Paavai Institutions Department of AERO

UNIT-V

POWER PLANTS USED IN

AIRPLANES

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CONTENT:

5.1 Ideas About Piston

1. Ramjet engine
2. Pulse jet engine
3. Turbojet engine
4. Turbo prop engine
5. Turbo fan engine
5.2 Use Of Propeller And Jets For Thrust Production

5.3 Principles Of Operation Of Rocket

5.3.1 Types Of Rocket

5.4 Question Bank

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TECHNICAL TERMS

 PRINCIPLE OF JET ENGINES

The principle of jet propulsion is obtained from the application NEWTON’S THIRD law. i.e.,
for every action there is equal and opposite reaction.

 CLASSIFICATION OF JET PROPULSION

Jet propulsion engines may be classified broadly into two groups.

(a) Air breathing engine - combustion takes place by using atmospheric air
(b) Rocket engine - combustion takes place by using its own oxygen supply
 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR BRITHING ENGINES
6. Ramjet Engine
7. Pulse jet Engine
8. Turbojet Engine
9. Turbo Prop Engine
10. Turbo Fan Engine
 ADVANTAGES OF AN I.C. ENGINE OVER AN E.C. ENGINE

 Higher overall efficiency, ranges from 30-35%.

 The efficiency of stream engine lies between 15-20%.
 It can be started instantaneously.
 Requires less space.
 Lower first cost except for heavy large units.
 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINES

I.C. engines may be classified on the following basis: .

 According to type of fuel used: petrol engine, diesel engine, gas engine.

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 According to the method of ignition used: spark ignition engine(S.I.engine),

compression ignition engine (C.I.engine), hot spot ignition engine.
 According to the number of strokes per cycle: four stoke engine, dual combustion
cycle engine.
 RAMJET ENGINE
 Supersonic diffuser
 Subsonic diffuser
 Combustion chamber
 Nozzle section
 PULSE JET ENGINE OR FLYING BOMB
 A diffuser
 A valve grid which contains springs that close on their own spring pressure.
 Combustion chamber.
 Spark plug.
 A tail pipe (or discharge nozzle).
 TURBOJET ENGINE
 Diffuser
 Rotary compressor
 Combustion chamber
 Turbine
 Exhaust nozzle
 TURBO-PROP ENGINE OR TURBO-PROPELLER ENGINE
 Diffuser
 Compressor
 Combustion chamber
 Turbine
 TURBO FAN
The turbo fan engine is a combination of the turbo prop and the turbojet engine combining
the advantages of both.

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 PRINCIPLE OF ROCKET ENGINES

The principle of jet propulsion is obtained from the application Newton’s third law. i.e., for
every action there is equal and opposite reaction.

INTRODUCTION:

The engine in which the combustion of fuel(liquid or gas) takes place inside the cylinder is
known as internal combustion engine. The examples of internal combustion engines are petrol,
oil and gas engines. In such engines, working fluid is the product of combustion of fuel-air
mixture. Internal combustion engines are referred as I.C. engines.

ADVANTAGES OF AN I.C. ENGINE OVER AN E.C. ENGINE

 Higher overall efficiency, ranges from 30-35%.

 The efficiency of stream engine lies between 15-20%.
 It can be started instantaneously.
 Requires less space.
 Lower first cost except for heavy large units.

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5.1. CLASSIFICATION OF I.C. ENGINES:

I.C. engines may be classified on the following basis:

 According to type of fuel used: petrol engine, diesel engine, gas engine.
 According to the method of ignition used: spark ignition engine(S.I.engine),
compression ignition engine (C.I.engine), hot spot ignition engine.
 According to the number of strokes per cycle: four stoke engine, dual combustion
cycle engine.
 According to the working cycle: Otto cycle engine, diesel cycle engine, dual
compression cycle engine.
 According to the number of cylinders’ used: single cylinders engine, multi cylinder
engine.
 According to the arrangement of cylinder: horizontal engine, vertical engine, radial
engine, opposed cyclinder engine, V-engine.
 According to the method of fuel injection: carburettor engine, air injection engine,
airless injection or solid injection engine.
 According to the type of cooling system: air cooled engine, water cooled engine.
 According to the speed of the engine: slow speed engine, medium speed engine, high
speed engine.
 According to the valve location: overhead valve engine, side valve engine.
 According to the method of governing: hit and miss governing engine, qualitative
governing engine, quantitative governing engine.
 According to the field of application: stationary engine, auto motive engine, marine
engine, aircraft engine, locomotive engine.

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5.2. FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Fig. 5.1

(a) SUCTION STROKE:

During this stroke the inlet valve opens and only air is sucked into the engine cylinder.
The exhaust valve remains closed. This stroke is completed when the piston reaches the
bottom dead center position.
(b) COMPRESSION STROKE:
During this stroke the piston starts moving upwards from the bottom dead centre position,
in this stroke both the inlet and exhaust valves remain closed. As the piston moves up, the
air is compressed to a high pressure 60 bar and temperature 600 c. just before the end of
the compression stroke, a fine spray of diesel is injected into the high temperature
compressed air. The fuel ignited instantaneously. The injection of fuel takes place at
constant pressure.

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(c) EXPANSION STROKE:

During this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves remains closed. Due to increased
pressure of the products of combustion, the piston is pushed sown with a large force.
Expansion of the gases takes place and work is done during this stroke. The expansion
stroke is completed as the piston reaches its bottom dead centre B.D.C position.
(d) EXHAUST STROKE:
During this stroke the inlet valve remains closed while the exhaust valve remains open.
The piston moves up from B.D.C TO T.D.C position and pushes out the burnt gases form
the engine cylinder. The stroke is completed as the piston reaches the T.D.C position and
is ready for the next cycle.

5.3. PRINCIPLE OF JET ENGINES

The principle of jet propulsion is obtained from the application NEWTON’S THIRD law.
i.e, for every action there is equal and opposite reaction.

5.3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF JET PROPULSION

Jet propulsion engines may be classified broadly into two groups.

Air breathing engine - combustion takes place by using atmospheric air

Rocket engine - combustion takes place by using its own oxygen supply

5.3.1. a) CLASSIFICATION OF AIR BRITHING ENGINES

1. Ramjet Engine
2. Pulse jet Engine
3. Turbojet Engine
4. Turbo Prop Engine
5. Turbo Fan Engine

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1. RAMJET ENGINE
i. CONSTRUCTION:

The construction of ramjet engine is shown in figure, which is simplest types of air-
breathing engine.

It consists of;

 Supersonic diffuser (1-2)

 Subsonic diffuser (2-3)
 Combustion chamber (3-4)
 Nozzle section (4-5)

The functions of supersonic and subsonic diffusers are to convert the kinetic energy of
the entering air into pressure energy. This energy transformation is called RAM EFFECT and the
pressure rice is called the RAM PRESSURE.

Fig. 5.2

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ii. WORKING:
 Air from the atmosphere enters the engine at a very high speed and its velocity gets
reduced and its static pressure is increased by supersonic diffuser.
 Then the air passes through the subsonic diffuser and its velocity further reduces to
subsonic value. Due to this, the pressure of the air increases to ignition pressure.
 Then the high pressure air flows into the combustion chamber. In the combustion
chamber, the fuel is injected by suitable injectors and the air fuel mixture is burnt.
 The highly heated products of combustion gases are then allowed to expand in the
exhaust nozzle section.
 In the nozzle pressure energy of the gas is converted into kinetic energy. So the gases
coming out from the unit with very high velocity.
 Due to very high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a reaction or thrust is
produced in the opposite direction. This thrust propels the air craft.
 Ramjet produces very high thrust with high efficiency at supersonic speeds. So, it is
best suitable for high speed aircraft.
 The air enters the engine with a supersonic speed must be reduced to subsonic speed.
This is necessary to prevent the blow out of the flame in the combustion chamber.
The velocity must be small enough to make it possible to add the required quality of
fuel stable combustion.
 Both theory and experiment indicate that the speed of the air entering the combustion
chamber should not be higher than that corresponding to a local mach number 0.2
approximately.

iii. ADVANTAGES:
 Ramjet engine is very simple and does not have any moving part.
 Cost is low
 The specific fuel consumption is better than other gas turbine power plants at high
speed.
 There is no upper limit to the flight speed.

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 Light weight when compared with turbojet engine.

iv. DISADVANTAGE:
 Since the take-off thrust is zero, it is not possible to start a ramjet engine without an
external launching device.
 The combustion chamber required flame holder to stabilize the combustion due to
high speed of air.
 It is very difficult to design a diffuser which will give good pressure recovery over a
wide range of speeds.
 It has low thermal efficiency.

v. APPLICATIONS:
 It is widely used in high speed aircrafts and missiles due to its high thrust and high
operational speed.
 Subsonic ramjets are used in target weapons.

2. PULSE JET ENGINE OR FLYING BOMB

i. CONSTRUCTION:

It is consists of

 A diffuser
 A valve grid which contains springs that close on their own spring pressure.
 Combustion chamber.
 Spark plug.
 A tail pipe (or discharge nozzle).
The functions of the diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of the entering air into pressure
energy

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Fig. 5.3

ii. WORKING:
 Air from the atmosphere enters into pulse jet engine. The air velocity gets reduced
and its static pressure is increased by diffuser.
 When a certain pressure difference exists across the valve grid, the valve will
open and allow the air to enter into the combustion chamber.
 In the combustion chamber, fuel is mixed with the air and combustion starts by
the use of spark plug
 Once the combustion starts it proceed at constant volume. So there is a rapid
increase in pressure, which causes the valve to closes rapidly.
 The highly heated products of combustion gases are then allowed to expand in the
exhaust nozzle section.
 In the nozzle pressure energy of the gas is converted into kinetic energy. So the
gases coming out from the unit with very high velocity.
 Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a reaction or thrust is
produced in the opposite direction. This thrust propels the air craft.
 Since the combustion process causes the pressure to increase, the engine can
operate even at static condition once it gets started.
 When the combustion products accelerate from the chamber, they leave a slight
vacuum in the combustion chamber. This, in turn, produces sufficient pressure
drop across the valve grid, allowing the valves to open again and change of air
enters the combustion chamber.

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iii. ADVANTAGES:
 Pulse jet engine is very simple device next to ramjet engine.
 Less maintenance.
 Cost is low
 Light weight when compared with turbojet engine.
 Unlike the ramjet engine, the pulse jet engine develops thrust at zero speed.
iv. DISADVANTAGES:
 High rate of fuel consumption.
 The maximum flight speed of the pulse jet engine is limited to 750 km/h.
 Low propulsive efficiency that turbojet engines.
 High degree of vibration leads to noise pollution.
v. APPLICATIONS:
(i) It is used in subsonic flights, German V-I missiles, Target aircraft missiles, etc.
(ii) A factor practically restricting the severe vibrations and high intensity of noise.

3. TURBOJET ENGINE
i. CONSTRUCTION:
It consists of:
 Diffuser
 Rotary compressor
 Combustion chamber
 Turbine
 Exhaust nozzle
The functions of the diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of the entering air into pressure
energy.

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The function of the nozzle is to convert the pressure energy of the combustion gases into
kinetic energy.

Fig. 5.4

ii. WORKING:

 Air from the atmosphere enters into turbojet engine. The air velocity gets reduced and
its static pressure is increased by diffuser.
 Then the air passes through the rotary compressor in which the air further
compressed.
 Then the high pressure air the combustion chamber. In the combustion chamber, the
fuel is injected by suitable injectors and the air- fuel mixture is burnt. Heat is supplied
at constant pressure.
 The highly heated products of the combustion gases are then enters the turbine and
partially expanded.
 The power produced by the turbine is just sufficient to drive the compressor, fuel
pump and other auxiliaries.
 The hot gases from the turbine are than allowed to expand in the exhaust nozzle
section.

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 In the nozzle, pressure energy of the gas is converted into kinetic energy. So the gases
coming out from the unit with very high velocity.
 Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a reaction or thrust is
produced in the opposite direction. This thrust propels the air craft.
 Like ramjet engine, the turbojet engine is a continuous flow engine.
 Because of turbine material limitations, only a limited amount of fuel can be burnt in
the combustion chamber.

iii. ADVANTAGES:
 Construction is simple
 Less wear and tear.
 Less maintenance cost.
 It runs smoothly because continuous thrust is produced by continuous combustion of fuel.
 The speed of turbojet is not limited by the propeller and it can attain higher flight speed
then turbo propeller air craft.

iv. DISADVANTAGES:
 It has low take-off thrust and hence poor starting characteristics.
 Fuel consumption is high.
 Costly materials are used.
 Sudden decrease of speed is difficult.

v. APPLICATIONS:
 It is best suited for Piloted air-crafts, Military aircrafts, etc.

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4. TURBO-PROP ENGINE OR TURBO-PROPELLER ENGINE

i. CONSTRUCTION:

It consists of:

 Diffuser
 Compressor
 Combustion chamber
 Turbine
 Exhaust nozzle
 Reduction gear and
 Propeller
o The functions of the diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of the entering air
into pressure energy.
o The function of the nozzle is to convert the pressure energy of the combustion
gases into kinetic energy.
o Since the angular velocity of the shaft is very high, the propeller cannot run at
higher angular velocity. So a reduction gear box is provided before the power is
transmitted to the propeller.

Fig. 5.5

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ii. WORKING:
 Air from the atmosphere enters into turbo prop engines. The air velocity gets reduced and
its statics pressure is increased by diffuser.
 Then the air passes through the rotary compressor in which the air is further compressed.
 Then the high pressure air flow into the combustion chamber. In the combustion
chamber, the fuel is injected by suitable injectors and the air- fuel mixture is burnt. Heat
is supplied at constant pressure.
 The highly heated products of combustion gases are then enters the turbine and partially
(about 80% to 90%) expanded.
 The power produced by the turbine is used to drive the compressor and propeller.
 Propeller is used to increase the flow rate of air which results in better fuet economy.
 The hot gases from the turbine are that allowed to expand in the exhaust nozzle section.
 In the nozzle, pressure energy of the gas is converted into kinetic energy. So the gases
coming out from the unit with very high velocity.
 Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a reaction (or) thrust is produced
in the opposite direction.
 The total thrust produced by the nozzle. This total thrust propels the air craft.

iii. ADVANTAGES:
 High take-off thrust.
 Good propeller efficiency at a speed below 800 km /hr.
 Reduced vibration and noise.
 Better fuel economy.
 Easy maintenance.
 The power output is not limited.

iv. DISADVANTAGES:
 The main disadvantage is, the propeller efficiency is rapidly decreases at high speeds due
to shocks and flow separation.

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 It requires a reduction gear which increases the cost of the engine.

 More space needed than turbojet engine

v. APPLICATION:

The turbo prop engine is the best suited for commercial and military air-craft operation due to its
high flexibility of operation and good fuel economy

5. TURBO FAN
i. CONSTRUCTION:
The turbo fan engine is a combination of the turbo prop and the turbojet engine combining
the advantages of both.

Fig. 5.6

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ii. WORKING:
 The construction of the turbofan engine
 Air from the atmosphere enter into turbofan engine, employing a low pressure ducted
fan.
 The air after passing through the fan is divided into two stream, namely primary air
and secondary air.
 The primary air (mh) flow through the turbofan engine consisting of compressors,
combustion chamber, turbine and exhaust nozzle. Combustions take place in the
combustion chamber and the thrust is produced in the opposite directions
 The secondary air (or) by pass air (or) cold air (mc) at relatively lower pressure flow
around the turbofan engine and expands in the fan nozzle. Hence thrust is produced.
 The thrust developed by the secondary air is at lower velocity and the thrust
developed by the primary air is at much higher velocity.
 The total thrust produced in this engine is the sum of thrust produced by the primary
air (mh) and the secondary air (mc).this total thrust propel the air craft.
 The ratio of the mass flow rate of cold air (mc) and the hot air (mh) is known as By
Pass Ratio.

iii. ADVANTAGES:
 Thrust developed is higher than turbojet engine.
 Weight per unit thrust is lower than turbo prop engine.
 Less noise.
 High take-off thrust.

iv. DISADVANTAGE:
 Increased frontal area.
 Fuel consumption is high compared to the turbo prop engine.
 Construction is complicated compared to turbojet engine.
 Lower speed limit than turbojet engine.

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5.3.1.b PRINCIPLE OF ROCKET ENGINES

The principle of jet propulsion is obtained from the application NEWTON’S THIRD
LAW. i.e, for every action there is equal and opposite reaction.

CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKET ENGINE:

I. Rocket engines are classified as follow:

1. Chemical rocket engines

2. Nuclear rocket engines
3. Electrical rocket engine
Chemical rocket engines can be classified as:
1. Liquid propellant rocket engine
2. Solid propellant rocket engine
3. Hybrid propellant rocket engine
II. Rocket engine can be further classified as follows:

(a) Based on application:

1) Space rockets
2) Military rockets
3) Weather forecasting rockets
4) Booster rockets
(b) Based on stage:
1) Single stage rockets
2) Multistage rockets

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1. LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINE

i. CONSTRUCTION:
 The construction of liquid propellant rocket engine is shown
 Liquid fuel (refined petrol, liquid hydrogen, hydrazine, etc.) and liquid oxygen are
used in this engine.
 Liquid fuel and liquid oxygen are stored separately in the two different tanks.
 Preheater is used to heat the fuel and oxidizer.
 Nozzle is used to increase the velocity and decrease the pressure of the gases.

WORKING:
 Liquid fuel and liquid oxygen are pumped separately into a mixing chamber through
control valves.
 Since the liquid fuel and liquid oxygen are stored at very low temperature, they are
preheated in the preheater to a suitable temperature.
 The preheated fuel oxidizer mixture is injected into the combustion chamber
through suitable injector and combustion chamber, very high temperature gases are
produced.
 The highly heated products of combustion gases are then allowed to expand in the
nozzle section.
 In the nozzle, pressure energy of the gas is converted into kinetic energy. So the
gases coming out from the unit with very high velocity.
 Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a force (or) thrust is
produced in the opposite direction. This thrust propels the rocket

ii. ADVANTAGES:
 Liquid propellant engines can be reused after recovery. So it is economical.
 Combustion process is controllable i.e., it is easy to stop the combustion by closing
the fuel valve (or) oxidizer valve.

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 Speed regulation i.e., increase and decrease of speed is possible.

 High specific impulse.
 More economical for the long range operations.
 Malfunctions and accidents can be rectified at any stage.
iii. DISADVANTAGE:
 Liquid propellant rocket combustion is more complicated compared to solid
propellant rocket.
 Manufacturing cost is high
 There are additional handling and safety problems if the propellant are poisonous
and corrosive.
 The size and weight of the engine is more compared to solid propellant rocket.
 High vibrations
 Many liquid propellant can exist in liquid state only at very low temperature. So
proper insulation is needed.

2. SOLID PROPELLANT

i. CONSTRUCTION:
 The construction of the solid propellant rocket engine is shown
 Solid propellant is the combustion is the combustion of solid fuel (plastic or resin
material)
 and oxidizer (nitrates, perchlorates, etc.)
 solid fuel and oxidizer are homogeneously mixed and packed inside the shell.
 A liner is provided between the shell and the propellant. The purpose of liner is to protect
the shell because high temperature will be generated during combustion process.

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Fig. 5.7

ii. WORKING:
 The igniter located at the top and ignited the spark. So combustion take places.
 When the combustion take place in the combustion chamber, very high pressure and
very high temperature gases are produced.
 The highly heated products of combustion gases are then allowed to expand in the
nozzle section.
 In the nozzle pressure energy of the gas is converted into kinetic energy. So the gases
coming out from the unit with very high velocity.
 Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a force (or) thrust is produced
in opposite direction. This thrust propels the rocket.
iii. ADVANTAGES:
 Simple in design and construction.
 They do not require feed system. So they are free from the problems of moving
parts such as pumps, valves, etc.
 Less vibration due to absence of moving parts.
 Less maintenance.
 Suitable for short range application.

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iv. DISADVANTAGES:
 In case of emergency it is difficult to stop the engine in the mid way.
 Decrease of speed is not possible.
 Low specific impulse
 At the end of an operation the burnt up debries cannot be reused. So it is
uneconomical.
 Nozzle cooling is not possible.
 Nozzle erosion is unavoidable due to the presence of solid particles in the high
temperature and high speed gases.
 Transportation and handling of these rockets before firing require greater care due
to the presence of propellants throughout.

3. HYBRID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINE

i. CONSTRUCTION:
 The construction of hybrid rocket engine is shown in fig.
 The hybrid rocket engines combines the advantages of both solid and liquid propellants
rockets.
 In this type, solid fuel along with liquid oxidizer is used as a propellant.
 Solid fuel is packed in the combustion chamber and the liquid oxidizer is stored in the
separate tank.

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Fig. 5.8

ii. WORKING:
 The liquid oxidiser which is stored in the separate tank is injected into the combustion
chamber.
 When the liquid oxidizer mixes with solid fuel in the combustion chamber, combustion
takes place automatically.
 When the combustion takes place in the combustion chamber, very high pressure and
very high temperature gases are produced.
 The highly heated product of the combustion gases are then allowed to expand in the
nozzle section.
 In the nozzle pressure energy of the gas is converted into kinetic energy. So that gases
coming out from the unit with very high velocity.
 Due to high velocity of gases coming out from the unit, a force (or) thrust is produced in
opposite direction. This thrust propels the rocket.
iii. ADVANTAGES:
 Speed regulation is possible by regulating the supply of oxidizer.
 High load capacity.
 Higher fuel density.
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 Hybrid rockets are lighter when compared to the liquid propellant type rocket.

iv. DISADVANTAGES:
 Nozzle erosion cannot be avoided.

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QUESTION BANK
UNIT – 5

PART – A (2 Marks)

1. Why is titanium suitable as airframe material for supersonic aircraft?

2. The rocket can move in vacuum. Is it true or false? Justify.
3. State the propellant burning configurations possible in solid propellant motors.
4. What are hypergolic propellants? Give an example.
5. Define specific impulse of a rocket
6. Why is it that titanium is suitable as airframe material for supersonic aircraft
7. Define specific impulse of a rocket.
8. What is jet thrust?
9. What are the requirements of a good power plant?
10. Why does the blade angle of a propeller decrease from boss to tip
11. What is 'Ramjet' engine?
12. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of rocket propulsion?
13. Write down the difference between reciprocating and Gas turbine engines
14. Classify different types of rocket engine.
15. Write merits and demerits of the ramjet engine.
16. Types of air breathing engines?
17. Draw the diagram of turbojet engine?
18. What are the main components of turboprop?
19. What are the types of rocket engines?
20. What are the types of rocket propellant?

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PART – B (16 Marks)

1. Sketch a typical liquid propellant rocket and name the important components. What are the
advantages of liquid propellant rocket over solid propellant rocket?
2. (i) Explain the principle of operation of a turbo prop engine. What are the advantages of
turboprop engine? (8)
(ii) Write the merits and demerits of a Jet engine over a piston engine. (8)
3. (i) With a neat sketch explain the principle of operation of a turbo prop engine. (8)
(ii) What is a cryogenic rocket engine? Explain. (8)
4. (i) Thrust produced by an aircraft engine is best explained by Newton's third law of motion.
True/False? Justify your answer. (8)
(ii) Define propeller efficiency. (8)

5. (i) Sketch a schematic diagram of a turboprop engine mark all the subsystems and explain
their functions, what are the limitations of turboprop engine? (8)
(ii) Illustrate the principle of operation of a solid propellant rocket with a neat sketch. What
are the advantages of solid propellant rocket? (8)
6. (i) Sketch a typical liquid propellant rocket power plant and name the important
components. What are the advantages of liquid propellant rockets over solid propellant
rocket? (8)
(ii) What are the applications of a turbojet engine? How does thrust vary with altitude and
flight velocity for turbojet? (8)
7. (i) Bring out the essential differences between piston type engines and jet engines for aircraft
propulsion. (8)
(ii) What are the applications of rockets? How are they classified? (8)
8. (i) Explain how a propeller produces thrust for aircraft propulsion. (8)
(ii) What are the merits and limitations of turbojet engines? (8)
9. Explain with neat sketches the operating principle of Turbo propeller engine. What are its
advantages and limitations?
10. Explain why ramjet engine is not self starting type.

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