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    Branches of Linguistics

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    Muhammad Mussawar
    The document discusses the branches of linguistics. It is divided into two main categories: intra-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary areas. Intra-disciplinary areas deal solely with language and include theoretical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, comparative linguistics, and comparative historical linguistics. Inter-disciplinary areas consider how language interacts with other fields, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, geographical linguistics, and philosophical linguistics. The document provides examples and brief explanations of several of these branches of linguistics.

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    Branches of Linguistics

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Mussawar
    5K views3 pages
    The document discusses the branches of linguistics. It is divided into two main categories: intra-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary areas. Intra-disciplinary areas deal solely with language and include theoretical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, comparative linguistics, and comparative historical linguistics. Inter-disciplinary areas consider how language interacts with other fields, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, geographical linguistics, and philosophical linguistics. The document provides examples and brief explanations of several of these branches of linguistics.

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    Linguistics

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    The document discusses the branches of linguistics. It is divided into two main categories: intra-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary areas. Intra-disciplinary areas deal solely with language and include theoretical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, comparative linguistics, and comparative historical linguistics. Inter-disciplinary areas consider how language interacts with other fields, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, geographical linguistics, and philosophical linguistics. The document provides examples and brief explanations of several of these branches of linguistics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5K views3 pages

    Branches of Linguistics

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Mussawar
    The document discusses the branches of linguistics. It is divided into two main categories: intra-disciplinary and inter-disciplinary areas. Intra-disciplinary areas deal solely with language and include theoretical linguistics, descriptive linguistics, comparative linguistics, and comparative historical linguistics. Inter-disciplinary areas consider how language interacts with other fields, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, geographical linguistics, and philosophical linguistics. The document provides examples and brief explanations of several of these branches of linguistics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The key takeaways are that linguistics can be divided into intra disciplinary and inter disciplinary areas, and that it involves the scientific study of language and languages.

    The intra disciplinary areas are theoretical/general linguistics, descriptive linguistics, comparative linguistics, and comparative historical linguistics.

    The inter disciplinary areas are sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, geographical linguistics, and philosophical linguistics.

    HERITAGE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OKARA

    BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
    The phenomenon of language is very complex and diverse. Linguistics is a scientific and objective

    field. According to Victoria A. Fromkin,

    “Linguistics is the scientific study of human language and languages.”

    According to Jean Aitchison:

    “Linguistics tries to answer two basic questions:

    what is language and how does language work.”

    As it is clear from the definition, linguistics deals with language as human activity. It involves

    different fields of knowledge. As it is a multi dimensional subject, it should be looked at from

    different perspectives. Much research has not been done on this subject in previous centuries. In

    20th and 21st centuries, latest researches have been done on this subject and the process is still

    going on.

    For convenience, linguistics has been divided into two categories:

    1. Intra Disciplinary Areas 2. Inter Disciplinary Areas

    Intra disciplinary areas are purely linguistics. Such areas have nothing to do with other subjects

    or branches of knowledge. They deal only with language. Intra disciplinary areas are:

    a. Theoretical/General Linguistics b. Descriptive Linguistics

    c. Comparative Linguistics d. Comparative Historical Linguistics

    e. Applied Linguistics

    Inter disciplinary areas of linguistics mean that they have relations with other subjects or

    branches of knowledge. They consider that how language interacts with the world. Inter

    disciplinary areas are:

    a. Sociolinguistics b. Psycholinguistics

    c. Neurolinguistics d. Geographical Linguistics

    e. Philosophical Linguistics

    1. INTER DISCIPLINARY AREAS OF LINGUISTICS

    a. Theoretical Linguistics

    This branch of linguistics studies language and languages in order to construct a theory of their

    structure and functions. It attempts to establish general principles for the study of all languages

    Resource Person: MUHAMMAD MUSSAWAR (M.A English; M.A TEFL) 03032461219


    HERITAGE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OKARA
    and to determine the characteristics of human languages. Theoretical linguistics is divided into a

    number of separate areas.

    i. Phonetics ii. Phonology iii. Morphology iv. Syntax v. Semantics

    b. Descriptive Linguistics

    This branch of linguistics establishes facts about a particular language. In theoretical linguistics,

    language is studied in general, but in descriptive linguistics language is described in particular.

    Descriptive linguistics provides the data which confirms or refutes the theories put forward in

    theoretical linguistics. For example, a general linguist might formulate the theory (hypothesis) that

    all languages have verbs. The descriptive linguist might discard or confirm it with reference to

    particular language.

    c. Comparative Linguistics

    It is a branch of linguistics which studies two or more languages in order to compare their

    structures and to show whether they are similar or different. It is used in applied linguistics for

    establishing differences between the learner’s native language and the target language in the

    areas of syntax, vocabulary and sound systems.

    d. Comparative Historical Linguistics

    It is also called Historical linguistics/Comparative Philology/Philology. This branch of linguistics

    studies the history of language change and language relationships. By comparing earlier and later

    forms of a language and by comparing different languages, it has been possible to show that

    certain languages are related e.g. Greek, Latin, English and French. There are two methods of the

    historical study of a language.

    A. Diachronic (Historical) B. Synchronic (Non Historical)

    Diachronic linguistics means to study the history of language thoroughly from A to Z.

    Synchronic linguistics means to study the history of language at some particular time.

    d. Applied Linguistics

    It is the study of second and foreign language learning and teaching. It also deals with the study of

    language in relation to practical problems, such as translation, vocabulary, and grammar. Applied

    linguistics develops its own theoretical models of language and uses them in practical areas.

    Resource Person: MUHAMMAD MUSSAWAR (M.A English; M.A TEFL) 03032461219


    HERITAGE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OKARA
    2. INTER DISCIPLINARY AREAS OF LINGUISTICS

    a. Sociolinguistics

    Sociolinguistics studies language in relation to society. It studies all the aspects of relationship

    between language and society. It tells us about the impact of language on society and impact of

    society on language. It includes bilingualism, multilingualism and standard and non standard forms

    of language.

    b. Psycholinguistics

    Psycholinguistics studies language in relation to psychology. It deals with language and the mind

    of an individual. It includes the areas like language acquisition of L1 and L2, behaviourism, and

    mentalism.

    c. Neurolinguistics

    It studies the psychological basis of language and language disorder. It has a deep relationship

    with Clinical linguistics.

    d. Geographical Linguistics

    This branch of linguistics studies language in relation to geography. It describes the variation in

    language with reference to the geographical changes.

    e. Philosophical Linguistics

    It studies the relation of language with philosophy.

    f. Anthropological Linguistics

    This branch of linguistics studies the relationship between language and culture in a community,

    e.g. its traditions, beliefs, and family structure.

    All these branches of language are equally important because they bring to light the different

    aspects of language so that we can understand language comprehensively. Without the study of

    these branches, it is impossible for us to have the first hand information about the ins and outs of

    language.

    Resource Person: MUHAMMAD MUSSAWAR (M.A English; M.A TEFL) 03032461219

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