.
7 Kharod, Janjgir- Mahanadi Known as Kashi of Chhattisgarh

Champa
8 Nagpura, Durg Sheonath Important Jain pilgrim centre
9 Nagpura, Dhamdha Sheonath Notable archeological sites

Fort, Titurghat,
25
Devkar, Saldha,
Sarda, Jong (Durg)
10 Somnath, Dhobni, Sheonath Notable archeological sites

Tarponga, Tarenga,
Gudaghat, Rampur,
Damru, Paisar
(Raipur)
11 Madkudwip, Dagori, Sheonath Notable archeological sites

Matiyari (Bilaspur)
12 Ratanpur, Bilaspur Kharong/Arpa Capital of Kalchuri kings. Finds

mention in Mahabharat epic.
13 Talagaon, Bilaspur Maniari (Sheonath) Notable archeological and religious

site. Known for Devrani-Jethani
mandir.
14 Raigarh, Raigarh Kelo Historical city
Rajim Kumbh
Rajim Kumbh (Devanagari: रािजम कु#भ or रािजम कुंभ) is a Hindu pilgrimage of people and
religious gurus held every year at Rajim, located in Gariyaband district, India.
Rajim has been a pilgrimage centre for followers of Vaishnavism from ancient times. It is
also a known Shaiv
a dharma centre. In old times it was a camping station on the pilgrimage route. The ritual of
Kalpvas was performed at Rajim just like it is at Allahabad. The religious congregation at
Rajim performs a ceremony known as the 'fifth Kumbh' which is similar to the traditional
'Punni mela' observed every year at the famous Rajiv Lochan temple located near the holy
confluence of the Mahanadi, Pairi and Sondur rivers in Rajim.
The Rajim kumbh are celebrated in February-March in every year for about 15 days.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajim_Kumbh)
26
2500-year-old city discovered in Chhattisgarh

Rashmi Drolia| TNN | Mar 13, 2013, 05.22 AM IST
RAIPUR: After initial survey, archaeologists claim to have found remains of a 2,500-year-old
city, buried at Tarighat in Durg district of Chhattisgarh where excavation work is to begin
shortly.
Talking to TOI, J R Bhagat, deputy director, archaeology department, said, "The ancient city
located 30km away from the capital was found buried in 2008 in Patan tehsil of Durg
district. Its remains indicate that it was a well-planned settlement dating back to 2nd and
3rd century BC."
He said it was a chance discovery during his personal visit to Tarighat in 2008 when he
found some old coins, beads, pottery items, bones and some structural features on the
banks of Kharun River. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has approved excavation of
the area, based on the initial findings, he said.
"After the completion of the process, I believe it would be counted among the biggest
archaeological discoveries in Chhattisgarh. The coins and semi-precious stones appear to be
from the Kushan and Satavahan dynasties," said Bhagat, adding that the signs of burnt
structures at a few places indicate that the ancient city might have been completely
destroyed in a fire.
He said the area seems to have been divided into blocks which appear like a market. "Many
structures were found to be facing the main road which is clearly visible between the blocks.
About six to eight rooms were found on both sides of the road," Bhagat said.
Figure 3: Excavation Work at Rashmi Drolia
27
Archaeologists are conducting survey in the 10 km vicinity of Patan. "For excavation, we

would have to dig about 20 feet and few patches have been marked in the region where we
expect to find more precious elements," he said.
The ancient city is believed to have been rich in ceramic culture with the discovery of a
large number of pottery items including vases, basins and bowls. Also, few terracotta
figures of males, females and animal figurines were traced while the whole mound was
found to be covered with stones.
9. Archaeological Exploration of Jonk River

Special reference to Mahasamund District, 2013
(http://www.cgculture.in/ARCHAEOLOGY/ArchaeologicalExploration.html)
The river Jonk originates form the Sunabera plateau (20°29'59.66"N; 82°26'35.08"E) in Koraput district
of Odisha. After crossing the rocky terrain, the river enters into the Maraguda Valley, where a huge water
reservoir built at Dharmabanda on the Jonk near the village Patora, which is locally known as Patora
Dam. The Jonk river valley forms part of the drainage system of the River Mahanadi located in the
western part of Odisha and eastern part of Chhattisgarh. The river flows due north, covers total area of
215 km and forms the inter-state boundary between Chhattisgarh and Odisha. The river passes through
several small and big mountain ranges and after flowing through a narrow rocky channel, of Nawapara
Hill range turns into the Mahanadi near Seorinarayan (21 °42'43.42"N; 82°34'34.03"E) at an elevation of
about 234AMSL.
The Tributaries & the Environs:
The river is joined by a number of small and big tributaries such as Kondajori, Machka, Chirar, Bagh,
Bhuisa, Karmel, Lamhar. Vegetation cover in this region is of tropical deciduous type and consist of
Mahua flat land near the river bank and savanna woodland in the high land and valleys. The geological
formation includes the Achaean and Chudappah formation; the main rock formations are granite,
quartzite, quartz and sand stone.
This is the first phase of exploration which confined only the Mahasamund district covered almost 70km
river bank of the Mahasamund,Bagbahara and Pithora tehseel of said district.
There is various folklore traditions are now prevailing in this area about the Jonk River. During the course
of exploration number of sculptures and scattered images are documented. Numbers of sculptures (intact
and fragmented) are found during the exploration work. Besides these numbers of structural sites are also
28
coming to limelight during the survey. Brick mounds are documented in the villages of Deori and Bade
Khemda area.
10. Biodiversity:
Forests:
The forests of river Mahanadi basin belong mainly to Dry deciduous species with Sal and Teak as
dominant tree species.
Mammals:
All major mammals of central India namely Tiger, leopard, sloth bear, wild boar, Gaur, Chital, Sambhar
etc are found in the forests of Mahanadi river basin.
Reptiles:
While the river Mahanadi in its Odisha stretch is known to be the only river outside of the river Ganga
system to harbor Ghariyal, it is not known if the same was also found distributed within the river in
Chhattisgarh. In any case with the formation of high dam at Hirakud on river Mahanadi the river is
biologically divided into two sections with little back and forth movement possible of its aquatic
biodiversity.
Fishes:
The commercial fishery of Hirakud Reservoir comprises nearly 40 species, a few important ones are Catla
catla, Labeo rohita, L. gonius, L. fimbriatus, L. calbasu, L. bata, Cirrhinus mrigala, C. reba, Notopterus
notopterus, N. chitala, Channa gachua, Channa punctatus, Channa striatus, Clarias batrachus,
Heteropneustes fossilis, Wallago attu, Tor mosal, Ompok bimaculatus, Mystus tengara, Silonia silonia
etc.
After commissioning of the reservoir in the year 1957, the fish fauna of the Mahanadi River system
underwent a significant change.
A large number of fish and prawn species have been already affected. These include fishes like Tor
mosal, Hilsa ilisha, and prawns like Macrobrachium malcolmsonii etc.13 Exotic fish like silver carp
(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is also found in the Mahanadi River. The Mahseer fish (Tor mosal) which
is also called as Kudo, occupies a significant position in terms of its availability in the reservoir. (Source:
Review of the Research on the Fish Diversity in the River Mahanadi and Identifying the Probable
Potential Ornamental Fishes among them with reference to Threats and Conservation Measures. Singh
Tarun Kumar, Guru Bhikari Charan and Swain Saroj Kumar)
29
From Hasdeo Sub basin Report, 2015 : Excerpts from the FGD conducted with the Fishermen
Community in Korba
(http://waterconflictforum.org/lib_docs/INT_RPT_PP.pdf)
1. The fishermen only catch food fish and there are no ornamental fishes found in the river. They
include Catla, Rohu, Mirgal, Singhar, Balm, Bata, Cheetal, Sarangi, Chinati, Kari, Ghorcha,
Kulsi, Kotiya, Dengna, Mangur, Singhi, Parhan, Munda, Patola, Chingri, Puthi, Pacheri, Revcha.
30
2. Cheetal fetches a high price in the market.
3. Location- Kalmedu Ghat. There are 8 to 10 such ghats where fishing contracts have been given.
Some of these locations are Roomgara, Dandpara, Nawagaon, Terai Daand, Songura, Jhaaku.
4. Women are mostly involved in selling the fish whereas the men are mostly involved in catching
them.
5. During the monsoons the fish catch is high amounting to 20-40 Kg a day. But in the other seasons
it is just 5 – 6 Kl. In summer it reduces to 1 – 2 Kg or even none.
6. Some 10 years back there were incidences of bumper fish weighing up to 100 Kg.
7. There are instances of dead fish due to the polluted water and the extreme water temperature.
8. The people have been involved in fishing for more than 2 generations.
9. The Revcha, Shilang and Bacheri fish is not found today. This is primarily because they require
fast moving water to lay their eggs. Due to the construction of the dam the water which has now
been rendered stagnant does not provide a conducive environment for it to survive.
10. Because of the dam the water has been rendered stagnant and proper fishing can be done only in
the monsoon season. And because of the accumulation of fly ash on the river bed, the effective
depth of the river has also reduced.
11. The indigenous fish of the river was catla and Rohu, but after the damming operations, the fishery
department put a fish called Kulsi Bata in the river. The former fetched them much more money
in the market than the latter. This is primarily due to the difference in taste.
12. At present a major portion of the fish that is sold in the market comes from Andhra Pradesh or
from the private ponds where fisheries have been developed.
30
11. Impact of human activities on the river system

With a reported (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanadi) highest discharge of over 20 lakh cusec
(matches river Ganga at its mouth) it is no wonder that river Mahanadi is so named.
Against the above is the stark present day reality when the river in non monsoon season is forced to
trickle down to few pools standing behind numerous anicuts that lay astride the river, with its mighty flow
captured in reservoirs of dams raised on the river and its tributaries. That more barrages on the river are in
the offing is an added concern.
The State Government has given preference to construction of Anicuts and stop dams on rivers and pond.
Till date, as many as 383 Anicuts have been constructed on various rivers of the State. Presently,
construction of eight big, four medium and 343 small irrigation schemes is in progress. A total of 325
new Anicuts are also under construction. Out of the six barrages under construction at Mahanadi for
industrial purpose, construction of Samoda and Mirauni barrages are at final stage of completion. Top
works of Kelo extensive irrigation project in Raigarh have been already completed.
(http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/rs270-cr-approved-for-anicut-over-
sakri-river.html)
Following are some of the various representative human intervention stories on the river that
makes one ponder, if the future of the river and its legitimate dependents is anyone’s concern?
The 15-year old battle for the Shivnath river still rages!
Authored By : Makarand Purohit

Posted By : makarandpurohit
Posted Date : Mon, 2013-06-03 19:53
Protests against privatisation of the river pay off but only partially; fisher folk still struggle to make
a living.
15 years ago, rights to the 23.5 km stretch of the Shivnath River in Durg district, Chhattisgarh were sold
to a private company Radius Water Limited (RWL). Sounds strange? You bet. A river isn’t anyone’s
property to buy or sell but the government of Madhya Pradesh apparently didn’t think so. In 1998, it gave
RWL the rights to supply water to the Borai industrial area for 22 years.
Since then, villages on the banks of the river were not allowed to use its water for irrigation, fishing or
any other purpose. More than 1000 families in the Durg district depended on the river for their livelihood.
80% used water for irrigation and 20%, for fishing. Affected villages included Mohamara, Mohalai and
Rasmara on the area above the dam and Piperchedi, Otani, Bilaudi, Nagpura and Malaud on the area
below the dam.
31
Figure 4: The Shivnath River near Mohamara village near Durg
“Due to the construction of the dam at Rasmara, the number of fish in the Shivnath river has drastically
decreased. This has affected the economic condition of the fisher folk to a large extent.” says Vijay
Nishad a fisherman in Siloda village. Another fisherman, Dhursai Nishad of Mohamara village, is
currently working as a labourer in the fields during the day and catches fish at night to supplement his
drop in income. The plight of other fisher folk in the area is similar to these two.
'The river was fenced from both sides by the RWL to restrict villagers from taking water for irrigation
and fishing” said villagers of Mohamara village. The water shortage caused conflict among the people
and they didn’t know who to turn to.
32
Figure 5: Wire fencing at the Rasmara village near Durg
Enter Nadi-Ghati Morcha, a people’s forum in Chhattisgarh that worked on common property rights
issues. Taking up the cause of the villagers, it campaigned against the RWL water privatisation project
and demanded that the state scrap the contract. Finally in 2007, the government relented and set up a
public accounts committee (PAC) to investigate the privatization of the Shivnath. The result stated clearly
that the transaction was illegal as the river was no one’s to buy or sell, especially when so many
livelihoods depended on it.
“With the constant intervention of the Nadi-Ghati Morcha, the RWL was compelled to give access to the
villagers to take water from the Shivnath for irrigation and other purposes” said activist Shiv Kumar
Nishad.
At the moment, the farmers and fisher folk have some respite but this conflict will not be resolved fully
unless the government takes a stand – one that protects the rights of the people.
The dark life of the Kelo

Posted Date : Thu, 2015-01-15 23:52
33
Senior journalist Shiv Rajpoot, who has traveled across the Kelo river in Chhattisgarh twice by foot,
shares the story of its transformation.
Figure 6: Official Visit of Kelo River
jpoot "The Kelo river has never been like this but in the last two decades, the economic growth in the
region has spoiled the purity of the river", says eminent journalist Shiv Rajpoot from Raigarh, who is
also known as "Kelo man". He has twice traveled by foot, the 90 km stretch of the Kelo from its origin to
its end.
The objectives of his two visits were to study and document:
· The biodiversity in and around the Kelo basin,

· The qualitative community perceptions around the river basin, and
· The changes in the river bed over the last two decades.
In the film “The Kelo”, Rajpoot tells how the Kelo went from being one of Chhattisgarh's purest and
healthiest rivers to one of its unhealtiest. The city of Raigarh, which was once entirely dependent upon the
Kelo's water for drinking, is now moving towards groundwater.
He has inspired people to conserve and protect the river from further pollution. His dedicated efforts have
driven people in Raigarh to start a campaign on cleaning the river bed.
"There is an urgent need to develop a better river policy for the state. Without the people's participation, it
is not possible to rejuvenate any of the rivers in India", says Rajpoot.
34
State does a Nero while Kharun weeps

Posted Date : Mon, 2016-07-18 09:30
Despite the pitiable state of a polluted Kharun, the government is keen on developing the riverfront to
attract tourists.
Figure 7: Kharun river at Mahadev Ghat, Raipur.
At sunrise, everything is luminous but not clear.
― Norman Maclean, A River Runs Through It and Other Stories

In September 2015, the BJP-led government in Chhattisgarh decided to put a master plan in place for the
development on the Kharun riverfront. To be modelled around the Sabarmati riverfront development
project, considered the best of its kind, Kharun riverfront project is alleged to have been sanctioned
without studying the impact of it on the ecosystem. Done along the lines of the development work on the
banks of the Thames in London, Sabarmati riverfront development inspired many BJP-led state
governments to replicate it on various rivers like Yamuna, Ganga, Brahmaputra and Mithi.
“The riverfront development discourse often revolves around recreational and commercial activities. It is
more about real estate than the river,” says a report on the riverfront development in India by South Asian
Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP).
35
Figure 8: Kharun river near Durg-Raipur highway.
According to the report, “Riverfront of Thames in London and Seine in Paris are often cited
as successful models of riverfront development in India. The ecological as well as social
setting of Indian rivers and the challenges that we face, however, are significantly different
from these foreign models. A blind replication will only be wastage of public funds and
degradation of the rivers further. Riverfront development projects across the country seem
to be alienated from the river, and talk only about its urban banks, trying to achieve
cosmetic changes on the deeper wounds by encroachment and real estate development on
the belly of the rivers. The need of the hour is river rejuvenation and not river FRONT
development.”
“More than 90 percent of the rivers in India are polluted and in a sorry state. The drinking
water availability of the people dependent on these rivers for domestic use has been
severely affected because of unregulated contamination from sewage and industrial waste,”
says Gautam Bandhopadhaya who has been working on the water sector issues in India for
two decades.
The plight of the river
Kharun has been the lifeline of Raipur for over 40 years. In the last one decade or so, the quality of the
river has deteriorated from untreated sewage finding its way into the river. Now, the water quality has
declined to such an extent, it is not even fit for bathing.
36
The housing and environment minister Rajesh Munat and the public works department gave
their green signal to the development activities of the riverfront before the Raipur
Development Authority (RDA) conducted an impact assessment of the project.
Figure 9: Riverfront work in progress at Mahadev Ghat in Raipur
Despite the sorry state of affairs, the Raipur Municipal Corporation (RMC) is busy constructing Mahadev
Ghat on the river bank to attract tourists.
“The government officials have informed us that the Kharun riverfront development would attract tourism
but which tourist would be interested in a contaminated Kharun? The government should prioritise
cleaning the river and providing clean and safe drinking water to people instead of this useless riverfront
development,” says an agitated Nathuram Sahu, a 70-year-old resident of Raipur.
The proposed Kharun riverfront development plan would occupy 1,19,297 hectares of land--76 percent of
which is private--at a cost of Rs1500 crore. The project is estimated to severely affect more than 50
percent of the households of Bhotali and 21 other villages along the bank of the river. It is still not clear
how many people would be displaced or how many livelihoods would be affected by the riverfront
project.
“The RDA officials recently visited and surveyed Bhotali and other villages along the banks of the river
to assess the households and agricultural land that come within the periphery of 300 m of the river bank
which will be affected by the riverfront project,” says CEO, RDA, Mahadev Kawre. The villagers learnt
about the government’s plans during the survey. They were furious.
37
“The farmers and the residents of Bhotali have been protesting the government decision. The government
has not taken any prior approval from the 22 gram panchayats. The master plan for the project has been
drawn illegally. The government is trying to favour private contractors and colony developers by
snatching our land,” says the sarpanch of Bhotali, Ganga Prasad Nishad.
“After the massive protest by the farmers and villagers, the government has decided that the RDA will not
be involved in the overall development of the riverfront. The government will establish a separate
authority to deal with further riverfront development work,” says CEO of RDA, Mahadev Kawre
Impact of water contamination
The river contamination has had negative health impact on the village and the urban residents. Water-
borne diseases like jaundice and typhoid are very common here. As per a report by Business Standard in
2014, 67 people died that year from jaundice in Raipur district. “The domestic sewage network of Raipur
is linked to Kharun through eight big canals, and almost all the sewage flows into the river without any
treatment,” reported Patrika in 2016.
“The contaminated water has killed 90 percent of the fishes in Kharun river and have snatched more than
1000 fisherfolks of their livelihood in the region in just one decade. Now, most of them have become
labourers,” says 44-year-old Murli Nishad, a fisherman in Bhotali.
The amount of sewage that gets emptied into the river need at least seven or eight sewage plants to treat
it. For the eight big canals carrying the muck, only one sewage plant has been sanctioned at the Mahadev
Ghat area. The estimated cost of this wastewater treatment plant is Rs 6.2 crore.
“If the government decides to spend Rs 1500 crore on sewage disposal and rejuvenating the river in an
eco-friendly way, then the people of Raipur can get clean and safe drinking water throughout the year.
The treated water can also be used for agricultural purpose,” says Shiv Kumar Sahu of Bhotali.
Rejuvenating our rivers is the need of the hour but replicating models of riverfront development like
Sabarmati is not a scientific way to do it. The way to revive Kharun is to treat the wastewater before it
enters the river, recharge the upstream aquifers in the river basin and to develop an eco-friendly system on
the banks of the river,” sayswinner of Stockholm water prize 2015, Rajendra Singh.
The people living on the bank of Kharun are worried about their livelihood. The fear of getting displaced
haunts them all the time. There is an urgent need to address the basic needs of the people before
beautifying the river bank.
38
12. Dam cum Barrage over river Arpa:

The Arpa Bhaisajhar Barrage project proposed over the Arpa river, is located near Left Bank village
Bhaisajhar, Block H.Q. Kota ( About 12km, Bilaspur Kota State Highway) and district Bilaspur (~44km)
of Chhatisgarh. The coordinates of the barrage are 22018’00” N and 82005”00” E.
The proposed project includes construction of a 147 m long and 12.35 m high barrage near the village
Bhaisajhar on river Arpa along with guide bund 880 m long on right side and 330 m long on left side. The
length of main canal and Branch canal is 56.6 km and 27.00 km respectively. The length of distributaries
and minors is 303.30 km.
The catchment area intercepted up to the barrage site is 1693.86 km2. The annual irrigation proposed is
25000 ha of kharif (paddy). The total cost of the project is estimated as Rs. 606.43 crores with a Benefit
Cost ratio considering 10% interest on capital outlay 1:2.81. The Full Tank Level (FTL) of barrage is
302.00 m whereas the afflux bund level will be 305.00 m. The crest level of barrage is at RL 292.20 m.
The submergence area at FTL will be 653.59 ha.
CWC to meet on Mahanadi projects in Chhattisgarh
By Express News Service

Published: 06th July 2016 06:30 AM
Last Updated: 06th July 2016 06:30 AM
BHUBANESWAR: The Central Water Commission (CWC) is likely to convene a meeting by July-end
following strong objection raised by Odisha against construction activities by Chhattisgarh Government
over Mahanadi river system.
Seven projects including Arpa-Bhainsjhar have been taken up by the Chhattisgarh on Arpa river without
intimating Odisha. Besides, an intake well for drawing water from Saberi river originating in Koraput has
been constructed.
No inter-State agreement has so far been signed between Odisha and Chhattisgarh for utilisation of water
of Mahanadi river. It is apprehended that the flow to Hirakud dam reservoir will be reduced drastically for
Chhattisgarh projects.
The Odisha Government has demanded a tripartite discussion among CWC, Chhattisgarh and Odisha to
finalise sharing pattern for Mahanadi water. Official sources said Odisha will demand signing of an
agreement between the two States for the Mahanadi basin.
39
'The Dying Springs of Chirimiri'

Posted Date : Fri, 2016-04-01 18:04
Blasting and drilling around Chirimiri's coal mines have taken a toll on the area's water resources and
environment. The film presents the community's perspective on this issue.
Figure 10: Coal Mining in Chirimiri
Chirimiri Coalfield is a part of Central India Coalfields, located in Koriya district, Chhattisgarh. It is
spread over 125 square kilometres with estimated total reserves of around 312.11 million tonnes. In the
last 70 years, more than 250 springs that used to be the primary sources of drinking water for the people
of Chirimiri have gone dry due to continuous coal mining. Blasting and drilling around the coal mines
have severely affected the movement of water in the underground aquifers, which in turn have impacted
the flow of water in the springs. Aquifers take thousands of years to form but are destroyed in mere
minutes causing the springs also to die or become polluted.
The CMC procures water from the Surbhoka dam near Chirimiri but has not been able to supply water on
a daily basis as per CPHEEO norms. "The water supplied by Chirimiri Municipal Corporation (CMC) is
not treated properly. Due to water contamination, typhoid cases are are on the rise", says Dr. Jayant
40
Kumar Yadav, Medical Officer, Chirimiri Community Health Centre.
"With the expansion to coal mining in the area in the last 6-7 decades, there is a threat to the existing
springs. 20 springs out of 300 have died every 10 years or so. Now, the number of springs in Chirimiri
has reduced to 30", says Girish Kumar, senior researcher and resident of Chirimiri. These 30 springs still
cater to the drinking water needs of 70-80 percent of Chirimiri's population and are still the first choice of
the people but if they die, then it will lead to acute water crises as well as destroy livelihoods.
The demand for spring water in Chirimiri has increased in the last one decade as the people prefer it over
the water supplied by the CMC. While the spring water is free, most residents don't want to take the pain
of walking to a hilly area to bring water back. Instead, they pay people who can do this for them. Thus,
the spring water provides a livelihood to more than 100 families.
"India is a seriously water-stressed nation and is faced with the prospect of becoming the planet’s most
populous country by 2050, with an estimated population of 1.6 billion, while only having 4 percent of the
world’s water resources," says a Greenpeace report. It also says, "Coal mining, especially open-cast
mining, is responsible for complete environmental destruction, and has huge impacts on local water
resources; groundwater needs to be pumped out of the ground, forests needs to be cut down and fertile top
soil are removed in order to access the coal; and in the process destroying valuable underground aquifers,
streams and rivers."
The film titled "The Dying Springs of Chirimiri" focuses on the devastation of natural resources and its
impact on community life in Chirimiri.
13. Chhattisgarh - Odisha conflicts simmering over River

Mahanadi
Conflict Likely Over Mahanadi Water Sharing: Av Swamy
Wednesday, 24 September 2014 | Staff Reporter | Raipur | in Raipur

The people and Governments of both Chhattisgarh and Odisha may come to loggerheads over sharing
of the Mahanadi river water in future, renowned Water Sector Expert and Independent Rajya Sabha
MP from Odisha AV Swamy observed on Tuesday.
“Swamy was speaking at a one-day Consultation on the theme “Threats on Chhattisgarh rivers with Focus
on Mahanadi Basin in the Present Context” organized by Nadi Ghati Morcha in the city here.
“In 1950, Odisha used to get 71 billion cubic meter water of Mahanadi from Chhattisgarh, which has
reduced by 10 billion cubic meter water by now. With increasing population and number of industrial
41
units coming up in both the States, the dependency on Mahanadi river water has also increased
significantly” he explained.
He added that disproportionate use of Mahanadi river water by the residents and industrial units
established near Mahanadi Basin will be a matter of concern in the times to come. The Convenor of Nadi
Ghati Morcha, Gautam Bandhopadhya and the experts including Lingraj Azad, Ranjan Panda, Dr Anand
Mishra and Nand Kumar Kashyap expressed an urgent need to present the perspective of the dying
condition of the rivers for their conservation.
They added that the uninterrupted human intervention in and around the river basins has affected not only
the health of the rivers, but it has also affected the human health and environment.
Anicut over Ib River by Chhattisgarh: 15 member team starts probe
Published on 11 August 2016 By Prameya News7

Bhubaneswar: To probe on the construction of Anicut, a dam, over Ib River by Chhattisgarh
Government, a team from Sundargarh district has visited Simdega, on the Odisha-Chhattisgarh border, on
Thursday.
The 15 member team is led by Sundargarh Municipality Chairman and comprises of senior advocates,
citizen forum activists and various persons.
Social organisations opposing politics over Mahanadi water row
Published on 12 August 2016 by Hitvada
Raipur:
Various social organisations from both C’garh and Odisha states came together on the issue.
Opposing the attempts to politicize the ongoing Mahanadi row between Odisha and Chhattisgarh, various
social organisations from these two states came together to stress that masses on both sides are not
misled.
The joint statement issued after day long deliberations on the issue and puts forth a five point demand
which includes immediate ceasing of hostilities on both sides, evolving a transparent policy guaranteeing
right of local communities on river, serious review of construction projects on Mahanadi so that the flow
and natural form of river is not disturbed, immediate halt of illegal draw of water by industries from the
42
river and strict implementation of prohibition of industrial pollution in river water.
The representatives of various social organisations of the two states came together under banner of
‘Forum for Policy Dialogue On Water Conflict In India’. All of the speakers during the deliberation
pointed out that two state governments involved at looking to exploit Mahanadi for industrial purposes
and there is strong likelihood that it might pose risk to interests of masses in general and agriculture.
Activists and grass-root level workers from both states pointed out that seven barrages in Chhattisgarh as
well as Hirakud dam in Odisha are primarily being used for industrial purposes rather than for irrigation.
The social organisations also expressed concern on rising pollution in Mahanadi river due to
industrialization. Prominent speakers and intellectuals attending the deliberation included Lingraj Bhai,
Sudarshan Das, Anand Mishra, Lalit Surjan, Alok Shukla, Nafisa Barot and many others.
Many of the speakers including Prafull Samantra, Saroj Mahanti and Nandkumar Kashyap stressed on the
need to carry out a ‘Yatra’ right from where Mahanadi river originates to till its culmination into sea to
create awareness that the people and their basic needs have first claim over river and the industrial
purposes come much later. It was said that Mahanadi row rather than being an inter-state water dispute is
more of an industrialization versus irrigation dispute. Prominent social organizations that participated in
the deliberations on Thursday included Lok Shakti Abhiyaan, Pashchim Odisha Kisan Samanvaya Samiti,
Odisha Nadi Suraksha Samukhya from Odisha besides Chhattisgarh Bachao Andolan, Ekta Parishad,
Prayog Samajik Vikas Sansthan and many others from Chhattisgarh.
14. River People’s movements / campaigns

The sad and threatened state of rivers in the state has led to people’s movements / campaigns aimed at
oritection and rejuvenation of their life line rivers. Nadi Ghati Morcha (Forum for River Valley) and
Arpa Ko Behne Do (Let river Arpa flow), are examples of such people’s initiatives.
कैसे बचेगी अरपा मैया, कौन होगा इसका 0खवैया!
by Ratan jaiswani - May 30, 20160
अरपा बचाओ या$ा-%शवनाथ अरपा संगम पर समापन… जनता का बेहतर 34तसाद %मला, जगह-जगह 7वागत
3 8दवसीय या$ा म: जल, जंगल, जमीन बचाने के %लए जाग<कता अ%भयान
नारद टाइ@स Aवशेष – रतन जैसवानी
बलासपुर. जीवनदा(यनी, अंतःस.लला, स/रता और भी न जाने 3कतनी उपमाओं से 8ृंगा/रत कभी कल-कल करती बहने वाल<
43
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संभव न होगा।
44
15. Red (Critical), Pink (Threatened) and Blue (healthy)

Status of rivers of Mahanadi
The basin of the river Mahanadi within the state would qualify for a Pink status. This is because on
account of a number of water harvesting structures including dams, barrages and anicuts on its tributaries
as well as on the main river, the perennial river system has turned seasonal with pools marking the river
bed during non monsoon months. This state of affairs would be having deleterious impact on the river’s
health in terms of its geomorphology as well as its biodiversity.
It would be worthwhile to assess the impact of degradation of river’s integrity as a perennial system and
its increasing pollution on its biodiversity as well as dependent livelihoods.
Following is presented as the current state of tributaries of Mahanadi on the basis of three key criterion:
Table 8: The Current State of Tributaries of Mahanadi
S. No Tributary Structures on it Pollution level Other threats State
1 Sillari (R ) Dam Low Pink
2 Sondur ( R ) Dam Low Pink
3 Pairi (R ) Dam & Anicuts Low Pink
4 Sukha (R ) Low Blue
5 Kodar (R ) Dam Low Pink
6 River (R) Anicuts Low Pink
7 Jonk (R ) Dam (in Odisha) Low Pink
8 Hasdeo ( L ) Dam, barrage High Red
9 Mand ( L ) Anicuts Low Blue
10 Ib ( L ) - Low Blue
11 Kelo ( L ) Anicuts High Pink
12 SHEONATH (L) PINK
13 Sukha Gamriya Dam Low Pink

(L)
45
14 Kharkhara (R) Dam Low Pink
15 Tandula ( R ) Dam Low Pink
16 Sonvarsha ( L ) Dams Low Pink
17 Amner ( L ) Dam Low Pink
18 Surhi ( L ) Low Blue
19 Dotua ( L ) Low Blue
20 Kharun ( R ) Anicuts High Sand mining, Red

Riverfront dev
project
21 Hanp/Sakari ( L ) Anicuts Low Blue
22 Maniari ( L ) Dams Low Pink
23 Arpa ( L ) Dam, anicuts High Sand mining Red
24 Jamunia (R ) Anicuts Low Blue
25 Khorsi ( R ) Dams Low Pink
26 Lilaghar ( L ) Anicuts High Pink
16. Recommendations:
1. On the lines of CPCB, the state pollution board needs to monitor and report about the water
quality status of various rivers in the state.
2. The recent (2014) CWC report highlighting widespread heavy metal pollution at many sites on
the Mahanadi system calls for urgent in depth investigation and corrective steps.
3. Department of water resources must explore decentralized and non high dam / barrage irrigation
options. (on farm ponds, village ponds and lift irrigation etc)
4. Department of Environment / Forests / Fisheries need to monitor the health of the rivers
catchment vegetation as well as its faunal biodiversity. Since information on non fisheries faunal
and riparian biodiversity appears to be scanty there is a need to focus on the establishment of
baselines on aquatic and riparian faunal and floral biodiversity in the Mahanadi basin in the state.
46
5. Sites of cultural, historical and archeological importance need to be conserved in compatibility

with the integrity of the river system. (Rajim Kumbh is a poor example)
GANGA SUB BASIN

A small part (1.7 %) of the Ganga basin, namely river Son sub basin falls within the state of Chhattisgarh.
Spread over 18406 sq km it drains the districts of Koriya, Surajpur, Balrampur, Surguja and Jashpur.
Rivers Rihand, Banas, Gopad and Kanhar are the key tributaries of river Son originating from within the
state. Deogarh hills in the district of Koriya separate the waters of Ganga and Mahanadi basin, draining
towards north and south respectively. While Banas is the western most, Kanhar is the eastern most
tributary of river Son in the state.
Map No 6: Ganga River Basin in Chhattisgarh
The northern districts of the state are still to experience the ill effects on environment of the
developmental activities and hence the rivers here are in relatively pristine state.
The backwaters of the Rihand dam reservoir (in the state of Uttar Pradesh) stretch into parts of
Chhattisgarh.
47
17. Rivers of Ganga basin within the state of Chhattisgarh

Following is the brief description of rivers of Ganga basin within the state of Chhattisgarh. (Source:
Gazetteer of Surguja district, First edition, 1989)
The Banas
The Banas defines the western most limit of the District and the Bharatpur tahsil. It rises from the hills
near Manjtoli (23o32’30”N; 82o0’50”E) of Manendragarh tahsil. In the initial stages the river flows
towards the north-west and forms the boundary between Surguja and Shahdol districts for about 50 km.
Thereafter, it meanders northwards along the common boundary of Shahdol and Sidhi Districts (MP) for
another about 50 km. Along the middle course of the river in Sidhi is a broken country of low hills from
near the village Bara Duberi to Ghoghi. It joins the Son near Shikargang (MP). The important tributaries
of the Banas are the Rampa and the Muwai (in Suruguja) and Kormar and Mahan further north joining it
on the right bank. The Gohiradi, the Odari and the Jhanppar join it on the left bank.
The Gopad
The Gopad rises from the northern slopes of Sonhat plateau (23o32’N; 82o31’E). In Surguja it flows to
the north and the west in stages. In Sidhi District the Gopad flows first to the west along the common
boundary of Bharatpur tahsil with Sidhi District. The river then meanders to the north and north-west and
finally to the north-east. The river is joined by the Goini and the Neur in Surguja and the Sehra, the
Kandas and the Mohan in Sidhi. The stream meets the Son near Bardi.
The Rehind or Rehar

The Rehind flows through the central plateau and cuts across the northern hill range. It drains the widest
area of the District. Rising from hills (1,088 meters) of Matringa near the south-eastern boundary the
Rehind maintains a general northerly course in Surguja and north-easterly course in SIdhi and Mirzapur
(Uttar Pradesh), where it meets the Son. There the river has been dammed, the reservoir submerging a
part of the plain both in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. The mahan and the Moran are the important
tributaries joining its right bank in Surguja District. The left bank feeders are the Kharpari, Gobri,
Goknai, Piparkachar and the Ramdia in the District. The Kachan and the Mear are effluents of some size
draining the north –eastern plain of Sidhi.
The banks of river are low and the drainage area consists of a wide open land up to Jhilmili (Bhaiyathan).
It then enters a hilly country which opens again near the northern boundary. Near the village Balangi the
Channel runs deep among the hills of Ramkola. Here it also meets the low fall of Rakaskund. Although
the drainage is seasonal, like other streams of Surguja, the river contains some perennial pools. The
48
Jhilmili Dah gave its name to the village and shelters fishes of some large size. The total length of the
river in the District, is about 160 kilometres.
The Kanhar
This is the second lengthy river flowing in the District. It originates from Gidha-Dhodhi on the Khudia
Plateau. The place lies to the north of Sonkiari in Raigarh district. It flows to the north through the hills
and open country in stretches. Coming down the Khuria Plateau, it enters the small plain of Deepadih and
Ghugri in Samri tahsil. Then it has to cut across the hills and demarcate the narrow junction of Jamirapa
hills to the east and the lahsunpat to the West. The river here meets fall of 60 metres and again flows
through the tableland. It then form the north-eastern boundary of the District with Palamau, among the
forests.
The river flows for about 100 kilometers in the District and enters Mirzapur District of Uttar Pradesh,
where it meets the Son . It is fed by small streams – Suria, Chanan, Senduir and Kursa on its left bank
and Galphulla, Semarkhar, RIgar and Cherra nalas on the right.
Location of north Chhattisgarh
Map No 7: Forest Map of Chhattisgarh
49
Widespread and dense forests can still be found in north Chhattisgarh and the areas that form the
catchment of river Son and its tributaries. There are two wildlife sanctuaries (Semarsot and Tamor pingla)
and one national park (Guru Ghasidas National Park) that provide good protection status to the rivers that
flow through them.
18. Mythology and Archeology

Mythical stories are related to Surguja. It is said that Lord Rama visited this place during his exile of
fourteen years and therefore there are certain places named after Lord Rama, Goddess Sita and Laxmana.
Ramgarh, Sita-Bhengra and Laxmangarh are some of them.
Like other places of Chhattisgarh, Surguja has also witnessed the rule of various dynasties. Starting with
Nandas and Mauryas, it passed on to the Rakshal clan. It was a princely state under the British regime.
Antique ruins and artistic temple carvings of the yesteryears are to be explored in
Surguja.Chhattisgarh is known for innumerable waterfalls and Surguja owns one of them. Tiger point
waterfall is located at Mainpat. Ramgarh and Sita Bengra are famous for caves with pre-historic
paintings. It is believed that Lord Rama stayed at Ramgarh during his 14year exile.
Ambikapur Temple is another attraction as it is known for being the temple town of Chhattisgarh. Taat
Pani is visited for the hot spring which flows through out the year. Medicinal features are available in the
water of the hot spring. Deepadih is the centre of ruined temples and tanks while Deogarh is for
archeology.Kudargarh is a pilgrimage destination.
Tribal people comprise of the maximum population in Surguja. Pando and Korwa are those tribes who
still reside in the forests. While the former is believed to be the descendants of Pandavas, the later are the
members of Kauravs of Mahabharata.
(http://www.nativeplanet.com/surguja/ )
Maheshpur Ruins
These have been found on the bank of river Rihand. The place is 8 km from Udaipur on Kedma road.
Ruined 8th century temples and numerous (about 200) images have been found including a stone
inscription of 18 sentences. Villagers called this place as ‘Nishan pakhna Teela’ (hraps of stony symbols).
Laxmangarh is a nearby place where fort ruins, rock art and 6th century idols of lotus, laxmi have been
found in excavations.
(http://throughpicture.blogspot.in/2012/10/culture-embeded-in-stone-maheshpur.html )
50
19. Threats to rivers

Mining for coal and bauxite seems to be the key threats to rivers in the area.
Minerals belts of Surguja :
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surguja_district)
· Upper catchments of river or Sitapur-Samri belt : This belt is associated with eastern and south
eastern part of the district. It is abound in Bauxite and some amount of Coal.
· Central-North Surguja (Wadrafnagar-Pal –Pratappur-Surajpur-Ambikapur) belt: The reserve of
coal, Pyritic minerals, Sulpher, mica Berylluiim, Byrites, Copper, Galena are reported.
Bishrampur, Bhatgaon, Tatapani, Ramkola, Lakhanpur and Basen are main coal fields. Some
Fire-clay, Mica, Coal, Galena, silmenite are also reported in Wadrafnagar on U.P. border.
Bauxite: In Surguja Bauxite deposit have been found in tertiary rocks. Due to decay and weathering of
aluminium rich rocks, Felspar usually kaolinised under tropical monsoon conditions, the weathering goes
a step further and results in a residue rich in hydroxides of aluminium together with oxides of iron,
manganese and titanium with sufficient contraction of aluminium hydroxides, economic deposits of
bauxite originates. This process of 'Bauxitisation' as it is called thrives well on topographically elevated
well drained plateaus of low relief. The recoverable reserves of bauxite in Surguja are 57.54 million
tonnes, which is around 57% of total state reserve.
Out of 57.74 million tones, 42.21 million tones are under proved category, 13.56 million tones under
probable category and remaining 1.76 million tones under are possible category. About 51 million tones
of the total reserves are of metallurgical grade and the grade particular of 6 million tones are not known.
The economical deposits are located at entire pat (local name given to plateau or pleatux) region of
eastern and south eastern Surguja including Mainpat,Samari and Jamirapat.
· Mainpat: Bauxite is of good and thickness varies from 4–5 meters.

· Jamirapat & Samripat
Bauxite deposits of these areas are metallurgical grade I. These two major reserves are centred in Samri
tehsil and adjacent plateaus – Jamripat, Jaranpat, Lahsunpat, Jonkapat and other small hill rocks.
Coal: Most of the coal in the Gondwana is found in barakar series. Coal as a solid stratified rock
composed mainly of hydrocarbon and capable of being used as a fuel to supply heat or light or both. The
coal field of Surguja belongs to Gondwana coal fields. The coal of this area is of good quality stream and
gas coals. The coal fields of Surguja can be classified as:-
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· Middle Gondwana Coal Fields: Tatapani-Ramkola, Jhilmili and Sonhat

· Talchir Coal Fields: Bisrampur, Bansar, Lakhanpur, Panchbhaini and Damha-munda.
· Mahanadi Valley: Hasdo-Rampur.
Threat status of rivers

From available information none of the rivers Banas, Gopad, Rihand, Mahan and Kanhar as they flow
within the state appear to be either in Red or Pink category as none of them have either major structure on
them or face major source of pollution. But a caution is to be observed since further mining /
industrialization could result in high pollution.
52
GODAVARI
Map No 8: Godavari River Basin In Chhattisgarh
The third river system draining the state is that of the Indravati. The river and its tributaries are located in
the Bastar area. It is a tributary of Godavari.
Originating from Orissa it divides the area into two halves. Its major tributaries are Narangi, Baordhig,
Nibra, Kotri, and a stream, the Chintavagu. Besides the Indravati and its tributaries, there are three
important streams in the Bastar area, all direct tributaries of Godavari. These are Talperu, Chinta, and
Sabari. In the Dandakaranya region lying to the south of Indravati most of the rivers are perennial, though
with highly fluctuating regime. Due to rapid run-off and evaporation, the land dries up very quickly after
the monsoons. A very negligible amount of their water is used for agriculture. (Source: Ecological
features of CG, Planning Commission)
53
20. The Indravati

The Indravati rises from the Sunger hill (1.229 m.) on the Eastern Ghats in Dharamgarh tahsil of
Kalahandi district in Orissa. Initially, the river flows towards the south-west on the plateau of Thuamal
Rampur. The hill ranges on both its banks recedes as the turns to the west-south –west and enters
Nowrangpur tahsil of Korapur district (Orissa). Here the river on the flat and open plateau of Jaypur-
Jagdalpur. Although the river as a whole remains a hilly stream, with deep bed, rapids and rocky shoales,
the force of the Indravati is comparatively lesser on the level plateau except in the Godavari valley. The
river is joined by the Jaura nala on the Bank a few kilometers before it touches Bastar and by the Bhasker
Nala on the Korapur-Bastar boundary as it enters the district.
Map No 9: Google earth image of Godavari sub basin in Bastar (CG)
54
The Indravati is the main river of Bastar for it traversers across its right through the heart of the District.
Its course in the District is about 209 km. and the drainage area covers about two-third of the District.
Nearly all rivers flowing on the Bastar Plateau and Abujhmarh hills join it from Nogarna on the easter
boundary to Chitrakoot has meandering course. A few kilometers above Chitrakoot, which is 38.5 km
west of Jagdalpur, the Narangi joins the Indravati, bringing the water from a large area of the north-
eastern plateau around Kondagaon. The Kapari, a small stream also joins the north bank. At Chitrakoot
village the Indravati makes a fall of 28.25 m (94 ft.) and enters a groove for about 12 km. In fact, this
groove represents the receding track of the fall from the general line of the Jagdalpur plteau in the west.
Beyond Korli village, the river runs through a cut-up and hilly terrain and its bed represents a solids of
bifurcated channels with river islands upon the vicinity of Basrur. The Boarding and the Gudra, the two
large streams from the north, join right bank at Gamiapal and Bodghat, respectively. The Mander and the
Dantewara rivers join from the south further down in its south-western course. The Indravati marks the
southern limits of the rugged Ahujhmar hills in this span until it reaches the ceastern boundary of
Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. After receiving the Dantewara river in Bastar the Indravati turns to
the north-east and comes out of Bhairamgarh hills in the south. A small stream, the Berudi joins the left
bank. From here to the north-western boundary of Bijapur and further down when it turns to the south-
west the river again marks a series of river islands and a comparatively undulation country, except the
hills of Vadiri and Darba. At the point where the river turns to the south-west, it is joined by the
Pamlagotam (or the Nirba) river and the Paralkot (or the Kotri) at Gurugurutola and Bhomragarh villages,
respectively.
In its south-western course the Indravati as joined by the Banda and the Vatiranga rivers on the right bank
in Chandrapur district, and the Koker on the left namely. Tekameta and Tavasurguttta hills, the
Bhopalpatnam plain, the Depali Hill, the Girigudem-Atkapalli gap and the Relagudem hill. It has also
changed its course to south-east below Mattimarka, and to the south-west after its confluence with the
Chinta Vagu on the left bank. After circuiting the Regalgudem hill and turning to the south-east again the
Indravati meets the left bank of the Godavari. It also forces the course of that mighty river towards the
south-west.
The total course of the Indravati is 406 km of which 40 km lies in Kalahandi, 77 km in Koraput, including
the length of length along the western boundary of that district and 289 km in Bastar District including
the lengths along the eastern and western boundaries. The course of the after meeting the Pamlagotam is
93 km, common with the Chandrapur district boundary.
55
21. Following are the key tributaries of river Indravati:

Table 9: Key Tributaries of River Indravati
S.No. Distance Tributary Structure / Pollution Other notables

from origin / others
km
1 0 Bhaskar Nala 60 + km
2 (260 m) Anicut (Nogarna

vill)
3 10.5 km Anicut (Kuruspal

vill)
4 19.5 km Nala ( L ) 15 + Km
5 21 km Nala ( L ) Pollution 20+ km

(Jagdalpur)
6 25 km Anicut (Jagdalpur)
7 27 km Drain ( L ) City drain 2 km

(Jagdalpur)
8 40 km Anicut
9 43 km Nala ( L ) Draining the plateau 30+ km (multipronged)
10 55 km Nala ( R ) 21+ km
11 57 km Anicut
12 59 km Nala ( R ) Anicut (Bastar vill) 10+ km
13 84 km River Narangi ( R) and Dam at Salemeta on 100 + km (Multipronged)

Nala ( L ) a side stream.
10 + km
Dam on the nala
14 85 km River ( L ) 60+ (multipronged)
15 87 km River Kapari ( R ) 50 + (multipronged)
16 90 km Famous Chitrakut
56
water fall
17 93 km Nala ( R ) Nala valleys under 15 + km

cultivation
18 97 km Nala ( L ) River on rocky bed 15+ km
19 104 km Nala ( R ) DO 10+ km
20 115 km Bordig River ( R ) Originates near 100+ km (multipronged)

Kanker amd meets
near Amlidhar
21 125 km Nala ( L ) 5+ km
22 136 km River Gudra ( R ) Draining the 120+ km (multipronged)

Abujhmar plateau
and meets near
Bodhghat
23 140 km Nala ( L ) Meets west of 40+ (multipronged)

Barsur
24 145 km Nala ( L ) Meets at Pahurnar 15+ (multipronged)
25 147 km Nala ( L ) Meets between 5+

Pahurnar and
Chindnar
26 153 km Nala ( R ) Meets d/s Padmeta 15+ (multipronged)
27 166 km River Dantewada / Meets at Nelasnar 70+ (multipronged)

Mander ( L )
(rivers Sankhini &
Dakini)
28 201.5 km River Berudi ( L ) Originates from 70+ (multipronged)

Bailadila range and
meets at Patakutru
29 206 km Nala ( R ) Meets at Chatpalli 35+ (multipronged)
Nala ( L ) 25+ (multipronged)
57
30 213.5 km Nala (L) Meets near Bendre 15+ km (multipronged)
2 nalas ( R ) Meets near 5+ km

Hingemata
31 218 km Nala ( R ) Meets near Lanka 30+ km (multipronged)
32 221 km Nala ( R ) Meets at Kounde 10+ km
33 225 km River Nibra ( R ) Nibra forms Inter 30+ km (multipronged)

state border till
confluence with
Indravati after which
Indravati forms the
CG-MS border till
confluence with
Godavari at Reguda
34 249 km River Kotri ( R ) Indravati forms 120+ km (multipronged) part

inter-state border in CG and part in MS
and Kotri joins at
Bhamragarh (MS)
35 264 km Nala ( L ) Joins opposite Rela 10+ km (multipronged)

(MS)
36 269 km Nala ( L ) Joins at Pasewada 12+ km
37 271 km Nala ( L ) Joins at Phandiwaya 5+ km
38 279 km River Vatiranga ( R ) Joins at Damrancha 115+ km (multipronged)

(MS)
39 284 km River Koker ( L) Joins u/s of Sundra 30+ km (multipronged)
40 287.5 km River Peddavagu ( L ) Joins d/s of Sundra 40+ km (multipronged)
41 317 km Two ??nalas ( R ) Join at Korla Chak 40+ km (multipronged)

(MS)
42 325 km Nala ( L ) Joins at Lingapur 20+ km (multipronged)
43 334 km River Chinta vagu ( L Joins at Bhadrakali 60+ km (multipronged)
58
44 353 km Confluence with

Godavari
Thus the total effective length of river Indravati within the state is more than 353+1500 = 1853 km.
Following are brief write ups on the various tributaries of river Indravati within the state:
The Bhaskar nala

This river rises in Nowrangpur tahsil of Korapur district (Orissa), just across the north-eastern boundary
ofKondagaon tahsil. It flows from the outskirts of Umarkot and forms the eastern boundary of Bastar for
about 5 km before it joins the Indravati.
The Narangi
It is one of the large tributaries of the Indravati draining the north-eastern part of Kondagaon-Jagdalpur
plateau. Its source lies near Raighar in Nowrangepur tahsil of Korapur. The Narangi flows initially
towards the south-west upto Somanpur in Kondagaon tahsil. Then it turns to the south-east until it is
joined by the combined stream of the Petphula nala and the Markandi nala on the left bank. Kotgar is
right bank tributary of the Markandi. For the last abut 9 kms of its course, the Narangi follows a south-
westerly course and joins the Indravati, opposite Usrihara village.
The Kapari
The Kapari is a small stream which rises from the Mandla hill. It joins the north bank of the Indravati
opposite Chitrakote village.
59
Figure 11: Indravati Waterfall at Chitrakut
The Boardhig
The Boardhig rises from the hillock of Taraibera (2.297’) in the north-east of Kondagaon tahsil, above the
Telanghati scarps. It flows to the south-west and later to the south. It receives the Gaurbahar and the
Boroda nals on the right bank. One of the feeders 3 km. west of Jungani village passes through a sandy
bed and has discontinuous flow. The Borada nala is the largest of its tributaries. It rises from the Chabera
hill, 19 km west of Keskal. It separates the Parasgaon hill (2.516’) and Kargaon hill (2.473’) from the
Narayanpur Plateau.
The Gudra
The Gudra rises from the watershed along the western boundary near Dugawada village (19 28’ N.
82”2’E) and flows to the north-east upto Kugnar and to the east upto Chhoota dongar. It drains the
central part and eastern limites of the Abhujhmar hills through small tributaries on both its banks. The
channel of the river and its feeders are deep and bordered by a chain of dissected but high hills.
The Palmlagotam or the Nibra

The Nibra rises from Gora hill, about 12 km east of Narayanpur. It flows to the west for 40 km. It bends
to the south-west near Kondergaon and joins the Indravati after winding another 52 km. through the hills
of Abhujmar, of which its an important river. The river course below Atauli has wider banks and a little
open plan, Here the river is called the Pamlagotam. There are a few rocky islands near Kukurmeta. It
receives a number of hill streams on both its sides notable among them being the Lahir and the Rairpi.
60
The Kotri or the Paralkot

The Kotri is an important river on western margin of the Abhujmar. It rises from Murargota village in the
hills of Ambagarh-Chauki. It flows to the south Rajnandgaon for 58 km in Rajnandgaon tahsil and about
the same length in Bastar District below the Gara para hill range and Abujhmar hills. The stream is
bifurcated for about 3 km below Marvada village. Having flown for 12 km along the inter district
boundary it enters Sironcha tahsil of Chandrapur district (Maharashtra) and joins the Indravati 25 km.
below at Bhamragarh. The lower course of the Kotri is known as the Paralkot.
The Waler is the most important river of the Kotri system which rises from Mahnor hill (2,389’ or 728
km) east of Narainpur. It drains the adjoining parts of Narayanpur and Bhanupratappur tahsils. The
Chargaon and the Pulungori nalas joins it on the right bank afrter which it changes it course from north-
west to south-east.
The Dantewara / Mander

The Dantewara is the southern tributary of the Indravati which drains the Central parts of Bastar District
with two of its tributaries namely, the Sankini and the Dankini. The river itself rises from the south-
eastern slopes of the Bailadila hill range and flows to the north. It is joined by the Dankini at Dantewara
town which settles on the fork. The Gidam river joins below Bhogam village.
The Dankini rises from the hill (825 m. or 2,707’ high) 53 km, west of Jagdalpur on Geedam Road. Its
upper channel lies in an upper valley with south-east slope quite opposite to the slope of its own lower
valley. The upper stream crosses into the lower valley across a narrow ridge through gap crated by
headward cutting of a feeder stream. It reflects the history of river development. Formerly, the upper
Dankini might have been a part of Kangar through a windgap of Bodenar and Gumadpal villages.
The Berudi
The Berudi is the next major tributary of the Indravati, joining it from the south. It rises from the south-
western hill (1264.9 m. or 4,150’) of the Bailadila range. It flows to the north-east draining the water
between Kuruvanghat dongri and Kutru-Bijapur hill ranges.
The Koker
It is a small stream rising in the north-western part of Bijapur tahsil and joining the Indravati on the west
bank, above Sundra.
The Peddavagu
Rising from the Adedvaya hill (347 m. or 1,139’) the river flows to the north-east and joins the Indravati
to its west bank, below Sundra.
61
The Chinta vagu

It rises from the Adedvaya hill and flows to the south-east, opposite the Peddavagu, near Pusagudun. The
river turns to the west crosses the Thunkigutta hill range and turns to the north-west. The upper valley of
the Chintavagu presents a case of river capture. It lies separated by a wind-gap above the valley of the
Jidavagu, a tributary of the Talperu. Meddery settles on the right bank of the Chinta vagu. The stream
joins the left bank of the Indravati.
22. Following rivers rise or flow within the state but

empties directly into the river Godavari
The Talperu
The Talperu is one of the important tributaries of the Godavari in the southern part of the district. The
stream rises on the high plateau of the Biladila Hill range, and flows to the south. Below the hill range it
turns to the west for a while but takes a southern course beyond Mallapalli village. It receives the Chinta
the Jidavagu, the Kongavagu and the Dharavagu on the right bank and the Chintavgagu from the left on
the south-western boundary. Beyond the district it meets the Godavari below Tegeda in the east Godavari
district.
The Chintavagu is the most important tributary of the Talperu. It rises from Darbha plateau and drains
the plain around Jagargonda.
The Guddaivagu
It is a small stream rising from the hills of Kusum Kuriangutta in Konta tahsil. It flows to the south-east
and empties into the Godavari.
The Kolab or the Sabari

It is a large stream which rises from the Sembai hill (4,897’ or 1,492.6 m.) among the Eastern Ghats at
18o 25’ N. 82o 53’E, in Koraput district of Orissa. This river is known as the Kolab upto Sukma, beyond
which it is called the Sabari. The river flows to the north and west in stretches and crosses the Eastern
Ghat ranges. The Karandi and the Guradi are the right and left bank tributaries respectively in this upper
course. Beyond the village Bagedori it turns to the south-west. At this point it has also cut-up a Sarar
(subsidiary channel during the floods) which joins it with the small Jharunala, a tributary of the Indravati.
It marks an important stage in the changing river courses.
In its south-western course the Kolab the Sabari flows on the Bastar Plateau for some distance and then in
the southern plain. It touches the eastern boundary of the district in the Kanger Reserved Forests and
leaves beyond it junction with the Kanger river on the right bank. The Kolab soon enters the plain of the
62
Godavari in Vizagapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh, on its southward course. From Sarudaputta it turns
to the west and from the Bastar boundary for the second time. The rest of the course of the river follows a
south-westerly direction. First it traverse entirely within the district until it passes Sukma and then along
the south-eastern boundary for the third time. Among the tributaries the Geria, the Otteruvagu and the
Sileru join it on the left bank and the Malongar and the Mulervagu on the right bank in the district. The
Sabari joins the Godavari on its left bank (north) at Kunavaram in East Godavari district of Andhra
Pradesh.
23. Mythologies, History and Archeology
Sankhini River
(Source: Historical Geography of Madhyapradesh from Early Records by PK Bhattacharya)
This river is mentioned in Dantewara Inscription of the kakatiya Raja Dikpaladeva. From this inscription
it appears that the riverflows by the side of the Danteswari shrine in the dantewara tehsil in district of
Bastar.
Places of Historical Importance
(https://www/jatland.com/home/Indravati_River)
· Bhairamgarh - On left bank of Indravati River in Dantewara district. About 70 miles

west of Jagdalpur and has three or four temples, together with remains of a fort and
a ditch and several tanks. There is aninscription on a pillar, and at Potanar, a village
near Bhairamgarh, there is a slab inscribed on four sides.
· Barsur - On left bank of Indravati River in Dantewara district.
· Chapka - Chapka has a number of sati pillars, several of which are inscribed.
· Chitrakoot Falls are located 40 kms from Jagdalpur, in Chhattisgarh.
· Gadia - 20 miles west of Jagdalpur and has a stone temple with no idol, but built in
the same style as those of Barsur. About 400 yards away there is a big inscription,
arid a linga was found buried in a brick mound.
· Jagdalpur -
· Kachnar - On right bank of Indravati River in Jagdalpur district on Jagdalpur-
Kanker Road.
· Karkanar - On right bank of Indravati River in Jagdalpur district.
· Kudrgaon - On right bank of Indravati River in Jagdalpur district.
· Kuruspal - Narayanpal and Kuruspal are quite close to each other, the former being
situated on the river Indravati. Near these villages are the forts
63
of Rajapur and Bodra, and not far away the beautiful falls of
theIndravati at Chitrakut present a magnificent appearance.
· Lanka - On right bank of Indravati River in Dantewara district
near Maharashtra border where Indravati meets Godavari River.
· Tunutar - On left bank of Indravati River in Dantewara district.
24. Human Impacts

Prima facie when one looks at the remote and relatively underdeveloped (sic) situation within the river
Indravati basin, it appears that the most rivers including the mainstem Indravati must be pristine and
healthy.
It is quite a shocker to find the ground situation to be quite different.
Is it the ‘new’ river Indravati that flow within the state of Chhattisgarh?
Indravati “The lifeline of Bastar” is changing its course, in style and degree in a very short span of time
which has invited attention of geo-scientists and policy makers to avoid any expected unpleasant
circumstances .Here we have investigated the drainage rearrangement of Indravati river water, where ,
earlier, Jaura Nala( which used to flow northwards) connecting Kolab river and Indravati river acting as a
feeder for Indravati, now flowing southward and draining the water of Indravati, has become a matter of
serious concern for the sediment budgets and biotic distributions in the surroundings. Due to the stated
changes, the likely hydro morphological impacts have also been discussed along with the possible
measures to be adopted to avoid any disparity in future. A serious multidisciplinary probe into the
possible causes ,the natural factors and human intervention, is warranted, taking in to account the
considerations of changing surface topography including evidences derived from satellite and topographic
data, understanding of geomorphological and sedimentological observations and impact due to man made
structures like dams on the upstream side in Odisha.
Indravati River Capture: Course Of Events
1. The Jaura Nala used to flow in northward direction, feeding the Indravati river and connecting
Kolab river and Indravati river.
2. Inversion in the direction of flow of Jaura Nala took place around 1994-95 resulting in the
draining of Indravati river water into Jaura Nala. Now the local people call the Jaura Nala as Ulta
Jaura Nala (meaning Jaura Nala flowing in reverse direction).
3. The draining of Indravati river in Jaura nala resulted in two major consequences:- A. Availability
of less water downstream in the Indravati river. B. Excess water and sediment load in Jaura Nala.
64
Possible Cause For The Above Happening
The natural flow of Indravati river has been obstructed due to dam construction, resulting in irregular
flow of water in the river valley. This could have resulted in the decrease in sediment carrying capacity of
Indravati river thus accumulating large amount of alluvium, which increased overall base level of river
bed. The ultimate result was the inversion of the flow direction of Jaura Nala.
(http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jagg/papers/vol2-issue5/A0250105.pdf)
Figure 12: Jaura nala joins Mahanadi to Kolab
Figure 13: Jaura nala as it joins Mahanadi
65
Figure 14: Mahanadi water flowing into Jaura Nala onto Kolab ( Google image 28 2 2014)
25. The Red River (Sankhini)

Excavation of iron ore by India’s largest and world #4 mining company NMDC limited has caused
immense damage to the Bailadila hills and adjoining water resources and land. Dankini and Shankhani
rivers, the lifeline of Dantewada, in south Chhattisgarh have lost the sheen to iron ore, due to pollution of
red oxide discharged from the mines after iron ore extraction on which around 100 villages are dependent
as main source of water for drinking and agriculture. Apart from this most of the drinking water wells are
also drying.
(http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2015/TermProject/Kumari.pdf)
Rivers Shankhini and Dankini in Chhattisgarh run dirty
Maureen Nandini Mitra
Sunday 31 December 2006
A trip to Bailadila wasn't on my agenda when I arrived at Chhattisgarh. But a meeting with Pratap
Agrawal, a feisty Jagdalpur lawyer who keeps the state government on its toes with his various petitions,
convinced me otherwise. "You must see the Shankhini and Dankini, they are the worst polluted rivers in
Asia," he told me. Curiosity piqued, I decided to make a 41-km detour from Dantewada to Kirandul (the
Bailadila industrial area is divided into two mining towns, Bacheli and Kirandul). How bad could these
two perennial rivers in India's rural hinterland be; compared to what I'd seen of the Hooghly in Calcutta
and Yamuna in Agra?
66
Local lore has it that the rivers were named after two female demons--Shaakini and Daakini--dating back
to the mythological age of Rama. The rivers merge with the Indravati further east, and are sacred to the
adivasi population who live along its banks.Shankhini emerges from the Bailadila mountain range, a
chain of deep green hills, capped in mist, perched 1,260 metres above sea level on the southern tip of
Chhattisgarh. It meets Dankini near Dantewada town by the famous Danteswari temple.
Near its source at Kirandul, Shankhini introduced me to a whole new definition of bad. The closest I can
come to describing what it looks like here is part viscous bog and part a molten brown liquid that
resembles something straight out of Willy Wonka's scrumptious chocolate factory but is sure to taste quite
the opposite. No, I didn't attempt to taste. These waters, I wouldn't recommend dipping a toe in, let alone
taking a drink from it. Yet people from about 100 villages on the banks of the rivers use it for most of
their daily needs.
The Bailadila range is known for its high quality iron ore deposits. Fourteen reserves amounting to over 1
billion metric tones of high-grade iron ore were discovered in the range in the 1950s. Since 1961, the
National Mineral Development Corporation (nmdc) has been mining three of these deposits. It extracts
about 5.5 million tonnes of ore annually, more than half of which is shipped to Japan (3.8 million tonnes a
year till 2005 and 2.7 million tonnes as of March 2006).
Great steel, iron from these 66 per cent graded ores make. Pushes development forward in distant lands.
Builds cities and highrises, cars and those tiny screws that hold your i-pod together. But back home in
Dantewada, local villagers are left to live with the byproducts of development, rather aptly called
"tailings".
For over four decades now, nmdc has been releasing Bailadila mines' tailings--a sludge made of ground
rock, iron ore fines and effluent generated during the mining process--directly into Shankini, the nearest
surface water source. Some of this slush is held in a tailing dam in Kadampal village at the foot of the
mines. Built around 1985 following a National Human Rights Commission directive ordering nmdc to
clean up the river, the dam is supposed allow the tailings to settle to the bottom and let the cleared river
water flow out. But it doesn't quite work that way.
The volume of slurry produced is so high that the dam fills up in no time. It has to be dredged regularly to
function effectively and from the looks of it, it isn't scooped out often enough. So the water flowing out
retains its dark chocolate colour (which gradually turns a lighter rust red as the river moves on depositing
its unhealthy residues along the banks). The slurry from earlier dredges lie piled up in black plateau-
shaped dumps along the dam that, according to a 1989-1992 Union ministry of environment and forests'
report, have altered the course of several natural streams in the area.The report recommended building
67
tailing dams in locations without direct links with major water bodies. But who's listening.
An exhaustive Google search informs me "This type of storage method creates vast environmental
liabilities and costs associated with remediation and reclamation." Tailings impoundments, I learn, impact
the environment through leaching of acid and heavy metals into water supplies and through dust blowing
off them. When they break, the impacts are disastrous for humans and the natural environment. And break
they often do.
Deceptive appearances
We drive down a narrow unpaved road and park by the edge of the dam. The slurry here is at the bank-
level and resembles a dry, black, clayey riverbed. Deceptive. It isn't solid at all. I hurl a few pebbles in.
They sink with a soft, heavy sound. My guide, N R K Pillai, who now runs a convenience store in
Dantewada and is a local point man of sorts, tells me three children, all siblings, playing on the edge of
the dam drowned there few years ago. One fell accidentally and was pulled under, the other two sank
trying to rescue the first. I stare at the flat surface and imagine being sucked, in my mouth and nostrils
slowly filling with clammy, metallic-tasting sludge.
Further along the bank, we come across two villagers walking across the bridge over the dam's sluice
gates. Farmers returning from the local market. "For many years now crops don't grow properly on our
land," Soma Kumha, whose extended family owns 121 hectares of farmland, tells me. They have to
depend on rainwater for irrigation. Fine dust from the mines layers the crop, affecting production. There
is no fish left in the river because of its high-suspended solids content, which deprives fish of oxygen.
Finding safe drinking water is hard and children, especially, routinely suffer from various stomach
ailments. Every year during the monsoons the river overflows and leaves slurry deposits on farmlands.
There have been some attempts to address the situation, but none have been followed through to the end.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
I take one last look at Shankhini before turning away. It doesn't smell as bad as the
Yamuna or Hooghly. Iron residues don't raise a stink, only leach a whole lot of unsafe stuff
into the water, including dangerous amounts of mercury. "We have another name
for NMDC here," Nag tells me as we drive off. "Never Mind Don't Care".
26. Dams on Indravati River
Odisha
Upper Indravati Irrigation Project, a part of Upper Indravati multipurpose project, is located in
Nowarangpur and Kalahandi districts of Odisha. The Multi purpose project was approved by Planning
Commission in the year 1978 for Rs.208.14 crore (Includes cost of irrigation component), for providing
irrigation to a Culturable Command Area (CCA) of 1,09,300 hectare (ha), including lift irrigation (CCA -
68
33032 ha). This multipurpose scheme comprises of four dams and eight dykes to form an integrated
reservoir having gross storage capacity of 2300 MCM.
The main dam is across the river Indravati, while the other three are on its tributaries, namely, Podagada,
Kapur and Muran. The project envisages both irrigation and power generation with installed capacity of
600 MW. The Power House is functional since 1999. The regulated release from the power house through
tail race channel is picked up at a 117 meter long barrage at Mangalpur on the river Hati, a tributary of the
Tel in Mahanadi basin, (this involves interbasin transfer of water i.e. from Godavari to Mahanadi
basin) to provide irrigation to chronically drought prone Dharmagarh and Bhawanipatna subdivisions of
Kalahandi district. Hati barrage was completed in 1987.
Chhattisgarh
Bodhghat Hydel Project is located on river Indravati near village Barsoor, about 100 Km from Jagdalpur.
The project was earlier cleared by Planning Commission in 1979. However, subsequently on enactment of
Forest Conservation Act 1980, the Ministry of Environment & Forest conveyed its inability for diversion
of required 5704 hectares forest land. As a result all project activities were stopped. After formation of the
State of Chhattisgarh fresh efforts have been made by Govt. of Chhattisgarh & CSEB to revive the
project. The Ministry of Environment and Forest in February 2004 has accorded “In Principle Clearance”
for diversion of required forest land for the project. Efforts are being made to revive the technoeconomic
clearance from Central Electricity Authority and clearance from Ministry of Environment Forest. The
Bodhghat project involves the construction of a composite dam of a total length of 1,720 m. The main
dam would be 855 m. long and 90 m. high, with additional dams of 500 m. and 365 m. length on the left
and right flanks respectively. The project would power four generating units of 125 MW each. Conceived
as a precursor to a series of dams (Kutru I and II, Nugur I and II, Bhopalpatnam and Inchampalli). The
series of dams on the river are planned such that the discharge level from the tail race of the upstream
project would be nearly at the same level as the Full Reservoir Level of the next project downstream.
69
Map No 10: Indravati river downstream of the Chitrakoot water fall
Almost the entire length of the Indravati river downstream of the Chitrakoot water fall would become one
large reservoir, completely isolating the forests on either side of the river.
(http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/component/content/article/119-campaigns-archive/682-
bodhghat-damning-the-indravati-.html)
27. Threat Assessment

River Indravati is assigned a Red category on account of an existing Major dam in Odisha and impending
threat from the series of dams planned on it as part of lower Indravati power projects in Chhattisgarh.
River Sankhini is assigned a Red category on account of very high pollution level in it resulting from iron
ore mining in its founder basin in the Bailadila hills.
Other rivers on account of lack of requisite information have not been given any threat status.
70
NARMADA SUB BASIN
Map No 11: Narmada Basin In Chhattisgarh
28. Narmada Basin

The Narmada River, originates from the Amarkantak Plateau of Maikal range in the Shahdol district of
Madhya Pradesh at an elevation of 1057 meters above mean sea level at a latitude 22° 40' north and a
longitude of 81° 45' east. The river travels a distance of 1,312 km before it falls into Gulf of Cambay
(Khambat) in the Arabian Sea near Bharuch in Gujarat. The Narmada basin extends over an area of
98,796 Sq km and Out of the total basin area about 743.66 Sq km which is only 0.75% of the basin are
falls in the Chhattisgarh state. The contribution is 0.55 % of the Chhattisgarh State.
71
BRAHMANI SUB BASIN
Map No 12: Brahmani River Basin in Chhattisgarh
29. Brahmani Basin

The Bramhani Basin lies between latitude 20° 28' to 23° 35' N and longitude 83° 52' to 87° 30' E in the
districts of Raigarh and Sarguja in Chhattisgarh, Ranchi and Singhbhumi in Jharkhand and Sundergarh,
Deogarh, Sambalpur, Angul, Dhenkanal, Keonjhar, Jajpur and Kendrapara in Orissa. Brahmani basin is
situated between Mahanadi Basin (on the right) and Baitarani Basin (on the left). Chhotanagpur Plateau in
the East and South bound the basin, in the north a ridge separates it from Mahanadi basin, and to the east
of the basin lie the Bay of Bengal and the Baitarani basin. Out of the total basin area of 39,269 Sqkm, the
major parts of the basin falls in Orissa state. Further, about 1,394.45 Sqkm which is only 3.55% of the
basin area falls in the Chhattisgarh state. The contribution is 1.03 % of the Chhattisgarh State.
NOTE: Both the Narmada and Brahmani sub basin within the state are too small in size to merit
any detailed investigation or report.
Perceived Climate Change Impacts (Chhattisgarh State Action Plan for Climate Change,
2013)
72
No in-depth climate vulnerability and risk analyses currently exist for the State. Nevertheless, a range of
studies has examined various aspects of vulnerability of water resources to climate change and its impacts
elsewhere in similar contexts.
Climate change can affect the hydrological regime changing water flows, precipitation levels, and
evaporation. These changes would in turn impact the communities adversely as the pressure on natural
resources and environment would compound; water availability in the rivers will be affected; crop yields
could decrease, therefore jeopardizing food security; and leading to health concerns due to occurrence of
extreme events such as floods and droughts.
While some regions would receive excess precipitation, there might be reduction in other regions
(adversely affecting arid and semi-arid areas); increased evaporation; changes in runoff and available
surface flow also causing changes in the groundwater recharge.
Patterns of seasonal distribution of rainfall can shift, and these can cause significant problems, especially
for agriculture.
Extreme precipitation events could have geomorphological significance to the State. The response of
hydrological systems, erosion processes and sedimentation in this region could alter significantly due to
climate change. Increase in rainfall is likely to causes fresh floods land slides and damages to the
landmass. This has a very severe implication for the existing infrastructure such as dams, bridges, roads,
etc., for the areas and shall require appropriate adaptation measures to be taken up.
Recommendations
1. On the lines of CPCB, the state pollution board needs to monitor and report about the water
quality status of various rivers in the state.
2. The recent (2014) CWC report highlighting widespread heavy metal pollution at many sites on
the Mahanadi system calls for urgent in depth investigation and corrective steps.
3. Department of water resources must explore decentralized and non high dam / barrage irrigation
options. (on farm ponds, village ponds and lift irrigation etc)
4. Department of Environment / Forests / Fisheries need to monitor the health of the rivers
catchment vegetation as well as its faunal biodiversity. Since information on non fisheries faunal
and riparian biodiversity appears to be scanty there is a need to focus on the establishment of
baselines on aquatic and riparian faunal and floral biodiversity in the Mahanadi basin in the state.
5. Sites of cultural, historical and archeological importance need to be conserved in compatibility
with the integrity of the river system. (Rajim Kumbh where roads have been cut well across the
river bed is a poor example of tourism promotion in disregard of the river’s integrity).
73

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2. River Basins in Chhattisgarh............................................................................................................. 5

4. Pollution Sources: ............................................................................................................................. 7

5. Water Harvesting Structures ............................................................................................................. 9

6. Inter-State Agreements ..................................................................................................................... 9

RIVER BASINS ......................................................................................................................................... 11

7. Salient Features: .............................................................................................................................. 17

8. Mythology & Folklore .................................................................................................................... 24

9. Archaeological Exploration Of Jonk River .................................................................................... 28

10. Biodiversity: ................................................................................................................................ 29

11. Impact of human activities on the river system .......................................................................... 31

12. Dam cum Barrage over river Arpa:............................................................................................. 39

13. Chhattisgarh - Odisha conflicts simmering over River Mahanadi .............................................. 41

14. River People’s movements / campaigns ..................................................................................... 43

16. Recommendations: ...................................................................................................................... 46

GANGA SUB BASIN ................................................................................................................................ 47

17. Rivers of Ganga basin within the state of Chhattisgarh .............................................................. 48

18. Mythology and Archeology ........................................................................................................ 50

19. Threats to rivers .......................................................................................................................... 51

20. The Indravati ............................................................................................................................... 54

21. Following are the key tributaries of river Indravati: ................................................................... 56

23. Mythologies, History and Archeology ........................................................................................ 63

24. Human Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 64

25. The Red River (Sankhini) ........................................................................................................... 66

26. Dams on Indravati River ............................................................................................................. 68

27. Threat Assessment ...................................................................................................................... 70

NARMADA SUB BASIN .......................................................................................................................... 71

28. Narmada Basin ............................................................................................................................ 71

BRAHMANI SUB BASIN ......................................................................................................................... 72

29. Brahmani Basin ........................................................................................................................... 72

Map No 2: River Map of Chhattisgarh ......................................................................................................... 4

Map No 3: River Basin Map of Chhattisgarh ............................................................................................... 5

Map No 4: Mahanadi River Basin .............................................................................................................. 11

Map No 5: Drainage map of Sheonath basin .............................................................................................. 18

Map No 6: Ganga River Basin in Chhattisgarh .......................................................................................... 47

Map No 7: Forest Map of Chhattisgarh ...................................................................................................... 49

Map No 8: Godavari River Basin In Chhattisgarh ...................................................................................... 53

Map No 11: Narmada Basin In Chhattisgarh .............................................................................................. 71

Map No 12: Brahmani River Basin in Chhattisgarh ................................................................................... 72

Table 2: Rivers and Their Stretch & Towns ................................................................................................. 7

Table 3: Toxic Metals in Rivers .................................................................................................................... 8

Table 4: Hydro-electric Projects on Rivers ................................................................................................... 9

Table 5: River Mahanadi System in the State ............................................................................................. 13

Table 6: River Sheonath System in the State .............................................................................................. 19

Table 7: Places of Historical, Religious and Archeological Significance................................................... 25

Table 8: The Current State of Tributaries of Mahanadi .............................................................................. 45

Table 9: Key Tributaries of River Indravati................................................................................................ 56

Figure 3: Excavation Work at Rashmi Drolia ............................................................................................ 27

Figure 5: Wire fencing at the Rasmara village near Durg .......................................................................... 33

Figure 6: Official Visit of Kelo River ......................................................................................................... 34

Figure 7: Kharun river at Mahadev Ghat, Raipur. ...................................................................................... 35

Figure 8: Kharun river near Durg-Raipur highway..................................................................................... 36

Figure 9: Riverfront work in progress at Mahadev Ghat in Raipur ............................................................ 37

Figure 10: Coal Mining in Chirimiri ........................................................................................................... 40

Figure 11: Indravati Waterfall at Chitrakut................................................................................................. 60

Figure 12: Jaura nala joins Mahanadi to Kolab .......................................................................................... 65

Figure 13: Jaura nala as it joins Mahanadi .................................................................................................. 65

Map No 1: District Division of Chhattisgarh

बलासपुर नगर नगम गैरकानन