CRANES

A crane, can also be known as a bridge crane, overhead crane is a type of machine used for lifting,
generally equipped with a hoist (device) or winder (also called a wire rope drum), wire ropes or
chains and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines like a hoist to create mechanical advantage and
thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the
transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the
movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment

The first construction cranes were invented by the Ancient Greeks and were powered by men or
beasts of burden, such as donkeys. These cranes were used for the construction of tall buildings.
Larger cranes were later developed, employing the use of human treadwheels, permitting the
lifting of heavier weights. In the High Middle Ages, harbour cranes were introduced to load and
unload ships and assist with their construction – some were built into stone towers for extra

1
strength and stability. The earliest cranes were constructed from wood, but cast iron and steel
took over with the coming of the Industrial Revolution.

For many centuries, power was supplied by the physical exertion of men or animals, although
hoists in watermills and windmills could be driven by the harnessed natural power. The first
'mechanical' power was provided by steam engines, the earliest steam crane being introduced in
the 18th or 19th century, with many remaining in use well into the late 20th century. Modern
cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to
provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are
still utilised where the provision of power would be uneconomic.

Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms – each tailored to a specific use. Sizes range from the
smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high
buildings. For a while, mini - cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to
facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces. Finally, we can find larger floating cranes,
generally used to build oil rigs and salvage sunken ships.

This article also covers lifting machines that do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but
are generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes.

Contents

[hide]

 1 History
o 1.1 Ancient Greece
o 1.2 Ancient Rome
o 1.3 Middle Ages
 1.3.1 Structure and placement
 1.3.2 Mechanics and operation
 1.3.3 Harbour usage
o 1.4 Renaissance
o 1.5 Early modern age
 2 Mechanical principles
o 2.1 Lifting capacity
o 2.2 Stability
 3 Types
o 3.1 Overhead crane
o 3.2 Mobile
 3.2.1 Truck-mounted crane
 3.2.2 Sidelift crane
 3.2.3 Rough terrain crane
 3.2.4 All terrain crane
 3.2.5 Crawler crane

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  3.2.6 Railroad crane
 3.2.7 Floating crane
 3.2.8 Aerial crane
o 3.3 Fixed
 3.3.1 Tower crane
 3.3.2 Self-erecting crane
 3.3.3 Telescopic crane
 3.3.4 Hammerhead crane
 3.3.5 Level luffing crane
 3.3.6 Gantry crane
 3.3.7 Deck crane
 3.3.8 Jib crane
 3.3.9 Bulk-handling crane
 3.3.10 Loader crane
 3.3.11 Stacker crane
 4 Similar machines
 5 Special examples
 6 Cranes in fiction
 7 See also
o 7.1 Related ideas
 8 References
 9 Sources
 10 External links

[edit] History

[edit] Ancient Greece

Greco-Roman Pentaspastos ("Five-pulley-crane"), a medium-sized variant (ca. 450 kg load)

The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century BC.[1]
The archaeological record shows that no later than c.515 BC distinctive cuttings for both lifting

3
tongs and lewis irons begin to appear on stone blocks of Greek temples. Since these holes point at
the use of a lifting device, and since they are to be found either above the center of gravity of the
block, or in pairs equidistant from a point over the center of gravity, they are regarded by
archaeologists as the positive evidence required for the existence of the crane.[1]

The introduction of the winch and pulley hoist soon lead to a widespread replacement of ramps as
the main means of vertical motion. For the next two hundred years, Greek building sites witnessed
a sharp drop in the weights handled, as the new lifting technique made the use of several smaller
stones more practical than of fewer larger ones. In contrast to the archaic period with its tendency
to ever-increasing block sizes, Greek temples of the classical age like the Parthenon invariably
featured stone blocks weighing less than 15-20 metric tons. Also, the practice of erecting large
monolithic columns was practically abandoned in favour of using several column drums. [2]

Although the exact circumstances of the shift from the ramp to the crane technology remain
unclear, it has been argued that the volatile social and political conditions of Greece were more
suitable to the employment of small, professional construction teams than of large bodies of
unskilled labour, making the crane more preferable to the Greek polis than the more labour-
intensive ramp which had been the norm in the autocratic societies of Egypt or Assyria.[2]

The first unequivocal literary evidence for the existence of the compound pulley system appears in
the Mechanical Problems (Mech. 18, 853a32-853b13) attributed to Aristotle (384-322 BC), but
perhaps composed at a slightly later date. Around the same time, block sizes at Greek temples
began to match their archaic predecessors again, indicating that the more sophisticated
compound pulley must have found its way to Greek construction sites by then.[3]

[edit] Ancient Rome

See also: Treadwheel crane

Reconstruction of a 10.4m high Roman Polyspastos powered by a treadwheel at Bonn, Germany

The heyday of the crane in ancient times came during the Roman Empire, when construction
activity soared and buildings reached enormous dimensions. The Romans adopted the Greek
crane and developed it further. We are relatively well informed about their lifting techniques,
thanks to rather lengthy accounts by the engineers Vitruvius (De Architectura 10.2, 1-10) and

4
Heron of Alexandria (Mechanica 3.2-5). There are also two surviving reliefs of Roman treadwheel
cranes, with the Haterii tombstone from the late first century AD being particularly detailed.

The simplest Roman crane, the trispastos, consisted of a single-beam jib, a winch, a rope, and a
block containing three pulleys. Having thus a mechanical advantage of 3:1, it has been calculated
that a single man working the winch could raise 150 kg (3 pulleys x 50 kg = 150), assuming that 50
kg represent the maximum effort a man can exert over a longer time period. Heavier crane types
featured five pulleys (pentaspastos) or, in case of the largest one, a set of three by five pulleys
(Polyspastos) and came with two, three or four masts, depending on the maximum load. The
polyspastos, when worked by four men at both sides of the winch, could already lift 3,000 kg (3
ropes x 5 pulleys x 4 men x 50 kg = 3,000 kg). In case the winch was replaced by a treadwheel, the
maximum load even doubled to 6,000 kg at only half the crew, since the treadwheel possesses a
much bigger mechanical advantage due to its larger diameter. This meant that, in comparison to
the construction of the Egyptian Pyramids, where about 50 men were needed to move a 2.5 ton
stone block up the ramp (50 kg per person), the lifting capability of the Roman polyspastos proved
to be 60 times higher (3,000 kg per person).[4]

However, numerous extant Roman buildings which feature much heavier stone blocks than those
handled by the polyspastos indicate that the overall lifting capability of the Romans went far
beyond that of any single crane. At the temple of Jupiter at Baalbek, for instance, the architrave
blocks weigh up to 60 tons each, and one corner cornice block even over 100 tons, all of them
raised to a height of about 19 m.[3] In Rome, the capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons,
which had to be lifted to a height of about 34 m (see construction of Trajan's Column).[5]

It is assumed that Roman engineers lifted these extraordinary weights by two measures (see
picture below for comparable Renaissance technique): First, as suggested by Heron, a lifting tower
was set up, whose four masts were arranged in the shape of a quadrangle with parallel sides, not
unlike a siege tower, but with the column in the middle of the structure (Mechanica 3.5).[6]
Second, a multitude of capstans were placed on the ground around the tower, for, although
having a lower leverage ratio than treadwheels, capstans could be set up in higher numbers and
run by more men (and, moreover, by draught animals).[7] This use of multiple capstans is also
described by Ammianus Marcellinus (17.4.15) in connection with the lifting of the Lateranense
obelisk in the Circus Maximus (ca. 357 AD). The maximum lifting capability of a single capstan can
be established by the number of lewis iron holes bored into the monolith. In case of the Baalbek
architrave blocks, which weigh between 55 and 60 tons, eight extant holes suggest an allowance
of 7.5 ton per lewis iron, that is per capstan.[8] Lifting such heavy weights in a concerted action
required a great amount of coordination between the work groups applying the force to the
capstans.

[edit] Middle Ages

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Medieval port crane for mounting masts and lifting heavy cargo in the former Hanse town of
Danzig [9]

During the High Middle Ages, the treadwheel crane was reintroduced on a large scale after the
technology had fallen into disuse in western Europe with the demise of the Western Roman
Empire.[10] The earliest reference to a treadwheel (magna rota) reappears in archival literature in
France about 1225,[11] followed by an illuminated depiction in a manuscript of probably also
French origin dating to 1240.[12] In navigation, the earliest uses of harbor cranes are documented
for Utrecht in 1244, Antwerp in 1263, Brugge in 1288 and Hamburg in 1291,[13] while in England
the treadwheel is not recorded before 1331.[14]

Double treadwheel crane in Pieter Bruegel's The Tower of Babel

Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by
customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building
sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic
cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly
introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-

6
intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued
to coexist on medieval construction sites[15] and harbors.[13]

Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by
windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a
ship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting
process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123.[16]

The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded,[11] although
its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the
simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have
resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally
and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate
reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius' De architectura which was available in
many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of
the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels shared many structural
similarities.[14]

[edit] Structure and placement

Single treadwheel crane working from top of the building

The medieval treadwheel was a large wooden wheel turning around a central shaft with a
treadway wide enough for two workers walking side by side. While the earlier 'compass-arm'
wheel had spokes directly driven into the central shaft, the more advanced 'clasp-arm' type
featured arms arranged as chords to the wheel rim,[17] giving the possibility of using a thinner shaft
and providing thus a greater mechanical advantage.[18]

Contrary to a popularly held belief, cranes on medieval building sites were neither placed on the
extremely lightweight scaffolding used at the time nor on the thin walls of the Gothic churches
which were incapable of supporting the weight of both hoisting machine and load. Rather, cranes
were placed in the initial stages of construction on the ground, often within the building. When a
new floor was completed, and massive tie beams of the roof connected the walls, the crane was
dismantled and reassembled on the roof beams from where it was moved from bay to bay during

7
construction of the vaults.[19] Thus, the crane 'grew' and 'wandered' with the building with the
result that today all extant construction cranes in England are found in church towers above the
vaulting and below the roof, where they remained after building construction for bringing material
for repairs aloft.[20]

Less frequently, medieval illuminations also show cranes mounted on the outside of walls with the
stand of the machine secured to putlogs.[21]

[edit] Mechanics and operation

Tower crane at the inland harbour of Trier from 1413.

In contrast to modern cranes, medieval cranes and hoists – much like their counterparts in Greece
and Rome[22] – were primarily capable of a vertical lift, and not used to move loads for a
considerable distance horizontally as well.[19] Accordingly, lifting work was organized at the
workplace in a different way than today. In building construction, for example, it is assumed that
the crane lifted the stone blocks either from the bottom directly into place, [19] or from a place
opposite the centre of the wall from where it could deliver the blocks for two teams working at
each end of the wall.[22] Additionally, the crane master who usually gave orders at the treadwheel
workers from outside the crane was able to manipulate the movement laterally by a small rope
attached to the load.[23] Slewing cranes which allowed a rotation of the load and were thus
particularly suited for dockside work appeared as early as 1340.[24] While ashlar blocks were
directly lifted by sling, lewis or devil's clamp (German Teufelskralle), other objects were placed
before in containers like pallets, baskets, wooden boxes or barrels.[25]

It is noteworthy that medieval cranes rarely featured ratchets or brakes to forestall the load from
running backward.[26] This curious absence is explained by the high friction force exercised by
medieval treadwheels which normally prevented the wheel from accelerating beyond control.[23]

[edit] Harbour usage

See also: List of historical harbour cranes

8
Beyond the modern warship stands a crane constructed in 1742, used for mounting masts to large
sailing vessels. Copenhagen, Denmark

According to the "present state of knowledge" unknown in antiquity, stationary harbor cranes are
considered a new development of the Middle Ages.[13] The typical harbor crane was a pivoting
structure equipped with double treadwheels. These cranes were placed docksides for the loading
and unloading of cargo where they replaced or complemented older lifting methods like see-saws,
winches and yards.[13]

Two different types of harbor cranes can be identified with a varying geographical distribution:
While gantry cranes which pivoted on a central vertical axle were commonly found at the Flemish
and Dutch coastside, German sea and inland harbors typically featured tower cranes where the
windlass and treadwheels were situated in a solid tower with only jib arm and roof rotating. [9]
Interestingly, dockside cranes were not adopted in the Mediterranean region and the highly
developed Italian ports where authorities continued to rely on the more labor-intensive method of
unloading goods by ramps beyond the Middle Ages.[27]

Unlike construction cranes where the work speed was determined by the relatively slow progress
of the masons, harbor cranes usually featured double treadwheels to speed up loading. The two
treadwheels whose diameter is estimated to be 4 m or larger were attached to each side of the
axle and rotated together.[13] Their capacity was 2–3 tons which apparently corresponded to the
customary size of marine cargo.[13] Today, according to one survey, fifteen treadwheel harbor
cranes from pre-industrial times are still extant throughout Europe.[28] Some harbour cranes were
specialised at mounting masts to newly built sailing ships, such as in Danzig, Cologne and
Bremen.[9] Beside these stationary cranes, floating cranes which could be flexibly deployed in the
whole port basin came into use by the 14th century.[9]

[edit] Renaissance

9
Erection of the Vatican obelisk in 1586 by means of a lifting tower

A lifting tower similar to that of the ancient Romans was used to great effect by the Renaissance
architect Domenico Fontana in 1586 to relocate the 361 t heavy Vatican obelisk in Rome.[29] From
his report, it becomes obvious that the coordination of the lift between the various pulling teams
required a considerable amount of concentration and discipline, since, if the force was not applied
evenly, the excessive stress on the ropes would make them rupture.[30]

[edit] Early modern age

Cranes were used domestically in the 17th and 18th century. The chimney or fireplace crane was
used to swing pots and kettles over the fire and the height was adjusted by a trammel.[31]

[edit] Mechanical principles

Broken crane in Sermetal Shipyard, former Ishikawajima do Brasil - Rio de Janeiro. The cause of
the accident was a lack of maintenance and misuse of the equipment.

10
Cranes can mount many different utensils depending on load (left). Cranes can be remote-
controlled from the ground, allowing much more precise control, but without the view that a
position atop the crane provides (right).

The stability of a mobile construction crane can be jeopardized when outriggers sink into soft soil,
which can result in the crane tipping over.

There are three major considerations in the design of cranes. First, the crane must be able to lift
the weight of the load; second, the crane must not topple; third, the crane must not rupture.

[edit] Lifting capacity

Cranes illustrate the use of one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage.

 The lever. A balance crane contains a horizontal beam (the lever) pivoted about a point
called the fulcrum. The principle of the lever allows a heavy load attached to the shorter
end of the beam to be lifted by a smaller force applied in the opposite direction to the
longer end of the beam. The ratio of the load's weight to the applied force is equal to the
ratio of the lengths of the longer arm and the shorter arm, and is called the mechanical
advantage.
 The pulley. A jib crane contains a tilted strut (the jib) that supports a fixed pulley block.
Cables are wrapped multiple times round the fixed block and round another block attached
to the load. When the free end of the cable is pulled by hand or by a winding machine, the
pulley system delivers a force to the load that is equal to the applied force multiplied by
the number of lengths of cable passing between the two blocks. This number is the
mechanical advantage.

11
  The hydraulic cylinder. This can be used directly to lift the load or indirectly to move the jib
or beam that carries another lifting device.

Cranes, like all machines, obey the principle of conservation of energy. This means that the energy
delivered to the load cannot exceed the energy put into the machine. For example, if a pulley
system multiplies the applied force by ten, then the load moves only one tenth as far as the
applied force. Since energy is proportional to force multiplied by distance, the output energy is
kept roughly equal to the input energy (in practice slightly less, because some energy is lost to
friction and other inefficiencies).

The same principle can operate in reverse. In case of some problem, the combination of heavy
load and great height can accelerate small objects to tremendous speed (see trebuchet). Such
projectiles can result in severe damage to nearby structures and people. Cranes can also get in
chain reactions; the rupture of one crane may in turn take out nearby cranes. Cranes need to be
watched carefully.

[edit] Stability

For stability, the sum of all moments about any point such as the base of the crane must equate to
zero. In practice, the magnitude of load that is permitted to be lifted (called the "rated load" in the
US) is some value less than the load that will cause the crane to tip (providing a safety margin).

Under US standards for mobile cranes, the stability-limited rated load for a crawler crane is 75% of
the tipping load. The stability-limited rated load for a mobile crane supported on outriggers is 85%
of the tipping load. These requirements, along with additional safety-related aspects of crane
design, are established by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers [2] in the volume ASME
B30.5-2007 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes.

Standards for cranes mounted on ships or offshore platforms are somewhat stricter because of
the dynamic load on the crane due to vessel motion. Additionally, the stability of the vessel or
platform must be considered.

For stationary pedestal or kingpost mounted cranes, the moment created by the boom, jib, and
load is resisted by the pedestal base or kingpost. Stress within the base must be less than the yield
stress of the material or the crane will fail.

[edit] Types

[edit] Overhead crane

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Overhead crane being used in typical machine shop. The hoist is operated via a wired pushbutton
station to move system and the load in any direction
Main article: Overhead crane

An overhead crane, also known as a bridge crane, is a type of crane where the hook-and-line
mechanism runs along a horizontal beam that itself runs along two widely separated rails. Often it
is in a long factory building and runs along rails along the building's two long walls. It is similar to a
gantry crane. Overhead cranes typically consist of either a single beam or a double beam
construction. These can be built using typical steel beams or a more complex box girder type.
Pictured on the right is a single bridge box girder crane with the hoist and system operated with a
control pendant. Double girder bridge are more typical when needing heavier capacity systems
from 10 tons and above. The advantage of the box girder type configuration results in a system
that has a lower deadweight yet a stronger overall system integrity. Also included would be a hoist
to lift the items, the bridge, which spans the area covered by the crane, and a trolley to move
along the bridge.

The most common overhead crane use is in the steel industry. At every step of the manufacturing
process, until it leaves a factory as a finished product, steel is handled by an overhead crane. Raw
materials are poured into a furnace by crane, hot steel is stored for cooling by an overhead crane,
the finished coils are lifted and loaded onto trucks and trains by overhead crane, and the
fabricator or stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory. The automobile
industry uses overhead cranes for handling of raw materials. Smaller workstation cranes handle
lighter loads in a work-area, such as CNC mill or saw.

Almost all paper mills use bridge cranes for regular maintenance requiring removal of heavy press
rolls and other equipment. The bridge cranes are used in the initial construction of paper
machines because they facilitate installation of the heavy cast iron paper drying drums and other
massive equipment, some weighing as much as 70 tons.

In many instances the cost of a bridge crane can be largely offset with savings from not renting
mobile cranes in the construction of a facility that uses a lot of heavy process equipment.

13
[edit] Mobile

Main article: Mobile crane

The most basic type of mobile crane consists of a truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile
platform - be it on road, rail or water.

[edit] Truck-mounted crane

Truck-mounted crane

A crane mounted on a truck carrier provides the mobility for this type of crane.

Generally, these cranes are able to travel on highways, eliminating the need for special equipment
to transport the crane. When working on the jobsite, outriggers are extended horizontally from
the chassis then vertically to level and stabilize the crane while stationary and hoisting. Many truck
cranes have slow-travelling capability (a few miles per hour) while suspending a load. Great care
must be taken not to swing the load sideways from the direction of travel, as most anti-tipping
stability then lies in the stiffness of the chassis suspension. Most cranes of this type also have
moving counterweights for stabilization beyond that provided by the outriggers. Loads suspended
directly aft are the most stable, since most of the weight of the crane acts as a counterweight.
Factory-calculated charts (or electronic safeguards) are used by crane operators to determine the
maximum safe loads for stationary (outriggered) work as well as (on-rubber) loads and travelling
speeds.

Truck cranes range in lifting capacity from about 14.5 short tons (12.9 long tons; 13.2 t) to about
1,300 short tons (1,161 long tons; 1,179 t).

[edit] Sidelift crane

Sidelift crane

A sidelifter crane is a road-going truck or semi-trailer, able to hoist and transport ISO standard
containers. Container lift is done with parallel crane-like hoists, which can lift a container from the
ground or from a railway vehicle.

[edit] Rough terrain crane

14
Rough terrain crane

A crane mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires that is designed for pick-and-carry
operations and for off-road and "rough terrain" applications. Outriggers are used to level and
stabilize the crane for hoisting.

These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines, with the same engine powering the
undercarriage and the crane, similar to a crawler crane. In a rough terrain crane, the engine is
usually mounted in the undercarriage rather than in the upper, as with crawler crane.

[edit] All terrain crane

All terrain crane

A mobile crane with the necessary equipment to travel at speed on public roads, and on rough
terrain at the job site using all-wheel and crab steering. AT‘s combine the roadability of Truck-
mounted Cranes and the manoeuvrability of Rough Terrain Cranes.

AT’s have 2-9 axles and are designed for lifting loads up to 1,200 tonnes (1,323 ST; 1,181 LT).[32]

[edit] Crawler crane

Crawler crane

15
A crawler is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of tracks (also called crawlers) that
provide stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 to 3,500 short
tons (35.7 to 3,125.0 long tons; 36.3 to 3,175.1 t).

Crawler cranes have both advantages and disadvantages depending on their use. Their main
advantage is that they can move around on site and perform each lift with little set-up, since the
crane is stable on its tracks with no outriggers. In addition, a crawler crane is capable of traveling
with a load. The main disadvantage is that they are very heavy, and cannot easily be moved from
one job site to another without significant expense. Typically a large crawler must be disassembled
and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to its next location.

[edit] Railroad crane

Rail Crane
For more details on this topic, see Crane (railroad).

A railroad crane has flanged wheels for use on railroads. The simplest form is a crane mounted on
a flatcar. More capable devices are purpose-built.

Different types of crane are used for maintenance work, recovery operations and freight loading in
goods yards.

[edit] Floating crane

Floating crane

16
Floating cranes are used mainly in bridge building and port construction, but they are also used for
occasional loading and unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads on and off ships. Some
floating cranes are mounted on a pontoon, others are specialized crane barges with a lifting
capacity exceeding 10,000 short tons (8,929 long tons; 9,072 t) and have been used to transport
entire bridge sections. Floating cranes have also been used to salvage sunken ships.

Crane vessels are often used in offshore construction. The largest revolving cranes can be found
on SSCV Thialf, which has two cranes with a capacity of 7,100 tonnes (7,826 ST; 6,988 LT) each.

[edit] Aerial crane

Aerial crane

Aerial crane or 'Sky cranes' usually are helicopters designed to lift large loads. Helicopters are able
to travel to and lift in areas that are difficult to reach by conventional cranes. Helicopter cranes
are most commonly used to lift units/loads onto shopping centers and highrises. They can lift
anything within their lifting capacity, (cars, boats, swimming pools, etc.). They also perform
disaster relief after natural disasters for clean-up, and during wild-fires they are able to carry huge
buckets of water to extinguish fires.

Some aerial cranes, mostly concepts, have also used lighter-than air aircraft, such as airships.

[edit] Fixed

Exchanging mobility for the ability to carry greater loads and reach greater heights due to
increased stability, these types of cranes are characterised by the fact that their main structure
does not move during the period of use. However, many can still be assembled and disassembled.

[edit] Tower crane

17
Tower crane

Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to
the ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to the sides of structures as well), tower
cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the
construction of tall buildings. The base is then attached to the mast which gives the crane its
height. Further the mast is attached to the slewing unit (gear and motor) that allows the crane to
rotate. On top of the slewing unit there are three main parts which are: the long horizontal jib
(working arm), shorter counter-jib, and the operators cab.

Tower crane cabin

The long horizontal jib is the part of the crane that carries the load. The counter-jib carries a
counterweight, usually of concrete blocks, while the jib suspends the load to and from the center
of the crane. The crane operator either sits in a cab at the top of the tower or controls the crane
by radio remote control from the ground. In the first case the operator's cab is most usually
located at the top of the tower attached to the turntable, but can be mounted on the jib, or
partway down the tower. The lifting hook is operated by the crane operator using electric motors

18
to manipulate wire rope cables through a system of sheaves. The hook is located on the long
horizontal arm to lift the load which also contains its motor.

A tower crane rotates on its axis before lowering the lifting hook.

In order to hook and unhook the loads, the operator usually works in conjunction with a signaller
(known as a 'dogger', 'rigger' or 'swamper'). They are most often in radio contact, and always use
hand signals. The rigger or dogger directs the schedule of lifts for the crane, and is responsible for
the safety of the rigging and loads.

A tower crane is usually assembled by a telescopic jib (mobile) crane of greater reach (also see
"self-erecting crane" below) and in the case of tower cranes that have risen while constructing
very tall skyscrapers, a smaller crane (or derrick) will often be lifted to the roof of the completed
tower to dismantle the tower crane afterwards.

The average fee to rent a 150-foot (46 m) crane is $60,000 for assembly and disassembly and an
additional $15,000 per month.[citation needed]

[edit] Self-erecting crane

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Four self-erecting tower crane mounted on the roof of 1st observatory (height 375 m) of Tokyo
Sky Tree (Tower tip and two crane operator as of 497 m)

Generally a type of tower crane, these cranes, also called self-assembling, jack-up crane or
"Kangaroo" cranes, lift themselves from the ground or lift an upper, telescoping section using
jacks, allowing the next section of the tower to be inserted at ground level or lifted into place by
the partially erected crane itself. They can thus be assembled without outside help, and can grow
together with the building or structure they are erecting.

Self-erecting crane

For an animation of such a crane in use see this video[3] (here, the crane is used to erect a scaffold
which in turn contains a gantry to lift sections of a bridge spire).

[edit] Telescopic crane

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Telescopic crane

A telescopic crane has a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside the other. A
hydraulic or other powered mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the
total length of the boom. These types of booms are often used for short term construction
projects, rescue jobs, lifting boats in and out of the water, etc. The relative compactness of
telescopic booms make them adaptable for many mobile applications.

Note that while telescopic cranes are not automatically mobile cranes, many of them are often
truck-mounted.

[edit] Hammerhead crane

Hammerhead crane

The "hammerhead", or giant cantilever, crane is a fixed-jib crane consisting of a steel-braced

tower on which revolves a large, horizontal, double cantilever; the forward part of this cantilever
or jib carries the lifting trolley, the jib is extended backwards in order to form a support for the
machinery and counter-balancing weight. In addition to the motions of lifting and revolving, there
is provided a so-called "racking" motion, by which the lifting trolley, with the load suspended, can

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be moved in and out along the jib without altering the level of the load. Such horizontal
movement of the load is a marked feature of later crane design. These cranes are generally
constructed in large sizes, up to 350 tons.

The design of hammerkran evolved first in Germany around the turn of the 19th century and was
adopted and developed for use in British shipyards to support the battleship construction program
from 1904 to 1914. The ability of the hammerhead crane to lift heavy weights was useful for
installing large pieces of battleships such as armour plate and gun barrels. Giant cantilever cranes
were also installed in naval shipyards in Japan and in the US. The British Government also installed
a giant cantilever crane at the Singapore Naval Base (1938) and later a copy of the crane was
installed at Garden Island Naval Dockyard in Sydney (1951). These cranes provided repair support
for the battle fleet operating far from Great Britain.

The principal engineering firm for giant cantilever cranes in the British Empire was Sir William
Arrol & Co Ltd building 14. Of around 60 built across the world few remain; 7 in England and
Scotland of about 15 worldwide.[33]

The Titan Clydebank is one of the 4 Scottish cranes on the Clydebank and preserved as a tourist
attraction.

[edit] Level luffing crane

Level luffing crane

Normally a crane with a hinged jib will tend to have its hook also move up and down as the jib
moves (or luffs). A level luffing crane is a crane of this common design, but with an extra
mechanism to keep the hook level when luffing.

[edit] Gantry crane

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Gantry crane

A gantry crane has a hoist in a fixed machinery house or on a trolley that runs horizontally along
rails, usually fitted on a single beam (mono-girder) or two beams (twin-girder). The crane frame is
supported on a gantry system with equalized beams and wheels that run on the gantry rail, usually
perpendicular to the trolley travel direction. These cranes come in all sizes, and some can move
very heavy loads, particularly the extremely large examples used in shipyards or industrial
installations. A special version is the container crane (or "Portainer" crane, named by the first
manufacturer), designed for loading and unloading ship-borne containers at a port.

[edit] Deck crane

Deck crane

Located on the ships and boats, these are used for cargo operations or boat unloading and
retrieval where no shore unloading facilities are available. Most are diesel-hydraulic or electric-
hydraulic.

[edit] Jib crane

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Jib crane

A jib crane is a type of crane where a horizontal member (jib or boom), supporting a moveable
hoist, is fixed to a wall or to a floor-mounted pillar. Jib cranes are used in industrial premises and
on military vehicles. The jib may swing through an arc, to give additional lateral movement, or be
fixed. Similar cranes, often known simply as hoists, were fitted on the top floor of warehouse
buildings to enable goods to be lifted to all floors.

[edit] Bulk-handling crane

Bulk-handling crane

Bulk-handling cranes are designed from the outset to carry a shell grab or bucket, rather than
using a hook and a sling. They are used for bulk cargoes, such as coal, minerals, scrap metal etc.

[edit] Loader crane

Loader crane

A loader crane (also called a knuckle-boom crane or articulating crane) is a hydraulically-powered

articulated arm fitted to a truck or trailer, and is used for loading/unloading the vehicle. The
numerous jointed sections can be folded into a small space when the crane is not in use. One or
more of the sections may be telescopic. Often the crane will have a degree of automation and be
able to unload or stow itself without an operator's instruction.

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Unlike most cranes, the operator must move around the vehicle to be able to view his load; hence
modern cranes may be fitted with a portable cabled or radio-linked control system to supplement
the crane-mounted hydraulic control levers.

In the UK and Canada, this type of crane is often known colloquially as a "Hiab", partly because
this manufacturer invented the loader crane and was first into the UK market, and partly because
the distinctive name was displayed prominently on the boom arm.

A rolloader crane is a loader crane mounted on a chassis with wheels. This chassis can ride on the
trailer. Because the crane can move on the trailer, it can be a light crane, so the trailer is allowed
to transport more goods.

[edit] Stacker crane

Stacker crane

A crane with a forklift type mechanism used in automated (computer controlled) warehouses
(known as an automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS)). The crane moves on a track in an
aisle of the warehouse. The fork can be raised or lowered to any of the levels of a storage rack and
can be extended into the rack to store and retrieve product. The product can in some cases be as
large as an automobile. Stacker cranes are often used in the large freezer warehouses of frozen
food manufacturers. This automation avoids requiring forklift drivers to work in below freezing
temperatures every day.

[edit] Similar machines

Shooting a film from crane

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The generally-accepted definition of a crane is a machine for lifting and moving heavy objects by
means of ropes or cables suspended from a movable arm. As such, a lifting machine that does not
use cables, or else provides only vertical and not horizontal movement, cannot strictly be called a
'crane'.

Types of crane-like lifting machine include:

 Block and tackle

 Capstan (nautical)
 Hoist (device)
 Winch
 Windlass
 Cherry Picker

More technically-advanced types of such lifting machines are often known as 'cranes', regardless
of the official definition of the term.

[edit] Special examples

 Finnieston Crane (aka the Stobcross Crane)

– Category A -listed example of a 'hammerhead' (cantilever) crane in Glasgow's former

docks
– 50 m (164 ft) tall, 175 tonnes (193 ST; 172 LT) capacity, built 1926

 Taisun

– double bridge crane at Yantai, China.

– 20,000 tonnes (22,046 ST; 19,684 LT) capacity, World Record Holder
– 133 m (436 ft) tall, 120 m (394 ft) span, lift-height 80 m (262 ft)

 Kockums Crane

– shipyard crane formerly at Kockums, Sweden.

– 138 m (453 ft) tall, 1,500 tonnes (1,653 ST; 1,476 LT) capacity, since moved to Ulsan,
South Korea

 Samson and Goliath (cranes)

– two gantry cranes at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast

– Goliath is 96 m (315 ft) tall, Samson is 106 m (348 ft)
– span 140 m (459 ft), lift-height 70 m (230 ft), capacity 840 tonnes (926 ST; 827 LT) each
(1,600 tonnes / 1,764 short tons; 1,575 long tons combined)

 Breakwater Crane Railway

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– self-propelled steam crane that formerly ran the length of the breakwater at Douglas.
– ran on 10 feet (3.05 m) gauge track, the broadest in the British Isles

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