§1926.

450
SUBPART L
SCAFFOLDS
 Safety Standards for Scaffolds
Used in the Construction Industry
SUMMARY

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA) hereby revises the

construction industry safety standards which regulate the design, construction, and use
of scaffolds. The final rule updates the existing scaffold standards and sets
performance-oriented criteria, where possible, to protect employees from scaffold-
related hazards such as falls, falling objects, structural instability, electrocution and
overloading.

In particular, the final rule has been updated to address types of scaffolds -- such as
catenary scaffolds, step and trestle ladder scaffolds, and multi-level suspended
scaffolds -- not covered by OSHA's existing scaffold standards. In addition, the final
rule allows employers greater flexibility in the use of fall protection systems to protect
employees working on scaffolds and extends fall protection to erectors and dismantlers
of scaffolds to the extent feasible.

Another area that the final rule strengthens is training for workers using scaffolds; the
conditions under which such employees must be retrained are also specified in the final
rule. Finally, the language of the rule has been simplified, duplicative and outdated
provisions have been eliminated, overlapping requirements have been consolidated,
and the performance orientation of the rule has been enhanced to allow employers as
much flexibility in compliance as is consistent with employee protection.

EFFECTIVE DATES

This standard will become effective on November 29, 1996, except for
§1926.453(a)(2), which will not become effective until an Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) Control number is received and displayed for this "collection of
information" in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501
et seq.).

The incorporations by reference of certain publications listed in this final rule are
approved by the Director of the Federal Register as of November 29, 1996. In
addition, employers are required to comply with the provisions of paragraphs (e)(9) and
(g)(2) of §1926.451, which address safe access and fall protection, respectively, for
employees erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds starting on September 2,
1997.

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 I. Background

Congress amended the Contract Work Hours Standards Act in 1969 by adding a new
section 107 to provide employees in the construction industry with a safer work
environment and to reduce the frequency and severity of construction accidents and
injuries. The amendment, commonly known as the Construction Safety Act (CSA),
significantly strengthened employee protection by authorizing the promulgation of
construction safety and health standards for employees of the building trades and
construction industry working on federal and federally-financed or federally-assisted
construction projects.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (the OSH Act) authorized the
Secretary of Labor to adopt established federal standards issued under other statutes,
including the CSA, as occupational safety and health standards. Accordingly, the
Secretary of Labor adopted the Construction Standards, which had been issued under
the CSA, as OSHA standards. The Safety and Health Regulations for Construction
were subsequently redesignated as 29 CFR part 1926. Standards addressing scaf-
folds, §§1926.451 and 1926.452, were adopted in subpart L of part 1926 as OSHA
standards as part of this process.

Various amendments were made to subpart L during the first two years of the OSH Act.
The amendments revised scaffold provisions that addressed planking grades, wood
pole scaffold construction, overhead protection, bracket scaffold loading, and plank
spans. Also, substantive provisions concerning pump jack scaffolds, height of catch
platforms, and guardrails were added.

Based on concerns regarding the effectiveness of the existing scaffold standards,

OSHA began a complete review of subpart L in 1977. The Agency consulted the
Advisory Committee on Construction Safety and Health (ACCSH) several times
regarding draft revisions to subpart L.

Based on its review of existing subpart L, OSHA believes that certain provisions in the
existing standards are outdated, redundant, or ambiguous. In addition, some types of
scaffolds used in construction (e.g., catenary scaffolds) are not clearly addressed by
the existing standards, and some provisions cover only certain types of scaffolds when
they should apply to all. The final rule eliminates those unnecessary, outdated and
redundant provisions (e.g., revised subpart L states the requirement for guardrails
once, rather than 19 separate times as in the existing standard).

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 II. Hazards Involved
Scaffold-related incidents resulting in injuries and fatalities continue to occur despite the
fact that OSHA has had a scaffold standard in place since 1971. However, the Agency
believes that compliance with the new standard will be better than it has been in the
past because this standard has been simplified, brought up to date, and strengthened
to provide additional protection.

Although specific accident ratios cannot be projected for the estimated 3.6 million
construction workers currently covered by subpart L, the Economic Analysis that
accompanies this final rule estimates that, of the 510,500 injuries and illnesses that
occur in the construction industry annually, 9,750 are related to scaffolds. In addition,
of the estimated 924 occupational fatalities occurring annually, at least 79 are
associated with work on scaffolds.

OSHA prepared the following statistical estimates (based on 4.5 million construction
workers then covered by subpart L) to support the 1986 proposal for subpart L, based
on a review of accident data prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (Ex. 3-1).
The revised scaffold standards contain a number of provisions designed specifically to
address the findings of this analysis.
a. Seventy-two percent of the workers injured in scaffold accidents covered by
the BLS study attributed the accident either to the planking or support giving way, or to
the employee slipping, or being struck by a falling object. Plank slippage was the most
commonly cited cause.
b. About 70 percent of the workers learned of the safety requirements for
installing work platforms, assembling scaffolds, and inspecting scaffolds through on-
the-job training. Approximately 25 percent had no training in these areas.
c. Only 33 percent of scaffolds were equipped with a guardrail.

Based on its analysis of the available data and its field experience in enforcing
construction standards, the Agency has determined that employees using scaffolds are
exposed to a significant risk of harm. Specifically, scaffold related fatalities still account
for approximately 9% of all fatalities in the construction workplace.

In addition, the above data indicate that the revised final standard would have
prevented many of these accidents more effectively than compliance with the existing
scaffold standards. Consequently, OSHA finds that the revision of its scaffold
standards for construction is necessary to improve employee protection. OSHA has
determined that, as revised, the standard clearly states employers' duties and the
appropriate compliance measures.

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 III. Summary and Explanation of the Final Rule

The following explains how the final rule corresponds to or differs from the existing
standard.

§1926.450 Scope, application and definitions applicable to this subpart.

Paragraph (a) The final rule applies to all scaffolds used in construction, alteration,
repair (including painting and decorating), and demolition operations covered under 29
CFR part 1926, except that crane or derrick suspended personnel platforms will
continue to be regulated under §1926.550(g). In addition, aerial lifts are covered
exclusively in §1926.453, as noted in paragraph (a) of §1926.450.

OSHA will continue to regulate temporary elevated work platforms, such as false cars
and go-devils used in elevator shaft construction, as scaffolds.

Paragraph (b) of §1926.450 lists and defines all major terms used in subpart L.

OSHA is revising its definitions for particular types of scaffolds by specifying whether a
particular type of scaffold is a "supported" or a "suspension scaffold." OSHA believes
that adding this information will make it easier for employers to identify the appropriate
general requirements in final rule §1926.451.

The Agency has also revised subpart L definitions by deleting language that limits the
use of a particular type of scaffold. Such substantive limitations are more appropriately
placed in regulatory text. Accordingly, for example, OSHA has revised the definition for
"bricklayers' square scaffolds" (a scaffold composed of framed wood squares which
support a platform, limited to light and medium duty) by deleting the words "limited to
light and medium duty". Similarly, OSHA has revised the definition for "coupler" to be
"a device for locking together the component tubes of a tube and coupler scaffold",
deleting language addressing the material used for the coupler because such
requirements are more properly located in §§1926.451 or 1926.452.

Paragraph 1926.451(a) Capacity

Paragraph (a) sets the minimum strength criteria for all scaffold components and
connections. The final rule sets scaffold capacity requirements that are substantively
the same as those in existing subpart L, while eliminating ambiguities and apparent
inconsistencies.

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Paragraph (a)(1) requires that each scaffold and scaffold component be capable of
supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended
load applied or transmitted to it. Paragraphs (a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(4), (a)(5) and (g) of
§1926.451 provide exceptions to this general rule, and are discussed below.

The final rule clearly provides that the 4 to 1 factor for a component applies only to the
load which is actually applied or transmitted to that component, and not to the total load
placed on the scaffold. The Agency requires that each component be adequate to
meet the 4 to 1 factor, but only for the portion of the MIL applied or transmitted to that
component. The MIL for each component depends on the type and configuration of the
scaffold system.

Paragraph (a)(2) requires that direct connections to roofs and floors and
counterweights used to balance adjustable suspension scaffolds be capable of resisting
at least 4 times the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold operating at the rated load
of the UL rated hoist or at 1.5 (minimum) times the tipping moment imposed by the
scaffold operating at the stall load for hoist not UL rated, whichever is greater.

OSHA agrees that the safety factors for the counterweights, riggings, direct connections
to roofs and floors, and suspension ropes of adjustable suspension scaffolds should be
related to the rated load of the hoist and the stall load of the hoist, and not be based on
the maximum intended load.

Paragraph (a)(3) provides that "each suspension rope, including its connecting
hardware, used on non-adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting,
without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to
that rope."

Paragraph (a)(4) of the final rule provides that "each suspension rope, including
connecting hardware, used on adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of
supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or
transmitted to that rope with the scaffold operating at either (a) the rated load of the
hoist, or (b) 2 (minimum) times the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater".

Paragraph (a)(5) requires that the stall load of any scaffold hoist not exceed 3 times its
rated load. OSHA finds that this requirement is reasonably necessary to prevent
accidental overloading of suspension scaffold support systems. U.L. standard 1323
limits the output force of a scaffold hoist to three times the rated load of the hoist. As
far as OSHA has been able to determine, the other laboratories which test and list
scaffold hoists adhere to the requirements of U.L. 1323.

Paragraph (a)(6) requires that scaffolds be designed by a qualified person and

constructed and loaded in accordance with that design.

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Paragraph 1926.451(b) Scaffold Platform Construction
Paragraph 1926.451(b) provides criteria for the construction of scaffolds.

Paragraph (b)(1) requires all platforms, except walkways and those platforms used by
employees performing scaffold erection and dismantling operations, to be fully decked
or planked.

Paragraph (b)(1)(I) requires that platform units be placed so that spaces between units
do not exceed 1-inch, except where employers establish that more space is needed.
For example, this would be necessary to fit around uprights when using side brackets
to extend platform width.

Paragraph (b)(1)(ii) provides that, where the exception created by paragraph (b)(1)(I)
applies, employers shall place platform units as close together as possible, with the
space between the platform and uprights not to exceed 9½ inches. OSHA set 9½
inches as the maximum space allowed, because the minimum width for scaffold units
that could be expected to sustain a working load is just over 9½ inches.

In a situation where no work, other than erecting or dismantling the scaffold, is being
done at intermediate levels, the final rule requires only that the planking established by
the employer as necessary to provide safe working conditions for employees erecting
or dismantling the scaffold be used. On the other hand, if scaffold erection or
dismantling is being performed from an intermediate level platform that is being or will
be used as a work area, that platform must be fully planked in accordance with
paragraph (b)(1).

The Agency believes that platforms used solely as walkways or solely by employees
erecting or dismantling scaffolds should be at least 2 planks wide. This is consistent
with the current practice, and the requirements of §1926.451(b)(2).

Paragraph (b)(2) requires that all scaffold platforms and walkways be at least 18
inches (46 cm) wide, with lesser widths allowed for ladder jack scaffolds, top plate
bracket scaffolds, pump jack scaffolds, roof bracket scaffolds, and boatswains' chairs,
and for scaffolds in areas shown to be too narrow to accommodate an 18-inch wide
surface.

The rationale for setting a 12-inch minimum width for ladder jack scaffolds was the
difficulty of handling one 18-inch wide plank or two 9-inch planks on a ladder, which the
Agency considered more hazardous than working on a 12-inch wide plank. Pump jack
scaffolds are the exception to paragraph (b)(2), for which a minimum platform width of
12 inches is permitted. In addition, top plate bracket scaffolds are permitted to have
platforms not less than 12" in width.

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Paragraph (b)(3) sets the requirements for the space between the front edge of a
platform and the face of the structure where the scaffold is being used. It requires that,
except as provided in paragraphs (b)(3)(I) and (b)(3)(ii), the front edge of all platforms
must be no more than 14 inches from the face of the structure, unless the employer
implements guardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems that comply with
paragraph (g) of the final rule to protect employees from falling between the platform
and the structure.

Paragraph (b)(3)(I) requires that the front edges of outrigger scaffolds be no more
than three inches from the face of the structure, as is required by §1926.451(g)(4) of
OSHA's existing standard.

Paragraph (b)(3)(ii) requires that the front edges of scaffolds used for plastering and
lathing operations be no more than 18 inches from the face of the structure.

Paragraph (b)(4) requires each end of a platform unit, unless cleated or otherwise
restrained by hooks or equivalent means, to extend over the center line of its support at
least six inches (15 cm). The use of cleats, hooks, and similar securing devices is
allowed as an alternative to the six inch extension, because of their ability to restrain
movement of platform units.

Paragraph (b)(5)(I) provides that each end of a platform unit 10 feet (3 m) or less in
length shall not extend over its support more than 12 inches (30 cm) unless the unit is
designed, and installed so that the cantilevered portion of the unit is able to support
employees or material without tipping or has guardrails which prevent employee access
to the cantilevered end.

Paragraph (b)(5)(ii) provides that each platform unit greater than 10 feet in length shall
not extend over its support more than 18 inches (46 cm), unless the unit is designed
and installed so that the cantilevered portion of the unit is able to support employees
without tipping, or that the unit has guardrails which block employee access to the
cantilevered end.

Paragraph (b)(6), where platform units are abutted to create a long platform, each
abutted end shall rest on a separate support surface. Abutted platform units do not rest
one on another, but instead are end-to-end. Consequently, one unit does not support
the other, and proper support can only be provided by separate support surfaces.

Paragraph (b)(7) provides that where platforms are overlapped to create a long
platform, the overlap shall occur only over supports, and shall not be less than 12
inches (30 cm) unless the platforms are nailed together or otherwise restrained to
prevent movement.

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Paragraph (b)(8) requires that at all points of a scaffold where the platform changes
direction, such as turning a corner, any platform that rests on a bearer at an angle other
than a right angle shall be laid first and platforms which rest at right angles over the
same bearer shall be laid second, on top of the first platform.

Paragraph (b)(9) provides that wood platforms shall not be covered with opaque
finishes, except that platform edges may be covered or marked for purposes of
identification. Platforms may be coated periodically with wood preservatives, fire-
retardant finishes, and slip-resistant finishes, but the coating may not obscure the top or
bottom wood surfaces. This paragraph is intended to ensure that structural defects in
platforms are not covered from view by the use of an opaque coating or finish. Hairline
cracks can significantly reduce the strength of a wood member, so early detection of
structural defects is important. Opaque finishes can cover such cracks and make them
difficult to discover. The edges of platform units are excepted from this rule to allow
identification marks, grading marks, or other similar type of marks to be placed on the
unit edges.

Paragraph (b)(10) requires that scaffold components manufactured by different

manufacturers not be intermixed unless the component parts fit together without force
and the resulting scaffold's structural integrity is maintained by the user. Scaffold
components manufactured by different manufacturers shall not be modified in order to
intermix them unless the resulting scaffold is determined by a competent person to be
structurally sound. OSHA expects that the competent person who evaluates the
scaffold will have the appropriate knowledge, skill and experience regarding scaffold
systems and components.

Paragraph (b)(11) provides that scaffold components made of dissimilar metals shall
not be used together unless a competent person has determined that galvanic action
will not reduce the strength of any component to a level below that required by
§1926.451(a).

Paragraph 1926.451(c) Criteria for Supported Scaffolds

Final rule §1926.451(c) sets criteria for the use of supported scaffolds.

Paragraph (c)(1) requires that supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of
more than 4 to 1 (including outrigger supports, if used) be restrained from tipping by
guying, tying, bracing, or equivalent means.

Paragraph (c)(1)(I) requires that guys, ties, and braces be installed at locations where
horizontal members support both inner and outer legs. Paragraph (c)(1)(ii) requires:

1) Guys, ties, and braces shall be installed according to the scaffold

manufacturer's recommendations or at the closest horizontal member to the 4:1

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 height and be repeated vertically at locations of horizontal members every 20
feet (6.1 m) or less thereafter for scaffolds 3 feet (0.91 m) wide or less and every
26 feet (7.9 m) or less thereafter for scaffolds greater than 3 feet (0.91 m) wide;

2) The top tie, guy or brace of a completed scaffold shall be placed no further
than the 4:1 height from the top; and,

3) Such guys, ties and braces be installed at each end of the scaffold and at
horizontal intervals not to exceed 30 feet (9.1 m) (measured from one end [not
both] towards the other).

Paragraph (c)(1)(iii) requires that scaffolds with eccentric loads (such as cantilevered
work platforms) be restrained from tipping through the use of ties, guys, braces or
outriggers.

Paragraph (c)(2) requires that supported scaffold poles, legs, posts, frames, and
uprights bear on base plates and mud sills or other adequate firm foundation.

Paragraph (c)(2)(I) requires that such footings be level, sound, rigid, and capable of
supporting the scaffold in a loaded condition without settling or displacement.

Paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) and (iii) provide that unstable objects shall neither be used to
support scaffolds or platform units, nor be used as working platforms, respectively.

Paragraph (c)(2)(iv) provides that front-end loaders and similar pieces of equipment
shall not be used as scaffold supports unless they have been specifically designed by
the manufacturer for such use.

Paragraph (c)(2)(v) requires that fork-lifts not be used to support scaffold platforms
unless the entire platform is attached to the fork and the fork-lift is not moved
horizontally while the platform is occupied. Both these requirements relate to the need
for solid support for scaffold platforms and reflect the fact that front-end loaders, fork-
lifts and other such equipment are not generally designed for this purpose. The other
requirements of §1926.451 would have to be met.

Paragraph (c)(3) of the final rule requires that supported scaffold poles, legs, posts,
frames, and uprights be plumb and braced to prevent swaying and displacement.

Paragraph 1926.451(d) Criteria for Suspension Scaffolds

Paragraph (d) sets criteria for the use of suspension scaffolds.

Paragraph (d)(1) requires that all suspension scaffold support devices, such as
outrigger beams, cornice hooks, parapet clamps, and similar devices, rest on surfaces

10
capable of supporting at least 4 times the loads imposed on them by the scaffold
operating at the rated load of the hoist (or at least 1.5 times the loads imposed on them
by the scaffold operating at the stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater).

Paragraph (d)(2) requires that suspension scaffold outrigger beams, when used, be
made of structural metal, or equivalent strength material, and be restrained to prevent
movement.

Paragraph (d)(3) sets requirements for the stabilization of outrigger beams. The
paragraph requires that outrigger beams be secured directly to the supporting surface
or be stabilized using counterweights, except that masons' multi-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds shall not be stabilized by counterweights. The rule does not allow
counterweights for stabilizing such masons' suspension scaffolds because, with the
large loads often placed on masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds and
the large counterweights that would be necessary to anchor such systems, OSHA is
concerned that the supporting roof or floor would become dangerously overloaded.

Paragraph (d)(3)(I) provides that direct connections shall be evaluated by a competent

person who affirms, based on that evaluation, that supporting surfaces can support the
anticipated loads. In addition, the paragraph requires masons' multi-point adjustable
suspension scaffold connections to be designed by an engineer experienced in such
scaffold design. OSHA anticipates that compliance with these provisions will ensure
that roof or floor decks are capable of supporting the loads to be imposed.

Paragraphs (d)(3)(ii) through (d)(3)(v) require that counterweights be made of non-

flowable material; be specifically designed for use as scaffold counterweights; be
secured to outrigger beams to prevent accidental displacement; and not be removed
from an outrigger beam until the scaffold is disassembled, respectively. These
requirements are necessary to ensure that counterweights are used only for their
intended purpose and are not displaced or removed prematurely.

Paragraphs (d)(3)(vi) through (d)(3)(x) set requirements for securing outrigger

beams. In particular, outrigger beams not stabilized by direct connections to the
supporting surface shall be secured by tiebacks (paragraph (d)(3)(vi)). Tiebacks must
be as strong as the suspension ropes (paragraph (d)(3)(vii)), be secured to a
structurally sound anchorage (paragraph (d)(3)(ix)), and be installed perpendicular to
the structure unless opposing angle tiebacks are installed (paragraph (d)(3)(x)). In
addition, paragraph (d)(3)(viii) requires that outrigger beams be placed perpendicular to
their bearing support, with the exception described more fully below.

OSHA has determined that it is reasonably necessary to require that counterweights be

designed for no other purpose than to counterweight the system, and to prohibit the use
of construction materials as counterweights. In addition, OSHA has determined that it is
appropriate to require the marking of counterweights with their weights because that

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information is needed for the proper design, selection and installation of
counterweights.

Paragraph (d)(4) specifies the construction requirements for outrigger beams used
with suspension scaffolds. This provision requires that suspension scaffold outrigger
beams be: provided with stop bolts or shackles at both ends; securely fastened
together with the flanges turned out when channel iron beams are used in place of I-
beams; installed with all bearing supports perpendicular to the beam center line; and
set and maintained with the web in a vertical position. In addition, when an outrigger
beam is used, the shackle or clevis with which the suspension rope is attached to the
outrigger beam shall be placed directly over the hoisting machine, i.e., over the center
line of the stirrup.

Paragraph (d)(5) sets requirements for suspension scaffold support devices other
than outrigger beams. These devices include cornice hooks, roof irons, parapet
clamps, or similar devices. Under this provision, those devices must be: made of steel,
wrought iron, or materials of equivalent strength; supported by bearing blocks; secured
against movement by tiebacks installed at right angles to the face of the building or
structure unless opposing angle tiebacks are installed and secured to a structurally
sound point of anchorage on the building or structure (sound points of anchorage
include structural members, but do not include standpipes, vents, other piping systems,
or electrical conduit); and tiebacks shall be equivalent in strength to the strength of the
hoisting rope.

Paragraph (d)(6) specifies the minimum length of suspension rope to be used with
different kinds of hoists. In particular, winding drum hoists are required to have at least
four wraps of suspension rope at the lowest point of scaffold travel. All other types of
hoists are required to have suspension rope long enough to lower scaffolds to the level
below, without having the rope end pass through the hoist, or to have the rope end
configured or provided with means so that the end does not pass through the hoist.

Final rule paragraph (d)(7) states "The use of repaired wire rope as suspension rope
is prohibited."

Paragraph (d)(8) provides that wire suspension ropes shall not be joined together
except through the use of eye splice thimbles connected with shackles or cover plates
and bolts.

Paragraph (d)(9) provides that the load end of wire suspension ropes shall be
equipped with proper size thimbles and secured by eye splicing or equivalent means.

Paragraph (d)(10) requires that ropes be inspected for defects by a competent person
prior to each work shift and after every occurrence which could affect a rope's integrity.
The wire rope shall be replaced if the rope has any physical damage which impairs its

12
function and strength; any kinks that might impair the tracking or wrapping of rope
around the drum(s) or sheave(s); six randomly distributed broken wires in one rope lay
or three broken wires in one strand in one rope lay; abrasion, corrosion, scrubbing,
flattening or peening causing loss of more than one-third of the original diameter of the
outside wires; evidence of any heat damage resulting from a torch or any damage
caused by contact with electrical wires; or evidence that a secondary brake has been
activated during an overspeed condition and engages the suspension rope (paragraphs
(d)(10)(I) through (vi)).

Paragraph (d)(11) requires that swaged attachments or spliced eyes on wire

suspension ropes not be used unless they are made by the wire rope manufacturer or a
qualified person. This provision is essential to ensure the strength and integrity of such
attachments as eyes.

Paragraph (d)(12) requires that, when wire rope clips are used on suspension
scaffolds, there shall be a minimum of 3 wire rope clips installed, with the clips a
minimum of 6 rope diameters apart; employers shall follow the manufacturer's
recommendations when installing clips, retightening clips after initial loading, and
inspecting and retightening clips at the start of each work shift; U-bolt clips (a variety of
wire rope clip) shall not be used at the point of suspension for any scaffold hoist; and
when U-bolt clips are used, the U-bolt shall be placed over the dead end of the rope,
and the saddle shall be placed over the live end of the rope.

Paragraph (d)(13) requires that suspension scaffold power-operated hoists and

manually operated hoists be of a type tested and listed by a qualified testing laboratory.

Paragraph (d)(14) requires that gasoline-powered equipment and hoists not be used
on suspension scaffolds.

Paragraph (d)(15) requires that gears and brakes of power operated hoists used on
suspension scaffolds be enclosed.

Paragraph (d)(16) provides that, in addition to the normal operating brake, suspension
scaffold power operated hoists and manually operated hoists shall have a braking
device or locking pawl which engages automatically when a hoist makes either of the
following uncontrolled movements: an instantaneous change in momentum or an
accelerated overspeed.

Paragraph (d)(17) provides that "Manually operated hoists shall require a positive
crank force to descend."

Paragraph (d)(18) provides that two-point and multi-point suspension scaffolds shall be
tied or otherwise secured to prevent them from swaying, as determined necessary
based on an evaluation by a competent person. This paragraph requires, in addition,

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that window cleaners' anchors not be used for the purpose of preventing swaying. This
prohibition is based on the fact that window cleaners' anchors are not designed for the
load that could be imposed.

Paragraph (d)(19) requires that single function emergency escape and rescue devices
not be used as working platforms. This paragraph also provides that the prohibition
does not apply to systems which are designed to function both as working platforms
and as emergency systems.

Paragraph 1926.451(e) Access

Paragraph (e) sets the requirements for safe access to scaffolds. The introductory text
states that employers must provide scaffold access which complies with paragraph (e)
for each affected employee. It also specifies that the access requirements for
employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds are prescribed in paragraph
(e)(9).

Paragraph (e)(1) provides that access to and between scaffold platforms more than
two feet (0.6 m) above or below the point of access shall be by portable ladders, hook-
on ladders, attachable ladders, scaffold stairways, stairway-type ladders (such as
ladder stand), ramps, walkways, integral prefabricated scaffold access, or equivalent
means, or by direct access from another scaffold, structure, personnel hoist, or similar
surface. In addition, the final rule requires that cross braces not be used as a means of
access.

Paragraph (e)(2) sets requirements for portable, hook-on and attachable ladders. A
note to this paragraph indicates that additional requirements for the proper construction
and use of portable ladders are contained in subpart X of this part--Stairways and
Ladders-- of the construction standards.

Paragraph (e)(2)(I) provides that portable, hook-on, and attachable ladders shall be
positioned so as not to tip the scaffold.

Paragraphs (e)(2)(ii)-(vi) provide that hook-on and attachable ladders shall have
bottom rungs positioned not more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting
level; have rest platforms at 35 foot (10.7 m) maximum vertical intervals on all
supported scaffolds more than 35 feet (10.7 m) high; be specifically designed for use
with the manufactured type of scaffold to be used; have a minimum rung length of 11-
1/2 inches (29 cm); and have uniformly spaced rungs with a maximum spacing
between rungs of 16-3/4 inches, respectively.

Paragraph (e)(3) sets requirements for stairway-type ladders.

Paragraphs (e)(3)(I) through (v) require that stairway-type ladders be positioned so

14
that the bottom step is not more than 24 inches (61 cm) above the scaffold supporting
level; be provided with rest platforms at 12 foot (3.7 m) maximum vertical intervals;
have a minimum step width of 16 inches (41 cm) (except for mobile scaffold stairway-
type ladders, which are permitted to have a minimum step width of 11 ½ inches); and
have slip-resistant treads on all steps and landings..

Paragraph (e)(4) lists requirements for scaffold stairway towers used for access to
scaffolds and other elevated work surfaces.

Paragraph (e)(4)(I) requires that a stairrail consisting of a toprail and a midrail be

provided on each side of each scaffold stairway.

Paragraph (e)(4)(ii) requires that the toprail of each stairrail system shall be capable of
serving as a handrail, unless a separate handrail is provided.

Paragraph (e)(4)(iii) requires that handrails, and toprails that serve as handrails,
provide a handhold for employees grasping them to avoid falling.

Paragraph (e)(4)(iv) requires that stairrail systems and handrails be surfaced in a

manner that prevents injury to employees from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent
snagging of clothing.

Paragraph (e)(4)(v) requires that the ends of stairrail systems and handrails be
constructed in a manner that does not constitute a projection hazard.

Paragraph (e)(4)(vi) requires that scaffold stairway handrails, and toprails that are
used as handrails, have a minimum clearance of 3 inches (7.6 cm) between the
handrail or toprail and other objects. Inadequate hand clearances can render handrails
essentially useless.

Paragraph (e)(4)(vii) requires that stairrails be no less than 28 inches (71 cm) or more
than 37 inches (94 cm) from the upper surface of the stairrail to the surface of the
tread, in line with the face of the riser at the forward edge of the tread. This provision
differs from the stairrail height requirements of subpart X, which was never intended to
apply to scaffold stairways.

Paragraph (e)(4)(viii) requires that scaffold stairways be provided with landing

platforms that are at least 18 inches wide and at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) long at each
level. This provision provides adequate protection for employees without impeding the
use of most scaffold stairways now in use.

Paragraph (e)(4)(ix) requires that each scaffold stairway be at least 18 inches (45.8
cm) wide between stairrails.

15
Paragraph (e)(4)(x) requires that treads and landings have slip-resistant surfaces.

Paragraph (e)(4)(xi) requires that scaffold stairways be installed between 40 degrees

and 60 degrees from the horizontal. OSHA has determined that scaffold stairways
installed in the range of 40 degrees to 60 degrees from the horizontal will provide safe
employee access and will still be capable of fitting into the confines of the scaffold
frames.

Paragraph (e)(4)(xii) requires that guardrails meeting the requirements of

1926.451(g)(4) be provided on the open sides and ends of each landing.

Paragraph (e)(4)(xiii) requires riser heights within each flight of scaffold stairs to be
uniform within 1/4 inch. OSHA believes that a uniform riser height within 1/4 inch (0.6
cm) for all steps in each flight of stairs is necessary in order to minimize the possibility
that employees will slip, trip, and fall while they are on the stairs. OSHA recognizes
that there are situations where the level of the ground or of the structure to which the
stair tower is connected will cause the spacing of the top or bottom step of the stairway
system to deviate from uniformity with the other steps by more than 1/4 inch. The
Agency has determined that such deviation will not compromise employee safety, so
long as the stair tower otherwise complies with the requirements of paragraph (e)(4).
This is consistent with §1926.1052(a)(3).

Paragraph (e)(4)(xiv) requires that tread depth be uniform, within 1/4 inch, for each
flight of stairs.

Paragraph (e)(5) sets requirements for ramps and walkways used to access scaffolds.

Paragraph (e)(5)(I) provides that ramps and walkways six (6) feet (1.8 m) or more
above lower levels shall be provided with guardrail systems in accordance with the
provisions of Part 1926, Subpart M--Fall Protection.

Paragraph (e)(5)(ii) provides that ramps and walkways shall not exceed a slope of one
(1) vertical to three (3) horizontal (20 degrees above the horizontal).

Paragraph (e)(5)(iii) also requires that if the slope of a ramp or walkway is steeper
than one (1) vertical in eight (8) horizontal, the ramp or walkway must have cleats not
more than fourteen (14) inches (35 cm) apart which are securely fastened to the
planking to provide secure footing.

Paragraph (e)(6) sets requirements for integral prefabricated scaffold access frames.

Paragraph (e)(6)(I) provides that such frames shall be specifically designed and
constructed for use as ladder rungs.

16
Paragraph (e)(6)(ii) requires that the frames have a rung length of at least 8 inches.

Paragraph (e)(6)(iii) prescribes that rungs less than 11-1/2 inches in length shall be
used for access only and not as work platforms unless fall protection, or a positioning
device, is used.

Paragraphs (e)(6)(iv) through (vi) require that integral prefabricated scaffold access
frames be uniformly spaced within each frame section; provided with rest platforms at
35 foot (10.7 m) maximum vertical intervals on all supported scaffolds more than 35
feet (10.7 m) high; and have a maximum spacing between rungs of 16-3/4 inches (43
cm), respectively.

Paragraph (e)(6)(vi) provides that non-uniform rung spacing caused by joining end
frames together is allowed, provided the resulting spacing does not exceed 16-3/4
inches (43 cm).

Paragraph (e)(7) provides that all steps and rungs of all ladder and stairway type
access shall line up vertically with each other between rest platforms.

Paragraph (e)(8) provides that direct access to or from another surface shall be
allowed only when the pertinent surfaces are not more than 14 inches (36 cm) apart
horizontally and not more than 24 inches (61 cm) apart vertically.

Paragraph (e)(9) of the final rule sets access requirements for employees erecting or
dismantling supported scaffolds. The introductory language of paragraph (e)(9)
requires employers to comply with final paragraphs (e)(9)(I)-(iv) starting on September
2, 1997. OSHA has delayed implementation of this paragraph (as well as paragraph
(g)(2)) so that affected employers have sufficient time to develop and implement the
necessary measures. In addition, the delayed implementation allows time for OSHA to
complete work on non-mandatory Appendix B, discussed below, which will provide
examples of considerations that employers complying with paragraphs (e)(9) and (g)(2)
would take into account.

Paragraph (e)(9)(I) provides that the means of access for erectors or dismantlers shall
be determined by a competent person, based on specific site conditions and the type of
scaffold being erected. As discussed in relation to the introductory text of final rule
paragraph (e), while the Agency originally proposed to exempt erectors and dismantlers
working on supported scaffolds from requirements for safe access, careful review of the
record has led OSHA to the conclusion that a competent person is the appropriate
individual to decide what the appropriate means of access for scaffold erectors and
dismantlers is on any particular job, based on specific site conditions. Employers are
required to have the erection, dismantling or alteration of a scaffold conducted under
the supervision and direction of a competent person who is qualified in the pertinent
subject matter.

17
Paragraph (e)(9)(ii) of the final rule requires that hook-on or attachable ladders be
installed as soon as practical after the scaffold erection has progressed to the point
permitting their installation and use. Sectional ladders can be used for access once
adequate support is available.

Paragraph (e)(9)(iii) of the final rule recognizes that the end frames of tubular welded
frame scaffolds that meet certain requirements can be safely used as a means of
access for scaffold erectors and dismantlers. These requirements are based on
section 1637(n)(2)(C) of the California code.

Paragraph (e)(9)(iv) of the final rule provides that cross bracing is not an acceptable
means of access on tubular welded frame scaffolds, because cross braces are
designed to provide diagonal stability to the scaffold and are not designed to withstand
the forces that could be applied by employees climbing up and down on them. This
provision is consistent with ANSI A10.8, section 4.18, and with the general prohibition in
final rule paragraph (e)(1), discussed above.

Paragraph §1926.451(f) Use

Paragraph (f) of the final rule addresses safe work practices for the use of scaffolds
and the activities which take place on scaffolds.

Paragraph (f)(1) provides that scaffolds and scaffold components shall not be loaded
in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is less.
Compliance with this rule ensures that the scaffold's capacity is not exceeded. OSHA
believes it is appropriate to take into account the "expected" burden as well as the
burden a scaffold "can" support without failure.

Paragraph (f)(2) prohibits the use of shore or lean-to scaffolds. Such scaffolds are not
properly designed nor properly constructed, and pose a serious threat to anyone
working on them.

Paragraph (f)(3) requires that scaffolds and scaffold components be inspected for
visible defects by a competent person prior to each work shift and after any occurrence
which could affect a scaffold's structural integrity. OSHA has determined that
inspections conducted by a competent person before each shift and after any
occurrence that would affect the scaffold's integrity will adequately protect employees
working on scaffolds and ensure that defects are detected in a timely fashion.

Paragraph (f)(4) requires that any part of a scaffold whose strength has been reduced
to less than that required by §§1926.451(a) shall be immediately repaired or replaced,
braced to meet those provisions, where appropriate, or be removed from service until
repaired. This paragraph applies whenever a scaffold component, for any reason,

18
lacks the required strength. In particular, under this provision employers must follow
through to address problems identified pursuant to paragraph (f)(3) of this section.

Paragraph (f)(5) provides that scaffolds shall not be moved horizontally while
employees are on them, unless they have been designed by a registered professional
engineer specifically for such movement or, for mobile scaffolds, where provisions of
§1926.452(w) are followed.

Paragraph (f)(6) of the final rule addresses the use of scaffolds near exposed and
energized power lines. In particular, this paragraph requires employers to maintain
clearance between power lines and scaffolds, including any conductive materials on the
scaffold. The minimum clearance for all uninsulated lines and for insulated lines of
more than 300 volts is 10 feet. The minimum clearance for insulated lines of less than
300 volts is 3 feet.

Paragraph (f)(6)(I) provides that scaffolds and materials may be closer to power lines
than specified above only where necessary to do the work, and only after the utility
company or electrical system operator has been notified of the need to work closer and
the utility company or electrical system operator has deenergized the lines, relocated
the lines, or installed protective coverings to prevent accidental contact with the lines.

Paragraph (f)(7) of the final rule provides that scaffolds shall only be erected, moved,
dismantled, or altered under the supervision and direction of a competent person. It
further provides that the listed activities shall be performed only by experienced and
trained employees selected for such work by the competent person.

Paragraph (f)(8) provides that employees are prohibited from working on scaffolds
covered with snow, ice, or other slippery material except as necessary for removal of
such materials.

Paragraph (f)(9) requires that, where swinging loads are being hoisted on, to, or near
scaffolds such that the loads could contact the scaffold, tag lines or equivalent
measures shall be utilized to stabilize the loads. This provision covers all hoisting
operations in proximity to scaffolds, because a swinging load can pose a hazard
regardless of its destination.

Paragraph (f)(10) requires that support ropes used with adjustable suspension
scaffolds have sufficient diameter for functioning of the brakes and the hoist
mechanism.

Paragraph (f)(11) requires that suspension ropes be shielded when a heat-producing

process is performed. When acids or other corrosive substances are used on a
scaffold, the ropes shall be shielded, treated to protect against the corrosive
substances, or shall be of a material which is not adversely affected by the substance

19
being used.

Paragraph (f)(12) prohibits work on or from scaffolds during storms or high winds
unless a competent person has determined that it is safe for employees to be on the
scaffold and these employees are protected by a personal fall arrest system or wind
screens. Wind screens shall not be used unless the scaffold is secured against the
forces imposed.

Paragraph (f)(13) provides that debris shall not be allowed to accumulate on platforms,
where it could pose a slip, trip, or fall hazard to employees on or below the platform.
This provision is consistent with ANSI A10.8-1988, Section 4.24.

Paragraph (f)(14) provides that makeshift devices, such as but not limited to boxes and
barrels, shall not be used on top of scaffold platforms to increase the working level
height of employees. The Agency has concluded that these makeshift devices will not
meet the pertinent criteria of this final rule, in terms of strength and stability.

Paragraph (f)(15) prohibits the use of ladders on scaffolds to increase the employee's
working level except when the employees are on large area scaffolds and the ladder is
used in accordance with the applicable provisions of final rule paragraph (f)(15)(I)-(iv),
discussed below.

Paragraph (f)(15)(I) provides that when a ladder is placed against a structure which is
not a part of the scaffold, the scaffold must be secured against the sideways thrust
exerted by the ladder.

Paragraphs (f)(15)(ii) through (iv) require that the platform units be secured to the
scaffold to prevent them from moving; that the ladder legs are all on the same platform
unit unless other means have been provided to stabilize the ladder against platform unit
deflection; and that the ladder legs be secured to prevent them from slipping and being
pushed off the platform unit. The Agency believes that compliance with these
provisions will prevent the tipping and instability hazards that led OSHA to propose a
prohibition against the use of ladders on all scaffolds.

Paragraph (f)(16) provides that platform units shall not deflect more than 1/60 of the
span when loaded. This provision intended to limit the amount platform units can
deflect under load without becoming over stressed and without their ends being pulled
from their supports.

Paragraph (f)(17) requires employers to reduce the possibility of welding current arcing
through suspension wire rope while employees are performing welding from suspended
scaffolds by insulating the suspended platform and its rigging. OSHA is adding this
new provision to protect employees from the electrocution and platform collapse
hazards posed by arcing welding current. In particular, the Agency requires that

20
employers rig affected scaffolds with insulated thimbles (paragraph (f)(17)(I)), insulated
wire rope (paragraph (f)(17)(ii)), and insulated hoist mechanisms (paragraph (f)(17)(iii)).
This paragraph also specifies precautions for grounding the scaffold to the structure on
which welding is being performed (paragraphs (f)(17)(iv - vi)). These provisions are
consistent with ANSI A10.8-1988, Section 6.2.9.

OSHA has determined that compliance with the provisions of paragraph (f)(17), taken
together, will minimize the hazards of electric arcing during welding operations on
suspended scaffolds. The Agency has concluded that it is appropriate to address the
hazard of arcing welding current during welding operations on suspended scaffolds in
the final rule for scaffolds, rather than in the welding standards, because the
precautions in question relate to the scaffold rigging, not to welding procedures, and
because placing the pertinent regulatory text in the rule will facilitate compliance.

Paragraph 1926.451(g) Fall protection

Paragraph (g) sets fall protection requirements for employees working on scaffolds,
including criteria for guardrail systems. Fall hazards account for a high percentage of
the injuries and fatalities experienced by scaffold workers. OSHA has determined that
compliance with this paragraph will effectively protect employees from those hazards.

Paragraph (g)(1) sets 10 feet as the threshold height above which fall protection is
required and indicates (paragraphs (g)(1)(I) - (vii)) what fall protection measures are
required for particular types of scaffolds. In addition, the introductory text references
paragraph (g)(2), which addresses the fall protection requirements for employees
erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds. Finally, a note has been added at the
end of paragraph (g)(1), to indicate clearly that the fall protection requirements for
employees installing suspension scaffold support systems on floors, roofs, and other
elevated surfaces are set forth in subpart M of the construction standards.

OSHA has carefully analyzed all of the comments and data available in the record and
has determined that it is appropriate to maintain the 10-foot fall protection threshold.
This is also the height requirement recommended by the current national consensus
standard, ANSI A10.8-1988. This level differs from the 6-foot threshold for fall
protection set in subpart M (Fall Protection) for other walking/working surfaces in
construction because scaffolds, unlike these other surfaces, are temporary structures
erected to provide a work platform for employees who are constructing or demolishing
other structures. The same features that make scaffolds appropriate for short-term
use in construction, such as ease of erection and dismantling) also make them less
amenable to the use of fall protection at the time the first level is being erected. For
example, the site preparation (such as leveling of the ground) that is done before a
scaffold is erected is less thorough than the leveling performed prior to constructing a
building. In addition, there is often no structure adjacent to a scaffold that can be used
to anchor a personal fall arrest system, because the adjacent structure is in the process

21
of being built or demolished.

Paragraphs (g)(1)(I) through (vii) of the final rule specify the types of fall protection to
be used on particular types of scaffolds.

Paragraph (g)(1)(I) recognizes that personal fall arrest systems, not guardrails, are
appropriate for use on boatswains' chairs, catenary scaffolds, float scaffolds, needle
beam scaffolds, and ladder jack scaffolds. This requirement is being applied to
catenary scaffolds and ladder jack scaffolds for the first time.

Paragraph (g)(1)(ii) requires personal fall arrest systems and guardrail systems for all
single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (except boatswains' chairs), and for all
two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. The requirement to have guardrails and
personal fall arrest systems on two-point scaffolds is based on the fact that a guardrail
system alone does not provide adequate fall protection when a suspension rope fails
and causes the scaffold to tip or hang from only one end. Personal fall arrest system
protection is also necessary for single-point systems, because the fall hazard related to
suspension rope failure is as serious as it is with the two-point scaffold. However,
because personal fall arrest systems would be the primary means of fall protection on
single-point and two-point systems, the provision allows a lower minimum strength
guardrail system to be used.

Paragraph (g)(1)(iii) provides that "Each employee on a crawling board (chicken

ladder) shall be protected by a personal fall arrest system, a guardrail system (with
minimum 200 pound toprail capacity), or by a three-fourth inch (1.9 cm) diameter
grabline or equivalent handhold securely fastened beside each crawling board."

Paragraph (g)(1)(iv) provides that employees on self-contained scaffolds be protected

by both personal fall arrest systems and guardrail systems when the platform is
supported by ropes (as when the scaffold is being raised or lowered on some systems)
and by guardrail systems when the platform is supported directly by the scaffold frame.

Paragraph (g)(1)(v) requires guardrails to be used along scaffold walkways and to be

located within 9 ½ inches horizontally of at least one side of the walkway. The
provision that guardrails need only to be provided along one side applies only when the
platform is used solely as a means of access to get from one point on the scaffold to
another. If work activities other than access are performed on or from the walkway,
then the platform is not considered to be a walkway (see definition of "walkway"), and
other provisions of paragraphs (g)(1), as appropriate, would apply.

Paragraph (g)(1)(vi) provides that fall protection (i.e., a personal fall arrest system or
guardrail) be provided on all open sides and ends of scaffolds from which employees
are performing overhand bricklaying operations and/or related work, except those sides
and ends next to the wall being laid.

22
Paragraph (g)(1)(vi) of the final rule is consistent with §1926.501(b)(9), which
addresses fall protection for employees performing overhand bricklaying while on
elevated surfaces other than scaffolds.

Paragraph (g)(1)(vii) requires that employees on scaffolds not addressed elsewhere in

paragraph (g)(1) be protected either by guardrails or personal fall arrest systems.

Note
Paragraph (g)(1) does not apply where there are no "open sides or
ends" on the scaffold (see definition in §1926.451(b)). For the
scaffold to be considered completely enclosed, no perimeter face
of the scaffold may be more than 14 inches from a wall. The
requirements for fall protection will apply at openings such as
hoist ways, elevator shafts, stairwells, or similar openings in
the scaffold platform, or openings in the walls of the structure
surrounding the platform.

Paragraph (g)(2) of the final rule addresses fall protection for employees erecting or
dismantling supported scaffolds. OSHA has determined that it is appropriate to delay
the implementation of paragraph (g)(2) until September 2, 1997. The delay will allow
affected employers sufficient time to implement the appropriate procedures for
addressing the fall protection needs of employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds. In
addition, deferring compliance will allow time for the Agency to complete non-
mandatory Appendix B, which will provide examples of considerations that a competent
person would take into account when evaluating fall protection options for scaffold
erectors and dismantlers. As discussed above in relation to final rule paragraph (e)(9),
the Agency has also deferred requirements for safe access for scaffold erectors and
dismantlers until September 2, 1997.

Paragraph (g)(2) requires that employers whose employees erect or dismantle

supported scaffolds after September 2, 1997, ensure that a competent person
determines the feasibility and safety of providing fall protection for such employees.
This paragraph further requires that affected employers provide fall protection for
employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds where the installation and use of
such protection is feasible and does not create a greater hazard.

The Agency recognizes the importance of training and hazard awareness programs to
employee safety, but finds that these precautions alone are not adequately protective
because site conditions change and mistakes are made. The Agency finds that
providing appropriate fall protection, whenever it is feasible or will not create a greater
hazard, is the best way to ensure that erectors and dismantlers are appropriately
protected from fall hazards.

23
The Agency agrees that, if fall protection can be provided, it is the employer's
responsibility to take the actions necessary to protect employees. However, OSHA has
determined, based on the information in the record, that in some situations, it is not
possible to provide fall protection for erectors and dismantlers of supported scaffolds.

Employers must have valid reasons for not providing fall protection to scaffold erectors
and dismantlers, but OSHA does not agree that the employer must put these reasons
in writing. Compliance officers can substantiate employer claims of in feasibility or
greater hazard through on-site observations and discussion with the competent person
and other workers.

Paragraph (g)(3) provides that personal fall arrest systems must comply with the
pertinent provisions of §1926.502(d) and, in addition, must be attached by lanyard to a
vertical lifeline, horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural member. However, when
overhead obstructions such as overhead protection or additional platform levels are
part of a single-point or two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, then vertical lifelines
must not be used, because, in the event of a scaffold collapse, the overhead
components would injure an employee who was tied off to a vertical lifeline.

Paragraph (g)(3)(I) requires that vertical lifelines, when used, be fastened to a fixed
safe point of anchorage, be independent of the scaffold, and be protected from sharp
edges and abrasion. Based on concern that inadequate anchor points may be used,
this paragraph also incorporates the language of the note to proposed §1926.451(e)(3),
which stated that safe points of anchorage include structural members of buildings, but
do not include standpipes, vents, other piping systems, electrical conduit, outrigger
beams, or counterweights.

Paragraph (g)(3)(ii) states that horizontal lifelines, when used, shall be secured to two
or more structural members of the scaffold, and shall not be attached only to the
suspension ropes.

Paragraph (g)(3)(iii) provides that, when lanyards are connected to horizontal lifelines
or structural members on a single-point or two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, the
scaffold must be equipped with additional independent support lines and automatic
locking devices capable of stopping the fall of the scaffold in the event one or more of
the suspension ropes fail. The independent support lines must be equal in number and
strength to the suspension ropes. OSHA believes that in the event of a suspension
rope failure, the additional support lines will keep the scaffold from falling.

Paragraph (g)(3)(iv) provides that vertical lifelines, independent support lines, and
suspension ropes must not be attached to each other, or be attached to or use the
same point of anchorage, or be attached to the same point on the scaffold or body
belt/harness system.

24
Paragraph (g)(4) sets criteria for guardrail systems used to provide fall protection for
employees working on scaffolds.

Paragraph (g)(4)(I) provides that guardrail systems be installed along all open sides
and ends of platforms. In the case of suspended scaffolds, guardrails must be installed
before any employee is allowed on a hoisted scaffold. In the case of supported
scaffolds, installation must occur before employees are permitted to work from the
scaffold. When an employee is on a supported scaffold during the scaffold erection
process, fall protection is covered by final rule paragraph (g)(2).

Paragraph (g)(4)(ii) provides that the top edge height of toprails or equivalent
members on supported scaffolds manufactured or placed into service after January 1,
2000 must be between 38 inches (0.97 m) and 45 inches (1.2 m) above the platform
surface. The top edge height of guardrails on supported scaffolds manufactured and
placed into service before January 1, 2000 and on all suspended scaffolds where both
a guardrail and a personal fall arrest system are required must be between 36 inches
(0.9 m) and 45 inches (1.2 m). The final rule also provides that toprail height may
exceed 45 inches if the other criteria of paragraph (g)(4) have been satisfied.

Paragraph (g)(4)(iii) states that, when midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical
members (such as balusters), solid panels, or equivalent structural members are used,
they are to be installed between the top edge of the guardrail system and the scaffold
platform.

Paragraphs (g)(4)(iv) through (vi) specify the criteria necessary to ensure that the
midrails, screens, mesh, and baluster type protection required by paragraph (g)(4)(iii)
will be properly placed and effective.

Paragraph (g)(4)(iv) requires that midrails, when used, be installed at a height midway
between the top edge of the guardrail system and the platform surface.

Paragraph (g)(4)(v) requires that screens and mesh, when used, extend from the top
edge of the guardrail system to the scaffold platform, and along the entire opening
between the supports.

Paragraph (g)(4)(vi) requires that intermediate vertical members (such as balusters or

additional rails), when used, be not more than 19 inches (48 cm) apart.

Paragraph (g)(4)(vii) of the final rule provides that toprails or equivalent members be
capable of withstanding, without failure, a force applied in any downward or horizontal
direction at any point along their top edge of at least 100 pounds (445 n) for guardrail
systems installed on single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds and on two-point
adjustable suspension scaffolds, and at least 200 pounds (890 n) for guardrail systems
installed on all other scaffolds.

25
Paragraph (g)(4)(viii) provides that when the loads specified in paragraph (g)(4)(vii)
are applied in a downward direction, the top edge may not drop below the height above
the platform surface prescribed in paragraph (g)(4)(ii).

Paragraph (g)(4)(ix) states that midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical

members, solid panels, and equivalent structural members must be capable of
withstanding, without failure, a force applied in any downward or horizontal direction at
any point along the midrail or other member of at least 75 pounds (333 n) for guardrail
systems with a minimum 100 pound toprail capacity, and at least 150 pounds (666 n)
for guardrail systems with a minimum 200 pound toprail capacity.

Paragraph (g)(4)(x) provides that a separate guardrail section is not required on the
ends of suspension scaffolds when the scaffold's support system (stirrup) or hoist
prevents passage of employees.

Paragraph (g)(4)(xi) requires that guardrail systems be so surfaced as to prevent injury

to an employee from punctures or lacerations, and to prevent the snagging of clothing.

Paragraph (g)(4)(xii) requires that toprails and midrails not be so long as to constitute
a hazard.

Paragraph (g)(4)(xiii) prohibits the use of steel banding and plastic banding as toprails
or midrails. Although such banding can often withstand a 200 pound load, it can tear
easily if twisted. In addition, such banding often has sharp edges which can cut a hand
if seized.
Paragraph (g)(4)(xiv) requires that guardrail systems using manila, plastic or synthetic
rope as rails be inspected by a competent person as frequently as necessary to ensure
that the guardrails comply with the performance criteria in final rule §1926.451(g).

Paragraph (g)(4)(xv) permits the use of cross bracing in lieu of either a midrail or a
toprail when certain criteria are met. Cross bracing would be accepted in lieu of a
toprail when the crossing point is between 38 and 48 inches above the work surface.
Also, cross bracing would be accepted in lieu of a midrail when the crossing point is
between 20 and 30 inches above the work surface. In addition, the end points of each
upright must be no more than 48 inches apart, which will reduce the slope of the cross
bracing and result in a surface that is similar to that of a standard guardrail.

Paragraph 1926.451(h). Falling object protection

Paragraph (h)(1) provides that employees working on scaffolds wear hardhats and be
protected from falling hand tools, debris, and other small objects through the installation
of toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems or through the erection of debris nets, catch
platforms, or canopy structures that deflect falling objects. In addition, when the falling
objects to which employees on scaffolds may be exposed are too large, heavy or

26
massive to be contained or deflected by any of the above-listed measures, the
employer must protect affected employees by placing any such potential falling objects
away from the edge of a surface from which they might fall and must secure those
materials as necessary to prevent their falling.

Paragraph (h)(2) requires employers to protect employees working below from objects
falling from scaffold.

Paragraph (h)(2)(I) provides for the use of barricades on lower levels to exclude
employees from areas where falling objects might land. Compliance with this new
provision will enable employers to eliminate employee exposure to the hazard.

Paragraph (h)(2)(ii) would require employers to provide toeboards along the edge of
platforms more than ten feet above lower levels for a distance sufficient to protect
workers below, except that on float (ship) scaffolds, an edging of 3/4 inch x 1-1/2 inch
wood, or a material with equivalent strength, may be used in lieu of a toeboard.

Paragraph (h)(2)(iii) provides, as an alternative, for erection of paneling or screening in

cases where tools or other materials are piled to a height higher than the top edge of a
toeboard. The panel or screen must extend from the toeboard (or platform) to the top
of the guardrail and be erected for a distance sufficient to protect employees below. In
addition, the panel or screen would need to be capable of withstanding, without failure,
a force of at least 150 pounds, applied in any downward or outward direction at any
point along the screen (to comply with paragraph (g)(4)(ix)).

Paragraph (h)(2)(iv) allows employers to protect employees from falling objects

through the installation of a guardrail system which complies with §1926.451(g)(4) and
which has openings small enough to reject passage of potential falling objects.

Paragraph (h)(2)(v) provides that employers can protect employees working below
scaffolds from falling objects through the installation of debris nets, catch platforms, or
canopies that have sufficient strength to withstand the impact forces of potential falling
objects.

Paragraph (h)(3) sets criteria for the use of canopies.

Paragraph (h)(3)(I) requires that canopies be installed between the falling object
hazard and the employees.

Paragraph (h)(3)(ii) requires the use of additional independent support lines to support
the scaffold in the event of suspension support rope failure, in cases where canopies
are used for falling object protection on suspended scaffolds.

Paragraph (h)(3)(iii) requires that independent support lines and suspension ropes not

27
be attached to the same point of anchorage. This new provision will prevent the loss of
the backup safety systems in the event of suspension rope anchorage failure.

Paragraph (h)(4) sets strength criteria for toeboards.

Paragraph (h)(4)(I) requires that toeboards be capable of withstanding, without failure,

a force of at least 50 pounds applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any
point along the toeboard.

Paragraph (h)(4)(ii) sets forth the construction requirements for toeboards. This
provision requires that toeboards be at least three and one-half inches high, fastened
securely in place, and have not more than 1/4-inch clearance above the
walking/working surface. In addition, toeboards must be solid or have openings no
greater than one inch in the greatest dimension.

§1926.452 Additional Requirements Applicable

to Specific Types of Scaffolds
Section 1926.452 of the final rule contains requirements that supplement the
requirements of §1926.451 with regard to particular types of scaffolds. The identified
scaffolds have unique features which require specific attention.

OSHA has determined that compliance with the performance-oriented provisions of

final rule §§1926.451 and 1926.452, taken together, will provide adequate protection for
employees working on scaffolds. Further, the Agency believes that the specification
language suggested by the commenters would limit innovation and impose
unreasonable burdens on employers.

Paragraph (a) Pole Scaffolds

Paragraph (a) sets requirements for the proper use of bearers, braces and runners on
pole scaffolds. The final rule has deleted the word "wood" from the title of the
paragraph, since pole scaffolds can be constructed of other materials. In addition, the
final rule provides that pole scaffolds over 60 feet in height be designed by a registered
professional engineer, and must be constructed and loaded in accordance with that
design. The provision also notes that non-mandatory Appendix A contains examples of
criteria that will enable an employer to comply with design and loading requirements for
pole scaffolds under 60 feet in height.
Paragraph (b) Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
Paragraph (b) sets requirements for the use of bearers, bracing, runners and couplers
on tube and coupler scaffolds. In addition, the final rule provides that tube and coupler
scaffolds over 125 feet in height be designed by a registered professional engineer,

28
and be constructed and loaded in accordance with such design.

Paragraph (b)(1) requires that platforms not be moved until the next location has been
properly prepared to support the platform being moved.

Paragraph (b)(2) requires the installation of transverse bracing at the scaffold ends
and, at least, at every third set of posts horizontally and every fourth post vertically.
This paragraph provides for diagonal bracing from the outer or inner posts or runners
upward to the next outer or inner posts or runners. In addition, building ties must be
installed at the bearer levels between the diagonal braces in conformance with
§1926.451(c)(1).

Paragraph (b)(3) sets requirements for the installation of longitudinal bracing across
the inner and outer rows of posts for straight run scaffolds. In particular, such bracing
must be installed diagonally in both directions and shall extend from the base of the
end posts upward to the top of the scaffold at a 45 degree angle. Where scaffold
length is greater than height, bracing shall be repeated at least at every fifth post (ref.
Page 316 of current SIA Handbook and drawing of tube & coupler scaffold in the standard).
Where scaffold length is less than height, such bracing shall be installed from the base
of the end posts upward to the opposite end posts and then in alternating directions
until reaching the top of the scaffold. In addition, bracing shall be installed as close as
possible to the intersection of the bearer and post or of the runner and post.

Paragraph (b)(4) requires that bracing be attached to the runners as close to the post
as possible, where conditions preclude attachment of bracing to posts. Agency
recognizes that attachment to the post, while the most desirable option, is not always
possible. In circumstances where such attachment is not possible, OSHA has
determined that attachment to the runner, as close as possible to the post, will still
maximize directional stability and provide the strength necessary to properly brace the
scaffold.
Paragraph (c) Fabricated frame scaffolds
Paragraph (c) provides additional requirements for fabricated frame scaffolds (tubular
welded frame scaffolds).

Paragraph (c)(1) requires that platforms not be moved until the next location is
properly prepared and ready to support the platform being moved.

Paragraphs (c)(2), (c)(3) and (c)(6) are effectively identical to existing

§1926.451(d)(3), (5) and (9), respectively.

Paragraph (c)(4) requires the locking together of end frames. This requirement only
applies where uplift forces are strong enough to displace the end frames or panels,
such as when a hoist is being used that could snag the scaffold during a hoist

29
operation.

Paragraph (c)(5) specifies the proper placement of platform support brackets.

Improper placement of such cantilever supports can significantly reduce their support
capacity and thus endanger employees working on top of the platform.

Paragraph (d) Plasterers', decorators' and large area scaffolds

Paragraph (d) requires that plasterers', decorators' and large area scaffolds be
constructed in accordance with §1926.452(a), (b), or (c) of this section. Paragraph (d)
references the provisions of paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) because plasters', decorators'
and large area scaffolds are almost always constructed using pole scaffolds, tube and
coupler scaffolds, or fabricated frame scaffolds.

Paragraph (e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds (Squares)

Paragraph (e) This paragraph requires that scaffolds made of wood be reinforced with
gussets on both sides of each corner (paragraph (e)(1)); that diagonal braces be
installed on all sides of each square (paragraph (e)(2)); that diagonal braces be
installed between squares on the rear and front sides of the scaffold, and extend from
the bottom of each square to the top of the next square (paragraph (e)(3)); and that
scaffolds of this type not exceed three tiers in height, that they be constructed and
arranged so that one square rests directly above the other, and that the upper tiers
stand on a continuous row of planks laid across the next lower tier and be nailed down
or otherwise secured to prevent displacement (paragraph (e)(4)).

Paragraph (f) Horse scaffolds

Paragraph (f) This paragraph requires that horse scaffolds not be constructed or
arranged more than two tiers or 10 feet (3.0 m) in height, whichever is less (paragraph
(f)(1)); when arranged in tiers, that each horse be placed directly over the horse in the
tier below (paragraph (f)(2)); when arranged in tiers, the legs of each horse shall be
nailed down or otherwise secured to prevent displacement (paragraph (f)(3)); and that,
when arranged in tiers, each tier shall be cross braced (paragraph (f)(4)).

Paragraph (g) Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds

Paragraph (g) provides additional rules for form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket
scaffolds.

Paragraph (g)(1) carries forward the requirements for attachment of a scaffold to a

supporting framework or structure set by existing §1926.451(m)(2), (x)(4)(ii), and (x)(5).

30
Paragraph (g)(2) maintains the existing §1926.451(x)(6)(I) requirement that wooden
bracket form scaffolds be an integral part of the form panel.

Paragraph (g)(3) requires that folding type metal brackets, when extended for use,
shall be either bolted or secured with a locking-type pin.

Paragraph (h) Roof bracket scaffolds

Paragraph (h) This paragraph requires that scaffold brackets be constructed to fit the
pitch of the roof and provide a level support for the platform (paragraph (h)(1)); and that
brackets be anchored in place by nails unless it is impractical to use nails (paragraph
(h)(2)). Paragraph (h)(2) further provides that brackets shall be held in place with first-
grade manila rope of at least three-fourth inch diameter, or a rope with equivalent
strength, when nails are not used. Reference 451(g)(1)(viii) for fall protection.

Paragraph (I) Outrigger scaffolds

Paragraph §1926.452(I) Paragraphs (I)(1) through (I)(4), set requirements for the
proper positioning and securing of outrigger beams. Paragraphs (I)(5) and (I)(6)
require that the inboard ends of outrigger beams be securely anchored and that the
entire supporting structure be securely braced.

Paragraph (I)(7) requires that platform units be nailed, bolted or otherwise secured to
outriggers, to prevent displacement.

Paragraph (I)(8) requires that scaffolds and scaffold components be designed by a

registered professional engineer and constructed and loaded in accordance with such
design. This provision reflects OSHA's determination that the design of this type of
scaffold involves calculations that required the skills of a registered professional
engineer, and that the criteria in the proposed rule had such limited applicability as to
be of virtually no help to employers in almost all situations.

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Paragraph (j) Pump jack scaffolds
Paragraph (j)(1) requires that pump jack brackets, braces, and accessories be
fabricated from metal plates and angles. In addition, each pump jack bracket shall
have two positive gripping mechanisms to prevent any failure or slippage.

Paragraph (j)(2) requires that poles be secured to the structure by rigid triangular
bracing or equivalent, at the bottom, top, and other points as necessary. In addition,
that provision further requires that when the pump jack has to pass bracing that is
already installed, an additional brace must be installed approximately four feet (1.2 m)
above the brace to be passed. That additional brace must be left in place until the
pump jack has been moved and the original brace reinstalled.

Paragraph (j)(3) provides, when guardrails are used for fall protection, that a
workbench may be used as the toprail only if the workbench complies with the
requirements of §§1926.451(g)(4)(ii), (vii), (viii) and (xiii).

Paragraph (j)(4) provides that work benches shall not be used as scaffold platforms.

Paragraph (j)(5) provides, when poles are made of wood, that the pole lumber shall be
straight-grained, free of shakes, large loose or dead knots, and other defects which
might impair strength.

Paragraph (j)(6) provides, when wood poles are constructed of two continuous lengths,
that the lengths shall be joined together with the seam parallel to the bracket.

Paragraph (j)(7) requires, when two by fours are spliced to make a pole, that mending
plates be installed at all splices to develop the full strength of the member.

Paragraph (k) Ladder jack scaffolds

Paragraph 1926.452(k) of the final rule provides additional requirements for ladder jack
scaffolds.

Paragraph (k)(1) provides that platforms shall not exceed a height of 20 feet (6.1 m).

Paragraph (k)(2) requires that all ladders used to support ladder jack scaffolds meet
the requirements of subpart X of 29 CFR part 1926--Stairways and Ladders, except
that job-made ladders, which are permitted by subpart X, are not permitted to be used
to support ladder jack scaffolds.

Paragraph (k)(3) provides that the ladder jack be so designed and constructed that it
will bear either on the side rails and ladder rungs or on the ladder rungs alone. This

32
paragraph further requires that the bearing area for a ladder jack that bears only on the
rungs shall be at least 10 inches (25.4 cm) on each rung to ensure adequate support.

Paragraph (k)(4) requires that ladders used to support ladder jacks be placed,
fastened, or equipped with devices to prevent slipping.

Paragraph (k)(5) provides that scaffold platforms shall not be bridged one to another.
The provision would prohibit situations where, for example, four ladders are used to
support three platforms. OSHA is prohibiting bridging because this practice often leads
to overloading of the two ladders in the middle. This provision does not prohibit
passage from one scaffold to another if the scaffolds are close enough for employees
to walk (but not to jump or swing) from one scaffold to the other.

Paragraph (l) Window jack scaffolds

Paragraph (l) This paragraph provides that window jack scaffolds shall be securely
attached to the window opening (paragraph (l)(1)), shall be used only for the purpose of
working at the window opening through which the jack is placed (paragraph (l)(2)) and
shall not be used to support planks placed between one window jack and another, or to
support other elements of scaffolding. These requirements are necessary to ensure
the safety of employees working from these platforms.

Paragraph (m) Crawling boards

Paragraph (m) of the final rule provides additional requirements for crawling boards
(chicken ladders). The final rule requires that crawling boards extend from the roof
peak to the eaves when used in connection with roof construction, repair, or
maintenance (paragraph (m)(1)), and that crawling boards be secured to the roof by
ridge hooks or by means which satisfy equivalent criteria (e.g., strength and durability)
(paragraph (m)(2)). These requirements are designed to ensure that crawling boards
used by employees performing roof work are as secure as possible. Reference
451(g)(1)(iii) for fall protection.

Paragraph (n) Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds

Paragraph (n) provides additional requirements for step, platform, and trestle ladder
scaffolds.

Paragraph (n)(1) provides that scaffold platforms not be placed any higher than the
second highest rung or step of the ladder supporting the platform. This provision is
consistent with paragraphs 17.4 and 17.5 of ANSI A10.8-1988, and is intended to
ensure the stability of this type of scaffold.

33
Paragraph (n)(2) requires that all ladders used in conjunction with step, platform and
trestle ladder scaffolds meet the requirements of subpart X of 29 CFR part 1926--
Stairways and Ladders, except that job-made ladders must not be used to support such
scaffolds.

Paragraph (n)(3) provides that ladders used to support step, platform, and trestle
ladder scaffolds shall be placed, fastened, or equipped with devices to prevent slipping.

Paragraph (n)(4) requires that scaffolds not be bridged one to another. Bridging, as
discussed above under paragraph (k)(5), occurs when four ladders are used to support
three platforms. OSHA is prohibiting bridging because this practice often leads to
overloading of the two ladders in the middle. Although step, platform and trestle ladder
scaffolds were not specifically addressed in OSHA's existing scaffold rule, they are
covered by the general requirements in existing rule §1926.451(a).

Final rule paragraphs (n)(2), (3), and (4) correspond to the ladder jack scaffold
provisions in final rule §1926.451(k)(2), (4) and (5), respectively. The "ladder-type"
scaffolds covered by paragraph (n) differ from ladder jack scaffolds in that the platform
rests directly on the ladder step or rung, whereas ladder jack scaffold platforms rest on
brackets.

Paragraph (o) Single-point adjustable scaffolds

Paragraph (o) This paragraph combines existing §1926.451(k), single-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds, and §1926.451(l), boatswains' chairs, because boatswains'
chairs are a form of single-point adjustable suspension scaffold.

Paragraph (o)(1) provides, when two single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds are
combined to form a two-point adjustable suspension scaffold, that the resulting scaffold
meet the requirements for two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds in final rule
paragraph (p).

Paragraph (o)(2) addresses the circumstances under which the supporting rope
between a scaffold and a suspension device is permitted to deviate from a vertical
position (i.e., at a 90 degree angle from level grade). This paragraph requires that the
supporting rope between the scaffold and the suspension device be kept vertical unless
the following four conditions are met: the rigging must have been designed by a
qualified person; the scaffold must be accessible to rescuers; the supporting rope must
be protected to ensure that it will not chafe at any point where a change in direction
occurs; and the scaffold must not be able to sway into another surface. Whenever
swaying of the scaffold could bring the scaffold into contact with another surface, the
supporting rope must be vertical, with no exceptions.

Paragraph (o)(3) requires that the tackle used with boatswains' chairs be ball bearing

34
or bushed blocks containing safety hooks and properly "eye" spliced minimum five-eight
(5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter first grade manila rope, or other rope that meets the
performance criteria of the above-specified manila rope. OSHA recognizes that the
use of an open hook could allow a chair to be dislodged if the rigging hung up on an
obstruction. The corresponding ANSI standard, A10.8-1988, paragraph 6.14.5,
provides for the use of a hook with a safety latch over the opening (safety hook) to
prevent dislodging of the chair. The Agency agrees that it is appropriate to explicitly
require that employers who have their employees use boatswains' chair rig their
scaffolds with safety hooks. In addition, OSHA believes that locking safety hooks, such
as are required for use with crane and derrick suspended personnel platforms
(§1926.550(g)(4)(iv)(B)), would provide the most effective protection for affected
employees.

Paragraph (o)(4) provides that boatswains' chair seat slings be reeved through four
corner holes in the seat; shall cross each other on the underside of the seat; and shall
be rigged so as to prevent slippage which could cause an out-of-level condition. This
paragraph is intended to prevent tipping of the chair.

Paragraph (o)(5) requires, except as provided in paragraph (o)(6), that boatswains'

chair seat slings be a minimum of five-eight (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter fiber or
synthetic rope or other rope which satisfies equivalent performance criteria.

Paragraph (o)(6) requires that boatswains' chair seat slings be a minimum of three-
eight (3/8) inch (1.0 cm) wire rope, when a heat-producing process such as gas or arc
welding is being conducted. This provision is necessary to ensure that the chair's sling
is made of fire-resistant materials.

Paragraph (o)(7) requires that non-cross-laminated wood boatswains's chairs be

reinforced on their underside by cleats securely fastened to prevent the board from
splitting.

Paragraph (p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds

Paragraph (p) provides additional requirements for two-point adjustable suspension
scaffolds (swing stages).

Paragraph (p)(1) provides that platforms not be more than 36 inches (0.9 m) wide
unless designed by a qualified person to prevent unstable conditions.

Paragraph (p)(2) requires that the platform be securely fastened to hangers (stirrups)
by U-bolts or other means which satisfy §1926.451(a).

Paragraph (p)(3) provides that the blocks for fiber or synthetic ropes consist of at least
one double and one single block, and that the sheaves of all blocks fit the size of the

35
rope used.

Paragraph (p)(4) requires that platforms be of the ladder-type, plank-type, beam-type,

or light-metal type. Light metal-type platforms having a rated capacity of 750 pounds or
less and platforms 40 feet (12.2 m) or less in length shall be tested and listed by a
nationally-recognized testing laboratory.

Paragraph (p)(5) requires that two-point scaffolds not be bridged or otherwise

connected one to another during raising and lowering operations unless the bridge
connections are articulated and the hoists properly sized. It is not intended to prohibit
passage from one scaffold to another, but to prevent significant overloading of the hoist
nearest the bridging device during operation of the hoist, or displacement of the bridge
if the hoist is used to raise or lower one of the scaffolds. Many hoists are only sized to
support one end of a two-point system. If one of two bridged scaffolds were to be
raised by a hoist, a bridge laid between the scaffolds could be displaced unless the
bridge is articulated (connected). This could also significantly increase the load on the
hoist if it is not properly sized. The final rule addresses these two hazards by requiring
bridge connections to be articulated and requiring that hoists be properly sized.

Paragraph (p)(6) allows passage from one platform to another only when the platforms
are at the same height, when the platforms abut each other, and when walk-through
stirrups specifically designed for this purpose are used.

Paragraph (q) Multi-point suspension scaffolds, stone setters' multi-

point adjustable suspension scaffolds, and masons' multi-point
adjustable suspension scaffolds
Paragraph 1926.452(q) provides additional requirements for multi-point suspension
scaffolds, stone setters' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, and masons' multi-
point adjustable suspension scaffolds.

Paragraph (q)(1) provides that, when two or more scaffolds are used, they shall not be
bridged one to another unless they are designed to be bridged, the bridge connections
are articulated (connected), and the hoists are properly sized.

Paragraph (q)(2) provides that, if bridges are not used, passage may be made from
one platform to another only when the platforms are at the same height and are
abutting.

Paragraph (q)(3) requires that scaffolds be suspended from metal outriggers, brackets,
wire rope slings, hooks, or equivalent means.

Paragraph (r) Catenary scaffolds

36
Paragraph 1926.452(r) of the final rule provides additional requirements for catenary
scaffolds.

Paragraph (r)(1) allows no more than one platform to be placed between consecutive
vertical pickups, and no more than two platforms to be used on a catenary scaffold.
These requirements are intended to prevent overloading of this type of scaffold.

Paragraph (r)(2) requires that platforms supported by wire ropes have hook-shaped
stops on each end of the platforms to prevent the platforms from slipping off the wire
ropes. These hooks shall be so placed that they will prevent the platforms from falling if
one of the horizontal wire ropes breaks. This language is consistent with the
corresponding provision of ANSI A10.8-1988, paragraph 20.1.

Paragraph (r)(3) of the final rule provides that wire ropes shall not be tightened to the
extent that the application of a scaffold load will over stress them. This provision is
consistent with the corresponding language of ANSI A10.8-1988, paragraph 20.2.

Paragraph (r)(4) requires that wire ropes be continuous and without splices between
anchors. This language is consistent with the corresponding language in ANSI A10.8-
1988, paragraph 20.2, and is necessary to ensure that the rope has sufficient integrity
to handle the load.

Paragraph (s) Float (ship) scaffolds

Paragraph (s) provides additional requirements for float (ship) scaffolds.

Paragraph (s)(1) requires that the platform be supported by a minimum of two bearers,
each of which shall project a minimum of six inches (15.2 cm) beyond the platform on
both sides. This will ensure that the platform will be fully supported. In addition, each
bearer shall be securely fastened to the platform to prevent slippage.

Paragraph (s)(2) provides that rope connections shall be such that the platform cannot
shift or slip. Platform slippage is a significant factor in scaffold accidents.

Paragraph (s)(3) provides that, when only two ropes are used with each float, those
ropes shall be arranged so as to provide four ends which are securely fastened to
overhead supports, and each supporting rope shall be hitched around one end of the
bearer and pass under the platform to the other end of the bearer where it is hitched
again, leaving sufficient rope at each end for the supporting ties.

Paragraph (t) Interior hung scaffolds

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Paragraph (t) provides additional requirements for interior hung scaffolds.

Paragraph (t)(1) requires that scaffolds be suspended only from the roof structure or
other structural members such as ceiling beams. This requirement is necessary to
ensure that these suspended scaffolds are supported by structural members with
adequate capacity for safe use.

Paragraph (t)(2) requires that the supporting members be inspected and checked for
strength before the scaffold is erected. This requirement is necessary because such
points of support cannot be assumed to be strong enough to support a scaffold since
they may already be loaded to their capacity or they may have deteriorated over time.
This provision is consistent with ANSI A10.8-1988, paragraph 16.7.

Paragraph (t)(3) provides that suspension ropes and cables be connected to the
overhead supporting members by shackles, clips, thimbles, or by other means which
provide equivalent strength, security and durability.

Paragraph (u) Needle beam scaffolds

Paragraph (u) of the final rule provides additional requirements for needle beam
scaffolds.

Paragraph (u)(1) requires that scaffold support beams be installed on edge.

Paragraph (u)(2) provides that ropes or hangers be used for supports, except that one
end of a needle beam scaffold may be supported by a permanent structural member.
This provision is based on existing §§1926.451(p)(2) and (8), and is necessary to
ensure that these scaffolds are properly supported by rope or hangers that meet the
strength criteria of §1926.451(a).

Paragraph (u)(3) requires that the ropes be securely attached to the needle beams.
This is a change from existing §1926.451(p)(3), which specified that all rope
attachments must be either a scaffold hitch or properly made eye splices. OSHA
determined that the existing rule is too restrictive, because other knots and means of
attachment, such as wire rope clips, can adequately support the scaffold without
decreasing employee safety.

Paragraph (u)(4) provides that the support connection be arranged so as to prevent

the needle beam from rolling or becoming displaced, which could result in tipping of the
platform.

Paragraph (u)(5) provides that platform units shall be securely attached to the needle
beams by bolts or equivalent means. In addition, cleats and overhang are not
considered to be adequate means of attachment.

38
Paragraph (v) Multi-level suspended scaffolds
Paragraph 1926.452(v) of the final rule provides additional requirements for multi-level
suspended scaffolds. These scaffolds are suspended scaffolds with more than one
working level.

Paragraph (v)(1) requires that multi-level suspended platform scaffolds be equipped

with additional independent support lines, equal in number to the number of points
supported and of equivalent strength to the suspension ropes, and be rigged to support
the scaffold in the event the suspension rope(s) fail. These additional lines would
support the scaffold, and prevent collapse in the event of primary support line failure.

Paragraph (v)(2) provides that the independent support lines and suspension ropes
shall not be attached to the same points of anchorage. This provision reflects OSHA
concern that the independent support lines would not protect workers from scaffold
collapse if the independent lines and the suspension ropes were attached to the same
anchorage point when the anchorage failed.

Paragraph (v)(3) requires that supports for platforms be attached directly to the
support stirrup and not to any other platform. This provision is intended to protect
against platform overloading.

Paragraph (w) Mobile scaffolds (Does not include scissor lifts)

Paragraph (w) provides additional rules for mobile scaffolds. This paragraph applies to
all mobile scaffolds, not just to those which are manually propelled.

Paragraph (w)(1) provides that scaffolds shall be braced by cross, horizontal, or

diagonal braces, or combination thereof, to prevent racking or collapse of the scaffold
and to secure vertical members together laterally so as to automatically square and
align the vertical members. In addition, scaffolds shall be plumb, level, and squared.
All brace connections shall be secured. This paragraph also provides that scaffolds
constructed of tube and coupler components shall conform to the requirements of
§1926.452(b) (paragraph (w)(1)(I)), and that scaffolds constructed of fabricated frame
components shall conform to the requirements of §1926.452(c) (paragraph (w)(1)(ii)).

Paragraph (w)(2) requires that scaffold casters and wheels be locked with positive
wheel and/or wheel and swivel locks, or equivalent means, to prevent movement of the
scaffold while the scaffold is used in a stationary manner.

Paragraph (w)(3) provides that manual force used to move the scaffold shall be
applied as close to the base as practicable, but not more than five feet (1.5 m) above
the supporting surface. The final rule limits the height at which the force can be

39
applied to 5 feet above the supporting surface, to minimize overturning forces.

Paragraph (w)(4) requires that power systems used to propel mobile scaffolds be
designed for such use. In addition, forklifts, trucks, similar motor vehicles, or add-on
motors shall not be used to propel scaffolds unless the scaffold is designed for such
propulsion systems.

Paragraph (w)(5) requires that scaffolds be stabilized to prevent tipping during

movement.

Paragraph (w)(6) provides that employees shall not be allowed to ride on scaffolds
unless the following conditions exist:

1. The surface on which the scaffold is being moved shall be within three
degrees of level, and free of pits, holes, and obstructions (w)(6)(I));
2. The height to base width ratio of the scaffold during movement shall be
two to one or less, unless the scaffold is designed and constructed to
meet or exceed nationally-recognized stability test requirements
(w)(6)(ii));
3. Outrigger frames, when used, shall be installed on both sides of the
scaffold (w)(6)(iii));
4. When power systems are used, the propelling force shall be applied
directly to the wheels, and shall not produce a speed in excess of one foot
per second (0.3 mps) (w)(6)(iv)); and
5. No employee is on any part of the scaffold which extends outward
beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports (w)(6)(v)).

Paragraph (w)(7) requires that platforms not extend outward beyond the base supports
of the scaffold unless outrigger frames or equivalent devices are used to ensure
stability. Compliance with this provision will prevent eccentric loading of the scaffold
frame that could cause the scaffold to tip over.

Paragraph (w)(8) provides that, where leveling of the scaffold is necessary, screw
jacks or equivalent means be used. This provision is consistent with the corresponding
provision in ANSI A10.8-1988, paragraph 11.1.4.

Paragraph (w)(9) requires that caster stems and wheel stems be pinned or otherwise
secured to scaffold legs or adjustment screws.

Paragraph (w)(10) provides that, before a scaffold is moved, employees on the

scaffold shall be made aware of the move.

(x) Repair bracket scaffolds.

40
The Agency described such scaffolds as consisting of platforms supported by brackets
which are secured in place by one or more wire ropes placed in an approximately
horizontal plane around the circumference of the structure and tensioned by a
turnbuckle.

Paragraph (x)(1) requires employers to secure brackets in place with ½ inch diameter
wire rope that extends around the circumference of the chimney.

Paragraph (x)(2) requires that each bracket be attached to the securing wire rope (or
ropes) by a positive locking device capable of preventing the unintentional detachment
of the bracket from the rope, or by some other means which prevents unintentional
detachment.

Paragraph (x)(3) requires that each bracket, at the contact point between the
supporting structure and the bottom of the bracket, be provided with a "shoe" (heel
block or foot) capable of preventing the lateral movement of the bracket.

Paragraph (x)(4) requires that platform units be secured to brackets in a manner that
prevents the separation of platform units from brackets and prevents movement of
platform units or brackets on a completed scaffold.

Paragraph (x)(5) provides that, when a wire rope is placed around a structure to
provide safe anchorage for personal fall arrest systems that are used by employees
erecting or dismantling repair bracket scaffolds, the wire rope shall be at least 5/16
inches in diameter and shall, in all other respects, satisfy the requirements of subpart
M, OSHA's Fall Protection Standard.

Paragraph (x)(6) requires that each wire rope used for securing brackets in place or as
an anchorage for personal fall arrest systems be protected from damage due to contact
with edges, corners, protrusions, or other discontinuities of the supporting structure or
scaffold components.

Paragraph (x)(7) provides that tensioning of each wire rope used for securing brackets
in place or as an anchorage for personal fall arrest systems shall be by means of a
turnbuckle at least 1 inch in diameter, or by some other equivalent means. OSHA has
allowed employers the flexibility to use means other than a single turnbuckle for
tensioning wire ropes, where the alternative means provide equivalent tension,
because the Agency wants to encourage innovation and provide flexibility. In addition,
OSHA anticipates that there may be circumstances where more than one turnbuckle
will be needed to tension the wire rope, depending on the diameter of the chimney.

Paragraph (x)(8) requires that each turnbuckle be connected to the other end of its
rope by use of a proper-size eye splice thimble.

41
Paragraph (x)(9) provides that U-bolt wire rope clips shall not be used on any wire
rope used to secure brackets or to serve as an anchor for personal fall arrest systems.
OSHA is concerned that the use of U-bolt wire rope clips as wire rope fasteners on the
horizontal support ropes could result in damage to the dead end of the rope. Further, if
a segment of damaged dead end later were to become part of the live end due to an
increase in the circumference of the structure, the Agency was concerned that the wire
rope would be unable to support the loads imposed on it.

Paragraph (x)(10) requires employers to ensure that materials are not dropped to the
outside of the supporting structure.

Paragraph (x)(11) requires that erection of a repair bracket scaffold be performed in

only one direction around the structure.

Paragraph (y) Stilts

Paragraph (y) provides requirements for the use of stilts.

Paragraph (y)(1) requires that employees not wear stilts on scaffolds except when the
employees are on large area scaffolds.

Paragraph (y)(2) provides, when employees wearing stilts are on large area scaffolds
where guardrail systems are being used, that the dimensions of the guardrail system
shall be increased to offset the height of the stilts.

Paragraph (y)(3) of the final rule provides that all surfaces on which stilts are used
shall be flat and free of pits, holes and obstructions, such as debris, as well as all other
tripping and falling hazards.

Paragraph (y)(4) of the final rule provides that stilts shall be properly maintained and
that any alterations of the original equipment must be approved by the manufacturer.

§1926.453 Aerial lifts

The introductory text to this section indicates that §1926.453 applies only to ANSI
A92.2 type equipment (vehicle mounted elevating and rotating work platforms), and
further notes that the requirements of §1926.451 and §1926.452 do not apply to this
type of equipment.

Paragraph (a) addresses general requirements for aerial lifts, while paragraph (b)
contains specific requirements for this equipment. Paragraph (b)(1) through (b)(5)
specify requirements for ladder trucks and tower trucks, extensible and articulating
boom platforms, electrical tests, bursting safety factors, and welding standards for

42
aerial lifts, respectively

§1926.454 Training requirements

Sets certain criteria allowing employers to tailor training to fit their workplace
circumstances.

Paragraph (a) sets training requirements for employers who have employees working
on scaffolds. It requires employers to ensure that each employee whose employment
involves being on a scaffold is trained to recognize the hazards associated with the type
of scaffold being used and to understand the procedures which must be followed to
control or minimize those hazards.

Paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(5) address five areas in which training must be
provided, as applicable.

Paragraph (a)(1) requires that affected employees be trained in the nature of any
electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling object hazards in the work area. Many
employees have been killed or seriously injured because they were unaware of
workplace hazards or did not understand the consequences of exposure to those
hazards. This provision clearly indicates the hazards (i.e., electrocution, falls and falling
objects) regarding which training must be provided.

Paragraph (a)(2) requires that affected employees be trained in the correct procedures
for protection from electrical hazards and for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling
the required fall protection systems and falling object protection systems. Employees
who are on scaffolds while working need to know how protective systems function, so
that they know how to install, maintain or remove these systems, as necessary. For
example, where a scaffold has been erected without the protective measures
necessary for work to be performed on or from the scaffold, the employees
subsequently coming onto the scaffold would need to install them. Even where the
scaffold erectors have installed the required protection for affected employees, the
employees working on the scaffold need to know when and how to maintain that
protection, so that a hazardous situation does not develop during scaffold use.

Paragraph (a)(3) requires that employees be trained in the proper use of the scaffold
and in the proper handling of materials on the scaffold.

Paragraph (a)(4) requires that employees be trained in the maximum intended load
and the load-carrying capacities of the scaffolds used.

Paragraph (a)(5) requires that employees be trained in the pertinent requirements of

subpart L.

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Paragraph (b) addresses training for employees assembling, maintaining or
dismantling scaffolds. Paragraph (b) requires that the employer have each employee
who erects, disassembles, moves, operates, repairs, maintains, or inspects a scaffold
trained by a competent person so that the employee can recognize any hazards related
to such work duties. It is designed to differentiate clearly between the training needed
by employees erecting and dismantling scaffolds and the training needed by employees
who are on scaffolds in the course of their work. It requires the employer to ensure that
each affected employee has been trained by a competent person in four areas, as
applicable.

Paragraph (b)(1) requires that affected employees be trained in the nature of scaffold
hazards.

Paragraph (b)(2) requires that affected employees be trained in the correct procedures
for erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, inspecting, and maintaining
the type of scaffold in question. Training provided to an employee to construct, repair
or dismantle one type of scaffold will not necessarily enable that employee to repair
another type.

Paragraph (b)(3) requires that affected employees be trained in the design criteria,
maximum load-carrying capacity, and intended use of the scaffold.

Paragraph (b)(4) requires that affected employees be trained in the pertinent

requirements of subpart L.

Paragraph (c) requires the employer to retrain any employee when the employer has
reason to believe that the employee does not have the understanding and skill required
by paragraph (a) or (b) of this section. Employees must be retrained, as necessary, to
restore the requisite scaffold-related proficiency. Circumstances where the provision
requires retraining include, but are not limited to, the following situations: first,
whenever there is a change at the worksite that presents a hazard about which the
employee has not been trained (paragraph (c)(1)(I)); second, where changes in the
types of scaffolds, fall protection, falling object protection, or other equipment present a
hazard about which the employee has not been trained (paragraph (c)(1)(ii)); and,
third, where inadequacies in an affected employee's work practices involving scaffolds
indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite proficiency (paragraph
(c)(1)(iii)).

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 Non-mandatory Appendix A to Subpart L--
Scaffold Specifications.

This appendix is provided as a guide to assist employers in complying

with the requirements of §1926.451. This appendix is non-mandatory. As
stated above in the discussion of paragraph 1926.451(a), scaffolds built in
accordance with this Appendix A will be considered to meet the intent of
this revised subpart L.

Non-mandatory Appendix B to subpart L--

Criteria for Determining the Feasibility and Safety of Providing
Safe Access and Fall Protection for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers.

This space is being reserved for publication of informational guidance at a

later date.

Non-mandatory Appendix C to Subpart L--

List of National Consensus Standards

This Appendix is provided to serve as a guide to employers required to

provide appropriate employee protection under §1926.453, Aerial Lifts.
This Appendix reflects the proliferation of equipment-specific ANSI A92
standards since the adoption of ANSI A92.2-1969.

Non-mandatory Appendix D to Subpart L--

List of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers

OSHA has developed this Appendix to assist employers in identifying

appropriate topics for training scaffold erectors and dismantlers.

Non-mandatory Appendix E to Subpart L--

Drawings and Illustrations

This Appendix provides drawings of particular types of scaffolds and

scaffold components, and graphic illustrations of bracing patterns and tie
spacing patterns. It is intended to provide visual guidance to assist the
user in complying with the requirements of this standard.

45
 "Brace" means a rigid connection against a hazard which the employer can
SUBPART L--SCAFFOLDS that holds one scaffold member in a fixed demonstrate will provide an equal or greater
position with respect to another member, or degree of safety for employees than the
to a building or structure. methods, materials or designs specified in
"Bricklayers' square scaffold" the standard.
1926.450 Scope, Application and means a supported scaffold composed of "Eye" or "Eye Splice" means a
Definitions framed squares which support a platform. loop with or without a thimble at the end of a
Applicable to this Subpart "Carpenters' bracket scaffold" wire rope.
means a supported scaffold consisting of a "Exposed power lines" means
1926.451 General Requirements platform supported by brackets attached to electrical power lines which are accessible
building or structural walls. to employees and which are not shielded
1926.452 Additional Requirements "Catenary scaffold" means a from contact. Such lines do not include
Applicable to suspension scaffold consisting of a platform extension cords or power tool cords.
Specific Types of Scaffolds supported by two essentially horizontal and "Fabricated decking and
parallel ropes attached to structural planking" means manufactured platforms
1926.453 Elevating and Rotating Work members of a building or other structure. made of wood (including laminated wood,
Platforms Additional support may be provided by and solid sawn wood planks), metal or other
vertical pickups. materials.
1926.454 Training "Chimney hoist" means a multi- "Fabricated frame scaffold
point adjustable suspension scaffold used (tubular welded frame scaffold)" means a
Appendix A to Subpart L--Scaffolds to provide access to work inside chimneys. scaffold consisting of a platform(s)
(See "Multi-point adjustable suspension supported on fabricated end frames with
Appendix B to Subpart L--Scaffolds scaffold".) integral posts, horizontal bearers, and
"Cleat" means a structural block intermediate members.
Appendix C to Subpart L--Scaffolds used at the end of a platform to prevent the "Failure" means load refusal,
platform from slipping off its supports. breakage, or separation of component parts.
Appendix D to Subpart L--Scaffolds Cleats are also used to provide footing on Load refusal is the point where the ultimate
sloped surfaces such as crawling boards. strength is exceeded.
Appendix E to Subpart L--Scaffolds "Competent person" means one "Float (ship) scaffold" means a
who is capable of identifying existing and suspension scaffold consisting of a braced
SUBPART L--SCAFFOLDS predictable hazards in the surroundings or platform resting on two parallel bearers and
§1926.450 Scope, application and working conditions which are unsanitary, hung from overhead supports by ropes of
definitions applicable to this Subpart. hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and fixed length.
(a) Scope and application. This who has authorization to take prompt "Form scaffold" means a
subpart applies to all scaffolds used in corrective measures to eliminate them. supported scaffold consisting of a platform
workplaces covered by this Part. It does not "Continuous run scaffold" (Run supported by brackets attached to form
apply to crane or derrick suspended scaffold) means a two- point or multi-point work.
personnel platforms, which are covered by adjustable suspension scaffold constructed "Guardrail system" means a
§1926.550(g). The criteria for aerial lifts are using a series of interconnected braced vertical barrier, consisting of, but not limited
set out exclusively in §1926.453 of this scaffold members or supporting structures to, toprails, midrails, and posts, erected to
subpart. erected to form a continuous scaffold. prevent employees from falling off a scaffold
(b) Definitions. "Adjustable "Coupler" means a device for platform or walkway to lower levels.
suspension scaffold" means a suspension locking together the tubes of a tube and "Hoist" means a manual or
scaffold equipped with a hoist(s) that can be coupler scaffold. power-operated mechanical device to raise
operated by an employee(s) on the scaffold. "Crawling board (chicken ladder)" or lower a suspended scaffold.
"Bearer (putlog)" means a means a supported scaffold consisting of a "Horse scaffold" means a
horizontal transverse scaffold member plank with cleats spaced and secured to supported scaffold consisting of a platform
(which may be supported by ledgers or provide footing, for use on sloped surfaces supported by construction horses (saw
runners) upon which the scaffold platform such as roofs. horses). Horse scaffolds constructed of
rests and which joins scaffold uprights, "Deceleration device" means any metal are sometimes known as trestle
posts, poles, and similar members. mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stitch scaffolds.
"Boatswains' chair" means a lanyard, specially-woven lanyard, tearing or "Independent pole scaffold" (see
single-point adjustable suspension scaffold deforming lanyard, or automatic self- "Double pole scaffold").
consisting of a seat or sling designed to retracting lifeline lanyard, which dissipates a "Interior hung scaffold" means a
support one employee in a sitting position. substantial amount of energy during a fall suspension scaffold consisting of a platform
"Body belt (safety belt)" means a arrest or limits the energy imposed on an suspended from the ceiling or roof structure
strap with means both for securing it about employee during fall arrest. by fixed length supports.
the waist and for attaching it to a lanyard, "Double pole (independent pole) "Ladder jack scaffold" means a
lifeline, or deceleration device. scaffold" means a supported scaffold supported scaffold consisting of a platform
"Body harness" means a design consisting of a platform(s) resting on cross resting on brackets attached to ladders.
of straps which may be secured about the beams (bearers) supported by ledgers and "Ladder stand" means a mobile,
employee in a manner to distribute the fall a double row of uprights independent of fixed-size, self-supporting ladder consisting
arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, support (except ties, guys, braces) from any of a wide flat tread ladder in the form of
waist, chest and shoulders, with means for structure. stairs.
attaching it to other components of a "Equivalent" means alternative "Landing" means a platform at
personal fall arrest system. designs, materials or methods to protect the end of a flight of stairs.

46
 "Large area scaffold" means a "Outrigger" means the structural other supporting structure by one or more
pole scaffold, tube and coupler scaffold, member of a supported scaffold used to wire ropes placed around the supporting
systems scaffold, or fabricated frame increase the base width of a scaffold in structure. "Roof bracket scaffold" means a
scaffold erected over substantially the entire order to provide support for and increased rooftop supported scaffold consisting of a
work area. For example: a scaffold erected stability of the scaffold. platform resting on angular-shaped
over the entire floor area of a room. "Outrigger beam (Thrust out)" supports.
"Lean-to scaffold" means a means the structural member of a "Runner" (ledger or ribbon)"
supported scaffold which is kept erect by suspension scaffold or outrigger scaffold means the lengthwise horizontal spacing or
tilting it toward and resting it against a which provides support for the scaffold by bracing member which may support the
building or structure. extending the scaffold point of attachment to bearers.
"Lifeline" means a component a point out and away from the structure or "Scaffold" means any temporary
consisting of a flexible line that connects to building. elevated platform (supported or suspended)
an anchorage at one end to hang vertically "Outrigger scaffold" means a and its supporting structure (including
(vertical lifeline), or that connects to supported scaffold consisting of a platform points of anchorage), used for supporting
anchorages at both ends to stretch resting on outrigger beams (thrustouts) employees or materials or both.
horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which projecting beyond the wall or face of the "Self-contained adjustable
serves as a means for connecting other building or structure, the inboard ends of scaffold" means a combination supported
components of a personal fall arrest system which are secured inside the building or and suspension scaffold consisting of an
to the anchorage. structure. adjustable platform(s) mounted on an
"Lower levels" means areas "Overhand bricklaying" means independent supporting frame(s) not a part
below the level where the employee is the process of laying bricks and masonry of the object being worked on, and which is
located and to which an employee can fall. units such that the surface of the wall to be equipped with a means to permit the raising
Such areas include, but are not limited to, jointed is on the opposite side of the wall and lowering of the platform(s). Such
ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps, from the mason, requiring the mason to lean systems include rolling roof rigs, rolling
runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materials, over the wall to complete the work. It outrigger systems, and some masons'
water, and equipment. includes mason tending and electrical adjustable supported scaffolds.
"Masons' adjustable supported installation incorporated into the brick wall "Shore scaffold" means a
scaffold" (see "Self-contained adjustable during the overhand bricklaying process. supported scaffold which is placed against
scaffold"). "Personal fall arrest system" a building or structure and held in place with
"Masons' multi-point adjustable means a system used to arrest an props.
suspension scaffold" means a continuous employee's fall. It consists of an anchorage, "Single-point adjustable
run suspension scaffold designed and used connectors, a body belt or body harness and suspension scaffold" means a suspension
for masonry operations. may include a lanyard, deceleration device, scaffold consisting of a platform suspended
"Maximum intended load" means lifeline, or combinations of these. by one rope from an overhead support and
the total load of all persons, equipment, "Platform" means a work surface equipped with means to permit the
tools, materials, transmitted loads, and other elevated above lower levels. Platforms can movement of the platform to desired work
loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to be constructed using individual wood levels.
a scaffold or scaffold component at any one planks, fabricated planks, fabricated decks, "Single-pole scaffold" means a
time. and fabricated platforms. supported scaffold consisting of a
"Mobile scaffold" means a "Pole scaffold" (see definitions platform(s) resting on bearers, the outside
powered or unpowered, portable, caster or for "Single-pole scaffold" and "Double ends of which are supported on runners
wheel-mounted supported scaffold. (independent) pole scaffold"). secured to a single row of posts or uprights,
"Multi-level suspended scaffold" "Power operated hoist" means a and the inner ends of which are supported
means a two-point or multi-point adjustable hoist which is powered by other than human on or in a structure or building wall.
suspension scaffold with a series of energy. "Stair tower (Scaffold
platforms at various levels resting on "Pump jack scaffold" means a stairway/tower)" means a tower comprised
common stirrups. supported scaffold consisting of a platform of scaffold components and which contains
"Multi-point adjustable supported by vertical poles and movable internal stairway units and rest platforms.
suspension scaffold" means a suspension support brackets. These towers are used to provide access to
scaffold consisting of a platform(s) which is "Qualified" means one who, by scaffold platforms and other elevated points
suspended by more than two ropes from possession of a recognized degree, such as floors and roofs.
overhead supports and equipped with certificate, or professional standing, or who "Stall load" means the load at
means to raise and lower the platform to by extensive knowledge, training, and which the prime-mover of a power-operated
desired work levels. Such scaffolds include experience, has successfully demonstrated hoist stalls or the power to the prime-mover
chimney hoists. his/her ability to solve or resolve problems is automatically disconnected.
"Needle beam scaffold" means a related to the subject matter, the work, or "Step, platform, and trestle ladder
platform suspended from needle beams. the project. scaffold" means a platform resting directly
"Open sides and ends" means "Rated load" means the on the rungs of step ladders or trestle
the edges of a platform that are more than manufacturer's specified maximum load to ladders.
14 inches (36 cm) away horizontally from a be lifted by a hoist or to be applied to a "Stilts" means a pair of poles or
sturdy, continuous, vertical surface (such as scaffold or scaffold component. similar supports with raised footrests, used
a building wall) or a sturdy, continuous "Repair bracket scaffold" means to permit walking above the ground or
horizontal surface (such as a floor), or a a supported scaffold consisting of a working surface.
point of access. Exception: For plastering platform supported by brackets which are "Stone setters' multi-point
and lathing operations the horizontal secured in place around the circumference adjustable suspension scaffold" means a
threshold distance is 18 inches (46 cm). or perimeter of a chimney, stack, tank or continuous run suspension scaffold

47
designed and used for stone setters' (§1926.450(a)), this section does not apply remaining open space between the platform
operations. to aerial lifts. and the uprights shall not exceed 9½ inches
"Supported scaffold" means one (a) Capacity (1) Except as (24.1 cm).
or more platforms supported by outrigger provided in paragraphs (a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(4), Exception: The requirement in
beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, (a)(5) and (g) of this section, each scaffold paragraph (b)(1) to provide full planking or
posts, frames, or similar rigid support. and scaffold component shall be capable of decking does not apply to platforms used
"Suspension scaffold" means supporting, without failure, its own weight solely as walkways or solely by employees
one or more platforms suspended by ropes and at least 4 times the maximum intended performing scaffold erection or dismantling.
or other non-rigid means from an overhead load applied or transmitted to it. In these situations, only the planking that the
structure(s). (2) Direct connections to roofs employer establishes is necessary to
"System scaffold" means a and floors, and counterweights used to provide safe working conditions is required.
scaffold consisting of posts with fixed balance adjustable suspension scaffolds, (2) Except as provided in
connection points that accept runners, shall be capable of resisting at least 4 times paragraphs (b)(2)(I) and (b)(2)(ii) of this
bearers, and diagonals that can be the tipping moment imposed by the scaffold section, each scaffold platform and walkway
interconnected at predetermined levels. operating at either (a) the rated load of the shall be at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide.
"Tank builders' scaffold" means a hoist, or (b) 1.5 (minimum) times the tipping (I) Each ladder jack scaffold, top
supported scaffold consisting of a platform moment imposed by the scaffold operating plate bracket scaffold, roof bracket scaffold,
resting on brackets that are either directly at the stall load of the hoist, whichever is and pump jack scaffold shall be at least 12
attached to a cylindrical tank or attached to greater. inches (30 cm) wide. There is no minimum
devices that are attached to such a tank. (3) Each suspension rope, width requirement for boatswains' chairs.
"Top plate bracket scaffold" including connecting hardware, used on (ii) Where scaffolds must be
means a scaffold supported by brackets non-adjustable suspension scaffolds shall used in areas that the employer can
that hook over or are attached to the top of a be capable of supporting, without failure, at demonstrate are so narrow that platforms
wall. This type of scaffold is similar to least 6 times the maximum intended load and walkways cannot be at least 18 inches
carpenters' bracket scaffolds and form applied or transmitted to that rope. (46 cm) wide, such platforms and walkways
scaffolds and is used in residential (4) Each suspension rope, shall be as wide as feasible, and employees
construction for setting trusses. including connecting hardware, used on on those platforms and walkways shall be
"Tube and coupler scaffold" adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be protected from fall hazards by the use of
means a supported or suspended scaffold capable of supporting, without failure, at guardrails and/or personal fall arrest
consisting of a platform(s) supported by least 6 times the maximum intended load systems.
tubing, erected with coupling devices applied or transmitted to that rope with the (3) Except as provided in
connecting uprights, braces, bearers, and scaffold operating at either (a) the rated load paragraphs (b)(3)(I) and (ii) of this section,
runners. of the hoist, or (b) 2 (minimum) times the the front edge of all platforms shall not be
"Tubular welded frame scaffold" stall load of the hoist, whichever is greater. more than 14 inches (36 cm) from the face
(see "Fabricated frame scaffold"). (5) The stall load of any scaffold of the work, unless guardrail systems are
"Two-point suspension scaffold hoist shall not exceed 3 times its rated load. erected along the front edge and/or personal
(swing stage)" means a suspension fall arrest systems are used in accordance
scaffold consisting of a platform supported (6) Scaffolds shall be designed with §1926.451(g) to protect employees
by hangers (stirrups) suspended by two by a qualified person and shall be from falling.
ropes from overhead supports and equipped constructed and loaded in accordance with (I) The maximum distance from
with means to permit the raising and that design. Non-mandatory Appendix A the face for outrigger scaffolds shall be 3
lowering of the platform to desired work contains examples of criteria that will enable inches (8 cm);
levels. an employer to comply with paragraph (a) of (ii) The maximum distance from
"Unstable objects" means items this section. the face for plastering and lathing
whose strength, configuration, or lack of operations shall be 18 inches (46 cm).
stability may allow them to become (b)Scaffold platform construction. (4) Each end of a platform,
dislocated and shift and therefore may not unless cleated or otherwise restrained by
properly support the loads imposed on (1) Each platform on all working hooks or equivalent means, shall extend
them. Unstable objects do not constitute alevels of scaffolds shall be fully planked or over the centerline of its support at least 6
safe base support for scaffolds, platforms,
decked between the front uprights and the inches (15 cm).
or employees. Examples include, but are guardrail supports as follows: (5) (I) Each end of a platform 10
not limited to, barrels, boxes, loose brick, (I) Each platform unit (e.g., feet or less in length shall not extend over its
and concrete blocks. scaffold plank, fabricated plank, fabricated support more than 12 inches (30 cm)
"Vertical pickup" means a rope deck, or fabricated platform) shall be unless the platform is designed and
used to support the horizontal rope in installed so that the space between adjacent installed so that the cantilevered portion of
catenary scaffolds. units and the space between the platform the platform is able to support employees
"Walkway" means a portion of a and the uprights is no more than 1 inch (2.5 and/or materials without tipping, or has
scaffold platform used only for access andcm) wide, except where the employer can guardrails which block employee access to
not as a work level. demonstrate that a wider space is the cantilevered end.
"Window jack scaffold" means a necessary (for example, to fit around (ii) Each platform greater than 10
platform resting on a bracket or jack which
uprights when side brackets are used to feet in length shall not extend over its
projects through a window opening. extend the width of the platform). support more than 18 inches (46 cm),
(ii) Where the employer makes unless it is designed and installed so that
§1926.451 General requirements. NOTE: the demonstration provided for in paragraph the cantilevered portion of the platform is
As indicated in the Scope and Application (b)(1)(I) above, the platform shall be planked able to support employees without tipping,
or decked as fully as possible and the

48
or has guardrails which block employee manufacturer's recommendations or at the (3) The inboard ends of
access to the cantilevered end. closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height suspension scaffold outrigger beams shall
(6) On scaffolds where scaffold and be repeated vertically at locations of be stabilized by bolts or other direct
planks are abutted to create a long platform, horizontal members every 20 feet (6.1 m) or connections to the floor or roof deck, or they
each abutted end shall rest on a separate less thereafter for scaffolds 3 feet (0.91 m) shall have their inboard ends stabilized by
support surface. NOTE: This provision wide or less, and every 26 feet (7.9 m) or counterweights, except masons' multi-point
does not preclude the use of common less thereafter for scaffolds greater than 3 adjustable suspension scaffold outrigger
support members, such as "T" sections, to feet (0.91 m) wide. The top guy, tie or brace beams shall not be stabilized by
support abutting planks, or hook on of completed scaffolds shall be placed no counterweights.
platforms designed to rest on common further than the 4:1 height from the top. (I) Before the scaffold is used,
supports. Such guys, ties and braces shall be direct connections shall be evaluated by a
(7) On scaffolds where platforms installed at each end of the scaffold and at competent person who shall confirm, based
are overlapped to create a long platform, the horizontal intervals not to exceed 30 feet on the evaluation, that the supporting
overlap shall occur only over supports, and (9.1 m) (measured from one end [not both] surfaces are capable of supporting the
shall not be less than 12 inches (30 cm) towards the other). loads to be imposed. In addition, masons'
unless the platforms are nailed together or (iii) Ties, guys, braces, or multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold
otherwise restrained to prevent movement. outriggers shall be used to prevent the connections shall be designed by an
(8) At all points of a scaffold tipping of supported scaffolds in all engineer experienced in such scaffold
where the platform changes direction, such circumstances where an eccentric load, design.
as turning a corner, any platform that rests such as a cantilevered work platform, is (ii) Counterweights shall be
on a bearer at an angle other than a right applied or is transmitted to the scaffold. made of non-flowable material. Sand, gravel
angle shall be laid first, and platforms which (2) Supported scaffold poles, and similar materials that can be easily
rest at right angles over the same bearer legs, posts, frames, and uprights shall bear dislocated shall not be used as
shall be laid second, on top of the first on base plates, mud sills or other adequate counterweights.
platform. firm foundation. (iii) Only those items specifically
(9) Wood platforms shall not be (I) Footings shall be level, sound, designed as counterweights shall be used
covered with opaque finishes, except that rigid, and capable of supporting the loaded to counterweight scaffold systems.
platform edges may be covered or marked scaffold without settling or displacement. Construction materials such as, but not
for identification. Platforms may be coated (ii) Unstable objects shall not be limited to, masonry units and rolls of roofing
periodically with wood preservatives, fire- used to support felt, shall not be used as counterweights.
retardant finishes, and slip-resistant scaffolds or platform units. (iv) Counterweights shall be
finishes; however, the coating may not (iii) Unstable objects shall not be secured by mechanical means to the
obscure the top or bottom wood surfaces. used as working platforms. outrigger beams to prevent accidental
(10) Scaffold components (iv) Front-end loaders and similar displacement.
manufactured by different manufacturers pieces of equipment shall not be used to (v) Counterweights shall not be
shall not be intermixed unless the support scaffold platforms unless they have removed from an outrigger beam until the
components fit together without force and been specifically designed by the scaffold is disassembled.
the scaffold's structural integrity is manufacturer for such use. (vi) Outrigger beams which are
maintained by the user. Scaffold (v) Fork-lifts shall not be used to not stabilized by bolts or other direct
components manufactured by different support scaffold platforms unless the entire connections to the floor or roof deck shall be
manufacturers shall not be modified in order platform is attached to the fork and the fork- secured by tiebacks.
to intermix them unless a competent person lift is not moved horizontally while the (vii) Tiebacks shall be equivalent
determines the resulting scaffold is platform is occupied. in strength to the suspension ropes.
structurally sound. (3) Supported scaffold poles, (viii) Outrigger beams shall be
(11) Scaffold components made legs, posts, frames, and uprights shall be placed perpendicular to its bearing support
of dissimilar metals shall not be used plumb and braced to prevent swaying and (usually the face of the building or
together unless a competent person has displacement. structure). However, where the employer
determined that galvanic action will not can demonstrate that it is not possible to
reduce the strength of any component to a (d) Criteria for suspension place an outrigger beam perpendicular to
level below that required by scaffolds. the face of the building or structure because
§1926.451(a)(1). (1) All suspension scaffold of obstructions that cannot be moved, the
support devices, such as outrigger beams, outrigger beam may be placed at some
cornice hooks, parapet clamps, and similar other angle, provided opposing angle
(c) Criteria for supported devices, shall rest on surfaces capable of tiebacks are used.
scaffolds. supporting at least 4 times the load imposed (ix) Tiebacks shall be secured to
(1) Supported scaffolds with a on them by the scaffold operating at the a structurally sound anchorage on the
height to base width (including outrigger rated load of the hoist (or at least 1.5 times building or structure. Sound anchorages
supports, if used) ratio of more than four to the load imposed on them by the scaffold at include structural members, but do not
one (4:1) shall be restrained from tipping by the stall capacity of the hoist, whichever is include standpipes, vents, other piping
guying, tying, bracing, or equivalent means, greater). systems, or electrical conduit.
as follows: (2) Suspension scaffold (x) Tiebacks shall be installed
(I) Guys, ties, and braces shall outrigger beams, when used, shall be made perpendicular to the face of the building or
be installed at locations where horizontal of structural metal or equivalent strength structure, or opposing angle tiebacks shall
members support both inner and outer legs. material, and shall be restrained to prevent be installed. Single tiebacks installed at an
(ii) Guys, ties, and braces shall movement. angle are prohibited.
be installed according to the scaffold

49
 (4) Suspension scaffold (I) Any physical damage which (17) Manually operated hoists
outrigger beams shall be: impairs the function and strength of the shall require a positive crank force to
(I) Provided with stop bolts or rope. descend.
shackles at both ends; (ii) Kinks that might impair the (18) Two-point and multi-point
(ii) Securely fastened together tracking or wrapping of rope around the suspension scaffolds shall be tied or
with the flanges turned out when channel drum(s) or sheave(s). otherwise secured to prevent them from
iron beams are used in place of (iii) Six randomly distributed swaying, as determined to be necessary
I-beams; broken wires in one rope lay or three broken based on an evaluation by a competent
(iii) Installed with all bearing wires in one strand in one rope lay. person. Window cleaners' anchors shall not
supports perpendicular to the beam center (iv) Abrasion, corrosion, be used for this purpose.
line; scrubbing, flattening or peening causing (19) Devices whose sole
(iv) Set and maintained with the loss of more than one-third of the original function is to provide emergency escape
web in a vertical position; and diameter of the outside wires. and rescue shall not be used as working
(v) When an outrigger beam is (v) Heat damage caused by a platforms. (This provision does not
used, the shackle or clevis with which the torch or any damage caused by contact with preclude the use of systems which are
rope is attached to the outrigger beam shall electrical wires. designed to function both as suspension
be placed directly over the center line of the (vi) Evidence that the secondary scaffolds and emergency systems.)
stirrup. brake has been activated during an over
(5) Suspension scaffold support speed condition and has engaged the (e) Access. This paragraph
devices such as cornice hooks, roof hooks, suspension rope. applies to scaffold access for all employees.
roof irons, parapet clamps, or similar (11) Swaged attachments or Access requirements for employees
devices shall be: spliced eyes on wire suspension ropes shall erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds
(I) Made of steel, wrought iron, not be used unless they are made by the are specifically addressed in paragraph
or materials of equivalent strength; wire rope manufacturer or a qualified (e)(9) of this section.
(ii) Supported by bearing blocks; person. (1) When scaffold platforms are
and (12) When wire rope clips are more than 2 feet (0.6 m) above or below a
(iii) Secured against movement used on suspension scaffolds: point of access, portable ladders, hook-on
by tiebacks installed at right angles to the (I) There shall be a minimum of ladders, attachable ladders, stair towers
face of the building or structure, or opposing 3 wire rope clips installed, with the clips a (scaffold stairways/towers), stairway-type
angle tiebacks shall be installed and minimum of 6 rope diameters apart; ladders (such as ladder stands), ramps,
secured to a structurally sound point of (ii) Clips shall be installed walkways, integral prefabricated scaffold
anchorage on the building or structure. according to the manufacturer's access, or direct access from another
Sound points of anchorage include recommendations; scaffold, structure, personnel hoist, or
structural members, but do not include (iii) Clips shall be retightened to similar surface shall be used. Cross braces
standpipes, vents, other piping systems, or the manufacturer's recommendations after shall not be used as a means of access.
electrical conduit. the initial loading; (2) Portable, hook-on, and
(iv) Tiebacks shall be equivalent (iv) Clips shall be inspected and attachable ladders (Additional requirements
in strength to the hoisting rope. retightened to the manufacturer's for the proper construction and use of
(6) When winding drum hoists recommendations at the start of each work portable ladders are contained in Subpart X
are used on a suspension scaffold, they shift thereafter; of this part--Stairways and Ladders):
shall contain not less than four wraps of the (v) U-bolt clips shall not be used (I) Portable, hook-on, and
suspension rope at the lowest point of at the point of suspension for any scaffold attachable ladders shall be positioned so as
scaffold travel. When other types of hoists hoist; not to tip the scaffold;
are used, the suspension ropes shall be (vi) When U-bolt clips are used, (ii) Hook-on and attachable
long enough to allow the scaffold to be the U-bolt shall be placed over the dead end ladders shall be positioned so that their
lowered to the level below without the rope of the rope, and the saddle shall be placed bottom rung is not more than 24 inches (61
end passing through the hoist, or the rope over the live end of the rope. cm) above the scaffold supporting level;
end shall be configured or provided with (13) Suspension scaffold (iii) When hook-on and
means to prevent the end from passing power-operated hoists and manual hoists attachable ladders are used on a supported
through the hoist. shall be tested and listed by a qualified scaffold more than 35 feet (10.7 m.) high,
(7) The use of repaired wire rope testing laboratory. they shall have rest platforms at 35-foot
as suspension rope is prohibited. (14) Gasoline-powered (10.7 m) maximum vertical intervals.
(8) Wire suspension ropes shall equipment and hoists shall not be used on (iv) Hook-on and attachable
not be joined together except through the suspension scaffolds. ladders shall be specifically designed for
use of eye splice thimbles connected with (15) Gears and brakes of use with the type of scaffold used;
shackles or cover plates and bolts. power-operated hoists used on suspension (v) Hook-on and attachable
(9) The load end of wire scaffolds shall be enclosed. ladders shall have a minimum rung length of
suspension ropes shall be equipped with (16) In addition to the normal 11-1/2 inches (29 cm); and
proper size thimbles and secured by eye operating brake, suspension scaffold power- (vi) Hook-on and attachable
splicing or equivalent means. operated hoists and manually operated ladders shall have uniformly spaced rungs
(10) Ropes shall be inspected hoists shall have a braking device or locking with a maximum spacing between rungs of
for defects by a competent person prior to pawl which engages automatically when a 16-3/4 inches.
each work shift and after every occurrence hoist makes either of the following (3) Stairway-type ladders shall:
which could affect a rope's integrity. Ropes uncontrolled movements: an instantaneous (I) be positioned such that their
shall be replaced if any of the following change in momentum or an accelerated bottom step is not more than 24 inches (61
conditions exist: over speed. cm) above the scaffold supporting level;

50
 (ii) be provided with rest (xiv) Tread depth shall be conditions and the type of scaffold being
platforms at 12 foot uniform, within 1/4 inch, for each flight of erected or dismantled.
(3.7 m) maximum vertical intervals; stairs. (5) Ramps and walkways. (ii) Hook-on or attachable ladders
(iii) have a minimum step width (I) Ramps and walkways 6 feet shall be installed as soon as scaffold
of 16 inches (41 cm), except that mobile (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall erection has progressed to a point that
scaffold stairway-type ladders shall have a have guardrail systems which comply with permits safe installation and use.
minimum step width of 11 ½ inches (30 Subpart M of this part--Fall Protection; (iii) When erecting or dismantling
cm); and (ii) No ramp or walkway shall be tubular welded frame scaffolds, (end)
(iv) have slip-resistant treads on inclined more than a slope of one (1) vertical frames, with horizontal members that are
all steps and landings. to three (3) horizontal (20 degrees above the parallel, level and are not more than 22
(4) Stair towers (scaffold horizontal). inches apart vertically may be used as
stairway/towers) shall be positioned such (iii) If the slope of a ramp or a climbing devices for
that their bottom step is not more than 24 walkway is steeper than one (1) vertical in access, provided they are erected in a
inches (61 cm.) above the scaffold eight (8) horizontal, the ramp or walkway manner that creates
supporting level. shall have cleats not more than fourteen a usable ladder and provides good hand
(I) A stairrail consisting of a (14) inches (35 cm) apart which are hold and foot space.
toprail and a midrail shall be provided on securely fastened to the planks to provide (iv) Cross braces on tubular
each side of each scaffold stairway. footing. welded frame scaffolds shall not be used as
(ii) The toprail of each stairrail (6) Integral prefabricated a means of access or egress.
system shall also be capable of serving as a scaffold access frames shall: (f) Use. (1) Scaffolds and
handrail, unless a separate handrail is (I) Be specifically designed and scaffold components shall not be loaded in
provided. constructed for use as ladder rungs; excess of their maximum intended loads or
(iii) Handrails, and toprails that (ii) Have a rung length of at least rated capacities, whichever is less.
serve as handrails, shall provide an 8 inches (20 cm); (iii) Not be used as (2) The use of shore or lean-to
adequate handhold for employees grasping work platforms when rungs are less than scaffolds is prohibited.
them to avoid falling. 11-1/2 inches in length, unless each (3) Scaffolds and scaffold
(iv) Stairrail systems and affected employee uses fall protection, or a components shall be inspected for visible
handrails shall be surfaced to prevent injury positioning device, which complies with defects by a competent person before each
to employees from punctures or lacerations, §1926.502; work shift, and after any occurrence which
and to prevent snagging of clothing. (iv) Be uniformly spaced within could affect a scaffold's structural integrity.
(v) The ends of stairrail systems each frame section; (4) Any part of a scaffold
and handrails shall be constructed so that (v) Be provided with rest damaged or
they do not constitute a projection hazard. platforms at 35-foot (10.7 m) maximum weakened such that its strength is less than
(vi) Handrails, and toprails that vertical intervals on all supported scaffolds that required by §§1926.451(a) shall be
are used as handrails, shall be at least 3 more than 35 feet (10.7 m) high; and immediately repaired or replaced, braced to
inches (7.6 cm) from other objects. (vi) Have a maximum spacing meet those provisions, or removed from
(vii) Stairrails shall be not less between rungs of 16 3/4 inches (43 cm). service until repaired.
than 28 inches Non-uniform rung spacing caused by joining (5) Scaffolds shall not be moved
(71 cm) nor more than 37 inches (94 cm) end frames together is allowed, provided the horizontally while employees are on them,
from the upper surface of the stairrail to the resulting spacing does not exceed 16-3/4 unless they have been designed by a
surface of the tread, in line with the face of inches (43 cm). registered professional engineer specifically
the riser at the forward edge of the tread. (7) Steps and rungs of ladder for such movement or, for mobile scaffolds,
(viii) A landing platform at least and stairway type access shall line up where the provisions of §1926.452(w) are
18 inches (45.7 cm) wide by at least 18 vertically with each other between rest followed.
inches (45.7 cm) long shall be provided at platforms. (6) The clearance between
each level. (8) Direct access to or from scaffolds and power lines shall be as
(ix) Each scaffold stairway shall another surface shall be used only when the follows: Scaffolds shall not be erected,
be at least 18 inches (45.7 cm) wide scaffold is not more than 14 inches (36 cm) used, dismantled, altered, or moved such
between stairrails. horizontally and not more than 24 inches (61 that they or any conductive material handled
(x) Treads and landings shall cm) vertically from the other surface. on them might come closer to exposed and
have slip-resistant surfaces. (9) Effective (insert date one energized power lines than as follows:
(xi) Stairways shall be installed year after publication in the Federal Exception: Scaffolds and
between 40 degrees and 60 degrees from Register), access for employees erecting or materials may be closer to power lines than
the horizontal. dismantling supported scaffolds shall be in specified above where such clearance is
(xii) Guardrails meeting the accordance with the following: necessary for performance of work, and
requirements of §1926.451(g)(4) shall be (I) The employer shall provide only after the utility company, or electrical
provided on the open sides and ends of safe means of access for each employee system operator, has been notified of the
each landing. erecting or dismantling a scaffold where the need to work closer and the utility company,
(xiii) Riser height shall be provision of safe access is feasible and or electrical system operator, has
uniform, within 1/4 inch, (0.6 cm) for each does not create a greater hazard. The deenergized the lines, relocated the lines, or
flight of stairs. Greater variations in riser employer shall have a competent person installed protective coverings to prevent
height are allowed for the top and bottom determine whether it is feasible or would accidental contact with the lines.
steps of the entire system, not for each pose a greater hazard to provide, and have (7) Scaffolds shall be erected,
flight of stairs. employees use a safe means of access. moved, dismantled, or altered only under the
This determination shall be based on site supervision and direction of a competent
person qualified in scaffold erection,

51
moving, dismantling or alteration. Such material that will not be damaged by the (iii) The ladder legs shall be on
activities shall be performed only by substance being used. the same platform or other means shall be
experienced and trained employees selected height of employees, except on large area provided to stabilize the ladder against
for such work by the competent person. scaffolds where employers have satisfied unequal platform deflection, and
(8) Employees shall be the following criteria: (iv) The ladder legs shall be
prohibited from working on scaffolds (12) Work on or from scaffolds secured to prevent them from slipping or
covered with snow, ice, or other slippery is prohibited during storms or high winds being pushed off the platform. platforms to
material except as necessary for removal of unless a competent person has determined increase the working level height of
such materials. that it is safe for employees to be on the employees.
(9) Where swinging loads are scaffold and those employees are protected (15) Ladders shall not be used
being hoisted onto or near scaffolds such by a personal fall arrest system or wind on scaffolds to increase the working
that the loads might contact the scaffold, tag screens. Wind screens shall not be used level(16) Platforms shall not deflect more
lines or equivalent measures to control the unless the scaffold is secured against the than 1/60 of the span when loaded.
loads shall be used. anticipated wind forces imposed. (17) To reduce the possibility of
(10) Suspension ropes (13) Debris shall not be allowed welding current arcing through the
supporting adjustable suspension scaffolds to accumulate on platforms. suspension wire rope when performing
shall be of a diameter large enough to (14) Makeshift devices, such as welding from suspended scaffolds, the
provide sufficient surface area for the but not limited to boxes and barrels, shall following precautions shall be taken, as
functioning of brake and hoist mechanisms. not be used on top of scaffold (I) When applicable:
(11) Suspension ropes shall be the ladder is placed against a structure (I) An insulated thimble shall be
shielded from heat-producing processes. which is not a part of the scaffold, the used to attach each suspension wire rope to
When acids or other corrosive substances scaffold shall be secured against the its hanging support (such as cornice hook
are used on a scaffold, the ropes shall be sideways thrust exerted by the ladder; or outrigger). Excess suspension wire rope
shielded, treated to protect against the (ii) The platform units shall be and any additional independent lines from
corrosive substances, or shall be of a secured to the scaffold to prevent their grounding shall be insulated;
movement;

NSULATED LINES VOLTAGE MINIMUM DISTANCE ALTERNATIVES

LESS THAN 300 VOLTS 3 FEET (0.9 M)

300 VOLTS TO 50 kv 10 FEET (3.1 M)

MORE THAN 50kv 10 FEET (3.1 M) PLUS .4 INCHES (.1 2 TIMES THE LENGTH OF THE LINE
cm) FOR EACH 1 kv OVER 50 kv INSULATOR, BUT NEVER LESS HAN
10 FEET (3.1 m).

UNINSULATED LINES
VOLTAGE MINIMUM DISTANCE ALTERNATIVES

LESS THAN 50 kv 10 FEET (3.1 M)

MORE THAN 50 kv 10 FEET (3.1 M) PLUS .4 INCHES (.1 2 TIMES THE LENGTH OF THE LINE
cm) FOR EACH 1 kv OVER 50 kv INSULATOR, BUT NEVER LESS
THAN 10 FEET (3.1 m).

(ii) The suspension wire rope shall be (v) If the scaffold grounding lead inches (24.1 cm) of and along at least one
covered with insulating material extending at is disconnected at any time, the welding side of the walkway.
least 4 feet (1.2 m) above the hoist. If there machine shall be shut off; and (vi) Each employee performing
is a tail line below the hoist, it shall be (vi) An active welding rod or overhand bricklaying operations from a
insulated to prevent contact with the uninsulated welding lead shall not be supported scaffold shall be protected from
platform. The portion of the tail line that allowed to contact the scaffold or its falling from all open sides and ends of the
hangs free below the scaffold shall be suspension system. scaffold (except at the side next to the wall
guided or retained, or both, so that it does being laid) by the use of a personal fall
not become grounded; (g) Fall protection. (1) Each arrest system or guardrail system (with
(iii) Each hoist shall be covered with employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet minimum 200 pound toprail capacity).
insulated protective covers; (3.1 m) above a lower level shall be
(iv) In addition to a work lead protected from falling to that lower level. (vii) For all scaffolds not
attachment required by the welding process, Paragraphs (g)(1)(I) through (vii) of this otherwise specified in paragraphs (g)(1)(I)
a grounding conductor shall be connected fall arrest system and a guardrail system through (g)(1)(vi) of this section, each
from the scaffold to the structure. The size (with minimum 200 pound toprail capacity) employee shall be protected by the use of
of this conductor shall be at least the size of when the platform is supported by ropes; personal fall arrest systems or guardrail
the welding process work lead, and this (v) Each employee on a walkway systems meeting the requirements of
conductor shall not be in series with the located within a scaffold shall be protected paragraph (g)(4), below.
welding process or the work piece; by a guardrail system (with minimum 200
pound toprail capacity) installed within 9 ½

52
 (2) Effective (insert date one (I) Guardrail systems shall be of at least 75 pounds (333 n) for guardrail
year after publication in the Federal installed along all open sides and ends of systems with a minimum 100 pound toprail
Register), the employer shall have a platforms. Guardrail systems shall be capacity, and at least 150 pounds (666 n)
competent person determine the feasibility installed before the scaffold is released for for guardrail systems with a minimum 200
and safety of providing fall protection for use by employees other than pound toprail capacity.
employees erecting or dismantling erection/dismantling crews. (x) Suspension scaffold hoists
supported scaffolds. Employers are (ii) The top edge height of and non-walk-through stirrups may be used
required to provide fall protection for toprails or equivalent member on supported as end guardrails, if the space between the
employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds manufactured or placed in service hoist or stirrup and the side guardrail or
supported scaffolds where the installation after January 1, 2000 shall be installed structure does not allow passage of an
and use of such protection is feasible and between 38 inches (0.97 m) and 45 inches employee to the end of the scaffold.
does not create a greater hazard. (1.2 m) above the platform surface. The top (xi) Guardrails shall be surfaced
(3) In addition to meeting the edge height on supported scaffolds to prevent injury to an employee from
requirements of §1926.502(d), personal fall manufactured and placed in service before punctures or lacerations, and to prevent
arrest systems used on scaffolds shall be January 1, 2000, and on all suspended snagging of clothing.
attached by lanyard to a vertical lifeline, scaffolds where both a guardrail and a (xii) The ends of all rails shall not
horizontal lifeline, or scaffold structural personal fall arrest system are required shall overhang the terminal posts except when
member. Vertical lifelines shall not be used be between 36 inches (0.9 m) and 45 such overhang does not constitute a
when overhead components, such as inches (1.2 m). When conditions warrant, projection hazard to employees.
overhead protection or additional platform the height of the top edge may exceed the (xiii) Steel or plastic banding
levels, are part of a single-point or two-point 45-inch height, provided the guardrail shall not be used as a toprail or midrail.
adjustable suspension scaffold. system meets all other criteria of paragraph (xiv) Manila or plastic (or other
(I) When vertical lifelines are (g)(4). synthetic) rope being used for toprails or
used, they shall be fastened to a fixed safe (iii) When midrails, screens, midrails shall be inspected by a competent
point of anchorage, shall be independent of mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid person as frequently as necessary to ensure
the scaffold, and shall be protected from panels, or equivalent structural members that it continues to meet the strength
sharp edges and abrasion. Safe points of are used, they shall be installed between the requirements of §1926.451(g).
anchorage include structural members of top edge of the guardrail system and the (xv) Cross bracing is acceptable
buildings, but do not include standpipes, scaffold platform. in place of a midrail when the crossing point
vents, other piping systems, electrical (iv) When midrails are used, they of two braces is between 20 inches (0.5 m)
conduit, outrigger beams, or shall be installed at a height approximately and 30 inches (0.8 m) above the work
counterweights. midway between the top edge of the platform or as a toprail when the crossing
(ii) When horizontal lifelines are guardrail system and the platform surface. point of two braces is between 38 inches
used, they shall be secured to two or more (v) When screens and mesh are (0.97 m) and 48 inches (1.3 m) above the
structural members of the scaffold, or they used, they shall extend from the top edge of work platform. The end points at each
may be looped around both suspension and the guardrail system to the scaffold upright shall be no more than 48 inches (1.3
independent suspension lines (on scaffolds platform, and along the entire opening m) apart.
so equipped) above the hoist and brake between the supports.
attached to the end of the scaffold. (vi) When intermediate members (h) Falling object protection. (1)
Horizontal lifelines shall not be attached only (such as balusters or additional rails) are In addition to wearing hardhats each
to the suspension ropes. used, they shall not be more than 19 inches employee on a scaffold shall be provided
(iii) When lanyards are (48 cm) apart. with additional protection from falling hand
connected to horizontal lifelines or structural (vii) Each toprail or equivalent tools, debris, and other small objects
members on a single-point or two-point member of a guardrail system shall be through the installation of toeboards,
adjustable suspension scaffold, the scaffold capable of withstanding, without failure, a screens, or guardrail systems, or through
shall be equipped with additional force applied in any downward or horizontal the erection of debris nets, catch platforms,
independent support lines and automatic direction at any point along its top edge of at or canopy structures that contain or deflect
locking devices capable of stopping the fall least 100 pounds (445 n) for guardrail the falling objects. When the falling objects
of the scaffold in the event one or both of systems installed on single-point adjustable are too large, heavy or massive to be
the suspension ropes fail. The independent suspension scaffolds or two-point contained or deflected by any of the above-
support lines shall be equal in number and adjustable suspension scaffolds, and at listed measures, the employer shall place
strength to the suspension ropes. least 200 pounds (890 n) for guardrail such potential falling objects away from the
(iv) Vertical lifelines, independent systems installed on all other scaffolds. edge of the surface from which they could
support lines, and suspension ropes shall (viii) When the loads specified in fall and shall secure those materials as
not be attached to each other, nor shall they paragraph (g)(4)(vii) of this section are necessary to prevent their falling.
be attached to or use the same point of applied in a downward direction, the top (2) Where there is a danger of
anchorage, nor shall they be attached to the edge shall not drop below the height above tools, materials, or equipment falling from a
same point on the scaffold or personal fall the platform surface that is prescribed in scaffold and striking employees below, the
arrest system. paragraph (g)(4)(ii) above. following provisions apply:
(4) Guardrail systems installed to (ix) Midrails, screens, mesh, (I) The area below the scaffold to
meet the requirements of this section shall intermediate vertical members, solid panels, which objects can fall shall be barricaded,
comply with the following provisions and equivalent structural members of a and employees shall not be permitted to
(guardrail systems built in accordance with guardrail system shall be capable of enter the hazard area; or
Appendix A will be deemed to meet the withstanding, without failure, a force applied (ii) A toeboard shall be erected
requirements of paragraphs (g)(4)(vii), (viii), in any downward or horizontal direction at along the edge of platforms more than 10
and (ix) of this section): any point along the midrail or other member feet (3.1 m) above lower levels for a

53
distance sufficient to protect employees (a) Pole scaffolds. (1) When be installed at the bearer levels between the
below, except on float (ship) scaffolds platforms are being moved to the next level, transverse bracing and shall conform to the
where an edging of 3/4 x 1-1/2 inch (2 x 4 the existing platform shall be left requirements of §1926.451(c)(1).
cm) wood or equivalent may be used in lieu undisturbed until the new bearers have been (3) On straight run scaffolds,
of toeboards; set in place and braced, prior to receiving longitudinal bracing across the inner and
(iii) Where tools, materials, or the new platforms. outer rows of posts shall be installed
equipment are piled to a height higher than (2) Cross bracing shall be diagonally in both directions, and shall
the top edge of the toeboard, paneling or installed between the inner and outer sets of extend from the base of the end posts
screening extending from the toeboard or poles on double pole scaffolds. upward to the top of the scaffold at
platform to the top of the guardrail shall be (3) Diagonal bracing in both approximately a 45 degree angle. On
erected for a distance sufficient to protect directions shall be installed across the entire scaffolds whose length is greater than their
employees below, or inside face of double-pole scaffolds used to height, such bracing shall be repeated
(iv) A guardrail system shall be support loads equivalent to a uniformly beginning at least at every fifth post. On
installed with openings small enough to distributed load of 50 pounds (222 kg) or scaffolds whose length is less than their
prevent passage of potential falling objects, more per square foot (929 square cm). height, such bracing shall be installed from
or (4) Diagonal bracing in both the base of the end posts upward to the
(v) A canopy structure, debris directions shall be installed across the entire opposite end posts, and then in alternating
net, or catch platform strong enough to outside face of all double- and single-pole directions until reaching the top of the
withstand the impact forces of the potential scaffolds. scaffold. Bracing shall be installed as close
falling objects shall be erected over the (5) Runners and bearers shall be as possible to the intersection of the bearer
employees below. installed on edge. and post or runner and post.
(3) Canopies, when used for (6) Bearers shall extend a (4) Where conditions preclude
falling object protection, shall comply with minimum of 3 inches (7.6 cm) over the the attachment of bracing to posts, bracing
the following criteria: outside edges of runners. shall be attached to the runners as close to
(I) Canopies shall be installed (7) Runners shall extend over a the post as possible.
between the falling object hazard and the minimum of two poles, and shall be (5) Bearers shall be installed
employees. supported by bearing blocks securely transversely between posts, and when
(ii) When canopies are used on attached to the poles. coupled to the posts, shall have the inboard
suspension scaffolds for falling object (8) Braces, bearers, and runners coupler bear directly on the runner coupler.
protection, the scaffold shall be equipped shall not be spliced between poles. When the bearers are coupled to the
with additional independent support lines (9) Where wooden poles are runners, the couplers shall be as close to
equal in number to the number of points spliced, the ends shall be squared and the the posts as possible.
supported, and equivalent in strength to the upper section shall rest squarely on the (6) Bearers shall extend beyond
strength of the suspension ropes. lower section. Wood splice plates shall be the posts and runners, and shall provide full
(iii) Independent support lines provided on at least two adjacent sides, and contact with the coupler.
and suspension ropes shall not be attached shall extend at least 2 feet(0.6 m) on either (7) Runners shall be installed
to the same points of anchorage. side of the splice, overlap the abutted ends along the length of the scaffold, located on
(4) Where used, toeboards shall equally, and have at least the same cross- both the inside and outside posts at level
be: sectional areas as the pole. Splice plates of heights (when tube and coupler guardrails
(I) Capable of withstanding, other materials of equivalent strength may and midrails are used on outside posts, they
without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds be used. may be used in lieu of outside runners).
(222 n) applied in any downward or (10) Pole scaffolds over 60 feet (8) Runners shall be interlocked
horizontal direction at any point along the in height shall be designed by a registered on straight runs to form continuous lengths,
toeboard (toeboards built in accordance with professional engineer, and shall be and shall be coupled to each post. The
Appendix A will be deemed to meet this constructed and loaded in accordance with bottom runners and bearers shall be located
requirement); and that design. Non-mandatory Appendix A as close to the base as possible.
(ii) At least three and one-half contains examples of criteria that will enable (9) Couplers shall be of a
inches (9 cm) high from the top edge of the an employer to comply with design and structural metal, such as drop-forged steel,
toe board to the level of the walking/working loading requirements for pole scaffolds malleable iron, or structural grade
surface. Toeboards shall be securely under 60 feet in height. aluminum. The use of gray cast iron is
fastened in place at the outermost edge of prohibited.
the platform and have not more than 1/4 (b) Tube and coupler scaffolds. (10) Tube and coupler scaffolds
inch (0.7 cm) clearance above the (1) When platforms are being moved to the over 125 feet in height shall be designed by
walking/working surface. Toeboards shall next level, the existing platform shall be left a registered professional engineer, and shall
be solid or with openings not over one inch undisturbed until the new bearers have been be constructed and loaded in accordance
(2.5 cm) in the greatest dimension. set in place and braced prior to receiving the with such design. Non-mandatory Appendix
new platforms. A contains examples of criteria that will
§1926.452 Additional requirements (2) Transverse bracing forming enable an employer to comply with design
applicable to specific types of scaffolds. an "X" across the width of the scaffold shall and loading requirements for tube and
In addition to the applicable be installed at the scaffold ends and at least coupler scaffolds under 125 feet in height.
requirements of §1926.451, the following at every third set of posts horizontally
requirements apply to the specific types of (measured from only one end) and every (c) Fabricated frame scaffolds
scaffolds indicated. Scaffolds not fourth runner vertically. Bracing shall (tubular welded frame scaffolds).
specifically addressed by §1926.452, such extend diagonally from the inner or outer (1) When moving platforms to
as but not limited to systems scaffolds, posts or runners upward to the next outer or the next level, the existing platform shall be
must meet the requirements of §1926.451. inner posts or runners. Building ties shall left undisturbed until the new end frames

54
have been set in place and braced prior to arranged more than two tiers or 10 feet (3.0 in contact with the overhead beams or
receiving the new platforms. m) in height, whichever is less. ceiling, or by means of tension members
(2) Frames and panels shall be (2) When horses are arranged in secured to the floor joists underfoot, or by
braced by cross, horizontal, or diagonal tiers, each horse shall be placed directly both.
braces, or combination thereof, which over the horse in the tier below. (6) The entire supporting
secure vertical members together laterally. (3) When horses are arranged in structure shall be securely braced to prevent
The cross braces shall be of such length as tiers, the legs of each horse shall be nailed any horizontal movement.
will automatically square and align vertical down or otherwise secured to prevent (7) To prevent their
members so that the erected scaffold is displacement. displacement, platform units shall be nailed,
always plumb, level, and square. All brace (4) When horses are arranged in bolted, or otherwise secured to outriggers.
connections shall be secured. tiers, each tier shall be cross braced. (8) Scaffolds and scaffold
(3) Frames and panels shall be components shall be designed by a
joined together vertically by coupling or (g) Form scaffolds and registered professional engineer and shall
stacking pins or equivalent means. carpenters' bracket scaffolds. be constructed and loaded in accordance
(4) Where uplift can occur which (1) Each bracket, except those for wooden with such design.
would displace scaffold end frames or bracket-form scaffolds, shall be attached to (j) Pump jack scaffolds. (1)
panels, the frames or panels shall be locked the supporting form work or structure by Pump jack brackets, braces, and
together vertically by pins or equivalent means of one or more of the following: accessories shall be fabricated from metal
means. nails; a metal stud attachment device; plates and angles. Each pump jack bracket
(5) Brackets used to support welding; hooking over a secured structural shall have two positive gripping
cantilevered loads shall: supporting member, with the form wales mechanisms to prevent any failure or
(I) be seated with side-brackets either bolted to the form or secured by snap slippage.
parallel to the frames and end-brackets at ties or tie bolts extending through the form (2) Poles shall be secured to the
90 degrees to the frames; and securely anchored; or, for carpenters' structure by rigid triangular bracing or
(ii) not be bent or twisted from bracket scaffolds only, by a bolt extending equivalent at the bottom, top, and other
these positions; and through to the opposite side of the points as necessary. When the pump jack
(iii) be used only to support structure's wall. has to pass bracing already installed, an
personnel, unless the scaffold has been (2) Wooden bracket-form additional brace shall be installed
designed for other loads by a qualified scaffolds shall be an integral part of the approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) above the
engineer and built to withstand the tipping form panel. brace to be passed, and shall be left in
forces caused by those other loads being (3) Folding type metal brackets, place until the pump jack has been moved
placed on the bracket-supported section of when extended for use, shall be either and the original brace reinstalled.
the scaffold. bolted or secured with a locking-type pin. (3) When guardrails are used for
(6) Scaffolds over 125 feet (38.0 fall protection, a workbench may be used as
m) in height above their base plates shall be (h) Roof bracket scaffolds. (1) the toprail only if it meets all the
designed by a registered professional Scaffold brackets shall be constructed to fit requirements in paragraphs (g)(4)(ii), (vii),
engineer, and shall be constructed and the pitch of the roof and shall provide a level (viii), and (xiii) of §1926.451.
loaded in accordance with such design. support for the platform. (4) Work benches shall not be
(d) Plasterers', decorators', and (2) Brackets (including those used as scaffold platforms.
large area scaffolds. Scaffolds shall be provided with pointed metal projections) (5) When poles are made of
constructed in accordance with paragraphs shall be anchored in place by nails unless it wood, the pole lumber shall be straight-
(a), (b), or (c) of this section, as appropriate.
is impractical to use nails. When nails are grained, free of shakes, large loose or dead
not used, brackets shall be secured in place knots, and other defects which might impair
(e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds with first-grade manila rope of at least three- strength.
(squares). (1) Scaffolds made of wood fourth inch (1.9 cm) diameter, or equivalent. (6) When wood poles are
shall be reinforced with gussets on both constructed of two continuous lengths, they
sides of each corner. (I) Outrigger scaffolds. (1) The shall be joined together with the seam
(2) Diagonal braces shall be inboard end of outrigger beams, measured parallel to the bracket.
installed on all sides of each square. from the fulcrum point to the extreme point (7) When two by fours are
(3) Diagonal braces shall be of anchorage, shall be not less than one and spliced to make a pole, mending plates shall
installed between squares on the rear and one-half times the outboard end in length. be installed at all splices to develop the full
front sides of the scaffold, and shall extend (2) Outrigger beams fabricated strength of the member.
from the bottom of each square to the top of in the shape of an I-beam or channel shall
the next square. be placed so that the web section is (k) Ladder jack scaffolds. (1)
(4) Scaffolds shall not exceed vertical. Platforms shall not exceed a height of 20
three tiers in height, and shall be so (3) The fulcrum point of outrigger feet (6.1 m).
constructed and arranged that one square beams shall rest on secure bearings at least (2) All ladders used to support
rests directly above the other. The upper 6 inches (15.2 cm) in each horizontal ladder jack scaffolds shall meet the
tiers shall stand on a continuous row of dimension. requirements of subpart X of this part--
planks laid across the next lower tier, and (4) Outrigger beams shall be Stairways and Ladders, except that job-
shall be nailed down or otherwise secured to secured in place against movement, and made ladders shall not be used to support
prevent displacement. shall be securely braced at the fulcrum point ladder jack scaffolds.
against tipping. (3) The ladder jack shall be so
(f) Horse scaffolds. (1) (5) The inboard ends of outrigger designed and constructed that it will bear on
Scaffolds shall not be constructed or beams shall be securely anchored either by the side rails and ladder rungs or on the
means of braced struts bearing against sills ladder rungs alone. If bearing on rungs

55
only, the bearing area shall include a length (iii) The supporting rope is (5) Two-point scaffolds shall not
of at least 10 inches (25.4 cm) on each protected to ensure that it will not chafe at be bridged or otherwise connected one to
rung. any point where a change in direction another during raising and lowering
(4) Ladders used to support occurs, and operations unless the bridge connections
ladder jacks shall be placed, fastened, or (iv) The scaffold is positioned so are articulated (attached), and the hoists
equipped with devices to prevent slipping. that swinging cannot bring the scaffold into properly sized.
(5) Scaffold platforms shall not contact with another surface. (6) Passage may be made from
be bridged one to another. (3) Boatswains' chair tackle shall one platform to another only when the
(l) Window jack scaffolds. (1) consist of correct size ball bearings or platforms are at the same height, are
Scaffolds shall be securely attached to the bushed blocks containing safety hooks and abutting, and walk-through stirrups
window opening. properly "eye-spliced" minimum five-eighth specifically designed for this purpose are
(2) Scaffolds shall be used only (5/8) inch (1.6 cm) diameter first-grade used.
for the purpose of working at the window manila rope, or other rope which will satisfy
opening through which the jack is placed. the criteria (e.g., strength and durability) of (q) Multi-point adjustable
(3) Window jacks shall not be manila rope. suspension scaffolds, stone setters' multi-
used to support planks placed between one (4) Boatswains' chair seat slings point adjustable suspension scaffolds, and
window jack and another, or for other shall be reeved through four corner holes in masons' multi-point adjustable suspension
elements of scaffolding. the seat; shall cross each other on the scaffolds.
underside of the seat; and shall be rigged so (1) When two or more scaffolds
(m) Crawling boards (chicken as to prevent slippage which could cause an are used they shall not be bridged one to
ladders). (1) Crawling boards shall extend out-of-level condition. another unless they are designed to be
from the roof peak to the eaves when used (5) Boatswains' chair seat slings bridged, the bridge connections are
in connection with roof construction, repair, shall be a minimum of five-eight (5/8) inch articulated, and the hoists are properly
or maintenance. (1.6 cm) diameter fiber, synthetic, or other sized.
(2) Crawling boards shall be rope which will satisfy the criteria (e.g., (2) If bridges are not used,
secured to the roof by ridge hooks or by strength, slip resistance, durability, etc.) of passage may be made from one platform to
means that meet equivalent criteria (e.g., first grade manila rope. another only when the platforms are at the
strength and durability). (6) When a heat-producing same height and are abutting.
process such as gas or arc welding is being (3) Scaffolds shall be suspended
(n) Step, platform, and trestle conducted, boatswains' chair seat slings from metal outriggers, brackets, wire rope
ladder scaffolds. (1) Scaffold platforms shall be a minimum of three-eight (3/8) inch slings, hooks, or means that meet
shall not be placed any higher than the (1.0 cm) wire rope. equivalent criteria (e.g., strength, durability).
second highest rung or step of the ladder (7) Non-cross-laminated wood
supporting the platform. boatswains' chairs shall be reinforced on (r) Catenary scaffolds. (1) No
(2) All ladders used in their underside by cleats securely fastened more than one platform shall be placed
conjunction with step, platform and trestle to prevent the board from splitting. between consecutive vertical pickups, and
ladder scaffolds shall meet the pertinent no more than two platforms shall be used on
requirements of subpart X of this part-- (p) Two-point adjustable a catenary scaffold.
Stairways and Ladders, except that job- suspension scaffolds (swing stages). (2) Platforms supported by wire
made ladders shall not be used to support NOTE: The following requirements do not ropes shall have hook- shaped stops on
such scaffolds. apply to two-point adjustable suspension each end of the platforms to prevent them
(3) Ladders used to support scaffolds used as masons' or stone setters' from slipping off the wire ropes. These
step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds scaffolds. Such scaffolds are covered by hooks shall be so placed that they will
shall be placed, fastened, or equipped with paragraph (q) of this section. prevent the platform from falling if one of the
devices to prevent slipping. horizontal wire ropes breaks.
(4) Scaffolds shall not be (1) Platforms shall not be more (3) Wire ropes shall not be
bridged one to another. than 36 inches (0.9 m) wide unless tightened to the extent that the application of
designed by a qualified person to prevent a scaffold load will over stress them.
(o) Single-point adjustable unstable conditions. (4) Wire ropes shall be
suspension scaffolds. (1) When two (2) The platform shall be continuous and without splices between
single-point adjustable suspension securely fastened to hangers (stirrups) by anchors.
scaffolds are combined to form a two-point U-bolts or by other means which satisfy the
adjustable suspension scaffold, the requirements of §1926.451(a). (s) Float (ship) scaffolds. (1)
resulting two-point scaffold shall comply (3) The blocks for fiber or The platform shall be supported by a
with the requirements for two-point synthetic ropes shall consist of at least one minimum of two bearers, each of which
adjustable suspension scaffolds in double and one single block. The sheaves shall project a minimum of 6 inches (15.2
paragraph (p), below. of all blocks shall fit the size of the rope cm) beyond the platform on both sides.
(2) The supporting rope between used. Each bearer shall be securely fastened to
the scaffold and the suspension device shall (4) Platforms shall be of the the platform.
be kept vertical unless all of the following ladder-type, plank-type, beam-type, or light- (2) Rope connections shall be
conditions are met: metal type. Light metal-type platforms such that the platform cannot shift or slip.
(I) The rigging has been having a rated capacity of 750 pounds or (3) When only two ropes are
designed by a qualified person, and less and platforms 40 feet (12.2 m) or less used with each float:
(ii) The scaffold is accessible to in length shall be tested and listed by a (I) They shall be arranged so as
rescuers, and nationally recognized testing laboratory. to provide four ends which are securely
fastened to overhead supports.

56
 (ii) Each supporting rope shall be (I) Scaffolds constructed of tube (x) Repair bracket scaffolds.
hitched around one end of the bearer and and coupler components shall also comply (1) Brackets shall be secured in
pass under the platform to the other end of with the requirements of §1926.452(b); place by at least one wire rope at least ½
the bearer where it is hitched again, leaving (ii) Scaffolds constructed of inch (1.27 cm) in diameter.
sufficient rope at each end for the fabricated frame components shall also (2) Each bracket shall be
supporting ties. comply with the requirements of attached to the securing wire rope (or ropes)
§1926.452(c). by a positive locking device capable of
(t) Interior hung scaffolds. (1) (2) Scaffold casters and wheels preventing the unintentional detachment of
Scaffolds shall be suspended only from the shall be locked with positive wheel and/or the bracket from the rope, or by equivalent
roof structure or other structural member wheel and swivel locks, or equivalent means.
such as ceiling beams. means, to prevent movement of the scaffold (3) Each bracket, at the contact
(2) Overhead supporting while the scaffold is used in a stationary point between the supporting structure and
members (roof structure, ceiling beams, or manner. the bottom of the bracket, shall be provided
other structural members) shall be (3) Manual force used to move with a shoe (heel block or foot) capable of
inspected and checked for strength before the scaffold shall be applied as close to the preventing the lateral movement of the
the scaffold is erected. base as practicable, but not more than 5 bracket.
(3) Suspension ropes and cables feet (1.5 m) above the supporting surface. (4) Platforms shall be secured to
shall be connected to the overhead (4) Power systems used to the brackets in a manner that will prevent
supporting members by shackles, clips, propel mobile scaffolds shall be designed the separation of the platforms from the
thimbles, or other means that meet for such use. Forklifts, trucks, similar motor brackets and the movement of the platforms
equivalent criteria (e.g., strength, durability). vehicles or add-on motors shall not be used or the brackets on a completed scaffold.
to propel scaffolds unless the scaffold is (5) When a wire rope is placed
(u) Needle beam scaffolds. (1) designed for such propulsion systems. around the structure in order to provide a
Scaffold support beams shall be installed on (5) Scaffolds shall be stabilized safe anchorage for personal fall arrest
edge. to prevent tipping during movement. systems used by employees erecting or
(2) Ropes or hangers shall be (6) Employees shall not be dismantling scaffolds, the wire rope shall
used for supports, except that one end of a allowed to ride on scaffolds unless the meet the requirements of subpart M of this
needle beam scaffold may be supported by following conditions exist: part, but shall be at least 5/16 inch (0.8 cm)
a permanent structural member. (I) The surface on which the in diameter.
(3) The ropes shall be securely scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees (6) Each wire rope used for
attached to the needle beams. of level, and free of pits, holes, and securing brackets in place or as an
(4) The support connection shall obstructions; anchorage for personal fall arrest systems
be arranged so as to prevent the needle (ii) The height to base width ratio shall be protected from damage due to
beam from rolling or becoming displaced. of the scaffold during movement is two to contact with edges, corners, protrusions, or
(5) Platform units shall be one or less, unless the scaffold is designed other discontinuities of the supporting
securely attached to the needle beams by and constructed to meet or exceed structure or scaffold components.
bolts or equivalent means. Cleats and nationally recognized stability test (7) Tensioning of each wire rope
overhang are not considered to be adequate requirements such as those listed in used for securing brackets in place or as an
means of attachment. paragraph (x) of Appendix A to this subpart anchorage for personal fall arrest systems
(ANSI/SIA A92.5 and A92.6); shall be by means of a turnbuckle at least 1
(v) Multi-level suspended (iii) Outrigger frames, when inch (2.54 cm) in diameter, or by equivalent
scaffolds. (1) Scaffolds shall be equipped used, are installed on both sides of the means.
with additional independent support lines, scaffold; (8) Each turnbuckle shall be
equal in number to the number of points (iv) When power systems are connected to the other end of its rope by
supported, and of equivalent strength to the used, the propelling force is applied directly use of an eye splice thimble of a size
suspension ropes, and rigged to support the to the wheels, and does not produce a appropriate to the turnbuckle to which it is
scaffold in the event the suspension rope(s) speed in excess of 1 foot per second (.3 attached.
fail. mps); and (9) U-bolt wire rope clips shall not
(2) Independent support lines (v) No employee is on any part of be used on any wire rope used to secure
and suspension ropes shall not be attached the scaffold which extends outward beyond brackets or to serve as an anchor for
to the same points of anchorage. the wheels, casters, or other supports. personal fall arrest systems.
(3) Supports for platforms shall (7) Platforms shall not extend (10) The employer shall ensure
be attached directly to the support stirrup outward beyond the base supports of the that materials shall not be dropped to the
and not to any other platform. scaffold unless outrigger frames or outside of the supporting structure.
equivalent devices are used to ensure (11) Scaffold erection shall
(w) Mobile scaffolds. (1) stability. progress in only one direction around any
Scaffolds shall be braced by cross, (8) Where leveling of the structure.
horizontal, or diagonal braces, or scaffold is necessary, screw jacks or
combination thereof, to prevent racking or equivalent means shall be used. (y) Stilts
collapse of the scaffold and to secure (9) Caster stems and wheel Stilts, when used, shall be used
vertical members together laterally so as to stems shall be pinned or otherwise secured in accordance with the following
automatically square and align the vertical in scaffold legs or adjustment screws. requirements:
members. Scaffolds shall be plumb, level, (10) Before a scaffold is moved, (1) An employee may wear stilts
and squared. All brace connections shall each employee on the scaffold shall be on a scaffold only if it is a large area
be secured. made aware of the move. scaffold.

57
 (2) When an employee is using (2) Extensible and articulating equivalent test for the purpose of this
stilts on a large area scaffold where a boom platforms. (I) Lift controls shall be paragraph (b)(3).
guardrail system is used to provide fall tested each day prior to use to determine (4) Bursting safety factor. The
protection, the guardrail system shall be that such controls are in safe working provisions of the American National
increased in height by an amount equal to condition. Standards Institute standard ANSI
the height of the stilts being used by the (ii) Only authorized persons shall A92.2-1969, section 4.9 Bursting Safety
employee. operate an aerial lift. Factor shall apply to all critical hydraulic and
(3) Surfaces on which stilts are (iii) Belting off to an adjacent pneumatic components. Critical
used shall be flat and free of pits, holes and pole, structure, or equipment while working components are those in which a failure
obstructions, such as debris, as well as from an aerial lift shall not be permitted. would result in a free fall or free rotation of
other tripping and falling hazards. (iv) Employees shall always stand the boom. All noncritical components shall
(4) Stilts shall be properly firmly on the floor of the basket, and shall have a bursting safety factor of at least 2 to
maintained. Any alteration of the original not sit or climb on the edge of the basket or 1.
equipment shall be approved by the use planks, ladders, or other devices for a (5) Welding standards. All
manufacturer. work position. welding shall conform to the following
(v) A body belt shall be worn and standards as applicable:
§1926.556 is redesignated as §1926.453 a lanyard attached to the boom or basket (I) Standard Qualification
and is revised to read as follows: when working from an aerial lift. Procedure, AWS B3.0-41.
1926.453 Aerial lifts. (vi) Boom and basket load limits (ii) Recommended Practices for
(a) General requirements. (1) specified by the manufacturer shall not be Automotive Welding Design, AWS D8.4-61.
Unless otherwise provided in this section, exceeded. (iii) Standard Qualification of
aerial lifts acquired for use on or after the (vii) The brakes shall be set and Welding Procedures and Welders for
effective date of this section shall be when outriggers are used, they shall be Piping and Tubing, AWS D10.9-69.
designed and constructed in conformance positioned on pads or a solid surface. (iv) Specifications for Welding
with the applicable requirements of the Wheel chocks shall be installed before Highway and Railway Bridges, AWS
American National Standards for "Vehicle using an aerial lift on an incline, provided D2.0-69.
Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work they can be safely installed. NOTE: Non-mandatory Appendix C lists
Platforms," ANSI A92.2-1969, including (viii) An aerial lift truck shall not examples of national consensus standards
appendix. Aerial lifts acquired before the be moved when the boom is elevated in a that are considered to provide employee
effective date of this section, which do not working position with men in the basket, protection equivalent to that provided
meet the requirements of ANSI A92.2-1969, except for equipment which is specifically through the application of ANSI A92.2-
may not be used after January 1, 1976, designed for this type of operation in 1969, where appropriate. This incorporation
unless they shall have been modified so as accordance with the provisions of by reference was approved by the Director
to conform with the applicable design and paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section. of the Federal Register in accordance with 5
construction requirements of ANSI (ix) Articulating boom and U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies
A92.2-1969. Aerial lifts include the following extensible boom platforms, primarily may be obtained from the American National
types of vehicle-mounted aerial devices designed as personnel carriers, shall have Standards Institute. Copies may be
used to elevate personnel to job-sites above both platform (upper) and lower controls. inspected at the Docket Office,
ground: (I) Extensible boom platforms; (ii) Upper controls shall be in or beside the Occupational Safety and Health
aerial ladders; (iii) articulating boom platform within easy reach of the operator. Administration, U.S. Department of Labor,
platforms; (iv) vertical towers; and (v) a Lower controls shall provide for overriding 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., room
combination of any of the above. Aerial the upper controls. Controls shall be plainly N2634, Washington, DC or at the Office of
equipment may be made of metal, wood, marked as to their function. Lower level the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol
fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), or other controls shall not be operated unless Street, NW., suite 700, Washington, DC.
material; may be powered or manually permission has been obtained from the
operated; and are deemed to be aerial lifts employee in the lift, except in case of §1926.454 Training requirements.
whether or not they are capable of rotating emergency. NOTE: This section supplements
about a substantially vertical axis. (x) Climbers shall not be worn and clarifies the requirements of
(2) Aerial lifts may be "field while performing work from an aerial lift. §1926.21(b)(2) as these relate to the
modified" for uses other than those intended (xi) The insulated portion of an hazards of work on scaffolds.
by the manufacturer provided the aerial lift shall not be altered in any manner (a) The employer shall have each
modification has been certified in writing by that might reduce its insulating value. employee who performs work while on a
the manufacturer or by any other equivalent (xii) Before moving an aerial lift scaffold trained by a person qualified in the
entity, such as a nationally recognized for travel, the boom(s) shall be inspected to subject matter to recognize the hazards
testing laboratory, to be in conformity with all see that it is properly cradled and outriggers associated with the type of scaffold being
applicable provisions of ANSI A92.2-1969 are in stowed position except as provided in used and to understand the procedures to
and this section and to be at least as safe paragraph (b)(2)(viii) of this section. control or minimize those hazards. The
as the equipment was before modification. (3) Electrical tests. All electrical training shall include the following areas, as
(b) Specific requirements. (1) tests shall conform to the requirements of applicable:
Ladder trucks and tower trucks. Aerial ANSI A92.2-1969 section 5. However (1) The nature of any electrical
ladders shall be secured in the lower equivalent d.c. voltage tests may be used in hazards, fall hazards and falling object
traveling position by the locking device on lieu of the a.c. voltage specified in hazards in the work area;
top of the truck cab, and the manually A92.2-1969; d.c. voltage tests which are (2) The correct procedures for
operated device at the base of the ladder approved by the equipment manufacturer or dealing with electrical hazards and for
before the truck is moved for highway travel. equivalent entity shall be considered an erecting, maintaining, and disassembling

58
the fall protection systems and falling object (c) When the employer has This Appendix provides non-mandatory
protection systems being used; reason to believe that an employee lacks the guidelines to assist employers in complying
(3) The proper use of the skill or understanding needed for safe work with the requirements of subpart L of this
scaffold, and the proper handling of involving the erection, use or dismantling of part. An employer may use these guidelines
materials on the scaffold; scaffolds, the employer shall retrain each and tables as a starting point for designing
(4) The maximum intended load such employee so that the requisite scaffold systems. However, the guidelines
and the load-carrying capacities of the proficiency is regained. Retraining is do not provide all the information necessary
scaffolds used; and required in at least the following situations: to build a complete system, and the
(5) Any other pertinent (1) Where changes at the employer is still responsible for designing
requirements of this subpart. worksite present a hazard about and assembling these components in such
(b) The employer shall have which an employee has not been a way that the completed system will meet
each employee who is involved in erecting, previously trained; or the requirements of final rule §1926.451(a).
disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, (2) Where changes in the types Scaffold components which are not selected
maintaining, or inspecting a scaffold trained of scaffolds, fall protection, falling and loaded in accordance with this
by a competent person to recognize any object protection, or other Appendix, and components for which no
hazards associated with the work in equipment present a hazard specific guidelines or tables are given in this
question. The training shall include the about which an employee has not Appendix (e.g., joints, ties, components for
following topics, as applicable: been previously trained; or wood pole scaffolds more than 60 feet in
(1) The nature of scaffold (3) Where inadequacies in an height, components for heavy-duty horse
hazards; affected employee's work scaffolds, components made with other
(2) The correct procedures for involving scaffolds indicate that materials, and components with other
erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, the employee has not retained the dimensions, etc.) must be designed and
repairing, inspecting, and maintaining the requisite proficiency. constructed in accordance with the capacity
type of scaffold in question; requirements of final rule §1926.451(a), and
(3) The design criteria, maximum loaded in accordance with final rule
intended load-carrying capacity and Non-mandatory Appendix A to Subpart L -- §1926.451(d)(1). As noted in final rule
intended use of the scaffold; Scaffold Specifications §1926.451(a), the guidelines in this
(4) Any other pertinent Appendix have been derived from tables and
requirements of this subpart. other information in existing §1926.451.

59