1

SATHYABAMA UNIVERSITY
(Established under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956)
(A CHRISTIAN MINORITY INSTITUTION)
Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai – 600 119, Tamilnadu. India.

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

LAB MANUAL

Name: ……………………………….. Roll No.: ………

Semester: VI Branch: E.C.E Code: SECX4011

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
SATHYABAMA UNIVERSITY
Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Road, Chennai – 600 119

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Sl.No DATE DESCRIPTION PAGE NO
1. Generation of signals- Discrete form & 3
Continuous form
2. Linear Convolution 6

3. Circular Convolution 7

4. Auto Correlation 9

5. Cross Correlation 10

6. Discrete Fourier Transform 11

7. Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform 12

a.Butterworth Low Pass Filter 13

b.Butterworth High Pass Filter
8. c.Butterworth Band Pass Filter
d. Butterworth Band stop Filter
a. Chebyshev Low Pass Filter 17
b. Chebyshev High Pass Filter
9. c. Chebyshev Band pass Filter
d. Chebyshev Band stop Filter
10. Rectangular & Hamming Window 23

11. Kaiser Window 24

12. Spectral estimate 25

13. Periodic & Aperiodic sequences 26

14. Frequency response of a system 27
15. Step response of a system 28
29
a. Z Transform
16.
b. Inverse z transform
a) Study Of TMS320C3X Processor 31
17. b) STUDY OF ADSP21XX PROCESSOR

c) Study Of ADSP21XX Processor

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 1. GENERATION OF SIGNALS
DISCRETE & CONTINUOUS FORM

AIM: To write a program in MATLAB to generate signals in discrete & continuous

form.

ALGORITHM:

1. Get the value of n for the sequences.

2. Use the desired formula for generating the signals.
3. Use the keyword stem for generating the discrete signal.
4. Use the keyword plot for generating the continuous signal.
5. Plot the graph.
6. Stop.

Formula used

Unit impulse

Unit step

Sine signal
X(n)= A sin(wn+θ)
Cosine signal
X(n)= A cos(wn+θ)
Exponential Signal
X(n)=exp(n)

PROGRAM MODEL :

clc
N=21
x=ones(1,N);
n=0:1:N-1
subplot(3,2,1);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('unit step signal');
N=21
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x=sin(.2*pi*n);
n=0:1:N-1;
subplot(3,2,2);
stem(n,x); SIMULATED OUTPUT:
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)'); CONTINUOUS SIGNALS OUTPUT
title('sinusoidal signal');
N=21
x=cos(.2*pi*n);
n=0:1:N-1;
subplot(3,2,3);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('cosine signal');
N=21
x=n;
n=0:1:N-1
subplot(3,2,4);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('ramp signal');
N=21
x=exp(n);
n=0:1:N-1
subplot(3,2,5);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('exponential signal');
N=21
x=[ones(1,1),zeros(1,N-1)];
n=0:1:N-1
subplot(3,2,6);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('impulse signal');
clc
N=21
x=ones(1,N);
n=0:1:N-1
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('unit step signal');
N=21
x=sin(.2*pi*n);
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n=0:1:N-1;
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('sinusoidal signal');
N=21;
x=cos(.2*pi*n);
n=0:1:N-1; SIMULATED OUTPUT:
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(n,x); DISCRETE SIGNAL OUTPUT
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('cosine signal');
N=21
x=n;
n=0:1:N-1
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('ramp signal');
N=21
x=exp(n);
n=0:1:N-1
subplot(3,2,5);
plot(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('exponential signal');
N=21
x=[ones(1,1),zeros(1,N-1)];
n=0:1:N-1;
subplot(3,2,6);
plot(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('impulse signal');

Replace plot() command by stem() for discrete time signal generation

RESULT: Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was verified.

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 2. LINEAR CONVOLUTION

AIM: To write a program in MATLAB to perform linear convolution of two signals.

ALGORITHM:

1. Get two signals g(m) and h(p) in matrix form.

2. The convoluted signal is denoted as y(n).
3. y(n) is given by the formula
∞
y(n) = Σ [ g(k) h (n-k) ] where n=0 to m+p-1
k=-∞
4. Stop.

Formula: The linear convolution is given by


g ( n)   h( k ) f ( n  k )
k  
PROGRAM:-
g=[1,-1,2,-2,3,-3,4,-4]; SIMULATED OUTPUT:
h=[-1,1];
n1=length(g);
n2=length(h);
m=0:1:n1-1;
figure();
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(m,g);
xlabel('m');
ylabel('g(m)');
grid;
title('Input Sequence-1');
n=0:1:n2-1;
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
grid;
title('Input Sequence-2');
y=conv(g,h);
n3=n1+n2-1;
x=0:1:n3-1;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(x,y);
disp(y);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y(x)');
grid;
title('Output Sequence');

RESULT: Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was verified.
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 3. CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform circular convolution of two

signals.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the two input sequences g(m) and h(p).

2. Get the length of the sequences.
3. check whether the lengths are equal using the loop
4. if(N3=0)
h=[h,zeros (1,N3)];
else
g=[g,zeros (1,-N3)];
end
5. Compute the circular convolution of the sequence.
6. y(n) = y(n)+g(i)*h(j);
7. stop.

Formula:

PROGRAM :

clc;clear all; close all;

g=[1,3,5,6,2];
h=[1,2,3];
n1=length(g);
n2=length(h);
m=0:1:n1-1;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(m,g);
xlabel('m');
ylabel('g(m)');
grid;
title('Input sequence-1');
n=0:1:n2-1;
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
grid;
title('Input sequence-2');
N=max(n1,n2);
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n3=n1-n2;
if(n3>0)
h=[h,zeros(1,n3)];
else
g=[g,zeros(1,-n3)];
end
for x=1:N
y(x)=0;
for i=1:N
j=x-i+1;
if(j<=0)
j=N+j;
end
y(x)=y(x)+g(i)*h(j);
end
end
disp(y);
x=0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(x,y);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y(x)');
grid;
title('output sequence');

SIMULATED OUTPUT :

RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB and the output was
verified.

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 4. AUTO – CORRELATION

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform auto correlation of an input

sequence.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the signal x(n) of length n in matrix form.

2. The correlated signal is denoted as y(n).
3. y(n) is given by the formula
∞
y(n) = Σ x(k) x(k-n)
k=-∞
where n= -(N-1) to (N-1).
4. Stop.

Formula

PROGRAM :
SIMULATED OUTPUT :
g=[1,2,3,4];
n1=length(g);
m=0:1:n1-1;
figure();
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(m,g);
xlabel('m');
ylabel('g(m)');
grid;
title('Input Sequence-1');
y=xcorr(g,g);
n2=n1+n1-1;
x=0:1:n2-1;
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(x,y);
disp(y);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y(x)');
grid;
title('Output Sequence');

RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was
verified.

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 5. CROSS – CORRELATION

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform cross correlation of two

sequences.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get two signals x(m) & h(p) in the matrix form.

2. The correlated signal is denoted as y(n).
3. y(n) is given by the formula
∞
y(n)= Σ [ x(k) h(k-n)]
k=-∞
where n=-[max(m,p)-1] to [max(m,p)-1]
4. Stop.
PROGRAM :

g=[1,2,3,4];
h=[4,3,2,1];
n1=length(g);
n2=length(h); SIMULATED OUTPUT :
m=0:1:n1-1;
figure();
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(m,g);
xlabel('m');
ylabel('g(m)');
grid;
title('Input Sequence-1');
n=0:1:n2-1;
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
grid;
title('Input Sequence-2');
y=xcorr(g,h);
n3=n1+n2-1;
x=0:1:n3-1;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(x,y);
disp(y);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y(x)');
grid;
title('Output Sequence');
RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was
verified.
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 6. DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform DFT of an input sequence.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the signal x(n) of length N in matrix form.

2. Get the N value.
3. The transformed signal is denoted as
N-1
x(k) = Σ x(n) e^((-j*2pi*n*k)/N) for k=0 to (N-1).
n=0
4. Stop.
PROGRAM :

x=[1,2,3,4,0,0,0,0];
N=8;
y=fft(x,N);
mag=abs(y); SIMULATED OUTPUT :
phase=angle(y);
n=0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n,mag);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('magnitude');
title('magnitude sequence');
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n,phase);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('angle');
title('phase sequence');

RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was
verified.

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 7. INVERSE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform IDFT of a sequence.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the signal x(n) of length N in matrix form.

2. Get the N value.
3. The transformed signal is denoted as
N-1
x(n) =(1/N) Σ x(k) e^((-j*2pi*n*k)/N) for n=0 to (N-1).
n=0
4. Stop.

Formula

PROGRAM :

X=[4,3,2,1,0,0,0,0];
N=8;
SIMULATED OUTPUT :
y=ifft(x,N);
mag=abs(y);
phase=angle(y);
k=0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(k,X);
xlabel('k');
ylabel('X(k)');
title('input sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(k,mag);
xlabel('k');
ylabel('magnitude');
title('magnitude sequence');
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(k,phase);
xlabel('k');
ylabel('angle');
title('phase sequence');
disp(y);

RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was
verified.

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 8. BUTTERWORTH FILTER

8. a. BUTTERWORTH LOW PASS FILTER

AIM :To write a program in MATLAB to perform Butterworth LPF Operation.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the pass band and stop band ripples.

2. Get the pass band and stop band edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter using the formula,

N =(log√(10^0.1αs-1)(10^0.1αp-1))/(log(Ωs/Ωp)).

5. Find the filter coefficients.

6. Draw the magnitude and phase responses.
7. Stop.

Formula
The transfer function of the Butterworth reference analog prototype filter is
expressed as follows:

where: Sk is the k-th pole of the Butterworth filter transfer function, N is the filter
order.

For N=5, the transfer function is:

The transformation to a high-pass analog filter:

PROGRAM :

clc;clear all; close all;

alphap=input('enter the pass band ripple');
alphas=input('enter the stop band ripple');
fp=input('enter the pass band freq');
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fs=input('enter the stop band freq');
f=input('enter the sampling frequency');
omp=2*(fp/f);
oms=2*(fs/f);
[h,wn]=buttord(omp,oms,alphap,alphas)
[b,a]=butter(h,wn,'low')
w=0:0.01:pi; SIMULATED OUTPUT (LPF) :
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('Normalised frequency');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');

INPUT :

Enter the pass band ripple :0.4

Enter the stop band ripple :30
Enter the pass band frequency : 400
Enter the stop band frequency : 800
Enter the sampling frequency : 2000

COMMAND WINDOW :

h =4
wn =0.5821
b =0.1518 0.6073 0.9109 0.6073 0.1518
a =1.0000 0.6418 0.6165 0.1449 0.0259

8.b. BUTTERWORTH HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform Butterworth HPF operation.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the pass band and stop band ripples.

2. Get the pass band and stop band edge frequencies.
3. Get the sampling frequency.
4. Calculate the order of the filter using the formula,

N =(log√(10^0.1αs-1)(10^0.1αp-1))/(log(Ωs/Ωp)).
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 5. Find the filter coefficients.
6. Draw the magnitude and phase responses.
7. Stop.
PROGRAM :
clc;clear all; close all;
alphap=input('enter the pass band ripple');
alphas=input('enter the stop band ripple');
fp=input('enter the pass band freq');
fs=input('enter the stop band freq');
f=input('enter the sampling frequency');
omp=2*(fp/f);
oms=2*(fs/f);
[h,wn]=buttord(omp,oms,alphap,alphas)
[b,a]=butter(h,wn,'high')
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w); SIMULATED OUTPUT(HPF) :
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('Normalised frequency');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');

INPUT:

Enter the pass band ripple :0.4

Enter the stop band ripple :30
Enter the pass band frequency : 400
Enter the stop band frequency : 800
Enter the sampling frequency : 2000

COMMAND WINDOW :

h =4
wn =0.5821
b =0.0535 -0.2139 0.3209 -0.2139 0.0535
a =1.0000 0.6418 0.6165 0.1449 0.0259

8.c. BUTTERWORTH BAND PASS FILTER

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform Butterworth BPF operation.

ALGORITHM :
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 1. Get the pass band and stop band ripples.
2. Calculate the order of the filter using the formula,

N =(log√(10^0.1αs-1)(10^0.1αp-1))/(log(Ωs/Ωp)).

3. Find the filter coefficients.

4. Draw the magnitude and phase responses.
5. Stop.

PROGRAM :

clc;clear all; close all;

alphap=input('enter the pass band ripple');
alphas=input('enter the stop band ripple');
wp=[.2,.4];
ws=[.1,.5];
[h,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,alphap,alphas)
[b,a]=butter(h,wn)
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('Normalised frequency');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');

INPUT :

Enter the pass band ripple : .4

Enter the stop band ripple : 30

8.c. BUTTERWORTH BAND STOP FILTER

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform Butterworth BSF operation.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the pass band and stop band ripple.

2. Calculate the order of the filter using the formula,

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 N =(log√(10^0.1αs-1)(10^0.1αp-1))/(log(Ωs/Ωp)).

3. Find the filter coefficients.

4. Draw the magnitude and phase responses.
5. Stop.

PROGRAM :

clc;clear all; close all;

alphap=input('enter the pass band ripple');
alphas=input('enter the stop band ripple');
ws=[.2,.4];
wp=[.1,.5];
[h,wn]=buttord(wp,ws,alphap,alphas)
[b,a]=butter(h,wn,'stop')
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('Normalised frequency');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('Normalized frequency');

INPUT :

Enter the pass band ripple .4

Enter the stop band ripple30

RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was verified.

9. CHEBYSHEV FILTER

9.a. CHEBYSHEV LOW PASS FILTER

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform the chebyshev LPF operation.

ALGORITHM :
1. Get the pass band and stop band ripples.
2. Calculate the order of the filter using the formula,

N = (cosh^-1(√((10^0.1αs-1)/(10^0.1αp-1))))/(cosh^-1(Ωs/Ωp)).

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 3. Find the filter coefficients.
4. Draw the magnitude and phase responses.
5. Stop.
Formula
Chebyshev analog filter is defined via expression:

Ω is the frequency;
N is the filter order;
ε is a parameter used to define maximum oscillations in the passband
frequency response; and
TN is the Chebyshev polynomial. The Chebyshev polynomial TN(Ω) can be
obtained via recursive relations:

The values of poles are expressed as:

where:
si is the i-th transfer function pole of analog prototype filter (complex value);
σi is the pole; and
Ωi is the imaginary pole.

where:
N is the filter order; and i=1, 2, ..., N.
The value of parameter ε is obtained via expression:

Transfer function is expressed as:

The value of A0 is found via expression:

For N=5, the transfer function is:

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 Low-pass filter

In the transform function, s\\Ωc is used instead of s, where Ωc is a desirable cut-off

frequency in the passband.
For high pass filter

The transformation in a band-stop analog filter:

The value of the constant Ω0 can be found via expression:

s1 is a lower cut-off frequency in the stopband and Ωs2 is a higher cut-off frequency in
the stopband.
The transformation into a band-pass analog filter is expressed as:

The value of the constant Ω0 can be found via expression:

where:
Ωp1 is a lower cut-off frequency in the passband and Ωp2 is a higher cut-off frequency in
the passband.
PROGRAM :
clc;close all;clear all;
ap=input('give the pass band attenuation in db');
as=input('give the stop band in db');
wp=.2*pi;
ws=.3*pi;
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,ap,as);
[b,a]=cheby1(n,ap,wn);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log10(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('normalised frequency');

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subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
title('cheby low pass filter');

INPUT :

Give the pass band attenuation in db : 0.4

Give the stop band in db : 30

9.b. CHEBYSHEV HIGH PASS FILTER

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform chebyshev HPF operation.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the pass band and stop band ripples.

2. Calculate the order of the filter using the formula,

N = (cosh^-1(√((10^0.1αs-1)/(10^0.1αp-1))))/(cosh^-1(Ωs/Ωp)).

3. Find the filter coefficients.

4. Draw the magnitude and phase responses.
5. Stop.

PROGRAM :
clc;close all;clear all;
ap=input('give the pass band attenuation in db');
as=input('give the stop band in db');
ws=.2*pi;
wp=.3*pi;
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,ap,as);cv
[b,a]=cheby1(n,ap,wn,'high');
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
- 20 -
 title('cheby high pass filter');

INPUT :

Give the pass band attenuation in db .4

Give the stop band in db30

9.c.CHEBYSHEV BAND PASS FILTER

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform chebyshev BPF operation.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the pass band and stop band ripples.

2. Calculate the order of the filter using the formula,

N = (cosh^-1(√((10^0.1αs-1)/(10^0.1αp-1))))/(cosh^-1(Ωs/Ωp)).

3. Find the filter coefficients.

4. Draw the magnitude and phase responses.
5. Stop.

PROGRAM :

clc;close all;clear all;

ap=input('give the pass band attenuation in db');
as=input('give the stop band in db');
wp=[.2*p,.4*pi];
ws=[.1*pi,.5*pi];
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,ap,as);
[b,a]=cheby1(n,ap,wn);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
title('cheby high pass filter');

INPUT :

- 21 -
 Give the pass band attenuation in db 0.4
Give the stop band in db 30

9.d. CHEBYSHEV BAND STOP FILTER

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform chebyshev BSF operation.

ALGORITHM :

1. Get the pass band and stop band ripples.

2. Calculate the order of the filter using the formula,

N = (cosh^-1(√((10^0.1αs-1)/(10^0.1αp-1))))/(cosh^-1(Ωs/Ωp)).

3. Find the filter coefficients.

4. Draw the magnitude and phase responses.
5. Stop.

PROGRAM :

clc;close all;clear all;

ap=input('give the pass band attenuation in db');
as=input('give the stop band in db');
ws=[.2*p,.4*pi];
wp=[.1*pi,.5*pi];
[n,wn]=cheb1ord(wp/pi,ws/pi,ap,as);
[b,a]=cheby1(n,ap,wn,’stop’);
w=0:0.01:pi;
[h,om]=freqz(b,a,w);
m=20*log(abs(h));
an=angle(h);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(om/pi,m);
grid;
ylabel('gain in db');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(om/pi,an);
grid;
ylabel('phase in radians');
xlabel('normalised frequency');
title('cheby high pass filter');

INPUT :
Give the pass band attenuation in db .4
Give the stop band in db30

RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was verified.
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 10. RECTANGULAR AND HAMMING WINDOW

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform rectangular & hamming window

operation.

ALGORITHM :

1. Clear all the m-files &close them.

2. Get wc1 & wc2 values.
3. Calculate hd(n), hw(n), h(n) for various values for rectangular window.
∞
hd(n)=1/2π∫H(e^jω).e^jω hω(n)=1.
-∞
4. Calculate hd(n), w(n), h(n) for various values for hamming window.

hd(n)=1/πn sin(πn/2).

hω(n) = {0.54+0.46 cos(2πn/N-1) ; -(N+1/2)≤n≤(N-1/2)

{0 ; otherwise.
{I○(β)/I○(α) ; -(N+1/2)≤n≤(N-1/2)
{0 ;else.
β =α (1-(2n/N-1)^2)^1/2.

5. Plot the graph.

6. Stop.

PROGRAM :

clc;clear all;close all;

wc1=.25*pi;
wc2=.75*pi;
N=25;
a=(N-1)/2;
eps=0.001;
n=0:1:N-1;
hd=(sin(wc2*(n-a+eps))-sin(wc1*(n-a+eps)))./(pi*(n-a+eps));
wr=boxcar(N);
hn=hd.*wr';
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h));hold on
wh=hamming(N);
hn=hd.*wh';
- 23 -
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(hn,1,w);
plot(w/pi,abs(h),'--');
xlabel('normalised freq/omega/\pi');
ylabel('magnitude');
hold off;

RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was verified

11. KAISER WINDOW

AIM : To write a program in MATLAB to perform kaiser window operation.

ALGORITHM :

1. Clear all the m-files & close them.

2. C alculate β and w(n)

3. Find Wc = 0.5 * Pi
4. Calculate hd(n), hw(n), h(n) for various values of Kaiser window.
5. Plot the graph n
Hint:
To create the Kaiser windows, use the Matlab command kaiser(N,beta) command where N
is the length of the filter and beta is the shape parameter β
PROGRAM :

clc;close all;clear all;

wc=0.5*pi;
N=25;
b=fir1(N,wc/pi,kaiser(N+1,0.5));
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(b,1,w);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
hold on;
b=fir1(N,wc/pi,kaiser(N+1,8.5));
w=0:0.01:pi;
h=freqz(b,1,w);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(h)),'-');
grid;
hold on;
xlabel('normalised frequency\omega/\pi');
- 24 -
ylabel('mag in db');
hold off;
RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was verified

12. SPECTRAL ESTIMATATION

AIM: To write a program in MATLAB to find spectral estimate.

ALGORITHM:

1. Define the value of n.

2. Calculate x=cos(2*pi*8500xn/100).
3. Find the fast fourier transform.
4. Find the complex conjugate of fft.
5. Calculate E=(xk.conj)/length h(n).
6. Plot the graph.
Theory
The spectrum of a signal is fundamentally a description of the energy of a
signal as a function of frequency. It may also be a function of time and
frequency which leads to the time-varying or the so-called time-frequency
spectrum description. Spectra are represented by their amplitude and phase
or more meaningfully, by the squared magnitude, which is referred to as the
Power Spectrum. Spectrum of a signal is computed by FFT which is given by
equation

PROGRAM:

clear all;
clc;
n=0:50;
x=cos(2*pi*500*n/1000);
xk=fft(x);
xk_conj=conj(xk);
k=0:50;
esdk=(xk.*xk_conj)/length(n);
stem(k,esdk);
xlabel('k');
ylabels('magnitude');

- 25 -
 RESULT: Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was
verified

13. PERIODIC & APERIODIC SEQUENCES

AIM: To write program in MATLAB to generate periodic & aperiodic

sequence

ALGORITHM:

1. Define the values of n,n1,etc.

2. Split the given function for step of 1 (or) 0.1,etc
3. Calculate a signal that is periodic with respect to the input signal.
4. Plot the graph of the given input signal and periodic signal.
5. Calculate a signal that is a periodic with r to the input signal.
6. Plot the graph of given input signal and aperiodic signal.
7. Stop
PROGRAM:
clear all
n=0:1:50;
n1=0:1:50;
x1=sin(.2*pi*n);
x2=sin(.4*pi*n);
x3=sin(.2*pi*n)+sin(.4*pi*n);
x4=sin(.5*n1);
subplot(2,2,1),stem(n,x1)
xlabel('n'), ylabel('x1(n)')
axis([0 50-1 1])
subplot(2,2,2),stem(n,x2)
xlabel('n'), ylabel('x2(n)')
axis([0 50-1 1])
subplot(2,2,3),stem(n,x3)
xlabel('n'), ylabel('x3(n)')
axis([0 50-2 2])
subplot(2,2,4),stem(n1,x4)
xlabel('n'), ylabel('x4(n)')
axis([0 50-1 1])

RESULT : Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was verified

- 26 -
 14. FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SYSTEM
AIM: To write a program in MATLAB to plot the frequency response of the system.

ALGORITHM:
1.Get the input for the signal
2. Calculate the required parameter for first order frequency response.
3.Plot the given input signal.
4.Plot the graph of magnitude spectrum.
5.Plot the graph of phase spectrum.
6.Stop
Theory
The frequency response of a system, H ( ) is just the transfer function, H (s ) evaluated at
s  j . Frequency response is usually a complex valued function, so it can be written as
H ()  H () H () , where H () is the magnitude response and H ( ) is the phase
response.
PROGRAM:
clc;
b=[1];
a=[1,-.8];
w=0:.01:2*pi;
[h]=freqz(b,a,w);
subplot(2,1,1),plot(w/pi,abs(h));
xlabel('Normalised frequency\omega/\pi');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title('the frequency response of a first order system h(n)=.8.^nu(n)')
subplot(2,1,2),plot(w/pi,angle(h));
xlabel('Normalised frequency\omega/\pi');
ylabel('phase in radians');

SIMULATED OUTPUT:

RESULT: Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was verified
- 27 -
 15. STEP RESPONSE OF SYSTEM
AIM: To write a program in MATLAB to find the step response of a system.

ALGORITHM:

1.Get the input for n.

2.Divide n=0 to 20.
3.Calculate x and assign it to ones matrix for length of N.
4.Find the analytic response of the system for the given equation.
5.Plot in graph the input and step response of the positive output.
6.Stop
PROGRAM:
n=0:1:20;
x=ones(1,length(n));
num=[0 1 1];
den=[1 -0.7 0.12];
y0=[11];
ic=filtic(num,den,y0);
Y=filter(num,den,x,ic);
yanaly=4.762-22.21*(0.4).^n+18.03*(0.3).^n;
subplot(3,1,1),stem(n,x)
xlabel('n'),ylabel('input sequence x(n)');
subplot(3,1,2),stem(n,yanaly);
xlabel('n'),ylabel('y_a_n_a(n)'),('y(n)');

SIMULATED OUTPUT:

RESULT: Thus the program was executed in MATLAB & the output was
verified
- 28 -
 16. Z TRANSFORMS AND INVERSE Z TRANSFORMS
AIM
To write a program to illustrate the Z transforms process using MATLAB
functions.
ALGORITHM
1. Mention Number of Frequency Points, Numerator Coefficients and Denominator Coefficients.
2. Compute the frequency response of Z transform of Unit circle
3. Plot the Frequency Response.
4. Plot the Z transform using freqz function in MATLAB.
5. Plot the Real, Imaginary and Magnitude plots,
Formula

The z-transform is defined as

The inverse Z transform is given by

PROGRAM
k = input('Number of frequency points = ');
% Read in the numerator and denominator coefficients
num = input('Numerator coefficients = ');
den = input('Denominator coefficients = ');
% Compute the frequency response/Evaluate Z transform on unit circle
w = 0:pi/(k-1):pi;
h = freqz(num, den, w); SIMULATED OUTPUT OF Z TRANSFORM
% Plot the frequency response
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(w/pi,real(h));grid
title('Real part')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Amplitude')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(w/pi,imag(h));grid
title('Imaginary part')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Amplitude')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(w/pi,abs(h));grid
title('Magnitude Spectrum')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Magnitude')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(w/pi,angle(h));grid
title('Phase Spectrum')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Phase, radians')

- 29 -
16.b INVERSE Z TRANSFORMS

AIM
To write a program to illustrate the Inverse Z transforms process using MATLAB functions
ALGORITHM
1. The function impz provides the samples of the time domain sequence,

2. where num and den are row vectors containing the coefficients of the numerator
and denominator polynomials of G(z) in ascending powers of z−1, L is the desired
number of the samples of the inverse transform,

3. g is the vector containing the samples of the inverse transform starting with the
sample at n = 0, t is the length of g, and FT is the specified sampling frequency in
Hz with default value of unity.

4. The function y=filter(num,den,x) can also be used to calculate the input response
of a z-transform . Where num, den represent vectors containing numerator and
denominator coefficients of z-transform.

5. While x represents input to the filter / z-transform .The length of output y is equal to
input x. If an impulse input sequence is passed to the z-transform , the output will
be the inverse z-transform

6. Plot the Frequency Response.

7. Plot the Z transform using freqz function in MATLAB.
8. Plot the Real, Imaginary , Magnitude and Phase plots,
PROGRAM

%definition of numerator and denominator coefficients

num=[0.1+.4*i 5 .05]; SIMULATED INVERSE Z TRANSFORM OUTPUT
den=[1 .9+0.3*i .12];
%Finding the inverse z transform of G(z)
[a,b]=impz(num,den);
%Evaluating on Unit Circle i.e. Fourier Transform
[c,d]=freqz(num,den);
% Plotting of x[n] and it's fourier transform
subplot(2,2,1)
stem(b,real(a))
title('Real Part of g[n]')
xlabel('Samples'); ylabel('Magnitude')
grid on
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(b,imag(a))
title('Imaginary Part of g[n]')
xlabel('Samples'); ylabel('Magnitude')
grid on
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(d/pi,abs(c))
- 30 -
title('Magnitude Spectrum of g[n]')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Magnitude')
grid on
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(d/pi,angle(c))
title('Phase Spectrum of g[n]')
xlabel('\omega/\pi'); ylabel('Phase, radians')
grid on
Z TRANSFORM OUTPUT

Number of frequency points = 3

Numerator coefficients = 3
Denominator coefficients = 3
RESULT
The program is executed successfully and plotted input and output waveforms.

17. A. STUDY OF TMS320C3X PROCESSOR

AIM
These processors can perform parallel multiply and arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
operations on integer or floating-point data in a single cycle.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

EXPLANATION

- 31 -
 Separate program and data buses allow simultaneous access to program
instructions and data, providing a high degree of parallelism. Such parallelism
supports a powerful set of arithmetic, logic, and bit-manipulation operations that
can all be performed in a single machine cycle. It also includes the control
mechanisms to manage interrupts ,repeated operations, and function calling.

 The ’C5x architecture is built around four major buses:

 Program bus (PB): It carries the instruction code and immediate operands
from program memory space to the CPU.
 Program address bus (PAB) :It provides addresses to program memory
space for both reads and writes
 Data read bus (DB) : It interconnects various elements of the CPU to data
memory space.
 Data read address bus :It provides the address to access the data memory
space.
 The ’C5x CPU consists of these elements:

 Central arithmetic logic unit (CALU)

 Parallel logic unit (PLU)

 Auxiliary register arithmetic unit (ARAU)

 Memory-mapped registers

 Program controller

 The CPU uses the CALU to perform 2scomplement arithmetic. The CALU
consists of these elements:

 16-bit multiplier

 32-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

 32-bit accumulator (ACC)

 32-bit accumulator buffer (ACCB)

 Additional shifters at the outputs of both the accumulator and the product
register (PREG)

 The CPU includes an independent PLU, which operates separately from, but in
parallel with, the ALU. The PLU performs Boolean operations or the bit
manipulations required of high-speed controllers.

 The PLU can set, clear, test, or toggle bits in a status register, control register, or
any data memory location.

 Results of a PLU function are written back to the original data memory location.

- 32 -
 The CPU includes an unsigned 16-bit arithmetic logic unit that calculates indirect
addresses by using inputs from the auxiliary registers (ARs), index register
(INDX), and auxiliary register compare register (ARCR).

 Accessing data does not require the CALU for address manipulation; therefore,
the CALU is free for other operations in parallel. This makes instruction to
executes faster compared to micro processors.

 The program controller contains logic circuitry that decodes the operational
instructions, manages the CPU pipeline, stores the status of CPU operations,and
decodes the conditional operations.

 The program controller consists of these elements:

 Program counter

 Status and control registers

 Hardware stack

 Address generation logic

 Instruction register

 ’C5x architecture contains a considerable amount of on-chip memory to aid in

system performance and integration:

 Program read-only memory (ROM)

 Data/program dual-access RAM (DARAM)

 Data/program single-access RAM (SARAM

 Program ROM:

 All c5x dsp carry 16 bit programmable ROM.

 It is used for booting program from slower external RAM to faster

external RAM.

 DARAM: (Dual access RAM)

 All c5x dsp carry 1056 word x 16 bit on chip DARAM.

 It is divided into three blocks

 512 word/pgm DARAM block B0.

 512 word/pgm DARAM block B1.

 32 word data DARAM block B2.

- 33 -
  Block B1,B2 configured as data memory and B0 configured software as
data or program memory.

 SARAM: (Single access RAM)

 All c5x dsp carry 16 bit on chip single access RAM.

 It is configured by software as data memory, as program memory and both

combination of both data and program.

 Clock Generator:The clock generator consists of an internal oscillator and a

phase-locked loop(PLL) circuit. The clock generator can be driven internally by a
crystal resonator. The PLL circuit can generate an internal CPU clock by
multiplying the clock source by a specific factor.

 Hardware Timer:A 16-bit hardware timer with a 4-bit prescaler is available. The
timer can be stopped, restarted, reset, or disabled by specific status bits.

 Software-Programmable Wait-State Generators: Software-programmable

wait-state logic is incorporated in ’C5x DSPs allowing wait-state generation
without any external hardware . This feature consists of multiple wait state
generating circuits. Each circuit is user-programmable to operate in different wait
states for off-chip memory accesses.

 Host Port Interface (HPI) :The HPI available on the ’C57S and ’LC57 is an 8-
bit parallel I/O port that provides an interface to a host processor. Information is
exchanged between the DSP and the host processor through on-chip memory that
is accessible to both the host processor and the ’C57.

 Serial Port : Three different kinds

 a general-purpose serial port

 (TDM) serial port : The TDM serial port available on the ’C50, ’C51, and ’C53
devices is a fullduplexed

 serial port that can be configured by software either for synchronous

 operations or for time-division multiplexed operations. The TDM serial port is

 commonly used in multiprocessor applications

 A buffered serial port (BSP) : The BSP available on the ’C56 and ’C57 devices
is a full-duplexed, double buffered serial port and an autobuffering unit (ABU).
The BSP provides flexibility on the data stream length.

 The serial port transmitter and receiver are double-buffered and individually
controlled by maskable external interrupt signals. Data is framed either as bytes or
as words.

- 34 -
RESULT

Studied the architecture and explanation of the processor

17.B. STUDY OF ADSP21XX PROCESSOR

AIM

The ADSP-2100 Family processors are single-chip microcomputers optimized for

digital signal processing (DSP) and other high speed numeric processing applications

ARCHITECTURE

EXPLANATION

1. 16-Bit Fixed-Point DSP Microprocessors with On-Chip Memory Enhanced

Harvard Architecture for Three-Bus Performance: Instruction Bus & Dual Data
Buses Independent Computation Units: ALU, Multiplier/ Accumulator, and
Shifter Single-Cycle Instruction Execution & Multifunction Instructions On-Chip
Program Memory RAM or ROM & Data Memory RAM Integrated I/O
Peripherals: Serial Ports, Timer, Host Interface Port (ADSP-2111 Only)
2. 25 MIPS, 40 ns Maximum Instruction Rate Separate On-Chip Buses for Program
and Data Memory Program Memory Stores Both Instructions and Data (Three-

- 35 -
 Bus Performance) Dual Data Address Generators with Modulo and Bit-Reverse
Addressing Efficient Program Sequencing with Zero-Overhead Looping: Single-
Cycle Loop Setup Automatic Booting of On-Chip Program Memory from Byte-
Wide External Memory (e.g., EPROM ) Double-Buffered Serial Ports with
Companding Hardware, Automatic Data Buffering, and Multichannel Operation
ADSP-2111 Host Interface Port Provides Easy Interface to 68000, 80C51, ADSP-
21xx, Etc. Automatic Booting of ADSP-2111 Program Memory Through Host
Interface Port Three Edge- or Level-Sensitive Interrupts Low Power IDLE
Instruction PGA, PLCC, PQFP, and TQFP Packages MIL-STD-883B Versions
Available
3. The ADSP-2100 Family processors are single-chip microcomputers optimized for
digital signal processing (DSP) and other high speed numeric processing
applications. The ADSP-21xx processors are all built upon a common core. Each
processor combines the core DSP architecture—computation units, data address
generators, and program sequencer—with differentiating features such as on-chip
program and data memory RAM, a programmable timer, one or two serial ports,
and, on the ADSP-2111, a host interface port.
4. Fabricated in a high speed, submicron, double-layer metal CMOS process, the
highest-performance ADSP-21xx processors operate at 25 MHz with a 40 ns
instruction cycle time. Every instruction can execute in a single cycle. Fabrication
in CMOS results in low power dissipation.
5. The ADSP-2100 Family’s flexible architecture and comprehensive instruction set
support a high degree of parallelism. In one cycle the ADSP-21xx can perform all
of the following operations

RESULT
Studied Architecture and explanation of the ADSP21xx Processor

- 36 -
- 37 -