Aspen Plus 12.

1 User
Guide
Part Number: Aspen Plus® 12.1
June 2003
Copyright (c) 1981-2003 by Aspen Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aspen Plus®, Aspen Properties®, Aspen Engineering Suite, AspenTech®, ModelManager, the aspen leaf logo and
Plantelligence are trademarks or registered trademarks of Aspen Technology, Inc., Cambridge, MA.

BATCHFRAC and RATEFRAC are trademarks of Koch Engineering Company, Inc.

All other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.

This manual is intended as a guide to using AspenTech's software. This documentation contains AspenTech
proprietary and confidential information and may not be disclosed, used, or copied without the prior consent of
AspenTech or as set forth in the applicable license agreement. Users are solely responsible for the proper use of the
software and the application of the results obtained.

Although AspenTech has tested the software and reviewed the documentation, the sole warranty for the software
may be found in the applicable license agreement between AspenTech and the user. ASPENTECH MAKES NO
WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS
DOCUMENTATION, ITS QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Corporate
Aspen Technology, Inc.
Ten Canal Park
Cambridge, MA 02141-2201
USA
Phone: (1) (617) 949-1021
Toll Free: (1) (888) 996-7001
Fax: (1) (617) 949-1724
URL: http://www.aspentech.com

Division
Design, Simulation and Optimization Systems
Aspen Technology, Inc.
Ten Canal Park
Cambridge, MA 02141-2201
USA
Phone: (617) 949-1000
Fax: (617) 949-1030
Contents

For More Information...................................................................................................xxviii

Technical Support .......................................................................................................... xxix
Online Technical Support Center....................................................................... xxix
Contacting Customer Support ............................................................................ xxix
Hours .................................................................................................................. xxix
Phone................................................................................................................... xxx
Fax...................................................................................................................... xxxi
E-mail ................................................................................................................. xxxi

The User Interface 1-1

Connecting to the Aspen Plus Host Computer.................................................................1-1
The Aspen Plus Main Window ........................................................................................1-3
Aspen Plus Toolbars.............................................................................................1-4
The Process Flowsheet Window ......................................................................................1-4
The Model Library ...........................................................................................................1-5
Selecting a Unit Operation Model from the Model Library.................................1-5
Selecting the Stream Type from the Model Library ............................................1-6
The Data Browser.............................................................................................................1-6
The Parts of the Data Browser .............................................................................1-7
Displaying Forms and Sheets in the Data Browser..............................................1-8
Status Indicators ...................................................................................................1-9
Using Next..........................................................................................................1-10
Using the Previous and Next Sheet Buttons.......................................................1-10
Using the Go Back and Go Forward Buttons.....................................................1-11
Using the Object Manager..............................................................................................1-11
Deleting Objects and Clearing Forms ................................................................1-12
Using the Expert System When You Make Changes.....................................................1-12
Using Shortcut Keys.......................................................................................................1-13
General Shortcut Keys .......................................................................................1-13
Shortcut Keys for Working with Blocks and Streams .......................................1-13
Shortcut Keys for Editing...................................................................................1-14
Shortcut Keys for Working with Files ...............................................................1-14
Shortcut Keys for Working with Flowsheets .....................................................1-14
Shortcut Keys for Help.......................................................................................1-14
Shortcut Keys for Plotting..................................................................................1-14
Shortcut Keys for Working with Regions ..........................................................1-15

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • iii

 Shortcut Keys for Running Simulations.............................................................1-15
Shortcut Keys for Viewing.................................................................................1-15
Supplying Comments .....................................................................................................1-16

Creating a Simulation Model 2-1

Process Simulation Using Aspen Plus .............................................................................2-1
Creating a New Run .........................................................................................................2-2
Starting Aspen Plus and Creating a New Run......................................................2-2
Creating a New Run in Aspen Plus......................................................................2-2
Selecting a Template ........................................................................................................2-3
About the Built-In Templates...............................................................................2-3
Selecting a Run Type .......................................................................................................2-4
Completing Input Specifications for a Run......................................................................2-5
Completion Status for the Flowsheet ...................................................................2-5
Completion Status on Forms ................................................................................2-6
About the Templates ........................................................................................................2-7
About the General Template ................................................................................2-7
About the Petroleum Template ............................................................................2-9
About the Gas Processing Template ..................................................................2-12
About the Air Separation Template ...................................................................2-12
About the Chemicals Template ..........................................................................2-13
About the Electrolytes Template........................................................................2-14
About the Specialty Chemicals Template ..........................................................2-15
About the Pharmaceuticals Template.................................................................2-16
About the Hydrometallurgy Template ...............................................................2-17
About the Pyrometallurgy Template ..................................................................2-18
About the Solids Template.................................................................................2-19
Using the Online Applications Library ..........................................................................2-20
Accessing the Online Applications Library .......................................................2-20
Creating an Equation Oriented Problem ........................................................................2-21

Using Aspen Plus Help 3-1

Getting Help .....................................................................................................................3-1
Using the Back Button .........................................................................................3-1
Searching for Help on a Topic .........................................................................................3-2
Displaying Help on Dialog Boxes, Forms and Sheets .....................................................3-2
Displaying Help on Screen Elements...............................................................................3-2
Getting Step by Step Help................................................................................................3-3
Getting Reference Information.........................................................................................3-3
Troubleshooting Help.......................................................................................................3-3
Getting Printed Information .............................................................................................3-5
Printing Help ........................................................................................................3-5
Getting Printed Documentation............................................................................3-5
Linking to Aspen Tech Home Page .................................................................................3-6
Improving Help ................................................................................................................3-6

iv • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Defining the Flowsheet 4-1
Creating a Process Flowsheet...........................................................................................4-1
Mouse Pointer Shapes ..........................................................................................4-2
Placing Blocks......................................................................................................4-2
Placing Streams and Connecting Blocks..............................................................4-4
Using Heat and Work Streams .........................................................................................4-6
Using PseudoProduct Streams .........................................................................................4-6
Viewing The Flowsheet ...................................................................................................4-7
Adjusting the Zoom Level....................................................................................4-7
Using the Scrollbars .............................................................................................4-7
Using the Process Flowsheet Toolbar ..................................................................4-8
Using the Data Browser to Find Blocks in a Large Flowsheet ............................4-8
Using Bookmarks.................................................................................................4-9
Using Pan .............................................................................................................4-9
Checking Flowsheet Completeness..................................................................................4-9
Modifying the Flowsheet ...............................................................................................4-10
Changing Flowsheet Connectivity .....................................................................4-10
Improving the Appearance of the Flowsheet .....................................................4-12
About Flowsheet Sections..............................................................................................4-20
Creating a Flowsheet Section.............................................................................4-20
Specifying the Current Section ..........................................................................4-20
Using the Section Toolbar..................................................................................4-21
Moving Blocks to a New Section.......................................................................4-21
Specifying the Stream Class for a Section .........................................................4-21
Viewing the Current Section ..............................................................................4-22
Printing a Flowsheet...........................................................................................4-22

Global Information for Calculations 5-1

About Global Information................................................................................................5-1
Entering Global Specifications.........................................................................................5-2
Global Sheet .........................................................................................................5-2
Description Sheet .................................................................................................5-5
Accounting Sheet .................................................................................................5-6
Diagnostic Sheet...................................................................................................5-6
Setup Simulation Options.................................................................................................5-7
Calculations Sheet ................................................................................................5-7
Flash Convergence Sheet ...................................................................................5-11
System Sheet ......................................................................................................5-13
Limits Sheet........................................................................................................5-13
Units of Measure ............................................................................................................5-13
Selecting Units of Measure ................................................................................5-14
Report Options ...............................................................................................................5-17
Customizing the Stream Report .........................................................................5-19

Specifying Components 6-1

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • v

 Forms for Specifying Component Information................................................................6-1
About Databanks ..............................................................................................................6-2
Contents and Use of the Aspen Plus Databanks ..................................................6-2
Specifying Components from a Databank .......................................................................6-3
Specifying Non-Databank Components...........................................................................6-7
Using the User-Defined Component Wizard .......................................................6-7
Adding a Component .....................................................................................................6-14
Inserting a Component .......................................................................................6-14
Renaming a Component .................................................................................................6-15
Deleting a Component....................................................................................................6-15
Reordering the Component List .....................................................................................6-15
Generating Electrolyte Components and Reactions.......................................................6-16
Generating the List of Components ...................................................................6-16
Identifying Solid Components .......................................................................................6-18
Conventional Solids ...........................................................................................6-19
Nonconventional Solids .....................................................................................6-19
About Component Attributes .........................................................................................6-19
Assigning Attributes to Conventional Components...........................................6-20
Assigning Attributes to Nonconventional Components.....................................6-21
Specifying Supercritical (HENRY) Components ..........................................................6-21
Defining a Set of Henry's Components..............................................................6-22
Specifying UNIFAC Groups..........................................................................................6-22
Defining Component Groups .........................................................................................6-23
Defining a Component Group ............................................................................6-23
Component Groups and Tear Stream Convergence...........................................6-24

Physical Property Methods 7-1

What Is a Property Method?.............................................................................................7-1
Creating New Property Methods......................................................................................7-2
Available Property Methods.............................................................................................7-2
Ideal Property Methods ........................................................................................7-2
Equation of State Property Methods ....................................................................7-3
Activity Coefficient Property Methods ................................................................7-3
Property Methods for Special Systems ................................................................7-4
Choosing a Property Method............................................................................................7-5
Recommended Property Methods for Different Applications .............................7-5
Guidelines for Choosing a Property Method........................................................7-9
Specifying the Global Property Method.............................................................7-10
Specifying a Property Method for a Flowsheet Section.....................................7-11
Specifying a Local Property Method .................................................................7-12
Defining Supercritical Components ...............................................................................7-12
Using Free Water Calculations ......................................................................................7-13
Specifying Properties for the Free-Water Phase ................................................7-14
Special Method for K-Value of Water in the Organic Phase.............................7-14
Specifying Electrolyte Calculations ...............................................................................7-15
Modifying Property Methods .........................................................................................7-16

vi • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Modifying a Built-in Property Method ..............................................................7-16
Making Advanced Modifications to a Property Method....................................7-17
Property Methods for Nonconventional Components....................................................7-18
Nonconventional Property Models.....................................................................7-18
Specifying the Models for Nonconventional Components ................................7-19
Working with CAPE-OPEN Property Packages............................................................7-19
Importing a CAPE-OPEN Property Package .....................................................7-19
Using a CAPE-OPEN Property Package Created Using Aspen Plus 11.1 or Aspen
Properties 11.1....................................................................................................7-20
Creating a CAPE-OPEN Property Package .......................................................7-21

Physical Property Parameters and Data 8-1

About Parameters and Data..............................................................................................8-1
Determining Property Parameter Requirements ..............................................................8-2
Parameter Requirements for Mass and Energy Balance Simulations ..................8-2
Parameter Requirements for Henry's Law ...........................................................8-3
Parameter Requirements for Thermodynamic Reference State ...........................8-3
Retrieving Parameters from Databanks............................................................................8-4
Retrieving Pure Component Parameters ..............................................................8-4
Retrieving Equation-of-State Binary Parameters.................................................8-5
Retrieving Activity Coefficient Binary Parameters .............................................8-5
Retrieving Henry's Law Constants.......................................................................8-6
Retrieving Electrolyte Binary and Pair Parameters..............................................8-6
Entering Property Parameters...........................................................................................8-7
Forms for Entering Property Parameters..............................................................8-7
How to Enter Property Parameters.......................................................................8-8
Entering Pure Component Constants ...................................................................8-9
Entering Pure Component Correlation Parameters ............................................8-10
Entering Parameters for Nonconventional Components....................................8-11
Entering Scalar Binary Parameters ....................................................................8-12
Entering Temperature-Dependent Binary Parameters .......................................8-13
Entering Binary Parameters from DECHEMA..................................................8-15
Estimating Binary Parameters for Activity Coefficient Models ........................8-16
Entering Electrolyte Pair Parameters .................................................................8-16
Entering Ternary Parameters..............................................................................8-17
Using Tabular Data and Polynomial Coefficients..........................................................8-19
Tabpoly Properties .............................................................................................8-19
How Aspen Plus Uses Your Tabular Data and Polynomial Coefficients ..........8-21
Entering Tabular Data ........................................................................................8-21
Entering Polynomial Coefficients for the General Polynomial Model ..............8-23
Adjusting Reference States for Tabular Data and Polynomials.........................8-24
Adjusting Tabular Data or Polynomials for the Effect of Pressure....................8-25
Using Property Data Packages .......................................................................................8-26
Using a Data Package.........................................................................................8-26
Ammonia-Water Data Package..........................................................................8-27
Ethylene Data Package.......................................................................................8-27

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • vii

 Using Electrolyte Amines Data Packages..........................................................8-27
Flue Gas Treatment Data Package .....................................................................8-28
Formaldehyde-Methanol-Water Data Package ..................................................8-28
Glycol Dehydration Data Package .....................................................................8-29
Pitzer Data Packages ..........................................................................................8-29
Methyl-amine Data Package ..............................................................................8-30
Using Other Electrolyte Data Packages .............................................................8-30

Specifying Streams 9-1

Specifying Material Streams ............................................................................................9-1
Entering Specifications for Streams.....................................................................9-2
Possible Stream Thermodynamic Condition Specifications ................................9-2
Mass-Balance-Only Calculations.....................................................................................9-3
Entering Stream Composition ..........................................................................................9-3
Using Standard Liquid Volume............................................................................9-4
Example for Specifying a Process Feed Stream...................................................9-4
Example for Specifying a Stream with Two Liquid Phases.................................9-5
Specifying Particle Size Distribution ...............................................................................9-6
Specifying Component Attribute Values .........................................................................9-6
About Stream Property Analysis......................................................................................9-7
Stream Analysis Types.........................................................................................9-8
Analyzing Stream Properties............................................................................................9-8
Generating PT-Envelopes ..............................................................................................9-11
Creating a PT-Envelope from a Stream .............................................................9-11
About Stream Classes.....................................................................................................9-13
Using Stream Classes .....................................................................................................9-14
Using Predefined Stream Classes.......................................................................9-14
Creating or Modifying Stream Classes ..............................................................9-15
Specifying a Global Stream Class......................................................................9-16
Specifying Stream Classes for Flowsheet Sections............................................9-16
Specifying Stream Classes for Individual Streams ............................................9-17
Defining New Substreams..............................................................................................9-17
About Particle Size Distributions...................................................................................9-18
Changing Particle Size Distribution Intervals....................................................9-18
Creating New Particle Size Distributions...........................................................9-19
Specifying Heat Streams ................................................................................................9-19
Working with Load Streams ..............................................................................9-20
Specifying Work Streams...............................................................................................9-21
Using PseudoProduct Streams .......................................................................................9-22
About Stream Libraries ..................................................................................................9-23
Accessing Stream Libraries................................................................................9-24
Using Stream Reconciliation..........................................................................................9-24
Reconciling Streams with Assay Data ...............................................................9-26

Unit Operation Models 10-1

Choosing the Right Unit Operation Model ....................................................................10-1

viii • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Mixers and Splitters .......................................................................................................10-3
Mixer ..................................................................................................................10-3
FSplit ..................................................................................................................10-4
SSplit ..................................................................................................................10-4
Separators .......................................................................................................................10-4
Flash2 .................................................................................................................10-5
Flash3 .................................................................................................................10-5
Decanter .............................................................................................................10-5
Sep......................................................................................................................10-6
Sep2....................................................................................................................10-6
Heat Exchangers.............................................................................................................10-6
Heater .................................................................................................................10-6
HeatX .................................................................................................................10-7
MHeatX............................................................................................................10-12
HxFlux..............................................................................................................10-12
Hetran ...............................................................................................................10-13
Aerotran............................................................................................................10-13
HTRI-Xist.........................................................................................................10-14
Columns .......................................................................................................................10-14
DSTWU............................................................................................................10-14
Distl ..................................................................................................................10-15
SCFrac..............................................................................................................10-15
RadFrac ............................................................................................................10-15
MultiFrac..........................................................................................................10-19
PetroFrac ..........................................................................................................10-20
RateFrac ...........................................................................................................10-23
Batch Distillation - BatchFrac..........................................................................10-24
Extract ..............................................................................................................10-24
Reactors........................................................................................................................10-25
RStoic ...............................................................................................................10-25
RYield ..............................................................................................................10-25
REquil...............................................................................................................10-25
RGibbs..............................................................................................................10-26
RCSTR .............................................................................................................10-26
RPlug................................................................................................................10-26
RBatch..............................................................................................................10-27
Pressure Changers ........................................................................................................10-27
Pump.................................................................................................................10-27
Compr...............................................................................................................10-27
MCompr ...........................................................................................................10-27
Pipeline.............................................................................................................10-28
Pipe...................................................................................................................10-28
Valve ................................................................................................................10-28
Manipulators.................................................................................................................10-28
Mult ..................................................................................................................10-28
Dupl..................................................................................................................10-28

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • ix

 ClChng .............................................................................................................10-28
Analyzer ...........................................................................................................10-28
Feedbl ...............................................................................................................10-29
Selector.............................................................................................................10-29
Measurement ....................................................................................................10-29
Solids............................................................................................................................10-29
Crystallizer .......................................................................................................10-29
Crusher .............................................................................................................10-30
Screen ...............................................................................................................10-30
FabFl.................................................................................................................10-30
Cyclone.............................................................................................................10-30
VScrub..............................................................................................................10-30
ESP ...................................................................................................................10-30
HyCyc...............................................................................................................10-31
CFuge ...............................................................................................................10-31
Filter .................................................................................................................10-31
SWash...............................................................................................................10-31
CCD..................................................................................................................10-31
User Models .................................................................................................................10-31
Fortran and Excel Unit Operation Models .......................................................10-32
CAPE-OPEN COM Unit Operation Models....................................................10-32
Aspen Modeler Flowsheets ..............................................................................10-32
User3 ................................................................................................................10-34
Hierarchy......................................................................................................................10-34
Specifying Unit Operation Models ..............................................................................10-35
Overriding Global Specifications for a Block..............................................................10-35
Requesting Heating/Cooling Curve Calculations ........................................................10-36
How to Request Heating/Cooling Curves ........................................................10-36
Reconciling Block Input...............................................................................................10-39

Running Your Simulation 11-1

Running the Simulation Interactively ............................................................................11-2
Commands for Controlling Simulations ............................................................11-3
Changing Interactive Simulation Speed.............................................................11-4
Reinitializing SM Simulation Calculations........................................................11-4
Reinitializing EO Simulation Calculations ........................................................11-5
Viewing the Status of the Simulation.................................................................11-6
Checking the Status of Calculations...................................................................11-7
Checking the Simulation History .......................................................................11-7
Running the Simulation on the Aspen Plus Host Computer ..........................................11-8
Communicating with a Remote Aspen Plus Host Computer .............................11-9
Running a Simulation Batch (Background) ...................................................................11-9
Starting a Batch Run ..........................................................................................11-9
Checking the Status of a Batch Run...................................................................11-9
Running Aspen Plus Standalone ..................................................................................11-10
Aspen Plus Simulation Engine Window ..........................................................11-10

x • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Editing the Input File for Standalone Runs......................................................11-10
Changing Run Settings and User Databanks................................................................11-11
Interactively Load Results................................................................................11-12
Animate Flowsheet...........................................................................................11-13
Allow Run Only When Input is Complete .......................................................11-13
Edit Keyword Input Data Before Starting Calculations...................................11-13
Copy Data Regression and Property Constant Estimation Results onto Property
Parameter Forms ..............................................................................................11-13
Activating and Deactivating Blocks.............................................................................11-13
Running an EO Simulation ..........................................................................................11-15
Synchronizing EO Without Running SM Calculations....................................11-16

Examining Results and Generating Reports 12-1

Viewing Simulation Results Interactively......................................................................12-1
Viewing Results of an EO Simulation ...........................................................................12-2
Viewing Current Simulation Results..................................................................12-2
Checking the Completion Status of a Run .....................................................................12-3
Checking Completion Status in the Control Panel.............................................12-4
Checking Completion Status in the History File................................................12-4
Checking the Convergence Status of a Run ...................................................................12-5
Displaying Stream Results .............................................................................................12-6
Removing Streams from Flowsheets..................................................................12-6
Displaying Stream Results from Sheets .............................................................12-6
Formatting Stream Results .................................................................................12-7
Displaying Heat and Work Stream Results........................................................12-8
Displaying EO Variable Results ........................................................................12-8
Generating an Aspen Plus Report File ...........................................................................12-8
Exporting a Report File ......................................................................................12-9
Viewing a Section of the Report ........................................................................12-9

Working with Plots 13-1

About Plots.....................................................................................................................13-1
Step 1: Displaying the Data............................................................................................13-1
Step 2: Generating a Plot................................................................................................13-2
Using the Plot Wizard ........................................................................................13-2
Generating a Plot by Selecting Variables...........................................................13-5
Step 3: Customizing the Appearance of a Plot...............................................................13-6
Adding and Modifying Annotation Text............................................................13-6
Changing Plot Properties....................................................................................13-7
Working with Plots.......................................................................................................13-13
Updating Plots When Results Change .............................................................13-13
Adding Data to Plots ........................................................................................13-13
Comparing Runs Using Plots ...........................................................................13-13
Deleting Data Points and Curves from Plots....................................................13-14
Displaying a Different Range of Data on a Plot...............................................13-14
Changing Plot Defaults ....................................................................................13-15

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • xi

 Printing a Plot...................................................................................................13-16

Annotating Process Flowsheets 14-1

Adding Annotations .......................................................................................................14-1
Adding Stream Tables........................................................................................14-2
Adding Graphics Objects ...................................................................................14-2
Adding Text Objects ..........................................................................................14-3
About Global Data .........................................................................................................14-4
Displaying Global Data......................................................................................14-5
About PFD Mode ...........................................................................................................14-6
Using PFD Mode to Change Flowsheet Connectivity .......................................14-6
Creating a Process Flow Diagram......................................................................14-8
Grouping Objects ...........................................................................................................14-8
Creating Temporary Groups...............................................................................14-9
Creating Permanent Groups ...............................................................................14-9
Aligning Objects in Flowsheets .......................................................................14-10
Attaching Objects to the Flowsheet .................................................................14-11
Printing .........................................................................................................................14-11
Using Page Setup .............................................................................................14-11
Printing a Flowsheet.........................................................................................14-12
Printing a Section of Flowsheet .......................................................................14-13
Printing Large Flowsheets................................................................................14-13

Managing Your Files 15-1

File Formats in Aspen Plus ............................................................................................15-1
Document Files (*.apw) .....................................................................................15-2
Backup Files (*.bkp) ..........................................................................................15-2
Template Files (*.apt) ........................................................................................15-5
Input Files (*.inp)...............................................................................................15-7
Report Files (*.rep) ............................................................................................15-7
Summary Files (*.sum) ......................................................................................15-8
Run Messages Files (*.cpm) ..............................................................................15-8
History Files (*.his)............................................................................................15-9
Opening Aspen Plus Files ..............................................................................................15-9
Types of Files You Can Open ..........................................................................15-10
Using the Favorites List ...................................................................................15-10
Saving a Run ................................................................................................................15-10
Exporting Aspen Plus Files ..........................................................................................15-11
Types of Files You Can Export........................................................................15-11
Importing Aspen Plus Files ..........................................................................................15-11
Types of Files You Can Import........................................................................15-12
Deciding How to Store a Simulation Problem Definition............................................15-12
Managing Files in a Client-Server Environment..........................................................15-13
Specifying the Working Directory on the Host Computer...............................15-13
Saving Files ......................................................................................................15-13
View History ....................................................................................................15-13

xii • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Converting Pro/II Input Keyword Files .......................................................................15-14

Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment 16-1

Choosing Settings for the Current Run ..........................................................................16-1
Customizing Settings for All Runs.................................................................................16-2
Choosing View Options .....................................................................................16-2
Using Toolbars ...................................................................................................16-3
Specifying Default Options............................................................................................16-4
Using the General Tab........................................................................................16-5
Using the Component Data Tab .........................................................................16-7
Using the Results View Tab...............................................................................16-9
Using the Flowsheet Tab..................................................................................16-11
Using the Grid/Scale Tab .................................................................................16-12
Using the Plots Tab ..........................................................................................16-13
Using the Run Tab............................................................................................16-14
Using the Startup Tab.......................................................................................16-15
Using the Styles Tab ........................................................................................16-15
Using the Advanced Tab ..................................................................................16-16
Using the Upward Compatibility Tab ..............................................................16-16
Using the Properties Tab ..................................................................................16-16
Using the Window Menu .............................................................................................16-16
Using Workbook Mode....................................................................................16-17
Customizing Application Template Files.....................................................................16-17
About User Model Libraries ........................................................................................16-18
Creating and Manipulating User Libraries.......................................................16-19
Adding Models to User Model Libraries .........................................................16-21
Changing Icons for Models in User Libraries..................................................16-27

Convergence 17-1
SM Convergence ............................................................................................................17-1
Flowsheet Recycles and Design Specifications .............................................................17-1
Convergence Options .....................................................................................................17-3
Specifying Tear Convergence Parameters .........................................................17-3
Specifying Default Methods...............................................................................17-5
Specifying Sequencing Parameters ....................................................................17-5
Specifying Convergence Method Parameters ....................................................17-6
Specifying Tear Streams ................................................................................................17-6
Initial Estimates for Tear Streams......................................................................17-7
Specifying User-Defined Convergence Blocks..............................................................17-8
Convergence Methods....................................................................................................17-8
WEGSTEIN Method ..........................................................................................17-9
DIRECT Method ..............................................................................................17-10
Secant Method..................................................................................................17-11
BROYDEN Method .........................................................................................17-12
NEWTON Method ...........................................................................................17-12
COMPLEX Method .........................................................................................17-14

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • xiii

 SQP Method .....................................................................................................17-14
Specifying Convergence Order ....................................................................................17-15
Specifying the Calculation Sequence...........................................................................17-15
Using Initial Guesses....................................................................................................17-17
Flowsheet Sequencing..................................................................................................17-17
Obtaining Final Convergence Sequence ..........................................................17-18
Adding Special Options to the Sequence .........................................................17-19
Viewing the Sequence......................................................................................17-19
Checking Convergence Results....................................................................................17-22
Control Panel Messages ...............................................................................................17-22
Strategies for Flowsheet Convergence.........................................................................17-24
Calculator Block Convergence Suggestions ....................................................17-28
Resolving Sequence and Convergence Problems ............................................17-28
EO Convergence ..........................................................................................................17-32
Specifying EO Convergence Options ..........................................................................17-33
About the DMO Solver ................................................................................................17-34
Changing DMO Solver Parameters..............................................................................17-36
Using Creep Mode ...........................................................................................17-37
Viewing Iteration Summary Information.........................................................17-38
Specifying Active Set Initialization Parameters...............................................17-39
Using Micro-Infeasibility Handling .................................................................17-40
Applying a Trust Region ..................................................................................17-40
Viewing DMO Solver Report Information ..................................................................17-41
Problem Information ........................................................................................17-42
Basic Iteration Information ..............................................................................17-42
Largest Unscaled Residuals .............................................................................17-42
Constrained Variables and Shadow Price ........................................................17-42
General Iteration Information...........................................................................17-43
Nonlinearity Ratios ..........................................................................................17-44
Guidelines for Using the DMO Solver.........................................................................17-45
Scaling..............................................................................................................17-45
Handling Infeasible Solutions ..........................................................................17-46
Handling Singularities......................................................................................17-47
Variable Bounding ...........................................................................................17-48
Run-Time Intervention.....................................................................................17-49
About the LSSQP Solver..............................................................................................17-50
Changing LSSQP Solver Parameters ...........................................................................17-51
Viewing Iteration Summary Information.........................................................17-53
Viewing LSSQP Solver Report Information................................................................17-55
Basic Iteration Information ..............................................................................17-55
Independent Variables......................................................................................17-56
Constrained Variables ......................................................................................17-56
Largest Scaled Variable Changes.....................................................................17-58
Inactive Equations ............................................................................................17-58
Largest Scaled Residuals..................................................................................17-58
Largest Block RMS Residuals .........................................................................17-58

xiv • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Line Search Information...................................................................................17-59
Objective and Worst Merit Function Contributors ..........................................17-60
Guidelines for Using the LSSQP Solver ......................................................................17-60
Scaling..............................................................................................................17-60
Handling Infeasible Solutions ..........................................................................17-61
Handling Singularities......................................................................................17-62
Handling Infeasible QPs...................................................................................17-62
Variable Bounding ...........................................................................................17-63
About the NSOLVE Solver..........................................................................................17-63
Changing NSOLVE Solver Parameters .......................................................................17-64
Viewing NSOLVE Iteration Summary Information ....................................................17-65

Accessing Flowsheet Variables 18-1

Accessing SM Variables ................................................................................................18-1
Accessing Flowsheet Variables......................................................................................18-1
Types of Accessed Flowsheet Variables........................................................................18-2
Block Variables ..................................................................................................18-3
Stream Variables ................................................................................................18-3
Other Variables ..................................................................................................18-3
Property Parameters ...........................................................................................18-4
Variable Definition Dialog Box .....................................................................................18-4
Choosing Input or Results Variables..............................................................................18-6
Guidelines for Choosing Input or Results Variables..........................................18-7
Using Parameter Variables.............................................................................................18-7
Accessing Vectors ........................................................................................................18-10
Accessing Stream and Substream Vectors ...................................................................18-11
Substream MIXED and Stream Class CONVEN ............................................18-12
Substream CISOLID ........................................................................................18-14
Substream NC ..................................................................................................18-14
Component Attributes and PSD .......................................................................18-15
Accessing Block Vectors .............................................................................................18-16
Variables Dependent on Stage Number or Segment Number..........................18-17
Variables Dependent on Section Number ........................................................18-18
Variables Dependent on Operation Step Number ............................................18-18
Variables Dependent on Component Number .................................................18-19
Variables Dependent on Component Number and Stage or Segment Number18-19
Variables Dependent on Stage Number and Section Number .........................18-21
Variables Dependent on Stage Number and Operation Step Number .............18-21
Variables Dependent on Component Number, Stage Number, and Stripper
Number.............................................................................................................18-22
Variables Dependent on Component Number, Stage Number, and Operation Step
Number.............................................................................................................18-22
Variables Dependent on Component Number, Accumulator Number, and
Operation Step Number....................................................................................18-23
MHeatX Profiles ..............................................................................................18-23
Reactor Profiles ................................................................................................18-23

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • xv

 Accessing Property Parameter Vectors ........................................................................18-24
EO Variables ................................................................................................................18-27
EO Variable Naming Conventions...............................................................................18-28
Mole Fraction-Based Models ...........................................................................18-28
Equations..........................................................................................................18-28
Mole Fraction Streams .....................................................................................18-29
EO Variable Attributes.................................................................................................18-30
Variable Bounds...............................................................................................18-31
Accessing EO Variables...............................................................................................18-33
Synchronizing the Model .............................................................................................18-34
Using the EO Variables Form ......................................................................................18-34
Sorting the Variables List.................................................................................18-35
Customizing the Variables List Display...........................................................18-35
Using the EO Variables Dialog Box ............................................................................18-36
Customizing the EO Variables Display ...........................................................18-37
Using the Query Dialog Box........................................................................................18-37
EO Aliases....................................................................................................................18-38
EO Ports .......................................................................................................................18-39
Creating a Port..................................................................................................18-39

Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran 19-1

About Calculator Blocks ................................................................................................19-1
Using Fortran in Aspen Plus ..........................................................................................19-2
Using Fortran in Calculator Blocks................................................................................19-3
Creating a Calculator Block Using Fortran........................................................19-3
Using Excel in Calculator Blocks ..................................................................................19-3
Creating a Calculator Block Using Excel ..........................................................19-4
Identifying Flowsheet Variables ....................................................................................19-4
Specifying Calculations..................................................................................................19-6
Entering Fortran Statements and Declarations...................................................19-6
Entering Excel Formulas....................................................................................19-7
Specifying When the Calculator Block is Executed ......................................................19-7
Import and Export Variables ..............................................................................19-8
Converging Loops Introduced by Calculator Blocks.....................................................19-9
Specifying Export Variables as Tear Variables .................................................19-9
Rules for In-Line Fortran Statements...........................................................................19-12
Disabling Syntax Checking..............................................................................19-12
Writing to the Screen and Aspen Plus Files.................................................................19-13
Interactive Read Statements .........................................................................................19-13
Retaining Variables Between Iterations and Blocks ....................................................19-14
About the Interpreter ....................................................................................................19-15
About External Fortran Subroutines ............................................................................19-16
EO Usage Notes for Calculator....................................................................................19-16

Sensitivity 20-1
About Sensitivity Analysis.............................................................................................20-1

xvi • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 SM Sensitivity ................................................................................................................20-1
About Sensitivity Blocks....................................................................................20-2
Defining a Sensitivity Block ..........................................................................................20-2
Creating a Sensitivity Block...............................................................................20-3
Identifying the Sampled Flowsheet Variables ...................................................20-3
Identifying Manipulated Flowsheet Variables ...................................................20-4
Defining Tabulated Variables ............................................................................20-5
Reinitializing Blocks and Streams .....................................................................20-5
Entering Optional Fortran Statements................................................................20-6
Fortran Declarations.......................................................................................................20-6
EO Sensitivity ..............................................................................................................20-10
Creating an EO Sensitivity Object ...................................................................20-11
Calculating EO Sensitivity and Viewing Results.............................................20-12

Design Specifications: Feedback Control 21-1

SM Design Specs ...........................................................................................................21-1
About Design Specifications..........................................................................................21-1
Defining a Design Specification ....................................................................................21-2
Creating a Design Specification.........................................................................21-3
Identifying Sampled Flowsheet Variables .........................................................21-3
Entering the Design Specification......................................................................21-4
Identifying the Manipulated Variable ................................................................21-5
Entering Optional Fortran Statements................................................................21-5
Using the Fortran Sheet......................................................................................21-6
Troubleshooting Design Specifications .........................................................................21-6
EO Usage Notes for Design Spec ................................................................................21-16
EO Spec Groups ...........................................................................................................21-17
Choosing Variables for a Spec Group..............................................................21-18
Creating a Spec Group .....................................................................................21-19

Equation-Oriented Simulation 22-1

The Four Equation-Oriented (EO) Run Modes..............................................................22-2
EO Simulation Run Mode ..................................................................................22-2
EO Optimization Run Mode ..............................................................................22-3
EO Parameter Estimation Run Mode .................................................................22-3
EO Reconciliation Run Mode ............................................................................22-3
Fixed, Free, and DOF Variables.....................................................................................22-3
Net Specification ............................................................................................................22-4
EO Variable Specifications ............................................................................................22-5
EO Objective Functions .................................................................................................22-6
Defining an EO Objective Function...................................................................22-6
Setting an EO Objective Function for a Run......................................................22-7
Selecting Degree-of-Freedom Variables........................................................................22-8
Other EO Variable Attributes.........................................................................................22-8
Parameter Estimation Versus Reconciliation.................................................................22-9
EO Flashes....................................................................................................................22-10

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • xvii

 EO Options for Flashes ....................................................................................22-10
PML Flash ........................................................................................................22-12
Smoothing Flash...............................................................................................22-14
Measurements...............................................................................................................22-17
Configuring Specifications for Measurements.............................................................22-18
Measurements that Pass Information to the Model......................................................22-20
Sending a Constant Value to the Model...........................................................22-20
Setting the Initial Value of an Optimized Variable..........................................22-20
Setting the Initial Value of a Reconciled Variable...........................................22-20
Setting the Initial Value of an Independent Variable.......................................22-21
Measurements that Report Information from the Model .............................................22-21
Measurements that Pass Information Differently in Different Modes.........................22-21
Measurements on Measured Variables ............................................................22-22
Measurements on Parameterized Variables .....................................................22-22
EO Troubleshooting .....................................................................................................22-22
EO Troubleshooting: Case 1 ............................................................................22-22
EO Troubleshooting: Case 2 ............................................................................22-23
Using Open Solvers......................................................................................................22-24
Selecting an Open Solver .................................................................................22-24
Viewing the Open Solver Parameters ..............................................................22-25
Changing Values of Open Solver Parameters ..................................................22-25
Implementing Open Solvers.............................................................................22-25

Optimization and Data Fit 23-1

Optimization...................................................................................................................23-1
About Optimization........................................................................................................23-1
Convergence of Optimization Problems ............................................................23-2
Recommended Procedure for Optimization...................................................................23-2
Defining an Optimization Problem ................................................................................23-3
Creating an Optimization Problem.....................................................................23-3
Identifying Sampled Flowsheet Variables .........................................................23-3
Entering the Objective Function ........................................................................23-4
Identifying the Manipulated Variable ................................................................23-5
About Constraints...........................................................................................................23-5
Defining Constraints ..........................................................................................23-5
Creating Constraints...........................................................................................23-6
Identifying Sampled Flowsheet Variables for Constraints ................................23-6
Specifying the Constraint Expression ................................................................23-7
Entering Optional Fortran Statements............................................................................23-8
Using the Fortran Sheet......................................................................................23-8
Fortran Declarations.......................................................................................................23-8
Convergence of Optimization Problems ........................................................................23-9
COMPLEX Method ...........................................................................................23-9
Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) Method...........................................23-9
Troubleshooting Optimization Problems .....................................................................23-10
Fitting a Simulation Model to Data..............................................................................23-22

xviii • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Types of Data-Fit Applications ....................................................................................23-23
Defining a Data-Fit Problem ........................................................................................23-23
Creating Point-Data Data Sets......................................................................................23-24
Identifying Flowsheet Variables ......................................................................23-24
Entering the Measured Point-Data ...................................................................23-26
Creating Profile-Data Sets............................................................................................23-27
Identifying Profile Variables............................................................................23-28
Entering the Measured Profile-Data.................................................................23-28
Defining Data-Fit Regression Cases ............................................................................23-29
Creating Data-Fit Regression Cases.................................................................23-30
Convergence Parameters ..................................................................................23-30
Advanced Parameters.......................................................................................23-31
Data-Fit Numerical Formulation..................................................................................23-32
Ensuring Well-Formulated Data-Fit Problems ............................................................23-33
Example of a Well-Formulated Data-Fit Problem ...........................................23-33
Bound Factor ....................................................................................................23-34
Estimating Unmeasured Variables ...................................................................23-35
Sequencing Data-Fit.....................................................................................................23-35
Using Data-Fit Results .................................................................................................23-36
Troubleshooting ...........................................................................................................23-36

Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks 24-1

Transfer Blocks ..............................................................................................................24-1
Defining a Transfer Block..............................................................................................24-2
Creating a Transfer Block ..............................................................................................24-2
Copying Flowsheet Variables ........................................................................................24-2
Copying Streams ................................................................................................24-2
Copying Stream Flow.........................................................................................24-3
Copying Substreams...........................................................................................24-3
Copying Block or Stream Variables...................................................................24-3
Specifying Transfer Block Execution ............................................................................24-4
Entering Flash Specifications for Destination Streams..................................................24-4
Types of Flash ....................................................................................................24-5
How to Enter Flash Specifications .....................................................................24-5
EO Usage Notes for Transfer .........................................................................................24-7
Equation Oriented Connection Equations ......................................................................24-8
Specifying Equation Oriented Connections .......................................................24-8
Bias and Scale Factors in Equation Oriented Connections ................................24-8
Effects of Equation Oriented Connections on Variable Specifications .............24-9

Balance Blocks 25-1

Defining a Balance Block ..............................................................................................25-1
Creating a Balance Block...............................................................................................25-2
Specifying Blocks and Streams for Balance Calculations .............................................25-2
Specifying and Updating Stream Variables ...................................................................25-4
Convergence Parameters ................................................................................................25-4

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • xix

 Sequencing Balance Blocks ...........................................................................................25-4
Flash Specifications........................................................................................................25-5
Material and Energy Balance Equations ........................................................................25-5

Case Study 26-1

Using Case Study ...........................................................................................................26-1
Creating a Case Study ....................................................................................................26-1
Identifying Case Study Variables...................................................................................26-2
Specifying Values for Case Study Variables .................................................................26-2
Resetting Initial Values ......................................................................................26-3
Entering a Description........................................................................................26-3
Specifying Report Options for Case Studies..................................................................26-4

Specifying Reactions and Chemistry 27-1

About Reactions and Chemistry.....................................................................................27-1
Reactions ............................................................................................................27-2
Chemistry ...........................................................................................................27-2
About Electrolytes Chemistry ........................................................................................27-2
Specifying Electrolytes Chemistry.................................................................................27-3
Defining Stoichiometry for Electrolytes Chemistry...........................................27-4
Defining Equilibrium Constants for Electrolytes Chemistry .............................27-5
Specifying Power Law Reactions for Reactors and Pressure Relief Systems ...............27-7
Equilibrium Reactions (for RCSTR only)..........................................................27-8
Rate-Controlled Reactions .................................................................................27-9
Reactions With Solids ..................................................................................................27-11
Stoichiometry and Reaction Rate.....................................................................27-11
Volume Basis for Concentrations ....................................................................27-11
Specifying LHHW Reactions for Reactors and Pressure Relief Systems....................27-12
Equilibrium Reactions for LHHW (for RCSTR only) .....................................27-13
Rate-Controlled Reactions for LHHW.............................................................27-13
Specifying Reactions for Reactive Distillation ............................................................27-15
Equilibrium Reactions......................................................................................27-16
Rate Controlled Reactions................................................................................27-18
Fractional Conversion Reactions (for RadFrac only) ......................................27-20
Salt Precipitation Reactions (for RadFrac only) ..............................................27-21
Using a User-Kinetics Subroutine................................................................................27-23

Property Sets 28-1

About Property Sets .......................................................................................................28-1
Defining a Property Set ..................................................................................................28-2
Using the Search Dialog Box .............................................................................28-3
Specifying Phase Qualifiers ...............................................................................28-3
Specifying Temperature and Pressure Qualifiers...............................................28-3
Limitations on Calculating Distillation Curves..............................................................28-5
User-Defined Properties.................................................................................................28-6

xx • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Analyzing Properties 29-1
About Property Analysis ................................................................................................29-2
Generating Property Analyses Interactively ..................................................................29-2
Pure Component Properties................................................................................29-3
Properties for Binary Systems............................................................................29-6
Residue Curves.................................................................................................29-14
Stream Properties .............................................................................................29-17
Generating Property Analyses Using Forms................................................................29-20
Creating A Property Analysis Using Forms.....................................................29-21
Pure...................................................................................................................29-22
Binary ...............................................................................................................29-22
Generic .............................................................................................................29-22
Pressure-Temperature Envelopes.....................................................................29-27
Residue Curves.................................................................................................29-32
Property Methods Specifications for Property Analysis ..............................................29-33
Examining Property Analysis Results..........................................................................29-33
Using Aspen Split.........................................................................................................29-34

Estimating Property Parameters 30-1

About Property Estimation.............................................................................................30-1
Property Estimation on a Standalone Basis........................................................30-1
Property Estimation in a Flowsheet, Property Analysis, PROPERTIES PLUS, or
Data Regression Run..........................................................................................30-2
What Property Parameters Can Aspen Plus Estimate? ..................................................30-2
Required Information for Parameter Estimation............................................................30-6
Defining Molecular Structure Using the General Method .............................................30-6
Atoms Numbers and Types ................................................................................30-7
Defining Molecular Structure Using Method-Specific Functional Groups ...................30-8
Identifying Parameters to be Estimated .......................................................................30-10
Estimating Pure Component Parameters..........................................................30-11
Estimating Temperature-Dependent Properties ...............................................30-13
Estimating Binary Parameters..........................................................................30-14
Estimating UNIFAC Group Parameters...........................................................30-16
Using Experimental Data to Improve Estimated Parameters...........................30-17
Comparing Estimated Parameters to Experimental Data.................................30-20
Examining Parameter Estimation Results ........................................................30-20
Using Estimated Parameters.........................................................................................30-21
Saving Estimation Results Automatically........................................................30-21
Not Saving Estimation Results Automatically.................................................30-22

Regressing Property Data 31-1

Setting Up a Regression .................................................................................................31-2
Selecting a Property Method ..........................................................................................31-2
Entering Supplemental Parameters ................................................................................31-3
Fitting Pure Component Data.........................................................................................31-3

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • xxi

 Entering Pure Component Data......................................................................................31-3
Fitting Phase Equilibrium and Mixture Data .................................................................31-4
Entering Phase Equilibrium and Mixture Data ..............................................................31-4
Data Types..........................................................................................................31-5
Regressing Electrolyte Parameters.................................................................................31-7
Generating Binary VLE and LLE Data..........................................................................31-8
Entering Standard Deviations of Measurements............................................................31-9
Plotting Experimental Data ..........................................................................................31-10
Formulating a Regression Case....................................................................................31-11
Specifying Parameters to be Regressed ...........................................................31-12
Regression Algorithm Options.........................................................................31-13
Thermodynamic Consistency Test for VLE Data ........................................................31-15
Evaluating the Accuracy of Known Model Parameters ...............................................31-16
Running the Regression ...............................................................................................31-17
Using Regression Results.............................................................................................31-17
Examining Regression Results.........................................................................31-17
Plotting Regression Results..............................................................................31-19
Comparing Results from Several Cases ...........................................................31-20
Using Regression Results in a Flowsheet Run.................................................31-21
Retrieving Data From DETHERM and the Internet ........................................31-21

Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents 32-1

About ADA/PCS ............................................................................................................32-1
About Pseudocomponents ..................................................................................32-1
About Assay Data...............................................................................................32-2
About Petroleum Property Curves .....................................................................32-3
About Light Ends ...............................................................................................32-4
About Blends......................................................................................................32-4
Using ADA/PCS ............................................................................................................32-5
Creating Assays..............................................................................................................32-5
Defining an Assay Using the Components Specifications Selection Sheet .......32-5
Defining an Assay Using the Assay-Blend Object Manager .............................32-5
Entering Assay Data.......................................................................................................32-6
Entering a Distillation Curve and Bulk Gravity Value ......................................32-6
Entering a Gravity Curve ...................................................................................32-7
Entering a Molecular Weight Curve ..................................................................32-7
Entering Light-Ends Analysis ............................................................................32-7
Entering Petroleum Property Curves..................................................................32-8
Entering Viscosity Curves..................................................................................32-8
Creating a Blend.............................................................................................................32-9
Defining a Blend Using the Components Specifications Selection Sheet .........32-9
Defining a Blend Using the Assay-Blend Object Manager .............................32-10
Entering Blend Specifications......................................................................................32-10
Specifying Assay Analysis Options .............................................................................32-10
Overriding the Default Assay Analysis Options ..............................................32-11
Entering Optional Assay Data Specifications ..................................................32-12

xxii • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Entering Optional Blend Specifications...........................................................32-12
Modifying Petroleum Property Definitions..................................................................32-12
About Pseudocomponent Generation...........................................................................32-13
Pseudocomponent Cut Points...........................................................................32-14
Pseudocomponent Naming Options .................................................................32-14
Entering Specifications for Generation of Pseudocomponents....................................32-15
Defining Pseudocomponents and Entering Pseudocomponent Properties...................32-16
Entering Basic Properties for Pseudocomponents ...........................................32-16
Entering Temperature-Dependent Properties for Pseudocomponents .............32-17
About Pseudocomponent Property Methods................................................................32-17
Creating Pseudocomponent Property Methods ............................................................32-19
Defining a New Petroleum Property ............................................................................32-19
Examining ADA/PCS Results......................................................................................32-20
Examining ADA Results..................................................................................32-20
Examining Pseudocomponent Property Results ..............................................32-21

Pressure Relief Calculations 33-1

About Pressure Relief Calculations................................................................................33-1
Creating a Pressure Relief Block .......................................................................33-2
About Pressure Relief Scenarios ....................................................................................33-3
Selecting a Pressure Relief Scenario..............................................................................33-4
Specifying the Inlet Stream for Steady State Scenarios.....................................33-5
Specifying Initial Vessel Contents for Dynamic Scenarios ...............................33-7
Design Rules ..................................................................................................................33-9
Specifying the Venting System ....................................................................................33-12
Specifying the Relief Device............................................................................33-12
Specifying the Vessel Neck..............................................................................33-15
Specifying the Inlet Pipe ..................................................................................33-15
Specifying the Tail Pipe ...................................................................................33-17
Specifying Dynamic Input ...........................................................................................33-17
Specifying Reactive Systems for Dynamic Scenarios .....................................33-21
Specifying When to Stop Dynamic Calculations.............................................33-22
Examining Results of Pressure Relief Calculations.....................................................33-24
Steady-State Results.........................................................................................33-24
Dynamic Results ..............................................................................................33-25

Inserts 34-1
What is an Insert?...........................................................................................................34-1
Creating an Insert ...............................................................................................34-1
Importing Inserts ................................................................................................34-2
Resolving ID Conflicts.......................................................................................34-2
Creating a Property Package ..........................................................................................34-4
Using Electrolyte Inserts From the Aspen Plus Insert Library ......................................34-5
Hiding Objects................................................................................................................34-5
Revealing Objects ..............................................................................................34-6

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • xxiii

Creating Stream Libraries 35-1
Creating or Modifying a Stream Library........................................................................35-2
Running STRLIB Interactively ..........................................................................35-2
Running STRLIB in Batch Mode.......................................................................35-3
STRLIB Commands.......................................................................................................35-3
Example of Creating a Library with Two Cases ................................................35-7
Example of Creating a Library with One Case ..................................................35-7

Stream Summary Formats 36-1

About the Aspen Plus TFFs ...........................................................................................36-1
Creating a TFF ...............................................................................................................36-2
TFF File Format and Options.............................................................................36-2
Basic Stream Result Properties ......................................................................................36-6
Qualifier Descriptions for DISPLAY and PROP...............................................36-7
Option Descriptions for DISPLAY and PROP ..................................................36-9
Header Sentence Order in the Stream Table ....................................................36-13
Formats for Numbers .......................................................................................36-13
The NORMALIZE Option ...............................................................................36-14
PPM, PPB, and TRACE Options .....................................................................36-15

Working with Other Windows Programs 37-1

About Copying, Pasting, and OLE.................................................................................37-1
Copying and Pasting Simulation Data ...............................................................37-2
Copying and Pasting Plots and Other Images ..................................................37-10
Creating Active Links Between Aspen Plus and Other Windows Applications..........37-13
Creating Active Links Between an Aspen Plus Result and another Windows
Application .......................................................................................................37-14
Creating Active Links from a Windows Application to Aspen Plus Input Fields37-17
Saving and Opening Files with Active Links...............................................................37-18
Saving Files with Active Links ........................................................................37-18
Opening Files with Active Links .....................................................................37-19
Using Embedded Objects in the Process Flowsheet Window......................................37-21
Embedding an Object Using Copy and Paste...................................................37-21
Embedding an Object Using the Insert Object Dialog Box .............................37-21
Modifying an Embedded Object ......................................................................37-22
Saving a Run With an Embedded Object.........................................................37-22

Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server 38-1

About the Automation Server ........................................................................................38-2
Using the Automation Server.............................................................................38-2
Viewing the Properties and Methods of Aspen Plus Objects.........................................38-3
Objects Exposed by Aspen Plus.........................................................................38-3
The Aspen Plus Tree Structure...........................................................................38-5
Using the Variable Explorer to Navigate the Tree Structure .........................................38-5
Example of Using the Variable Explorer ...........................................................38-6

xxiv • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Navigating the Tree Structure in the Automation Interface...........................................38-7
Example to Illustrate a Collection Object ..........................................................38-7
Dot Notation for Navigating the Tree ................................................................38-8
Data Values ....................................................................................................................38-9
Example of Accessing Data Values ...................................................................38-9
Node Attributes ............................................................................................................38-10
Value-related Attributes ...................................................................................38-10
Meta-data Attributes for Records.....................................................................38-11
Attributes for Variable Nodes ..........................................................................38-11
Attributes for Multi-dimensioned Variables Nodes .........................................38-11
Flowsheet Connectivity Port Attributes ...........................................................38-12
Other Attributes................................................................................................38-12
Example of Using AttributeValue....................................................................38-12
Physical Quantities and Units of Measure ...................................................................38-13
Retrieving Units of Measure ............................................................................38-13
Converting the Units of Measure for a Value ..................................................38-14
Changing the Units of Measure for the Aspen Plus Run .................................38-15
Referencing Non-Scalar Variables in the Automation Interface .................................38-16
Accessing Variables With a Single Identifier: Column Temperature Profile..38-17
Accessing Variables with 2 Identifiers: Column Composition Profile ............38-19
Accessing Variables With 3 Identifiers: Reaction Coefficients.......................38-20
Flowsheet Connectivity and Automation.....................................................................38-22
Accessing Flowsheet Connectivity ..................................................................38-22
Example Code Showing Flowsheet Connectivity............................................38-22
Manipulating Blocks and Streams....................................................................38-23
Manipulating Libraries and Model Library Categories....................................38-24
Controlling the User Interface from an Automation Client .........................................38-24
Handling Aspen Plus Events ............................................................................38-25
Suppressing Dialog Boxes ...............................................................................38-26
Disabling User Interface features.....................................................................38-26
Automating the Initial Connection to the Simulation Engine ..........................38-27
Controlling a Simulation from an Automation Client..................................................38-27
Exporting Files from an Automation Client.................................................................38-32
Members of Aspen Plus Classes ..................................................................................38-32
Members of Classes HappLS and HappIP .......................................................38-32
Members of Class IHNode...............................................................................38-36
Members of Class IHNodeCol .........................................................................38-37
Members of Class IHAPEngine .......................................................................38-40
Members of Class IHAPLibRef .......................................................................38-41

Heat Exchanger Design Program Interface 39-1

About the Heat Exchanger Design Program Interface ...................................................39-1
Generating Property Data in a Simulation .....................................................................39-2
Starting HTXINT ...........................................................................................................39-3
Selecting Heating/Cooling Curve Results to Export......................................................39-4
Generating the Interface File..........................................................................................39-5

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Contents • xxv

 Using the Interface File in Your Heat Exchanger Design Program...............................39-6

Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus 40-1

FACT/ChemApp Software Requirements .....................................................................40-1
Specifying a Simulation Using FACT and ChemApp ...................................................40-2
Configuring Aspen Plus to Use the Aspen/FACT/ ChemApp Interface............40-2
FACT Components ............................................................................................40-3
Defining Property Methods for the Aspen/FACT/ ChemApp Interface ............40-5
Preparing the ChemSage File.............................................................................40-6
Using ChemApp as a Unit Operation Model .....................................................40-6

Utilities 41-1
Creating a Utility............................................................................................................41-1
Assigning Utilities to Blocks..........................................................................................41-1
Viewing and Accessing Utility Results..........................................................................41-3
EO Usage Notes for Utilities..........................................................................................41-3
Information Transfer to Aspen Pinch and ICARUS ......................................................41-3

xxvi • Contents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

About This Manual
The Aspen Plus User Guide consists of three volumes that provide
step-by-step instructions for using Aspen Plus® to build and use a
process simulation model.
Volume 1 describes the Aspen Plus user interface and explains
how to perform the basic tasks for creating and running
simulations. Topics include:
• Creating a simulation model
• Defining the flowsheet
• Entering the required information, such as components,
streams and physical property data
• Running the simulation
• Examining results
Volume 2 contains procedures for using additional Aspen Plus
capabilities:
• Convergence
• Sensitivity
• Design specifications
• Optimization
• Property analysis
• Data regression
Volume 3 contains information about:
• Pressure relief calculations
• Stream libraries
• Working with other Windows™ programs
• The Aspen Plus ActiveX® automation interface

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide About This Manual • xxvii

 For More Information
Online Help Aspen Plus has a complete system of online help
and context-sensitive prompts. The help system contains both
context-sensitive help and reference information. For more
information about using Aspen Plus help, see the Aspen Plus User
Guide, Chapter 3.
Aspen Plus application examples A suite of sample online
Aspen Plus simulations illustrating specific processes is delivered
with Aspen Plus.
Aspen Engineering Suite Installation Guide This guide
provides instructions on installation of Aspen Plus and other AES
products.
Aspen Plus Getting Started Guides This set of tutorials includes
several hands-on sessions to familiarize you with Aspen Plus. The
guides take you step-by-step to learn the full power and scope of
Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus User Guide The three-volume Aspen Plus User
Guide provides step-by-step procedures for developing and using
an Aspen Plus process simulation model. The guide is
task-oriented to help you accomplish the engineering work you
need to do, using the powerful capabilities of Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus reference manual series Aspen Plus reference
manuals provide detailed technical reference information. These
manuals include background information about the unit operation
models available in Aspen Plus, and a wide range of other
reference information. The set comprises:
• Unit Operation Models
• User Models
• System Management
• Summary File Toolkit
• Input Language Guide
• OOMF Script Language Manual
Aspen Physical Property System reference manual series
Aspen Physical Property System reference manuals provide
detailed technical reference information. These manuals include
background information about the physical properties methods and
models available in Aspen Plus, tables of Aspen Plus databank
parameters, group contribution method functional groups, and
other reference information. The set comprises:
• Physical Property Methods and Models
• Physical Property Data

xxviii • About This Manual Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The Aspen Plus manuals are delivered in Adobe portable
document format (PDF) on the Aspen Plus Documentation CD.

Technical Support
Online Technical AspenTech customers with a valid license and software
Support Center maintenance agreement can register to access the Online Technical
Support Center at:
http://support.aspentech.com
This web support site allows you to:
• Access current product documentation
• Search for tech tips, solutions and frequently asked questions
(FAQs)
• Search for and download application examples
• Search for and download service packs and product updates
• Submit and track technical issues
• Search for and review known limitations
• Send suggestions
Registered users can also subscribe to our Technical Support
e-Bulletins. These e-Bulletins are used to proactively alert users to
important technical support information such as:
• Technical advisories
• Product updates
• Service Pack announcements
• Product release announcements
Contacting Customer Customer support is also available by phone, fax, and email for
Support customers with a current support contract for this product. For the
most up-to-date phone listings, please see the Online Technical
Support Center at http://support.aspentech.com.
Hours
Support Centers Operating Hours (Monday-Friday)
North America 8:00 – 20:00 Eastern Time
South America 9:00 – 17:00 Local time
Europe 8:30 – 18:00 Central European time
Asia and Pacific Region 9:00 – 17:30 Local time

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide About This Manual • xxix

 Phone Support Phone Numbers
Centers
North 1-888-996-7100 Toll-free from U.S., Canada, Mexico
America 1-281-584-4357 North America Support Center
(52) (55) 5536-2809 Mexico Support Center
South (54) (11) 4361-7220 Argentina Support Center
America (55) (11) 5012-0321 Brazil Support Center
(0800) 333-0125 Toll-free to U.S. from Argentina
(000) (814) 550-4084 Toll-free to U.S. from Brazil
(0800) 100-2410 Toll-free to U.S. from Venezuela
Europe and (32) (2) 701-95-55 European Support Center
Africa Country specific toll-free numbers:
Austria (0800) 111-900
Belgium (0800) 40-687
Denmark 8088-3652
Finland (0) (800) 1-19127
France (0805) 11-0054
Germany (0800) 101-0068
Ireland (1) (800) 930-024
Italy (800) 905-826
Netherlands (0800) 023-2511
Norway (800) 13817
South Africa (0800) 996-852
Spain (900) 951846
Sweden (0200) 895-284
Switzerland (0800) 111-470
UK (0800) 376-7903
Asia and (65) 6395-39-00 Singapore
Pacific (81) (3) 3262-1743 Tokyo
Region

xxx • About This Manual Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Fax Support Fax Numbers
Centers
North 1-281-504-3999
America
South (54) (11) 4361-7220 (Argentina)
America (55) (11) 5012-4442 (Brazil)
Europe (32) (2) 701-94-45
Asia and (65) 6395-39-50 (Singapore)
Pacific (81) (3) 3262-1744 (Tokyo)
Region

E-mail Support Centers E-mail

North America support@aspentech.com (Engineering Suite)
support@hyprotech.com (Hyprotech products)
atmdsupport@aspentech.com (Aspen ICARUS products)
mimi.support@aspentech.com (Aspen MIMI products)
pims.support@aspentech.com (Aspen PIMS products)
aspenretail.support@aspentech.com (Aspen Retail products)
ACS.Support@aspentech.com (Advanced Control products)
AMS.Support@aspentech.com (Manufacturing Suite)
Mexico.Support@aspentech.com (Mexico)
South America LAsupport@aspentech.com
Argentina.Support@aspentech.com (Argentina)
Europe atesupport@aspentech.com (Engineering Suite)
support@hyprotech.com (Hyprotech products)
cimview@aspentech.com (CIMVIEW products)
Metals.Support@aspentech.com (Metals products)
AMS.Support@aspentech.com (All other suites)
Asia and Pacific atasupport@aspentech.com (Singapore: Engineering Suite)
Region support@hyprotech.com (Hyprotech products)
mimi.support@aspentech.com (Singapore: Aspen MIMI)
aspenretail.support@aspentech.com (Singapore: Aspen
Retail)
AMS.Support@aspentech.com (Singapore: All other suites)
atjsupport@aspentech.com (Tokyo: Engineering Suite)
TK_Support@aspentech.com (Tokyo: All other suites)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide About This Manual • xxxi

xxxii • About This Manual Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 CHAPTER 1

The User Interface

For help on the parts of the user interface, see one of the following
topics:
• The Aspen Plus Main window
• The Process Flowsheet window
• The Model Library
• The Data Browser
• The Object Manager
If you are new to Aspen Plus, do the exercises in Aspen Plus
Getting Started Building and Running a Process Model.

Connecting to the Aspen Plus Host

Computer
If:
• The Aspen Plus simulation engine is not installed on your PC,
or
• The Aspen Plus simulation engine is installed on your PC and
you are using the network license manager.
Then you may be asked where to run the simulation engine when
you start Aspen Plus.
See your Aspen Plus system administrator for information specific
to your installation.
1 Start Aspen Plus and select a previous run, template, or blank
simulation.
The Connect to Engine dialog box appears.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide The User Interface • 1-1

 2 Specify where the Aspen Plus engine will run:
Server Type If the Aspen Plus engine runs on
Local PC Your PC, using the network license manager
Windows NT A Windows NT server
server
3 If you specified Windows NT server, enter the following
information in the dialog box:
Enter this information In this box
The type of Aspen Plus engine you want to connect Server Type
to
Node name of the computer the Aspen Plus Node Name
simulation will run on
Your logon name on the host computer User Name
Password for your account on the host computer Password
Working directory on the host computer for Working Directory
Aspen Plus runs
4 When the network connection is established, a message box
appears saying Connection Established.
If the Connection Established box does not appear, see the
Aspen Plus system administrator at your site for more
information on network protocols and Aspen Plus host
computers.
Tip: It is possible to change the Connection by selecting Connect
to Engine from the Run menu.
Tip: You can specify additional host settings in the Settings dialog
box. To do this, from the Run menu, click Settings.

1-2 • The User Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The Aspen Plus Main Window
When you start Aspen Plus, the main window appears.

Use the workspace to create and display simulation flowsheets and

PFD-style drawings. You can open other windows, such as Plot
windows or Data Browser windows, from the Aspen Plus main
window.
Tip: You can display a window by selecting it from the Window
menu. You can arrange the windows by selecting Tile or Cascade
from the Window menu.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide The User Interface • 1-3

 The parts of the Aspen Plus main window are:
Window Part Description
Titlebar Horizontal bar at top of window that displays
the Run ID.
Simulation 1 is the default ID until you give
the run a name.
Menu bar Horizontal bar below the titlebar. Gives the
names of the available menus.
Toolbar Horizontal bar below the menu bar. Contains
buttons that, when clicked, perform
commands.
Next button Invokes the Aspen Plus expert system. Guides
you through the steps required to complete
your simulation.
Status bar Displays status information about the current
run.
Select Mode button Turns off Insert mode for inserting objects,
and returns you to Select mode.
Process Flowsheet Window where you construct the flowsheet
window
Model library Area at the bottom of the main window. Lists
available unit operation models.
Aspen Plus Toolbars Use the buttons on the toolbars to perform actions quickly and
easily.
The default toolbars are shown here:

For information on viewing different toolbars, see Viewing

Toolbars.

The Process Flowsheet Window

The Process Flowsheet window is where you create and display
simulation flowsheets and PFD-style drawings.

1-4 • The User Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 You can display the process flowsheet window in three different
ways:
To display the From the Window menu, click
Process Flowsheet window
as
A normal window Normal
A window always in the Flowsheet as Wallpaper
background
A sheet of a workbook Workbook mode

The Model Library

Use the Model Library to select unit operation models and icons
that you want placed on the flowsheet. The Model Library appears
at the bottom of the Aspen Plus main window.

Selecting a Unit To select a unit operation model:

Operation Model from 1 Click the tab that corresponds to the type of model you want to
the Model Library place in the flowsheet.
2 Click the unit operation model on the sheet.
3 To select a different icon for a model, click the down arrow
next to the model icon to see alternate icons. The icon you
select will appear for that model in the Model Library.
4 When you have selected a model, click location in the
flowsheet where you want to place the model.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide The User Interface • 1-5

 When you place blocks this way, you are in Insert mode. Each
time you click in the Process Flowsheet window, you place a
block of the model type that you specified. To exit Insert mode
and return to Select mode, click the Select Mode Button
on the upper left of the Model Library.
Tip: You can also place blocks in your flowsheet by dragging and
dropping from the Model Library to the Process Flowsheet
window.
Selecting the Stream To select the stream type:
Type from the Model 1 Click the down arrow next to the stream type displayed in the
Library Model Library.

2 Select the stream type you want to place in the flowsheet.

3 Once a stream type is selected, simply click the ports on the
flowsheet where you want to connect the stream.
When placing blocks and streams, the mouse pointer changes to
the crosshair shape, indicating Insert Mode. After placing each
block or stream, you remain in Insert Mode until you click the
Select Mode button in the upper right corner of the Model
Library. For more information on what the mouse pointers mean,
see Mouse Pointer Shapes.
Tip: You can undock the Model Library and use it as a floating
palette.
For more details and examples for setting up a flowsheet, see
Getting Started Building and Running a Process Model.

The Data Browser

The Data Browser is a sheet and form viewer with a hierarchical
tree view of the available simulation input, results, and objects that
have been defined.
To open the Data Browser:
• Click the Data Browser button on the Data Browser
toolbar.
– or –

1-6 • The User Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • From the Data menu, click Data Browser.
The Data Browser also appears when you open any form.
Use the Data Browser to:
• Display forms and sheets and manipulate objects
• View multiple forms and sheets without returning to the Data
menu, for example, when checking Properties Parameters input
• Edit the sheets that define the input for the flowsheet
simulation
• Check the status and contents of a run
• See what results are available
The Parts of the Data The parts of the Data Browser window are:
Browser Window Part Description
Form Displays sheets where you can enter data or
view results
Menu Tree Hierarchical tree of folders and forms
Status Bar Displays status information about the current
block, stream or other object
Prompt Area Provides information to help you make choices
or perform tasks
Go to a Different Folder Enables you to select a folder or form to
display.
Up One Level Takes you up one level in the Menu Tree
Folder List Displays or hides the Menu Tree
Units Shows units of measure used for the active form
Go Back button Takes you to the previously viewed form
Go Forward button Takes you to the form where you last chose the
Go Back Button
Input/Results View Allows you to view folders and forms for Input
Menu only, Results only, or All
Previous Sheet button Takes you to the previous input or result sheet
for this object
Next Sheet button Takes you to the next input or result sheet for
this object
Comments button Allows you to enter comments for a particular
block, stream, or other object
Status button Displays any messages generated during the last
run related to a particular form
Next button Invokes the Aspen Plus expert system. Guides
you through the steps required to complete your
simulation.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide The User Interface • 1-7

 Displaying Forms and Use the Data Browser to view and edit the forms and sheets that
Sheets in the Data define the input and display the results for the flowsheet
Browser simulation. When you have a form displayed, you can view any
sheet on the form by clicking on the tab for that sheet.
There are several ways to display forms. You can display a form in
a new Data Browser by using:
• The Data menu
• Block or stream popup menus
• The Check Results button on the Control Panel, the Check
Results command from the Run menu, or the Check Results
button on the Simulation Run toolbar
• The Setup, Components, Properties, Streams, or Blocks buttons
on the Data Browser toolbar
• The Next button on the Data Browser toolbar
• The Data Browser button on the Data Browser toolbar
You can move to a new form within the same data browser by
using the:
• Menu tree
• Object Managers
• Next button on the Data Browser
• Previous Form and Next Form buttons (<<, >>)

1-8 • The User Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Go Back and Go Forward buttons (!, ")
• Select View menu
• Up One Level button
Sample Components Specifications Selection form.

Status Indicators Status indicators display the completion status for the entire
simulation as well as for individual forms and sheets.
The status indicators appear:
• Next to sheet names on the tabs of a form
• As symbols representing forms in the Data Browser menu tree
This table shows the meaning of the symbols that appear:
This Symbol On an Means
Input form Required input complete
Input form Required input incomplete
Input form No data entered
Mixed form Input and Results
Results form No results present (calculations
have not been run)
Results form Results available without Errors or
Warnings (OK)
Results form Results available with Warnings
Results form Results available with Errors
Results form Results inconsistent with current
input (input changed)
Input folder No data entered
Input folder Required input incomplete

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide The User Interface • 1-9

 This Symbol On an Means
Input folder Required input complete
Results folder No results present
Results folder Results available – OK
Results folder Results available with Warnings
Results folder Results available with Errors
Results folder Results inconsistent with current
input (input changed)
Beside folder or form EO input or results OK
Beside folder or form EO input or results with Errors
Beside folder or form Deactivated explicitly by the user
(See Activating and Deactivating
Blocks)
A form is a collection of sheets.
Using Next
Click the Next button to move to the next input form or menu
at any point in Aspen Plus.
Use Next to:
• Guide you through the required and optional input for a run by
displaying messages
• Tell you what you need to do next
• Ensure you do not make incomplete or inconsistent
specifications, even when you change options and
specifications you have already entered
This table shows what happens if you click Next:
If Using Next
The sheet you are on is incomplete Displays a message listing the input
you must provide to complete
the sheet
The sheet you are on is complete Takes you to next required input
sheet for the current object
You have selected an object that is Takes you to next object or the next
complete step in making a run
You have selected an object that is Takes you to the next sheet you
incomplete must complete
Using the Previous You can browse through sheets and forms sequentially by using
and Next Sheet the Previous Sheet and Next Sheet buttons on the Data Browser
Buttons toolbar. These buttons take you through input sheets, results sheets,
or both, depending on the current selection of the Input/Results
View menu button in the Data Browser toolbar.

To view the next sheet in a series, click the Next Sheet button .

1-10 • The User Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To view the previous sheet, click the Previous Sheet button .
Using the Go Back You can trace through previously viewed forms using the Go Back
and Go Forward
button . The Go Back button can be clicked many times to
Buttons
continue through a reverse sequence of the forms you have viewed.

When you have gone back once, the Go Forward button is

enabled, so you can return to the form that you were on.

Using the Object Manager

Every block, stream, and other simulation object has a unique ID.
When you select a folder in the Data Browser tree which contains
several simulation objects, an Object Manager form appears in the
form area of the Data Browser. For an example click .

Use the Object Manager buttons to perform the following

functions:
Button Description
New Create a new object. You will be prompted for the ID for
the object.
The forms for the object will display.
Edit Display the forms for the object
Delete Delete the object
Clear Delete the data for an object. The object still exists.
Rename Rename the object
Hide Temporarily remove an object from the simulation,
without deleting it.
Reveal Put a hidden object back into the simulation

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide The User Interface • 1-11

 Not all functions are available for all objects.
Deleting Objects and You can delete the following from a simulation:
Clearing Forms • A component, from the Components Specification Selection
sheet
• Blocks and streams, from the flowsheet
• Other input, such as a design specification, using the Data
Browser or an Object Manager
When you delete input, all references to the deleted object (even on
other forms) are automatically deleted. If this results in an
inconsistent or incomplete specification, the Expert System marks
the affected forms as incomplete, and the Next function takes you
to any incomplete sheets.
You cannot delete:
• Sheets that do not represent objects, such as the Setup forms
• Properties Parameters (Binary or Pair) and Molecular Structure
objects
However, you can clear these sheets of all existing input and
restore their default values. To do this, click Clear from an Object
Manager.

Using the Expert System When You

Make Changes
The Aspen Plus Expert System (the Next function):
• Tells you when your specifications are inconsistent or
incomplete
• Guides you through reconciling changes
If the field where you want to enter data is inactive, the Prompt for
the field tells you why. To make the field active, delete any
conflicting entries or options.
If you change an option or specification that makes other entries
inconsistent, Aspen Plus displays a dialog box asking if you want
to temporarily override the error.
Click Yes if you want to continue without correcting the
inconsistency error. Then go to the affected fields and make them
consistent with the new specification.
The affected forms are marked incomplete until you reconcile the
specifications. The Expert System guides you to incomplete sheets.

1-12 • The User Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Using Shortcut Keys
The following lists describe the available shortcut keys:
General Shortcut This table shows general shortcut keys:
Keys Item Shortcut Key
Close active window ALT+F4
Copy CTRL+C
Context Help F1
Cut CTRL+X
Display popup menu SHIFT+F10
Display next MDI-child CTRL+F6
window
Paste CTRL+V
Print CTRL+P
Redo CTRL+Y
Save CTRL+S
Select All CTRL+A
Switch to next window ALT+F6
What's This Help SHIFT+F1
Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys for working with blocks and
Working with Blocks streams:
and Streams Item Shortcut Key
Align Blocks CTRL+B
Center View CTRL+HOME
Change Section CTRL+F11
Change Stream Class CTRL+Q
Delete Blocks or Streams DEL
Exchange Icon CTRL+K
Hide Annotation CTRL+L
Hide Global Data CTRL+G
Hide ID CTRL+H
Input CTRL+I
Rename Block or Stream CTRL+M
Reroute Streams CTRL+J
Results CTRL+R
Stream Results CTRL+D
Unplace Block or Group CTRL+U

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide The User Interface • 1-13

 Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys for editing:
Editing Item Shortcut Key
Copy CTRL+C
Delete DEL
Paste CTRL+V
Rename CTRL+M
Select All CTRL+A
Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys for working with files:
Working with Files Item Shortcut Key
Export CTRL+E
Import CTRL+T
New CTRL+N
Open CTRL+O
Print CTRL+P
Save CTRL+S
Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys for working with flowsheets:
Working with Item Shortcut Key
Flowsheets
Align Blocks CTRL+B
Change Section CTRL+F11
Change Stream Class CTRL+Q
Exchange Icons CTRL+K
Flowsheet Sections F11
Hide Annotation CTRL+L
Hide Global Data CTRL+G
Hide ID CTRL+H
Reroute Streams CTRL+J
Unplace Blocks CTRL+U
Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys for help:
Help Item Shortcut Key
Context Help F1
Display popup menu SHIFT+F10
What's This Help SHIFT+F1
Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys for plotting:
Plotting Item Shortcut Key
Display Plot CTRL+ALT+P
Parametric Variable CTRL+ALT+Z
Plot Wizard CTRL+ALT+W
X-Axis Variable CTRL+ALT+X

1-14 • The User Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Item Shortcut Key
Y-Axis Variable CTRL+ALT+Y
Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys for working with regions:
Working with Regions Item Shortcut Key
Bookmarks F3
Center View CTRL+HOME
Page Break Preview F2
Pan CTRL+F3
Print CTRL+P
Reset Page Breaks SHIFT+F2
Select All CTRL+A
Zoom Full CTRL+END
Zoom In CTRL+UP ARROW
Zoom Out CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys that you can use when running
Running Simulations simulations:
Item Shortcut Key
Check Results CTRL+F8
Connect to Engine SHIFT+F7
Move To CTRL+F9
Reinitialize SHIFT+F5
Run F5
Settings CTRL+F7
Step CTRL+F5
Stop Points F9
Shortcut Keys for This table shows the shortcut keys that you can use for viewing:
Viewing Item Shortcut Key
Annotation CTRL+ALT+L
Bookmarks F3
Center View CTRL+HOME
Control Panel F6
Current Section Only SHIFT+F11
Global Data CTRL+ALT+G
History CTRL+ALT+H
Input Summary CTRL+ALT+I
OLE Objects CTRL+ALT+F
Model Library F10
Page Break Preview F2
Pan CTRL+F3

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide The User Interface • 1-15

 Item Shortcut Key
PFD Mode F12
Redraw CTRL+W
Refresh PFD SHIFT+F12
Report CTRL+ALT+R
Reset Page Breaks SHIFT+F2
Zoom Full CTRL+END
Zoom In CTRL+UP ARROW
Zoom Out CTRL+DOWN ARROW

Supplying Comments
You can write notes or keep track of information by entering
comments for particular forms. Each object has just one Comments
form which you can access from any input or results form for the
object.
To enter comments on a form:
1 Click the Comments button on the Data Browser toolbar.
If there are no existing comments, the button looks like this:
.
If there are existing comments, the button looks like this:
2 Enter your one line description in the Description box of the
Comments form.
The description is printed in the Aspen Plus report.
3 Enter your comments in the Comments area of the Comments
form.
4 OK to close the Comments form.

1-16 • The User Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 CHAPTER 2

Creating a Simulation Model

For help on creating a simulation model, see one of the following

topics:
• Process Simulation Using Aspen Plus
• Creating a new run
• Selecting a Template
• Selecting a Run Type
• Completing the input specifications for a run
• About the templates
• The Aspen Plus online applications library

Process Simulation Using Aspen

Plus
Process simulation with Aspen Plus allows you to predict the
behavior of a process using basic engineering relationships such as
mass and energy balances, phase and chemical equilibrium, and
reaction kinetics. Given reliable thermodynamic data, realistic
operating conditions, and the rigorous Aspen Plus equipment
models, you can simulate actual plant behavior. Aspen Plus can
help you design better plants and increase profitability in existing
plants.
With Aspen Plus you can interactively change specifications, such
as flowsheet configuration, operating conditions, and feed
compositions, to run new cases and analyze alternatives. To
analyze your results, you can generate plots, reports, PFD-style
drawings, and spreadsheet files.
Aspen Plus allows you to perform a wide range of additional tasks.
You can:
• Perform sensitivity analyses and case studies

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-1

 • Generate custom graphical and tabular output
• Estimate and regress physical properties
• Fit simulation models to plant data
• Optimize your process
• Interface results to spreadsheets
• Share input and results among other Windows applications
using OLE
Aspen Plus contains data, properties, unit operation models,
built-in defaults, reports, and other features and capabilities
developed for specific industrial applications, such as petroleum
simulation. For more information about industry-specific defaults
and features, see Selecting a Template.

Creating a New Run

Follow these instructions to either:
• Start Aspen Plus and create a new run
• Create a new run when you are already in Aspen Plus
Starting Aspen Plus To start Aspen Plus and create a new run:
and Creating a New 1 Start Aspen Plus from the Start Menu or by double-clicking the
Run Aspen Plus icon on your desktop.
2 On the Aspen Plus Startup dialog box, click the appropriate
button to create a new simulation using a Blank Simulation or a
Template, then click OK.
If you choose a blank simulation, the Aspen Plus main window
opens and you can begin building your new model.
If you choose a Template, follow the steps below.
3 In the New dialog box, select the type of simulation template
and the units you wish to use, from the list. For more
information on choosing a Template, see Selecting a
Template.
4 Choose the desired Run Type in the Run Type list box. For
more information, see Selecting a Run Type.
5 Click OK.
6 If the Connect to Engine dialog box appears, specify where the
Aspen Plus engine will execute.
Creating a New Run To create a new run if you are already in Aspen Plus:
in Aspen Plus 1 Save the current run if you want to open it later.
2 From the File menu, click New.

2-2 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 A dialog box appears, asking if you want to close the current
run before opening a new run. Click Yes, No, or Cancel:
If you This happens
choose
Yes The current run will be closed, and the new run will open in
the existing Aspen Plus window.
You will be given the option to save the current run before
the new run opens.
No The current run will remain active in the existing window,
and a new run will open in a second Aspen Plus window.
Cancel You will be returned to the current run.
4 In the New dialog box, select the type of simulation Template
and the units you wish to use, from the list. For more
information on choosing a Template, see Selecting a
Template.
5 Choose the desired Run Type in the Run Type list box. For
more information on Run Types, see Selecting a Run Type.
6 Click OK.

Selecting a Template
When starting a new simulation, you can start with a blank
simulation or you can begin with a Template. Templates set
defaults commonly used by specific industries for:
• Units of measurement
• Stream composition information and properties to report
• Stream report format
• Default setting for Free-Water option
• Property method
• Other application-specific defaults
For information about creating your own templates, see
Customizing Application Template Files.
About the Built-In There are built-in Templates for the following applications:
Templates • Air Separation
• Chemicals
• Electrolytes
• Gas Processing
• General
• Hydrometallurgy
• Petroleum

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-3

 • Pharmaceuticals
• Pyrometallurgy
• Solids
• Specialty Chemicals
For each Template, you can select either metric or English units of
measurement as a default units set. Other units sets are also
available.

Selecting a Run Type

When creating a new run, you must select a Run Type from the
Run Type list box on the New dialog box.
Use the Flowsheet run type for flowsheet simulations (including
sensitivity studies and optimization). Flowsheet runs can also
include the following calculations integrated with a flowsheet
simulation:
• Property constant estimation
• Assay data analysis/pseudocomponents generation
• Property analysis
Other run types are used to run Aspen Plus without performing a
flowsheet simulation:
Run Type Description Use to
Assay Data Analysis A standalone assay data Analyze assay data when you do not want to perform a
analysis/pseudocompon flowsheet simulation in the same run.
ents generation run
Data Regression A standalone data Fit physical property model parameters required by
regression run. Can Aspen Plus to measured pure component, VLE, LLE and
contain property other mixture data. Aspen Plus cannot perform data
constant estimation and regression in a Flowsheet run.
property analysis
calculations.
Properties Plus A Properties Plus setup Prepare a property package for use with Aspen Custom
run Modeler or Aspen Pinch, with third-party commercial
engineering programs, or with your company's in-house
programs.
You must be licensed to use Properties Plus.
Property Analysis A standalone property Perform property analysis by generating tables of physical
analysis run. Can property values when you do not want to perform a
contain property flowsheet simulation in the same run
constant estimation and
assay data analysis
calculations.

2-4 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Run Type Description Use to
Property Estimation A standalone property Estimate property parameters when you do not want to
constant estimation run perform a flowsheet simulation in the same run.

Completing Input Specifications for a

Run
For Flowsheet runs, follow these basic steps to complete the
required and optional input specifications:
1 Define the simulation flowsheet (blocks, streams, and
connectivity) in the Process Flowsheet window.
2 Enter required input specifications on the following forms in
the Data Browser:
Forms Specify
Setup Global simulation options
Components Conventional chemical components,
petroleum assays, and pseudocomponents
in the simulation
Physical Properties Methods and data to use for calculating
physical properties
Streams Feed stream compositions, flows, and
conditions
Blocks Design and operating conditions for each
unit operation block in the flowsheet
3 Provide additional specifications if needed by opening the Data
Browser and using the Reactions, Convergence, Flowsheeting
Options, Model Analysis Tools and Setup ReportOptions
forms.
Tip Although you can enter most specifications in any order, it is
best to use Next and let the Aspen Plus Expert System guide you.
Completion Status for The completion status for the overall flowsheet appears in the
the Flowsheet status bar. When completing specifications for a run, you see the
following status messages:
This status message Means You can
Flowsheet Not Complete The simulation flowsheet has not Use Next on the Data Browser toolbar to find
been defined or the flowsheet out why connectivity is incomplete.
connectivity is incomplete.
Required Input Input specifications for the run Use Next from the main window or Data
Incomplete are incomplete. Browser toolbars to find out what you must
specify to complete the input specifications
and to go to forms that are incomplete.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-5

This status message Means You can
Required Input Complete Required input specifications for Run the simulation or enter optional
the run are complete. specifications.
Completion Status on The completion status for the active form or menu appears in the
Forms status bar of the Data Browser. When completing specifications for
a new run, you see the following status messages:
This status message Means You can
Required Input Input specifications for the Use Next from the Data Browser toolbar to find out
Incomplete form or object are what you must specify to complete the input
incomplete. specifications.
Input Complete Required input Enter specifications for other forms or run the
specifications for the form simulation.
or object are complete.
Completion Status In the Data Browser menu tree, symbols indicate the input
Indicators in the Data completion status
Browser Menu Tree
Click here to see a complete listing of status indicators.
Completion Status On forms, the completion status for each individual sheet is
Indicators on Sheets displayed on the sheet tab:
Symbol Means
Input specifications for the sheet are incomplete.
Click the tab of the incomplete sheet
and complete the input
– or –
Use Next
Input specifications for the sheet are complete.
The required input has been entered by the user.
(blank) Input for this sheet is optional.
Click here to see a complete listing of status indicators.
Completion Status for When you are on an Object Manager for a block or other object,
Objects the completion status for each object appears in the Status column.
Status message Means You can
Input Incomplete Input specifications for the Use Next from the Data Browser toolbar
object are incomplete. to go to an incomplete form, or
select an incomplete object from the
Object Manager, and click Edit.
Input Complete Required input specifications Use Next from the Data Browser toolbar
for the object are complete. to go to the next step, or enter
optional specifications by selecting an object
from the Object Manager and clicking Edit.
Results Present Results are present View results, make input changes,
and re-run the simulation

2-6 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Status message Means You can
Input Changed Results are present, the input View results, make further input changes,
specifications have been and re-run the simulation
changed and the input is
complete.
See Status Indicators in Chapter 1 to see a complete listing of
status indicators.

About the Templates

There are built-in Templates for the following applications:
• Air Separation
• Chemicals
• Electrolytes
• Gas Processing
• General
• Hydrometallurgy
• Petroleum
• Pharmaceuticals
• Pyrometallurgy
• Solids
• Specialty Chemicals
About the General Use the General Template for a wide range of vapor-liquid
Template applications. The General Template defines the following units
sets. These units sets are also available in all other Templates.
Unit-Set Temp Pres Mass Mole Flow Enthalpy Volume Flow
Flow Flow
ENG F psi lb/hr lbmol/hr Btu/hr cuft/hr
MET K atm kg/hr kmol/hr cal/sec l/min
METCBAR C bar kg/hr kmol/hr MMkcal/hr cum/hr
METCKGGM C kg/sqcm kg/hr kmol/hr MMkcal/hr cum/hr
SI K n/sqm kg/sec kmol/sec watt cum/sec
SI-CBAR C bar kg/hr kmol/hr watt cum/hr
ENG is the default English units set for the General Template.
METCBAR is the default metric units set for the General
Template.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-7

 General Template The General Template sets the following defaults.
Defaults Specification Default
Physical property method None
Flow-basis for input Mole
Stream report composition Mole flow
Stream report format General purpose with enthalpy and
density on a mass basis.
Entropy is not reported.
Stream class Conventional.
Appropriate for systems containing
vapor, liquid, and salts.
General Template The General Template defines the following property sets. These
Property Sets property sets are also available in many of the other Templates.
Property Description
Set
HXDESIGN Thermal and transport properties in SI units needed by
heat exchanger design programs and Aspen Pinch,
including:
Mass vapor fraction
Mass flow rate for total, vapor, and liquid phases
Mass enthalpy for total, vapor, and liquid phases
Mass density for total, vapor, and liquid phases
Mass heat capacity for total, vapor, and liquid phases
Pseudo-critical pressure for total, vapor, and liquid phases:
Viscosity for vapor and liquid phases
Thermal conductivity for vapor and liquid phases
Average molecular weight for total, vapor, and liquid
phases
THERMAL Thermal properties, including:
Vapor and liquid phase enthalpy
Vapor and liquid phase heat capacity
Vapor and liquid phase thermal conductivity
TXPORT Transport properties, including:
Vapor and liquid phase mass density
Vapor and liquid phase viscosity
Liquid phase surface tension
VLE Vapor-liquid equilibrium component information,
including:
Component fugacity coefficient in vapor and liquid phases
Component activity coefficient in liquid phase
Pure component vapor pressure

2-8 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Property Description
Set
VLLE Vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium component information,
including:
Component fugacity coefficient in each phase
Component activity coefficient in each liquid phase
Pure component vapor pressure
About the Petroleum The Petroleum Template defines defaults commonly used in the
Template petroleum industry. It is also appropriate for petrochemical
applications such as ethylene plants, which involve petroleum
fractions as feedstocks.
This table shows the defaults used:
Specification English Default Metric Default
Units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, C, bar, kg/hr, kmol/hr,
MMBtu/hr, bbl/day MMkcal/hr, bbl/day
Physical property method None None
Free water Yes Yes
Flow basis Standard liquid volume Mass
Stream report composition Standard liquid volume Mass flow
flow
Because petroleum applications encompass a wide range of boiling
fractions/ components and process conditions, this Template does
not have a default physical property method. These methods are
used most frequently:
• BK10
• CHAO-SEA
• GRAYSON
• RK-SOAVE
• PENG-ROB
• IDEAL
You should consider additional methods for various operations
within a refinery (such as ELECNRTL for sour water strippers and
amine treatment units, and UNIFAC for aromatic extraction).
Aspen Plus provides comprehensive methods for analyzing assay
data and automatically generating pseudocomponents. You can
select from five built-in pseudocomponent property methods to
characterize pseudocomponents. You can also enter curves of
petroleum properties, such as sulfur and metal contents.
Aspen Plus tracks these properties throughout the flowsheet. You
can use them in design specifications, optimization constraints, and
objective functions.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-9

 The Aspen Plus PetroFrac model simulates a wide range of
fractionation units within a refinery. PetroFrac can model a tower
with any number of:
• Side strippers, including the bottom liquid return to the main
tower
• Pumparounds and bypasses
• Partial and total drawoffs
PetroFrac can model the feed furnace as an integral part of the
tower, including the slop cut recycle for a vacuum unit. It lets you
enter petroleum-specific property specifications, such as ASTM
distillation temperatures, gaps, and overlaps. It also offers
extensive column sizing and rating capabilities, including the
ability to handle structured packings and integrated pressure drop
calculations. .
Petroleum Property Sets In Aspen Plus, many properties can be used to characterize streams
in a refinery.
The Petroleum Template includes property sets for many widely
used petroleum-related properties.
Property Set Description
CUTS-E Standard liquid volume flow of petroleum cuts
at 100º F intervals. Valuable for concise
reporting of stream composition.
CUTS-M Mass flow rate of petroleum cuts at 50º C
intervals. Valuable for concise reporting of
stream composition.
D86-5 ASTM D86 temperature at 5 liquid volume %
D86-95 ASTM D86 temperature at 95 liquid volume %
GASPROPS Vapor phase properties, including:
Compressibility factor for a mixture
Actual volume flow
Standard vapor volume flow
Heat capacity ratio (CP/CV)
KINVISC Kinematic viscosity at 100°F and 212°F or 40°C
and 100°C (dry basis)
LIGHT Petroleum characteristics for light distillates
(dry basis), including:
Reid vapor pressure
Flash point based on API method
Aniline point

2-10 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Property Set Description
MIDDLE Petroleum characteristics for middle distillates
(dry basis), including:
Cetane number
Flash point based on API method
Pour point based on API method
Aniline point
PETRO General petroleum properties on dry basis,
including:
Standard liquid volume flow (bbl/day) and
(bbl/hr)
Standard API gravity
Standard specific gravity
Watson UOP K-factor
True boiling point distillation curve
ASTM D86 distillation curve
ASTM D1160 distillation curve
TBP-5 True boiling point temperature at 5 liquid
volume %
TBP-95 True boiling point temperature at 95 liquid
volume %
PETRO is the default for stream results.
Petroleum Stream Report The large number of pseudocomponents and distillation curves in a
Options petroleum application can result in a lengthy stream report.
The Petroleum Template defines several stream report format
(TFF) options so you can view or print subsets of stream
information:
TFF Displays
PETRO-E State variables, stream flows, properties,
distillation curves, component flows. Standard
volume flows of the 100°F petroleum cuts if
CUTS-E property set was selected
PETRO-M State variables, stream flows, properties,
distillation curves, component flows. Mass flows
of the 50°C petroleum cuts if CUTS-M property
set was selected
PET-COMP Only component flow and total flow results
PET-CURVE Only distillation curve stream results
PET-PROP Only state variables, stream flows, properties, and
flows of petroleum cuts

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-11

 About the Gas The Gas Processing Template defines defaults commonly used in
Processing Template the gas processing industry. For example, stream flows are
standard vapor volume flows in millions of standard cubic feet per
day or millions of standard cubic meters per hour.
The gas processing defaults are:
Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, MMscfd, MMbtu/hr,
MMcuft/hr
Metric units C, bar, tonne/hr, MMscmh, MMkcal/hr,
cum/hr
Physical property method Peng-Robinson
Flow basis Mole with MMscfd or MMscmh
Stream report compositions Mole flow with MMscfd or MMscmh
MMscfd is millions of standard cubic feet per day.
MMscmh is millions of standard cubic meters per hour.
Peng-Robinson is the default method for calculating physical
properties. For many gas processing applications, such as gas
sweetening, gas dehydration, and the Claus process, you may want
to select other physical property methods. For example, you may
want to use the ELECNRTL method together with the special
amines data package for gas sweetening.
Gas Processing Property This Template also provides property sets commonly needed in gas
Sets processing applications:
Property Set Description
CRITICAL Pseudo critical properties, including:
Pseudo critical temperature
Pseudo critical pressure
Pseudo critical volume
GASPROPS General gas properties, including:
Compressibility factor
Actual volume flow
Standard vapor volume (MMscfd or MMscmh)
Heat Capacity Ratio (CP/CV) for mixture
TDEW Dew point temperature
About the Air Use the Air Separation Template for cryogenic air separation
Separation Template simulations. The defaults are:
Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, Btu/hr, cuft/hr
Metric units C, bar, kg/hr, kmol/hr, watt, cum/hr
Physical property Peng-Robinson
method

2-12 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Specification Default
Components included O2, N2, AR
Flow basis Mole
Stream report Mole flow and mole fraction
composition
These Aspen Plus unit operation models are used extensively in air
separation simulations:
Model Description
RadFrac Rigorous distillation
MultiFrac Multiple column simulation
HeatX Rigorous heat exchange
MHeatX Cold box heat exchange
The MultiFrac model is especially useful for modeling the double-
and triple-column systems typically found in air plants. MultiFrac
solves these interlinked column systems as a single unit, without
recycle flow estimates.
Air plants are highly heat-integrated. You can specify heat streams
to model the complex heat integration between units.
Air Separation Property The air separation property sets are:
Sets
Property Set Description
CRITICAL Pseudo critical properties, including:
Pseudo critical temperature
Pseudo critical pressure
Pseudo critical volume
GASPROPS General gas properties, including:
Compressibility factor
Actual volume flow
Standard vapor volume (MMscfd or MMscmh)
Heat Capacity Ratio (CP/CV) for mixture
TBUBBLE Bubble point temperature
TDEW Dew point temperature
About the Chemicals The Chemicals Template is suitable for a wide range of chemical
Template (non-electrolyte) applications. It is also appropriate for
petrochemical applications, such as MTBE production and VCM
plants, where feedstocks are defined in terms of chemical
components.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-13

 The defaults are:
Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, Btu/hr, cuft/hr
Metric units C, bar, kg/hr, kmol/hr, MMkcal/hr, cum/hr
Physical property method NRTL
Flow basis Mole
Stream report composition Mole flow
The default base property method is NRTL, which has wide
application for low-pressure ideal and non-ideal chemical systems.
Aspen Plus has several additional activity coefficient models and
equations of state for modeling chemical systems. For example, for
systems containing organic acids, use NRTL-HOC, WILS-HOC,
or UNIQ-HOC methods. For chemical systems at high pressures,
use an equation-of-state method, such as RK-ASPEN, SR-POLAR,
PRWS, PRMHV2, or PSRK.
Each activity coefficient and equation-of-state model has a large
databank of binary interaction parameters suitable for modeling
chemical systems. Aspen Plus automatically retrieves and displays
these binary parameters. If the database does not have binary
parameters for a component pair, Aspen Plus can estimate the
missing binary parameters for your application .
If you have measured data for your chemical system you can use
Aspen Plus to regress model parameters. Aspen Plus has
interactive tools for analyzing the properties and vapor-liquid
equilibrium of chemical systems.
The built-in property sets are the same as the General Template.
About the The Electrolytes Template is used for applications that require
Electrolytes Template rigorous modeling of electrolyte species. You can use this
Template in any application where electrolytes are important.
The defaults are:
Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, Btu/hr,
cuft/hr
Metric units C, bar, kg/hr, kmol/hr, MMkcal/hr,
cum/hr
Physical property method ELECNRTL
Components included H2O
Flow basis Mass
Stream report composition Mass flow
Stream report format Displays all electrolyte properties
that are requested in property sets

2-14 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The ELECNRTL property method model is recommended for
rigorously modeling electrolyte systems.
Aspen Plus has a large built-in databank of electrolyte reactions
and interaction parameters for many electrolyte systems. The
Aspen Plus Electrolytes Wizard generates electrolytes chemistry
automatically and interactively, so you can control the species and
reactions to include in your simulation.See Aspen Plus Getting
Started Modeling Processes with Electrolytes for instructions on
how to build an electrolytes application.
Electrolytes Property The built-in property sets are:
Sets
Property Set Property Description
FAPP Apparent component mole flow
FTRUE True component mole flow
LVOLFLOW Liquid volumetric flow
MASSCONC Mass concentration
MOLECONC Mole concentration
PH pH at current temperature
SOLINDEX Solubility index
TBUBBLE Bubble point temperature
VMOLFLOW Component mole flows in vapor phase
VMOLFRAC Component mole fractions in vapor phase
WXAPP Apparent component mass fraction
WAPP Apparent component mass flow
XTRUE True component mole fraction
About the Specialty The Specialty Chemicals Template is for specialty chemical
Chemicals Template applications, with or without electrolytes. You can view stream
results on a:
• Concentration basis
• Per batch basis, if you select the Batch-Operations report
option
The defaults for this Template are:
Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, Btu/hr, gal/hr
Metric units C, bar, kg/hr, kmol/hr, kcal/hr, l/hr
Physical property NRTL
method
Flow basis Mass
Stream report Mass flow
composition

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-15

 Specification Default
Stream report format Displays standard properties, plus
concentration and batch stream report, if
requested. Electrolyte properties are also
displayed if an electrolyte method and
electrolyte property set are selected.
Aspen Plus has two batch unit operation models that are especially
useful for specialty chemicals applications:
• RBatch, a batch reactor
• BatchFrac, for batch distillation
The default base property method is NRTL, which has wide
application for low-pressure ideal and non-ideal chemical systems.
Aspen Plus has additional activity coefficient models and
equations of state for modeling chemical systems.
Each activity coefficient model has a large databank of binary
interaction parameters suitable for modeling chemical systems.
Aspen Plus automatically retrieves and displays these binary
parameters. If the database does not have binary parameters for a
component pair, Aspen Plus can estimate the missing binary
parameters for your application.
If you have measured data for your chemical system, you can use
Aspen Plus to regress model parameters. Aspen Plus has
interactive tools for analyzing the properties and vapor-liquid
equilibrium of chemical systems.
If your process involves electrolytes, use the Electrolytes Wizard
to define the reactions and ionic species. The NRTL method will
be replaced by ELECNRTL, and the electrolytes database will be
used.
The built-in property sets are the same as for the Electrolytes
Template.
About the The Pharmaceuticals Template uses NRTL as the default base
Pharmaceuticals property method. You can use this method for two-liquid-phase
Template systems, or vapor and liquid systems at low pressure. This
Template reports stream composition on a mass concentration and
mass flow basis. You can also view the vapor-liquid-liquid
equilibrium for any stream and examine results on a per batch
basis, if you select the Batch-Operations report option.
The defaults for this Template are:
Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, Btu/hr, gal/hr
Metric units C, bar, kg/hr, kmol/hr, kcal/hr, l/hr

2-16 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Specification Default
Physical property method NRTL
Flow basis Mass
Stream report composition Mass flow and mass concentration
Stream report format Displays standard properties, plus batch
stream report if requested
Aspen Plus has two batch unit operation models that are especially
useful for pharmaceutical applications:
• RBatch, a batch reactor
• BatchFrac, for batch distillation
The built-in property sets are:
Property Set Description
LVOLFLOW Liquid volumetric flow
MASSCONC Mass concentration
MOLECONC Mole concentration
VMOLFLOW Component mole flows in vapor phase
VMOLFRAC Component mole fractions in vapor
phase
MASSCONC is the default for stream report.
About the Use the Hydrometallurgy Template to model electrolytes and
Hydrometallurgy solids in hydrometallurgical processes.
Template
The defaults for this Template are:
Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, Btu/HR, cuft/hr
Metric units C, bar, kg/hr, kmol/hr, MMkcal/HR, cum/hr
Physical property ELECNRTL
method
Component included H2O
Flow basis Mass
Stream class MIXCISLD, for modeling hydrometallurgy
systems with vapor, liquid, electrolytes, salts,
and inert molecular solids.
Stream report Not displayed with default stream report format
composition
Stream report format Displays all substreams together
The ELECNRTL property method is recommended for rigorously
modeling the electrolyte systems present in hydrometallurgy
processes.
Aspen Plus has a large built-in databank of electrolyte reactions
and interaction parameters for many electrolyte systems. The

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-17

 Aspen Plus Electrolytes Wizard generates electrolytes chemistry
automatically and interactively, so you can control the species and
reactions to include in your simulation. See Aspen Plus Getting
Started Modeling Processes with Electrolytes for instructions on
how to build an electrolytes application.
Property Sets for The built-in property sets for hydrometallurgical simulations
Hydrometallurgy include all property sets listed for Electrolytes Simulation, plus the
following:
Property Set Description
ALL-SUBS Characteristics for entire stream, including:
Temperature
Pressure
Volumetric flow
Mass vapor fraction
Mass solids fraction
Mass density
Mass flow
This property set is the default for stream report
About the Use the Pyrometallurgy Template to model high temperature
Pyrometallurgy metals processing applications. The defaults are:
Template Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, Btu/hr, cuft/hr
Metric units C, bar, tonne/hr, kmol/hr, MMkcal/hr, cum/hr
Physical property method SOLIDS
Flow basis Mass
Stream class MIXCISLD, for modeling pyrometallurgy
systems with only molecular species. If you
have ores that must be defined as
nonconventional components or if you need to
model particle size distribution, you will need
a different stream class.
Stream report Not displayed with default stream report
composition format
Stream report format Displays all substreams together
Pyrometallurgical processes often involve chemical and phase
equilibrium between multiple liquid phases and a vapor phase.
Aspen Plus uses the RGibbs model to simulate these multiphase
operations. Pyrometallurgical applications often require different
activity coefficient models for different liquid phases in the
system. You can create multiple methods, based on the SOLIDS
method, to use different activity coefficient models. You can then
assign the new method to specified liquid phases.

2-18 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Pyrometallurgy Property The pyrometallurgy property sets are:
Sets Property Set Description
ALL-SUBS Characteristics for entire stream, including:
Temperature
Pressure
Volumetric flow
Mass vapor fraction
Mass solids fraction
Mass density
Mass flow
VMOLFLOW Vapor mole flow
VMOLFRAC Vapor component mole fractions
About the Solids Aspen Plus can model solids anywhere in a process flowsheet. A
Template wide range of unit operation models for solids handling equipment
is available, including crystallizers, crushers, screens, and
cyclones. See Aspen Plus Unit Operation Models for more
information on the models. See Getting Started Modeling
Processes with Solids to learn how to model solids processes
step-by-step.
The Solids Template reports the properties and component flows
of all types of components (vapor, liquid, and solid) together. You
can also request Aspen Plus to report:
• Overall stream concentrations
• Vapor fractions
• Solid fractions
If you use attributes in your simulation, substream and component
attributes appear in the default stream report.
The defaults for this Template are:
Specification Default
English units F, psi, lb/hr, lbmol/hr, Btu/hr, cuft/hr
Metric units C, bar, kg/hr, kmol/hr, MMkcal/hr,
cum/hr
Physical property method None, but SOLIDS is recommended
Flow basis Mass
Stream class MIXCISLD, but you will often want to
select a different
stream class based on your application
Stream report composition Not displayed with default stream report
format
Stream report format Displays all substreams together

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-19

 Solids Property Sets The built-in property sets for solids are:
Property Set Description
ALL-SUBS Characteristics for entire stream, including:
Temperature
Pressure
Volumetric flow
Mass vapor fraction
Mass solids fraction
Mass density
Mass flow
MASSCONC Mass concentration
MOLECONC Mole concentration
VMOLFLOW Component mole flows in vapor phase
VMOLFRAC Component mole fractions in vapor phase

Using the Online Applications Library

Aspen Plus includes a library of Application Examples to illustrate
how Aspen Plus is used to solve a range of industrial problems.
These application examples cover a range of process industries,
including gas processing, petroleum refining, petrochemicals,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and metals processing. You can
examine the input and results for these applications, see how to use
various Aspen Plus features, and modify and run these applications
to simulate your own processes.
These examples demonstrate the value of many Aspen Plus
features, including residue curves, three-phase reactive distillation,
rigorous heat exchange rating, and extraction with user
liquid-liquid distribution correlations.
Accessing the Online To access the online applications library in Aspen Plus:
Applications Library 1 From the File menu, click Open.
2 In the Open dialog box, click the Favorites button .
3 Click the app directory.
4 To view a description of a file, click the file then click the
Preview button
on the Open dialog box toolbar.
5 Click the file you want to open, then click Open.
6 The input and results are then loaded. You can examine,
modify, and run the simulation.

2-20 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Examining Descriptions To view a description of a file before opening it:
of Files • Click the file then click the Preview button (button that is
furthest right) on the Open dialog box toolbar.
To view a description of an open file:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup, then click Specifications.
2 Click the Description sheet.
To examine available comments for blocks and other objects, click
the Comments button from the toolbar of the Data Browser.
If comments are available, the Comments button looks like this:

If there are no comments available, the Comments button looks

like this:

Creating an Equation Oriented

Problem
The Equation Oriented (EO) method is available as a solution
option in Aspen Plus. As always, the flowsheet is configured
through the Aspen Plus Graphical User Interface (GUI). Flowsheet
connectivity is defined through the graphical process flowsheet and
the Data Browser is used to configure the blocks and streams. EO
requires additional input through the Data Browser.
Before you solve your flowsheet in EO, however, you must
initialize it in SM. This does not require a complete solution to
SM; however, a minimum requirement is that each block be
solved once. This provides initial values for the EO variables. How
tightly the SM flowsheet needs to be solved to ensure a robust EO
formulation is problem-dependent.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating a Simulation Model • 2-21

2-22 • Creating a Simulation Model Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 CHAPTER 3

Using Aspen Plus Help

Aspen Plus has a online Help, prompts and expert system

messages, to give you information as you use the program.
For more information on Help, click one of the following topics:
• Getting online Help
• Using the Back button
• Searching for help on a topic
• Printing help
• Linking to the AspenTech home page
• Contacting Technical Support

Getting Help
There are several ways to get help in Aspen Plus:
If you want help about Do this
A particular topic From the Help Topics dialog box,
click the Index tab.
A form or field On the Aspen Plus toolbar, click
the What's This button
then click the field or form.
A dialog box Click the Help button on the dialog
box.
The item the cursor or mouse pointer Press F1.
is on
Keeping Help On Top To keep the Help window on top of any other open windows:
1 In the Help window, click the Options button or menu.
2 Point to Keep Help On Top, and then click On Top.
Using the Back Use the Back button to move back through help screens you have
Button seen. If there is no previous topic to view, the Back button is

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using Aspen Plus Help • 3-1
 unavailable. Back keeps a complete record of all the help topics
you view. This list is cleared each time you exit help.

Searching for Help on a Topic

You can find specific information quickly by searching for it. To
search for a topic or keyword:
1 From the Help menu, click Help Topics, then From the Help
Topics dialog box, click the Index tab.
The Index dialog box appears.
2 Start typing a word or phrase to display a list of index entries
that match what you are looking for.
3 Click Display or double-click on the entry in the list.
Either the topic appears, or a dialog box containing a list of
topics appears.
You can also perform complete text searches of the help by
clicking on the Search tab. The first time you do so, the Find Setup
Wizard may appear, presenting various options for building the
indexes used by the full text search. Do not click any other window
while the Find Setup Wizard is open; this cancels the Wizard.

Displaying Help on Dialog Boxes,

Forms and Sheets
Use either of these methods to access online Help that gives you an
overview of a dialog box, form or sheet:
• Click the Help button on the dialog box, form or sheet.
• Press F1 on the dialog box, form or sheet.

Displaying Help on Screen Elements

Use either of these methods to access online Help on buttons,
fields, commands on menus, and similar screen elements:
• Click the What's This button on the window toolbar and then
click the element.
• Select the element, then press F1.
The What's This button looks like:

or

3-2 • Using Aspen Plus Help Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Getting Step by Step Help
To get help on preparing, specifying, and running simulations, and
reviewing results:
1 From the Help Topics dialog box, click the Contents tab.
2 Double-click Using Aspen Plus, then click the topic you want.

Getting Reference Information

To obtain reference information:
• From the Help Topics dialog box, click the Contents tab, then
click the appropriate topic.

Troubleshooting Help
In some instances you may experience problems with the online
help. Most often these occur when you install and use multiple
versions of the help, such as when you have installed multiple
versions of Aspen Plus. In general, multiple versions of the help
should still work and links should go to the correct version of the
help file, but links across different help systems may go to the
most recently installed version, and you may encounter problems
in some rare cases.
Errors you may encounter:

"The topic does not exist. Contact your application vendor for
an updated Help file. (129)"
If you see this error, it is a bug in the help system. Please report it
to AspenTech, including the specific location of the link you
clicked on or the specific item you requested help on, so that we
can fix it.

"Unable to display the Find tab. (177)" and/or empty Search

tab
This occurs when Windows Help failed to create the index files
used for searching help. There are several possible causes.
• If you are running Aspen Plus via Aspen Enterprise
Engineering, your system administrator must set up these files
following the procedure in Setting up help search feature in
the Aspen Enterprise Engineering chapter of the AES
Installation Manual.
• If you click Cancel in the Find Setup Wizard that appears
when you first open the Search tab, or click another window

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using Aspen Plus Help • 3-3
 while the wizard is active, this interrupts the process of
creating these index files. Click the Contents or Index tab and
then return to the Search tab to start again.
• In some cases this can happen if the index files have been
corrupted, or they correspond to a different version of the help.
Windows usually rebuilds these files automatically in these
cases, but may sometimes fail to do so. See the procedure
below to force these files to be rebuilt.

Windows Help crashes, or other errors when opening help

These errors are usually caused by problems with the hidden index
files Windows Help creates, and can usually be repaired by
deleting these index files and forcing Windows Help to regenerate
them the next time you run it. Again, if you are running AEE then
your system administrator will need to perform this procedure.
To locate and delete these files:
1 Open Windows Explorer from the Windows Start menu.
2 Configure Windows Explorer to show hidden files and folders
and to show file extensions. Select Tools | Folder Options and
click the View tab. Under Hidden files and folders, select
Show hidden files and folders. Just below this, clear the
checkbox Hide file extensions for known file types. Finally,
click Like Current Folder to apply this setting to all folders.
3 Look in the following directories:
• The gui\xeq subdirectory within the directory where each
version of Aspen Plus is installed
• The gui\xeq subdirectory within the directory where each
version of APrSystem is installed
• The Help subdirectory within the directory where
Windows is installed
In each directory, look for the following files:
• apwn.GID
• apwn.FTG
• aprsystem.GID
• aprsystem.FTG
• *.FTS files corresponding to all the *.HLP files found in
the gui\xeq directories above.
Delete these files. Do not delete the HLP files or any other files
in these directories.
4 The next time you run help the GID files should be rebuilt, and
the next time you open the search tab the Find Setup Wizard
should appear, allowing you to rebuild the FTS and FTG files.

3-4 • Using Aspen Plus Help Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Getting Printed Information
You can:
• Print help topics
• Obtain printed Aspen Plus documentation
Printing Help To print a help topic:
1 Make sure the printer settings are correct.
To check this, Click Start, then point to Settings then Printers.
2 Display the Help topic you want to print.
3 Click the Print button.
– or –
Click the Options button, then click Print Topic.
– or –
From the File menu, click Print Topic.
Printing Popup Help To print popup help windows:
1 Click with the right mouse button on the Help window.
2 From the popup menu, click Print Topic.
Getting Printed You can print all of the Aspen Plus manuals from the
Documentation Documentation CD supplied with Aspen Plus. The manuals are
available in Adobe portable document format (.pdf).
The Aspen Plus documentation set is listed below:
Aspen Plus Installation Guide for Windows This guide provides
instructions on installation of Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus Getting Started Building and Running a Process Model
This tutorial includes several hands-on sessions to familiarize you
with Aspen Plus. The guide takes you step-by-step to learn the full
power and scope of Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus Getting Started Modeling Processes with Electrolytes
This tutorial includes several hands-on sessions to familiarize you
with simulating electrolyte systems with Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus Getting Started Modeling Petroleum Processes This
tutorial includes several hands-on sessions to familiarize you with
simulating petroleum processes with Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus Getting Started Modeling Processes with Solids This
tutorial includes several hands-on sessions to familiarize you with
simulating systems with solids in Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus Getting Started with Equation-Oriented Modeling This
tutorial includes several hands-on sessions to familiarize you with
the equation-oriented modeling system available in Aspen Plus.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using Aspen Plus Help • 3-5
 Aspen Plus Getting Started Customizing Unit Operation Models
This tutorial includes several hands-on sessions to familiarize you
with the customization of unit operation models with Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus Reference Manuals The Aspen Plus reference
manuals provide detailed technical reference information. The
manuals include background information about the unit operation
models, equations, and a wide range of other reference
information. The set comprises:
• Unit Operation Models
• User Models
• System Management
• OOMF Script Language
• Summary File Toolkit
• Input Language Guide
Aspen Physical Property System Reference Manuals These
manuals provide detailed technical reference information about
available physical properties methods and models, tables of
Aspen Plus databank parameters, equations, and other reference
information. The set comprises:
• Physical Property Methods and Models
• Physical Property Data

Linking to Aspen Tech Home Page

For additional information about AspenTech products and services,
check the AspenTech World Wide Web home page on the Internet
at:
http://www.aspentech.com/

Improving Help
We value your comments, suggestions, and criticisms. If you
couldn't find the Help you were looking for, needed more
assistance that the online help provided, or have any suggestions
for future improvements to our online information, we want to
know.
Please email your comments to Docs@Aspentech.com
Note If you have a query about Aspen Plus itself and want to email
the AspenTech Support team, please email your local Technical
Support office.

3-6 • Using Aspen Plus Help Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 CHAPTER 4

Defining the Flowsheet

For help on defining a flowsheet, see one of the following topics:

• Creating a process flowsheet
• Using heat and work streams
• Using pseudoproduct streams
• Viewing a process flowsheet
• Checking flowsheet completeness
• Modifying a process flowsheet
• Using flowsheet sections
• Printing
For descriptions and information about the user interface,click the
relevant topic:
• Main window
• Process Flowsheet window
• Model Library
• Data Browser

Creating a Process Flowsheet

To define a process flowsheet:
1 From the View menu, ensure that PFD mode is turned off.
Otherwise, the blocks and streams you place graphically, do
not become part of your simulation model.
2 Select the unit operation blocks and place them in the Process
Flowsheet Window.
3 Connect the streams to the blocks.
After placing blocks and streams, you can:
• Delete blocks and streams

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-1

 • Rename the blocks and streams
• Change stream connections
You can also improve the appearance of your flowsheet in many
different ways. For more information, see Modifying the
Flowsheet.
When you are done building the flowsheet, you can lock the
flowsheet to prevent accidental changes. See Using the Process
Flowsheet Toolbar.
Mouse Pointer When you are defining your flowsheet, the shape of the mouse
Shapes pointer changes, indicating the particular mode Aspen Plus is in:
Pointer Shape Function Use
Select mode Click an object to select it.
Click and hold an object to enter Move mode.
Click and drag to select a region or to move or resize a region
(The pointer changes to the Resize shape).
Insert mode Click to place a model of the type selected in the Model Library.
Note After placing each block, you remain in Insert Mode until you
click the Select Mode button in the upper left corner of the Model
Library.
Connect mode Click a port to connect the stream to it
Click a blank area of the flowsheet to to place a feed or product
Move mode Click and hold to move the object to a desired location
Port move mode Click and hold to move the port to a desired location
Drag the port away from the model to enter Disconnect mode
Disconnect mode Click and hold on a stream while dragging it away from a block to
disconnect it. Release the mouse button to enter Connect mode.
Resize mode Click and drag to resize a model or region
Use the Model Library to select unit operation models to be used in
the simulation.
Placing Blocks To place a unit operation block in a simulation flowsheet:
1 Click a model category tab in the Model Library to display a
list of models in that category.
2 In the Model Library, select the unit operation model that you
want to place in your process flowsheet. To choose a different
icon for the model, click the down arrow, and click an icon to
select it. The icon you select will remain the default icon when
placing that model, until you change the icon.
3 Click and hold down the mouse button on the unit operation
model, and drag it to the Process Flowsheet window.

4-2 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 4 The mouse pointer is in the shape of a box with an arrow,
which indicates that only one block will be placed.
5 In the Process Flowsheet window, release the mouse button
where you want to place the block.
If you have switched off Automatically Assign Block Names,
you are prompted to enter the Block ID. For more information
on IDs, see Options for Naming Blocks and Streams. The icon
that you selected appears on the flowsheet.
6 Continue creating your flowsheet. To place another block
repeat steps 1 through 4.
When you place or move blocks, the center of the block icon
snaps to a grid location if Snap to Grid is enabled on the
Grid/Scale tab of the Tools Options dialog box.
Placing Multiple Blocks To place multiple blocks of the same type in the flowsheet:
1 Click a model category tab in the Model Library to display a
list of models in that category.
2 In the Model Library, select the unit operation model that you
want to place in your process flowsheet. To choose a different
icon for the model, click the down arrow, and click an icon to
select it. The icon you select will remain the default icon when
placing that model, until you change the icon.
3 Click the unit operation model (click the icon then release the
mouse button.)
The pointer appears in the shape of a crosshair, representing
Insert mode.
4 In the Process Flowsheet window, click where you want to
place the block. The icon that you selected appears on the
flowsheet.
If you have switched off Automatically Assign Block Names,
you are prompted to enter the Block ID. For more information
on IDs, see Options for Naming Blocks and Streams. The icon
that you selected appears on the flowsheet.
5 Continue creating your flowsheet.
If you want to Do this
Place another block for the same model Click in a new location on the flowsheet.
Place a block for a different model Repeat steps 1 to 4.
Stop placing blocks
Click the Select Mode button in the upper left corner of
the Model Library. This turns off insert mode. Insert mode
is on when the Select Mode button is raised, and off when
the button is depressed.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-3

 When you place or move blocks, the center of the block icon snaps
to a grid location if Snap to Grid is enabled on the Grid/Scale tab
of the Tools Options dialog box.
Placing Streams and To place a stream:
Connecting Blocks 1 Click the STREAMS icon on the left side of the Model
Library.
2 If you want to select a different stream type (Material, Heat or
Work), click the down arrow next to the icon and choose a
different type. See illustration.

Move the mouse pointer to the Process Flowsheet window. For

each block in the Process Flowsheet window, all ports that are
compatible with that stream type are highlighted. See example.

Ports that must have at least one stream connected are shown in
red. Other optional ports are shown in blue. If you position the
mouse over a displayed port, the arrow is highlighted and a text
box with the description of the port appears. See example.

4-4 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 Click a highlighted port to make the connection.
If the port is not at the location you want it, click and hold the
mouse button on the port. When the mouse pointer changes to
the port move shape ( ) drag to relocate the port on the
icon.
4 Repeat step 3 to connect the other end of the stream.
Only those ports that you can connect the other end of the
stream to remain highlighted. For example, if you connect a
stream to an outlet port, inlet ports remain highlighted but
outlet ports are no longer highlighted.
If you have switched off Automatically Assign Stream Names,
then you will be prompted for a Stream ID.
5 To place one end of the stream as either a process flowsheet
feed or product, click a blank part of the Process Flowsheet
window.
If the stream's source is already connected, then a product will
be placed. If the stream's destination is already connected, then
a feed will be placed. By default, if you click a blank part of
the window before connecting either stream end, a feed is
placed.
6 To stop placing streams click the Select Mode button in the
upper left corner of the Model Library:
To cancel connecting the stream at any time, press ESC or
click the right mouse button.
To place another stream of the same type, repeat steps 3
through 6.
To place a stream of a different type, repeat steps 2 through 6.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-5

 Placing Streams and You can also use drag and drop to connect streams. The procedure
Connecting Blocks Using is similar to the one described above.
Drag and Drop 1 Select the stream type you want, by clicking the Material
Stream icon in the Model Library or using the down arrow next
to the icon to select a Heat or Work stream.
2 Click and hold down the mouse button on the stream icon.
Tip: Hold down the CTRL key during drag and drop to remain in
Insert mode after completing connections for the first stream.
3 Move the cursor to the Process Flowsheet Window.
The compatible ports are highlighted.
4 Release the mouse button on:
• A port to make a connection
• A blank part of the flowsheet to place a feed
5 Move the mouse and click:
• Another highlighted port to connect the other end of the
stream
• A blank part of the flowsheet to place a product

Using Heat and Work Streams

You can define heat and work streams to transfer heat and power
between blocks, or for duty and power specifications. For example,
you can use a work stream to transfer power from a turbine to a
compressor.
When creating a heat or work stream:
• Select the heat or work icon from the Model Library.
• Use a port labeled Heat Stream(s) or Work Streams(s).
Heat and work streams appear as dashed lines in the flowsheet.

Using PseudoProduct Streams

You can define pseudoproduct streams to represent column
internal flows, compositions, thermodynamic conditions streams
for some unit operations models.
Pseudoproduct streams from one block may be an inlet to another
block. Using a pseudo-stream as a block inlet results in an
imbalance in the overall flowsheet material and energy balance
report.

4-6 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To define a pseudoproduct stream:
• When creating the stream select a port labeled Pseudo Streams.

Viewing The Flowsheet

If your flowsheet contains more than a few blocks, your workspace
will soon be full.
Sometimes block and stream IDs appear off the screen, so it is
difficult to locate a particular block or stream.
To display a block that is off the screen or a specific part of the
flowsheet, you can use the:
• Zoom level
• Scrollbars
• Data Browser
• Bookmarks
• Pan
Adjusting the Zoom To change your view of the flowsheet by zooming:
Level • From the View menu point to Zoom, then the option you
require.
– or –
1 Position the mouse pointer in an empty area of the Process
Flowsheet window and click the right mouse button.
2 From the menu that appears, click:
This zoom option To
Zoom In Zoom in
Zoom Out Zoom out
Zoom Full Show the full flowsheet
With the view zoomed in, you can display a specific part of the
flowsheet by using the scroll bars.
Adjust the effect of Zoom In and Zoom Out by selecting Options
from the Tools menu and changing the value of the Zoom Scale
Factor on the Grid/Scale tab.
Using the Scrollbars If you are working in a large flowsheet, the block you want to
connect to may be off the screen. You can use the scrollbars to
display:
• A block that is off the screen
• A specific part of the flowsheet

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-7

 To use the Workspace scrollbars:
• Click a scrollbar arrow.
The amount that this moves the view is determined by the
Scroll Step Size on the Grid/Scale tab of the Tools Options
dialog box.
– or –
• Click between the slider and an arrow.
This moves the view by a set amount.
Using the Process You can change the grid options for the current run on the Process
Flowsheet Toolbar Flowsheet toolbar, rotate objects, lock the flowsheet, and change
between insert and select mode.
Rotate
Display the selected Flip
grid in the object one selected
Display a process quarter object Locks the
scale at the flowsheet turn to the about its flowsheet to
top and left window left X axis prevent
of the unintended
process changes
flowsheet
window
Changes
between
Align objects to the
selecting
grid when they are
and
placed, moved, or
resized inserting
Rotate selected Flip selected objects
object one object about
quarter turn to its Y axis
the right

See Viewing Toolbars to see how to view this toolbar.

Using the Data If you are working in a large flowsheet, it may be difficult to locate
Browser to Find a particular block. You can use the Data Browser to find a block:
Blocks in a Large 1 From the Data menu, click Data Browser.
Flowsheet
2 Expand the Blocks folder.
3 Select the block that you want to find.
4 Return to the Process Flowsheet window, without clicking it.
To do this:
If you are in this view Do this
Normal From the Window menu, click Process
Flowsheet window
– or –
Click the titlebar of the Process Flowsheet
window
Flowsheet as Wallpaper Minimize or close the Data Browser
Workbook Click the Process Flowsheet tab

4-8 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The block you selected is highlighted.
5 Click the block with the right mouse button and from the menu
that appears, click Center View.
6 Click an empty part of the flowsheet and click with the right
mouse button, and from the menu that appears, click Zoom In
if you want a closer view.
Using Bookmarks If you are working in a large flowsheet, there may be sections that
you want to look at frequently. Use Bookmarks to save these
views.
Creating a Bookmark To create a bookmark:
1 While in Select mode, click and drag to select an area of the
flowsheet.
2 Click the right mouse button and from the menu that appears,
click Bookmarks.
Tip: You can also press F3 to access Bookmarks.
3 Type a name for the Bookmark in the Name box, then click
Add to add the bookmark to this list.
4 To exit the Bookmarks dialog box, click Close.
Accessing a Bookmarked To go to a bookmarked view:
View
1 In the Process Flowsheet window, click the right mouse button.
2 From the menu that appears, click Bookmarks.
Tip: You can also press F3 to access Bookmarks.
3 Click the name of the desired Bookmark, then click Go To.
4 The flowsheet appears in the predefined view you selected.
Using Pan Use Pan to select a view of the flowsheet at the current zoom level.
1 In the Process Flowsheet window, click the right mouse button.
2 A full view of the flowsheet appears and a dashed rectangle
3 Move the rectangle to an area that you wish to zoom in on and
click the left mouse button.
4 To cancel pan, click the right mouse button.

Checking Flowsheet Completeness

To check completeness for the entire flowsheet, look at the status
indicator in the bottom right of the main window.
If the status is Flowsheet Not Complete, then flowsheet
connectivity is incomplete because:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-9

 • Additional streams must be connected to one or more blocks in
the flowsheet.
• Streams have been disconnected but not reconnected.
• No blocks have been defined.
To find out why the connectivity is incomplete:
• Click the Next button on the Data Browser toolbar.
A Flowsheet Not Complete window indicates what is required to
complete the flowsheet definition.
If any other status message appears, then flowsheet connectivity is
complete. All required streams are connected to flowsheet blocks.

Modifying the Flowsheet

You can modify the flowsheet at any time to:
• Change its connectivity
• Improve the appearance
• Redraw all or part of the flowsheet
Changing Flowsheet To change the flowsheet connectivity, you can:
Connectivity • Delete blocks and streams
• Rename blocks and streams
• Change stream connections
• Insert a block into a stream
Deleting Blocks and To delete a block or stream:
Streams
1 Click the block or stream to select it.
2 Click with the right mouse button on the block or stream.
3 From the popup menu that appears, click Delete Block or
Delete Stream
4 When prompted, click OK.
Tip: You can also select the block or stream, then press Delete on
the keyboard.
Renaming Blocks and To rename a block or stream from the flowsheet:
Streams
1 Select the block or stream you want to rename.
2 Click the right mouse button on the block or stream.
3 From the menu that appears, click Rename Block or Rename
Stream.
4 When prompted, enter the new name and click OK.

4-10 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 You can also rename blocks and streams using the Data
Browser.
Options for Naming By default, Aspen Plus automatically assigns IDs to blocks and
Blocks and Streams streams. You can either:
• Supply prefixes for the automatic naming
• Turn off the automatic naming and be prompted for a name for
each block and stream as you place it
To specify the naming options:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 Click the Flowsheet tab.
3 Select the Automatically Assign Block Name with Prefix
and/or Automatically Assign Stream Name with Prefix check
box(es).
4 If desired, you can also type a prefix in the field. A sequential
number is added to the prefix. If no prefix is supplied, the
blocks or streams are numeric.
For more information on flowsheeting options, see Using the
Flowsheet Tab.
Changing Stream You can disconnect the end of a stream from a unit operation block
Connections and then connect it to another port on the same or a different block.
To change the port that a stream is connected to:
1 Click the stream.
2 Click the right mouse button.
3 From the menu that appears, click:
• Reconnect Source to disconnect the source end of the
stream
• Reconnect Destination to disconnect the output end of the
stream
For each block all available ports are highlighted. For example,
for a feed stream, the outlet ports are highlighted. The ID of the
stream appears in a text box by the end that is being
reconnected. Ports that must have at least one stream connected
are shown in red. Others are shown in blue. See example.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-11

 4 Continue as you would for a new stream. Click the port to
which you want to connect the stream end, or click a blank part
of the flowsheet to place a feed or product.
Inserting a Block into a To insert a block into a stream:
Stream
1 Place the new block on the flowsheet by selecting a unit
operation model from the Model Library and dragging it to the
flowsheet. For more information, see Placing Blocks.
2 Select the desired stream and click the right mouse button on
the stream.
3 From the menu that appears, click Reconnect Source or
Reconnect Destination.
4 Click a port on the new block to reconnect the stream to it.
5 Connect a new stream from the new block to the original
source or destination, by clicking the STREAMS icon and
clicking the inlet or outlet port. For more information, see
Placing Blocks.
Improving the You can change the flowsheet layout at any time to improve the
Appearance of the appearance of your drawing. You can move:
Flowsheet • Blocks
• Multiple blocks and streams at once
• Block IDs
• Stream segments
• Stream corners
• Streams IDs
• Stream connnection locations

4-12 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 You can also:
• Hide block and stream IDs
• Reroute streams
• Change color and style of streams
• Align blocks
• Change icons
• Resize icons
• Rotate icons
• Use Place to redraw flowsheets automatically
Many commands and actions can apply to multiple blocks or
streams as well as to an individual one. See Selecting Multiple
Blocks and Streams.
Selecting Multiple Blocks To select all blocks and streams:
and Streams
1 In the Process Flowsheet window, click the right mouse button.
2 From the menu that appears, click Select All.
To select multiple blocks and streams:
• Click and hold the mouse button while dragging the mouse
over a region.
– or –
• Hold down the Ctrl key while clicking on the blocks or
streams.
Moving Multiple Objects To move multiple objects at once:
at Once
1 Select the objects you want to move.
2 Hold down the mouse button on any object within the region.
The mouse pointer changes to the move shape ( ).
3 Drag the objects to the location you want, and release the
mouse button.
Tip: You can also select multiple objects and then use the arrow
keys (←↑→↓) to move them to the new location.
Moving a Block To move a block:
1 Press and hold down the mouse button on the unit operation
block (but not on the block ID) that you want to move.
The outline of the block is highlighted and the mouse pointer
changes to the move shape. Also a text box appears showing
information about the block, including name, section and status
of the block.
See example.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-13

 2 Drag the block to the location you want and release the mouse
button.
When you place or move blocks, the center of the block icon
snaps to a grid location if Snap to Grid is enabled. For
information on changing the grid options, see Using the
Grid/Scale Tab.
Tip: You can also select the block and then use the arrow keys
(←↑→↓) to make minor adjustments to the position of the block.
Moving a Block ID To move a Block ID:
1 Press and hold down the mouse button on the block ID.
The mouse pointer changes to the move shape ( ).
2 Drag the block to the location you want and release the mouse
button.
Tip: You can also select the block ID and then use the arrow keys
(←↑→↓) to move the block ID.
If you later move the block, the ID maintains its position
relative to the block.
Hiding a Block or Stream To hide a block or stream ID:
ID
1 Click the block or stream in the flowsheet to select it.
2 From the Flowsheet menu, point to Hide and then ensure ID is
checked.
– or –
Press CTRL + H on the keyboard.
Tip: To hide the block IDs for all future blocks created, clear the
Display Block Name checkbox on the Flowsheet tab of the Tools
Options dialog box.

4-14 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Changing the Icon To change an icon:
1 Click the block whose icon you wish to change.
2 Click with the right mouse button on the block.
3 From the popup menu that appears, click Exchange Icon.
4 The icons for the block changes to the next icon in the list for
the model.
Tip: You can also change the icon by clicking the block, then
pressing the letter n to change to the next icon available for the
block, or p to change to the previous available icon.
Rotating Icons To rotate an icon:
1 Click the block whose icon you wish to rotate.
2 Click with the right mouse button on the block.
3 From the menu that appears, click Rotate Icon.
4 A submenu appears, allowing you to rotate the icon to the right
(clockwise) or left, or flip the icon around either axis (for
example, to reverse flow direction).
Tip: You can also use the buttons on the Process Flowsheet
toolbar to rotate and flip an icon.
Resizing Icons To resize an icon:
1 Click the block whose icon you wish to resize.
2 Click with the right mouse button on the block.
3 From the menu that appears, point to Resize Icon, then Shrink
or Enlarge to shrink or enlarge the icon by a built-in factor.
– or –
Position the mouse pointer over one of the corners of the block
icon until the Resize mode pointers appear. Drag the mouse
pointer until the icon until it is the desired size.
Aligning Blocks To align two blocks:
1 Click the stream between the two blocks.
2 Click with the right mouse button on the stream.
3 From the menu that appears, click Align Blocks.
Note: Blocks attached to selected streams are aligned on a grid if
Snap to Grid is enabled on the Grid/Scale tab.
Tip: You can also select one or more streams and press CTRL +
B.
Moving Stream To move the point where a stream connects to a unit operation
Connection Locations block without changing the stream's connection to its current port
on the icon:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-15

 1 Click the stream that you want to move or click the block to
which it is connected. The stream is selected
See example.

2 Position the mouse pointer where the end of the stream

connects to the block.
3 The arrow is highlighted and a text box with the descriptions of
the port appears.
4 Hold down the left mouse button. The mouse pointer changes
to the move shape.
5 Drag the stream end to the preferred point on the block and
release the mouse button.
Moving the stream end does not move the port to which the
stream is connected. Consequently, the point where the stream
end is now attached to the block is not a port and may not be
used to directly connect further streams.
6 To display the location of the port, click the stream end.
See example.

4-16 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Relocated
stream end

port

Tip: You can also move any part of the stream by selecting it and
dragging the part of the stream you want to move to its new
location.
Moving a Stream To move a stream segment:
Segment
1 Press and hold down the mouse button on the segment of the
stream you wish to move (but not on the stream ID).
2 The mouse pointer changes to the move shape.
3 Drag the segment of the stream to the location you want and
release the
mouse button.
Tip: You can also select the stream and then use the arrow keys
(←↑→↓)
to make minor adjustments to the position of the stream.
Moving a Stream Corner To move a stream corner:
1 Press and hold down the mouse button on the corner of the
stream (but not on the stream ID).
The mouse pointer changes to the move shape.
2 Drag the corner of the stream to the location you want and
release the
mouse button.
Tip: You can also select the stream and then use the arrow keys
(←↑→↓) to make minor adjustments to the position of the stream.
Moving a Stream ID You cannot move a stream ID off a stream but you can move a
stream ID along a stream. To do this:
1 Press and hold down the mouse button on the stream ID, until
the mouse pointer changes to the move shape ( ).

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-17

 2 Drag the block to the location you want and release the mouse
button.
Rerouting Streams To reroute a stream automatically:
1 Click the stream you wish to reroute.
2 Click the right mouse button on the stream.
3 From the menu that appears, click Reroute Stream.
Tip: You can also select one or more streams and then press CTRL
+ J to reroute them.
Changing Color and Style You can change the color, line style, and terminator for each type
of Streams of stream using the Styles tab of the Tools | Options dialog box.
The terminator is a character which appears at the ends of streams
along with the feed or product arrow, such as the Q for heat
streams.
You can also change the color and line style for specific streams.
To do so, right-click on the stream in the Process Flowsheet
Window and select Color & Style. In the Stream Style dialog
box, choose the color and line style for that stream.
Using Place and Unplace When you want to make several changes to the layout of all or part
to Redraw the Flowsheet of a flowsheet, you might find it easier to temporarily remove
(unplace) one or more blocks and then replace them.
To do this, use Place and Unplace to redraw all or part of the
flowsheet at any time. You can place:
• All of the blocks at once and let Aspen Plus choose the layout
• Blocks one at a time to create the layout you want
Before you can redraw the flowsheet, you need to temporarily
remove (or unplace) one or more blocks:
To remove Do this
A group of blocks Select a group of blocks.
Click the right mouse button on one of the blocks
and from the menu that appears, click Unplace
Blocks.
A single block Select a block.
Click the right mouse button and from the menu
that appears, click Unplace Blocks.
The unplaced blocks appear in the Unplaced Blocks dialog box.

4-18 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Tip: You can also select one or more blocks and then press CTRL
+ U to unplace them.
Using Place to Place a Use Place to place an individual block on the flowsheet. Do this
Block on the Flowsheet when you want to achieve a specific layout.
To place an unplaced block on the flowsheet yourself:
1 In the Unplaced Blocks dialog box, click and hold down the
mouse button on the ID of the block that you want to place.
2 Drag the block to the flowsheet and drop it where you want the
block located.
If you want Aspen Plus to place the next block automatically:
• In the Unplaced Blocks dialog box, click Place Next.
Aspen Plus selects the block that logically should appear next
in the flowsheet and places it in the appropriate position. This
will not necessarily be the block listed first in the Unplaced
Blocks dialog box.
If you do not like where Aspen Plus has placed the block,
move it to a different location.
As you place blocks, the streams that connect them also appear.
You can move stream segments or corners to achieve the desired
routing.
Using Place All to Place If the number of unplaced blocks is small or you are not concerned
All the Blocks at Once about the layout of the flowsheet, you can place any unplaced
blocks quickly by using Place All to place all the blocks on your
flowsheet at once.
Aspen Plus chooses the layout for you.
To place all the blocks at once:
1 Select a block or group of blocks.
2 Click the right mouse button.
3 From the popup menu that appears, click Unplace Blocks.
4 In the Unplaced Blocks dialog box, click Place All.
5 Move individual blocks and reroute streams if necessary.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-19

 About Flowsheet Sections
A flowsheet section is a group of blocks and streams within the
flowsheet. Use flowsheet sections to:
• Enhance clarity
• Simplify viewing and printing large flowsheets
• Simplify assignments of physical property specifications or
stream classes
A stream belongs to a flowsheet section if it is an outlet of a block
in the section. A process feed stream belongs to a section if it is an
inlet to a block in the section.
To see which section a block or stream belongs to, select the block
or stream and a text box with the information will be displayed
while the pointer is over the selected item.
Aspen Plus predefines a default section GLOBAL for your
convenience. It assigns all blocks to GLOBAL unless you create
additional sections.
Use the Properties Specifications Flowsheet Section sheet to
specify physical property options for sections.
Creating a Flowsheet To create a new flowsheet section:
Section 1 From the Flowsheet menu, click Flowsheet Sections.
2 On the Flowsheet Sections dialog box, click New.
3 Enter an ID or accept the default ID then click OK.
The new section becomes the current section. Any additional
blocks you create are assigned to this section, until you select a
new current section.
Tip You can use this button on the Section toolbar to quickly
open the Flowsheet Sections dialog box.
Specifying the The current section is shown by the Section box on the Section
Current Section toolbar. All new blocks defined using graphics are assigned to the
current section.
To change the current section:
1 From the Flowsheet menu, click Flowsheet Section.
2 In the Flowsheet Sections dialog box, select a section from the
list or click the New button and create a new section.
3 Click the Make Current button.
4 Click OK to close the Flowsheet Sections dialog box.

4-20 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The section you selected becomes the current section. Any
additional blocks you create are assigned to this section, until you
select a new current section.
Tip: You can use the current section list on the
Section toolbar quickly specify the current section.
Using the Section The Section toolbar can be used to quickly change some options on
Toolbar the flowsheet sections.
Opens the
Specifies the Flowsheet
current selection Sections dialog
Display only the box
current flowsheet
section

Moving Blocks to a To move blocks from one section to another:

New Section 1 In the Process Flowsheet window, select one or more blocks.
2 Click the right mouse button on a selected block and from the
menu that appears, click Change Section.
3 To move the block or blocks to a different section, select the
Move to section option and select a section from the list.
– or –
To create a new section, select the Create new section option
and enter a section ID or accept the default ID.
4 Click OK to close the Change Section dialog box.
The selected block or blocks are moved to the section you
selected or created.
Specifying the The stream class assigned to section GLOBAL is the default
Stream Class for a stream class. By default, Aspen Plus assigns the stream class for
Section section GLOBAL to any new sections you create.
To assign a different stream class to a section:
1 If the stream class you want to assign to the section does not
contain the appropriate substreams, use the Setup StreamClass
form to modify it. For more information, see About Global
Information.
2 From the Flowsheet menu, click Flowsheet Sections.
3 In the Flowsheet Sections dialog box, do one of the following:
• Select a section from the list
• Click the New button and create a new section
4 Click the Stream class button.
5 Select a stream class using the list. Click OK.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Defining the Flowsheet • 4-21

 Viewing the Current To view only the current section:
Section 1 Click the Process Flowsheet window.
2 From the View menu, click Current Section Only.
Only the blocks and streams in the current section appear on the
screen. Streams to and from other sections are terminated by icons
containing the ID of the other sections.
To specify what is the current section see Specifying the Current
Section.

Tip: You can use the button on the Section toolbar to quickly
view only the current Flowsheet Section.
Printing a Flowsheet To print a flowsheet:
1 Click in the Process Flowsheet Window to make it active.
2 Click the Printer button on the Standard toolbar.
– or –
From the File menu, select Print.
3 Choose the printer and desired settings in the Print dialog box.
4 Click OK.
Printing a Section of To print a section of flowsheet:
Flowsheet
1 From the Flowsheet menu, click Flowsheet Sections.
2 Choose the flowsheet section you want to print and click OK.
3 From the View menu, click Current Section Only.
4 Click the Printer button on the toolbar.
5 Choose the printer and desired settings in the Print dialog box.
6 Click OK.

4-22 • Defining the Flowsheet Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 CHAPTER 5

Global Information for

Calculations

For help on specifying and changing all types of global

information, see one of the following topics:
• About global information
• Entering global specifications
• Overriding default simulation options
• Units of measure
• Stream classes
• Report options

About Global Information

Global specifications establish defaults for an entire run. Specify
global information before entering any engineering specifications
for your Aspen Plus run.
You can override these defaults for specific objects on other
sheets. Although you can return to these forms and change entries
at any time, it is recommended that you use them before any others
when starting a new run.
Enter global specifications on the Setup forms. To access the Setup
forms:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 The following table shows which form to use to enter
information:
Use this form To
Specifications Enter global information

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-1
 Use this form To
Simulation Options Specify calculations, flash convergence, and
system options, and time and errors limits
Stream Class Define stream class and stream properties
Substream Define substreams and attributes
Units Sets Define units-of-measurement sets
Report Options Specify report options
All of the global information you normally need to specify is on
the Setup Specifications Global sheet. When you create a new run,
the Application Type you choose establishes the defaults for the
Global sheet. The Aspen Plus expert system takes you to the
Global sheet so you can view the defaults and change or
supplement them if you want to. For most simulations, it should
not be necessary to change the defaults on the other Setup sheets.

Entering Global Specifications

Use the Setup Specifications form to enter global specifications,
accounting report information, diagnostic levels, and a run
description for reports. The following table shows the information
you can enter on each sheet:
On this sheet of the Enter this information
Specifications form
Global Run type, run title, run description, global
defaults (units, flow basis, phase
equilibrium, calculation options, stream
class)
Accounting Run accounting information (required at
some installations)
Diagnostics Simulation history and Control Panel
diagnostic message levels
Description User supplied description of the simulation
problem
Global Sheet Use this sheet to enter a run title, specify default input and output
units of measurement for the run, and specify global settings. The
global settings include Run Type, Input Mode, Stream Class, Flow
Basis, Ambient Pressure, Valid Phases, and Use Free Water
Calculation.
You can override global specifications for individual unit
operations blocks using the Block Options form for each block.
Changing the Run Type You specify a Run Type when you create a new run. You can
change this run type at any time. See Selecting a Run Type for a
description of the available run types.

5-2 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 To change the run type:
1 On the Data menu, select Setup.
2 Click the Global sheet.
3 In the Run-Type box, select a run type.
Because each run type has different input requirements, changing
the run type may cause the input for the run to become incomplete.
Use Next to guide you through the required forms.
You can change the run type even after you have entered
specifications for a different run type. Aspen Plus hides forms that
the new run type does not allow. But if you switch back to the
original run type, data entered on these hidden forms are not lost.
Examples of when you might want to change the run type:
• You used a Property Estimation run to estimate and examine
properties for a non-databank component. Now you want to run
a flowsheet simulation using that component. If you change the
run type to Flowsheet, Aspen Plus retains the component
information and prompts you for the flowsheet information.
• You used a Property Estimation run to estimate and examine
properties for a non-databank component. Now you want to run
property analysis or property data regression involving that
component. If you change the run type to Property Analysis or
Data Regression, Aspen Plus retains the component
information, and prompts you for additional information to
complete your run specifications.
Specifying the Run Title To specify the run title:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 Select the Global sheet.
3 In the Title box, specify a brief run title.
You can supply additional descriptive information about the run on
the Setup Specification Description sheet, and on the Comment
forms available from any input sheet.
Specifying Global Units You can specify separate global input and output units sets. For
Sets more information about how to customize an existing unit set, see
Units of Measure.
This global units set Becomes the default for all
Input Data Input sheets in the run
Output Results Results sheets
To specify global units sets:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 Select the Global sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-3
 3 Specify the global units sets in the Input data and Output
results boxes.
You can change the global units set specifications at any time.
When you change the Input Data set, all new input forms you
display default to the new units set. Aspen Plus does not change
the units on forms you have already completed. When you change
the Output Results units set, all results sheets default to the new
units set after you complete a run.

Selecting a Default Stream classes define structures for simulation streams when solid
Stream Class substreams are present. When you create a new run, Aspen Plus
chooses a default stream class based on the application type. You
can change the default stream class on the Setup Specifications
Global sheet.
To change the default stream class:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 Select the Global sheet.
3 In the Stream Class box, select a stream class.
All streams in the simulation are assigned to the default stream
class, unless you assign a stream class to one of the following:
• A flowsheet section
• An individual stream, on the Stream-Class Streams sheet
For more information on using and creating stream classes, see
About Stream Classes.
Selecting the Simulation You can enter specifications for most flows on a molar, mass, or
Flow Basis standard liquid volume basis. For example, you can enter total
stream flow rate on any of these bases.
To select the global basis for flow-related information:
1 On the Data menu, select Setup.
2 Select the Global sheet.
3 In the Flow-Basis box, specify Mass, Mole, or StdVol.
The basis you select becomes the default basis for the run. You can
override the basis locally on most forms.
You can return to the Setup Specifications Global sheet and change
the default basis at any time. The basis for previously entered
values does not change.

5-4 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Specifying Ambient Aspen Plus accepts gauge pressure units for all pressure variables.
Pressure for Gauge The default value for the ambient pressure is 1 atm.
Pressure Units To change the ambient pressure:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 Select the Global sheet.
3 In the Ambient Pressure box, type a pressure. Change the units
if necessary.
Specifying Valid Phases Aspen Plus performs phase equilibrium calculations throughout a
simulation run for blocks, streams, and other objects. You can
specify the valid phases to be used in these calculations. Choose
from Vapor-Only, Liquid-Only, Vapor-Liquid, and Vapor-Liquid-
Liquid.
To change the valid phases:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 Select the Global sheet.
3 In the Valid phases box, select either Vapor-Only, Liquid-
Only, Vapor-Liquid, or Vapor-Liquid-Liquid.
You can override the global setting locally, at the individual block
or stream level, using the Valid Phases box. In some blocks you
can also specify Solid-Only, Liquid-Liquid, Liquid-DirtyWater, or
Vapor-Liquid-DirtyWater.
Requesting Free Water Aspen Plus can handle the presence and decanting of water as a
Calculations second liquid phase in water-hydrocarbon systems. Free-water
calculations:
• Assume the water phase is pure
• Use special methods for calculating the solubility of water in
the organic phase
To request free-water calculations globally:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 Select the Global sheet.
3 Select the Use Free Water Calculations check box.
You can override the global setting locally, at the individual block
or stream level, using the Valid Phases box to select Vapor-Liquid-
Free Water.
Description Sheet Use this sheet to enter the description for the simulation. The
description you enter on this sheet will be printed once, at the
beginning of the report. You can enter any amount of text in
uppercase and lowercase letters to document your run in more
detail. You can use any number of lines to enter text. However,

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-5
 you cannot exceed the maximum length of each line (72
characters): the excess will be truncated.
Specifying a Run To specify a run description:
Description
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 Select the Description sheet on the Setup Specifications form.
3 Enter a description in the Description box.
Tip: You can write a description in your text editor (for example,
Notepad) and then copy and paste it onto the Description sheet.
Accounting Sheet Use this sheet to enter run accounting information (required at
some installations). The accounting information includes: a user
name, an account number, a project ID, and a project name. This
information is stored for the run by the Aspen Plus Run
Accounting System, if it is active for your installation.
Accounting Report Accounting report information tracks the use of Aspen Plus at your
Information installation. This information may be required at some
installations.
To specify run accounting information:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 Select the Accounting sheet on the Setup Specifications form.
3 In the User Name box, specify a username.
4 In the Account Number box, specify an account number.
5 In the Project ID box, specify a project ID.
6 In the Project Name box, specify a project name.
The Aspen Plus Run Accounting System logs this information for
the run, if it is active for your installation.
Diagnostic Sheet Aspen Plus writes progress and diagnostic messages to the Control
Panel and the History File during a run. The default for all types of
messages is level 4. You can control the amount of diagnostic
information produced, although it is generally not necessary. It is
sometimes necessary to increase the level in order to converge a
flowsheet or to debug user Fortran.
Use this sheet to override defaults for simulation history diagnostic
message levels and Control Panel message levels printed. You can
set message levels and diagnostics for input translation, simulation,
physical properties, stream, convergence, Fortran variables, cost
and economics.
Specifying Global To specify global defaults for diagnostic information:
Defaults for Diagnostic
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
Information
2 Click the Diagnostics sheet.

5-6 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 3 Use the slider controls to adjust the message levels you want to
change. The slider on the top of each line is for the Control
Panel messages, and the slider on the bottom is for the History
File messages.
4 Click the History Options button to change the print options for
the History file. Check Insert files used in the simulation or
Sorted input if this information is desired in the History file.
Tip: You can override the global defaults locally, using the Block
Options sheets for streams, blocks, property tables, and other
objects that perform calculations.

Setup Simulation Options

Use the Setup Simulation Options form to override defaults for
simulation options set by Aspen Plus. Aspen Plus provides defaults
for performing energy balances and convergence calculations.
Aspen Plus also has default time limits. You can use this form to
override these defaults. You also can specify simulation options at
the individual block level.
This table shows which sheets are used for which information:
Sheet Information
Calculations Options for Heat and mass balances,
molecular weight from formula,
reinitialize calculations, bypass Prop-Set
calculations, reaction stoichiometry
checking
Flash Convergence Global temperature and pressure limits,
maximum iterations, flash tolerance,
extrapolation threshold for equations of state
System Interpret or compile Fortran, unit operation
model and Fortran error checking
Limits Simulation time and error limits
Calculations Sheet Use this sheet to specify calculation options for:
• Checking mass balances around blocks
• Performing mass-balance-only calculations
• Calculating component molecular weight from atomic formula
• Using results from a previous convergence pass
• Bypassing prop-set calculations if flash fails
You can also use this sheet to specify reactions stoichiometry error
checking options.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-7
 Checking Mass Balances Aspen Plus performs a mass balance check around each block as it
Around Blocks is executed and at the end of the simulation. Mass balance
checking is performed with a relative tolerance of 0.0001.
Imbalances can occur for numerous reasons — for instance,
improper stoichiometry or yield fraction specifications, loose
convergence tolerances, inconsistent user kinetic rates, or flows
changed by Calculator, Transfer, or Balance blocks. Mass balance
checking will point out these imbalances and in many cases
provide the reason for the imbalance.
You can turn off this checking to lower the number of error or
warning messages generated during a simulation. To disable mass
balance checking around blocks:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Simulation Options form.
3 Click to clear the Check Mass Balance Error Around Blocks
check box.
About Mass-Balance- Mass-balance-only simulations:
Only Simulations
• Are appropriate when energy balances are not required
• Do not calculate enthalpies, entropies, or free energies, thus
reducing calculation time
• Reduce data input requirements for physical property
parameters
Mass-balance-only simulations do not require:
• CPIG, DHFORM, and DGFORM parameters
• Parameters for models that calculate only enthalpy, entropy, or
free energy
To request a mass-balance-only simulation:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Simulation Options form.
3 Click to clear the Perform Heat Balance Calculations check
box.
Using Unit Operation In a mass-balance-only run, you can use these unit operation
Models in Mass-Balance- models without restriction:
Only Simulations
CFuge ESP HyCyc Sep
Crusher FabFl Mixer Sep2
Cyclone Filter Mult SSplit
Dupl FSplit Screen VScrub

5-8 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 You can use these models only if you do not specify heat duty:
CCD RBatch
Decanter RCSTR
Distl RPlug
DSTWU RSstoic
Flash2 RYield
Flash3 SWash
Heater
You cannot use these models in a mass-balance-only run:
BatchFrac PetroFrac
Compr Pipeline
Crystallizer Pump
Extract RadFrac
HeatX RateFrac
MCompr REquil
MHeatX RGibbs
MultiFrac SCFrac
Heat and work streams are not allowed in a mass-balance-only
simulation.
Calculating Molecular The molecular weight is available in Aspen Plus databanks
Weight from Formula (parameter MW). However, the databank molecular weight value
may not contain enough significant figures for certain applications
for which atomic balance is important, such as reactor modeling.
Aspen Plus calculates the molecular weight for all components in
the simulation from the molecular formula (parameters ATOMNO
and NOATOM) and the atomic weight. The calculated molecular
weight is more accurate than the databank molecular weight. By
default, the calculated molecular weight is used in the simulation.
To request to calculate from the formula in a simulation:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Simulation Options form.
3 Click the Calculate Component Molecular Weight from
Atomic Formula check box.
Reinitializing Calculations By default, iterative calculations in Aspen Plus use any available
previous results as an initial guess. If necessary, you can override
this default and request that all calculations be reinitialized each
calculation pass.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-9
 Request reinitialization when:
• A block has multiple solutions and you can obtain the one you
want only by starting from your own initial estimate.
• A block or flowsheet fails to converge for no apparent reason,
after one or more successful passes.
To request reinitialization globally:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Simulation Options form.
3 On the Calculations sheet, click to clear the Use Results from
Previous Convergence Pass check box.
If the Use Results from Then Aspen Plus
Previous Convergence
Pass check box is
Selected Uses results from a previous calculation pass
as the initial guess for the new pass
Clear Performs initialization or uses initial estimates
at every new calculation pass
You can override the global setting:
• At the block level, on the Block Options sheet for the block
• Interactively, using the Reinitialize commands from the Run
menu
If the reinitialization option for a block is clear when you request
reinitialization interactively, reinitialization occurs only on the next
calculation pass.
Bypassing Prop-Set By default, Aspen Plus will not calculate the property sets if a flash
Calculations When Flash error occurs.
Fails
If the property sets are calculated when severe flash errors occurs,
the property set calculations may be unreliable, and may cause
further errors.
To request to calculate the prop-set calculations even when the
flash fails:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Simulation Options form.
3 On the Calculations sheet, clear the Bypass Prop-Set
Calculations if Flash Failure Occurs checkbox.
Checking Reaction If reactions stoichiometry (such as Reactors, Chemistry, Reaction)
Stoichiometry is specified, Aspen Plus checks the mass-balance of stoichiometry

5-10 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 based on the stoichiometric coefficient and molecular weight of the
components.
You can use the option button to select whether Aspen Plus gives
an error or a warning during Input translation if mass imbalance
occurs. Simulation will not proceed if an error occurs during Input
translation.
Click Requesting a Warning to see how to change the settings and
request a warning rather than an error.
You can also use the Mass Balance Error Tolerance box to specify
the absolute tolerance of the mass balance check of stoichiometry.
The default value of the tolerance is 1 kg/kgmole.
The error severity depends on the Mass Balance Error Tolerance
and what checking option you specify:
Checking Option Absolute Error Error
Severity
Issue Error When Mass > Tolerance Error
Imbalance Occurs
Issue Error When Mass < Tolerance and > 0.01 Warning
Imbalance Occurs
Issue Warning When Mass > Tolerance Warning
Imbalance Occurs
Requesting a Warning To request a warning rather than an error to be issued when a mass
imbalance occurs:
1 On the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, click the
Simulation Options form.
3 On the Calculations sheet, select the Issue Warning when Mass
Imbalance Occurs check box.
4 The tolerance can be changed by typing a new tolerance in the
Mass Balance Error Tolerance box.
Flash Convergence Use the Flash Convergence sheet to specify calculation options for
Sheet setting:
• Upper and lower limits of temperature and pressure for flash
calculations
• Flash options for flash calculations
• Extrapolation threshold for equations of state
Specifying Temperature To specify upper and lower limits on the temperature and pressure
and Pressure Limits variables used in iterative flash and distillation calculations:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-11
 2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Simulation Options form.
3 Select the Flash Convergence sheet on the Simulation Options
form.
4 Use the Lower Limit and Upper Limit boxes to specify upper
and lower limits for temperature and pressure.
These limits apply to the entire simulation. You cannot override
them locally.
Specifying Global Flash Aspen Plus performs phase equilibrium (flash) calculations
Options throughout a simulation run, for blocks, streams, and other objects.
You can specify global values for the maximum number of
iterations and the convergence tolerance to be used in these
calculations.
The flash tolerance may need to be tightened (lowered) in complex
simulations with a number of recycle loops in order to help the
convergence.
To specify global flash options:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Simulation Options form.
3 Select the Flash Convergence sheet.
4 In the Maximum Number of Iterations box, specify the default
for the maximum number of flash iterations.
5 In the Tolerance box, specify the default flash tolerance.
You can override the maximum number of flash iterations and
flash tolerance on forms for blocks, streams, and other
calculations.
You can also specify options for EO Flashes on the EO
Configuration | EO Options form. Refer to EO Flashes in the EO
Run Modes chapter for more information.
Specifying Extrapolation All equations of state in Aspen Plus use a root finder to calculate
Threshold for Equations the molar volume iteratively at given temperature, pressure and
of State mole fractions. Given physically meaningful conditions, the real
molar volume root can always be located by the root finder.
However, during iterative calculations in flash or a distillation
model, the temperature, pressure, compositions and phase
specification may be such that a real molar volume root does not
exist. Aspen Plus provides an estimate of the molar volume that is
reasonable, allowing the flash or distillation algorithm to converge
to a physically meaningful solution.

5-12 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 If you encounter convergence problems due to extrapolation of an
equation of state root finder, you can improve performance by
changing the extrapolation threshold. A smaller value of the
threshold makes it less likely for the extrapolation to occur.
To specify the extrapolation threshold for equations of state:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Simulation Options form.
3 Select the Flash Convergence sheet.
4 In the Extrapolation Threshold for Equation of State box,
specify a value for the extrapolation threshold.
This limit applies to the entire simulation. You cannot override it
locally.
System Sheet Use this sheet to override the defaults for system options that affect
error checking and handling of in-line Fortran statements:
You can override these defaults:
• Interpret all in-line Fortran statements at execution time
• Compile all Fortran statements into the Aspen Plus main
program
• Check unit operation block for errors and inconsistencies
• Print Fortran tracebacks when a Fortran error occurs
Limits Sheet Use this sheet to specify limits for:
• Maximum CPU time for a batch run
• Maximum number of severe errors for a batch run
• Maximum number of Fortran errors for a batch run
• Maximum number of errors and warnings printed in the
History file

Units of Measure
Use the Units Sets form to create new user-defined units sets and
to view existing units sets. A units set is a collection of units for
each dimensional quantity in Aspen Plus.
A units set defined using this form can be specified in the Input
Data or Output Results boxes on the Setup Specifications Global
Sheet or on the Units box on the toolbar of the Data Browser.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-13
 This table describes the Units-Sets form:
Sheet Information
Standard List and select an existing units set as a base for a new
units set; search for all the dimensional quantities
alphabetically; specify flow, temperature, and pressure-
related units
Heat Specify enthalpy, heat, heat capacity, and entropy-
related units
Transport Specify volume, density, transport-related and
miscellaneous thermo units
Concentration Specify energy/power, time, concentration, and
composition-related units
Size Specify size, equipment sizing, cost, and column
sizing-related units
Miscellaneous Specify miscellaneous units
Selecting Units of A units set is a collection of units specifications for each
Measure dimensional quantity used in Aspen Plus. Aspen Plus provides
these basic units sets:
• International system units (SI)
• English engineering units (ENG)
• Metric engineering units (MET)
Additional built-in units sets are available, depending on which
Application Type you choose when you create a new run.
In Aspen Plus you have complete flexibility in specifying units of
measure. You can specify units on three different levels:
Level For For input sheets For results
sheet
Global units sets Entire run Yes Yes
Sheet units set Individual form or Yes Yes
object
Field units Individual fields or a Yes Yes
group of fields
Viewing Units To see what units are specified by a units set:
Specifications
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the Units
Sets folder.
3 In the Units Sets object manager, select the units set you want
to view and click Edit.
The unit types used by Aspen Plus appear on six sheets:
Standard, Heat, Transport, Concentration, Size, and
Miscellaneous.

5-14 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 4 Select a sheet and view the units specifications.
You can create your own units sets on the Setup Units Set sheets.
See Defining Your Own Units Set for information on how to
define your own units set.
Aspen Plus Units Units are sometimes written as complex quantities such as "million
Abbreviations standard cubic feet per hour". The variety of ways units are used in
Aspen Plus requires that these units are abbreviated. Some of the
symbols used in units abbreviations are explained below.
Symbol Meaning
sq Square. Used primarily with length units to represent
area, such as sqft (square feet) and sqm (square
meters).
cu Cubic. Used with length units to represent volume,
such as cuft (cubic feet) and cum (cubic meters). The
standard abbreviation cc is used for cubic
centimeters.
**.5 Square root. Used in a few types of units such as
dipole moment.
M Used as a prefix meaning thousand with English
units, such as Mlb (thousand pounds) and Mscf
(thousand standard cubic feet). With metric/SI units,
m and M prefixes have their standard metric/SI
meanings.
MM Used as a prefix meaning million with English units,
kcal, and scm.
scf Standard cubic feet. Standard conditions for scf are
ideal gas at 14.696 psi and 60°F.
scfm Standard cubic feet per minute.
scfh Standard cubic feet per hour.
scfd Standard cubic feet per day.
scm Standard cubic meters. Standard conditions for scm
are ideal gas at 1 atm and 0°C.
scmh Standard cubic meters per hour.
atmg, barg, The g at the end of these pressure units indicates
psig, gauge pressure.
kg/sqcmg
Pcu Pound centigrade unit (energy unit)
tonne Metric ton (1000 kg)
Specifying Units Sets for You can override the global units sets for individual forms and
Forms or Objects objects, such as for a block, stream, or property table. To do this:
• On the Data Browser toolbar, use the Units box to
select a units set.
A units set specification applies to all forms for an object.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-15
 For example, if you specify a units set on the Data Browser toolbar
while the RadFrac Setup Streams sheet is active, the new units set
applies to all input forms for the block. For each object, you
specify units sets separately for input forms and results forms.
Specifying Units Sets for You can specify units for individual fields and groups of fields on
Fields an input form. Selects units in the units fields next to the data
fields.
Changing the units for an individual data field does not convert
any value entered previously. Aspen Plus assumes you entered the
numeric value you intend to use and that you will specify
appropriate units for the value.
Defining Your Own Units To define your own units set:
Set
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, select the Units Sets form.
3 On the Units-Sets Object Manager, click New.
4 In the Create dialog box, enter an ID or accept the default ID
for the units set and click OK.
The unit types you can specify are on six sheets: Standard,
Heat, Transport, Concentration, Size, and Miscellaneous.
5 On the Standard sheet, use the drop down arrow in the Copy
From/View box to select an existing units set as the starting
point for your new units set. Choose the units set that is closest
to the new set you are creating.
Aspen Plus fills in the units for each units type and a dialog
box appears.
6 Click Yes or No.
7 If you select Yes, the global units of measurement for both
Input data and Output results are changed to the new units set.
8 Click the appropriate sheet and go to the units type you want to
modify. Use the drop down arrow to select the units option you
want.
9 Repeat Step 6 for all units types you want to modify.
Tip To see all of the units types arranged alphabetically click
the Search button.
Example of Defining a 1 Create a new units set, US-1, that is identical to the ENG units
New Units Set set, except US-1 uses units of ATM for pressure and C for
temperature.
2 From the Data menu, click Setup.
3 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Units Sets form.
4 In the Units-Sets Object Manager that appears, click the New
button.

5-16 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 5 Accept the default ID in the Create New ID dialog box (US-1).
6 Click OK. The Units-Sets Form appears with the Standard
sheet displayed.

7 Aspen Plus asks if you want to make your new units set the
global default for subsequent specifications. After you have
defined the new units set, you can specify US-1 in the Units
box in the Data Browser toolbar.
8 On the Copy From box, use the drop down arrow and select
ENG as the set to copy from. The ENG units set values appear
in the units box.
9 On the Temperature box, use the drop down arrow and select C
as the temperature.
10 On the Pressure box, use the drop down arrow and select atm
as the pressure.

Report Options
Use the Setup Report Options form to customize the simulation
report. See Generating a Report for more information on
generating and accessing the reports.
See one of the following topics for help on customizing the stream
report:
• Options for customizing the stream report
• Specifying stream results format
• Including streams
• Designating property sets

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-17
 • Using the Batch Operation button
• About Batch stream reports
• About Supplementary stream reports
The following table shows what you can specify and where it is
located:
On this sheet Specify
General Which sections of the report are included or suppressed
The major sections of the report are input summary, flowsheet, block, stream profiles,
properties, sensitivity block, assay data analysis, and inserts.
You can select if a report is generated at all. If this option is not selected, you cannot
select any other report options.
You can also specify the number of lines that are printed on a page. The default number
is 60 lines.
Flowsheet What flowsheet information is included
The items that can be included in the flowsheet report are the total mass and energy
balance around the blocks, the component mass balance around the blocks, the
descriptions of all flowsheeting options, and the input and results of convergence
blocks, sequence, Calculator, Design specifications, constraints, optimization problems,
and transfer blocks.
These options are only available when the Flowsheet option is checked on the General
sheet.
Block Which blocks and how much information to include or suppress from the report
Use the right arrow button to move blocks from the Available blocks list to the Selected
blocks list to be included in the report. The left arrow button is used to remove blocks
from the Selected block list. The double arrows are used to move all of the blocks in a
list at once.
Items that can be included are a summary of user input and system defaults for each
block, block results.
Also, each block report can be started on a new page, and blocks can be listed
alphanumerically or in the order that they are listed on the flowsheet form.
These options are only available when the Block option is checked on the General sheet.
Stream What stream information is included and in what format. You can use the Standard form
to tailor the Stream-Summary report.
Use the Batch Operation button to select options for batch streams
Items that can be included in the stream report are any combination of Mole, Mass, or
Standard Liquid Volume flow or fraction, any number of property sets, component
attributes, substream attributes, particle size distribution size limits and stream structure
information.
Streams can be listed alphanumerically or in the order that they are listed on the
flowsheet form.
These options are only available when the Stream option is checked on the General
sheet.

5-18 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
On this sheet Specify
Property The property information to be included
Items that can be included are List of component IDs, formulas and names, the values in
SI units of all physical property parameters used in the simulation, property constant
estimation results, and the values of all physical property parameters along with the
property parameters' descriptions, equations and sources of data.
Additional property files [DMS format input file (*.DFM), Project data file (*.PRJ),
and/or Property data format file (*.PRD)] can also be generated automatically when
you export a report file.
All of these options are only available when the Property option is checked on the
General sheet.
ADA What assay data analysis information is included
Items that can be included are the list of generated pseudocomponents, a distillation
curve report, and the values of all pseudocomponent property parameters in SI units.
All of these options are only available when the ADA option is checked on the General
sheet.
Customizing the You can customize the stream format using these options:
Stream Report

Stream Report Options Description

Flow basis Display flow rate of each component in each streams in the basis specified.
Any combination of Mole, Mass, or Standard Liquid Volume can be
chosen.
Fraction basis Display fraction of each components in each streams in the basis specified.
Any combination of Mole, Mass, or Standard Liquid Volume can be
chosen.
TFF Table Format File used to specify the order and format of values printed in
the stream report. For more information, see Specifying Stream Results
Format.
Report width Print five streams (80 column) or ten streams (132 column) across a page.
Applies only to Report file.
Sort stream alphanumerically Streams sorted alphanumerically. Applies only to Report file.
Include components with Include components in the stream report, even if they have zero flow or
zero flow or fraction fraction.
If this option is not selected, components with zero flow or fraction are not
printed for that stream
Include Streams Specify which streams are printed in the report and order the streams.
Applies to the Report file and does not apply to the Stream Results
Summary.
Property Sets Specify property sets for additional properties to be calculated and printed
for all of the streams.
Component Attributes Component attributes, particle size distribution values, particle size
distribution size limits and stream structure information can be printed for
all of the streams. Applies to the Report file and does not apply to the
Stream Results Summary.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-19
Stream Report Options Description
Batch Operations Designated streams can be reported on a batch basis.
Supplementary stream Specify additional (supplementary) stream reports. A supplementary report
can have different options from the standard report. A supplementary
stream report can be generated even if you suppress the standard stream
report. Applies to the Report file and does not apply to the Stream Results
Summary.
Specifying Stream The table format file (TFF) determines the format (order, labels,
Results Format precision, and other options) of the stream results shown on the
Stream Summary sheet.
Aspen Plus provides built-in TFFs tailored to each Application
Type, and chooses an appropriate TFF for the Application Type
you choose when you create a new run. You can also create your
own TFFs.
You can specify the TFF in either of these places:
• Format box of the Results Summary Streams Material sheet
• Stream Format box on Setup ReportOptions Stream sheet
Aspen Plus uses the TFF you select in either box for all Results
Summary Streams Material sheets you display, until you select
another TFF.
It is not necessary to re-run the simulation in order to see the
results in another format.
Including Streams By default, all of the streams are included in the report.
To customize the list of streams to be included in the report:
1 Click the Include Streams button Setup ReportOptions Stream
sheet.
2 The right arrow button can be used to move streams from the
Available streams list to the Selected streams list to be included
in the report. The left arrow button is used to remove streams
from the Selected streams list. The double arrows are used to
move all of the streams in a list at once.
Designating Property In addition, you may designate property set IDs for additional
Sets stream properties to be included in the report.
To customize the list of property sets to be included in the report:
1 Click the Property Sets button on the Setup ReportOptions
Stream sheet.
2 The right arrow button can be used to move Property Sets from
the Available property sets list to the Selected property sets list
to be included in the report. The left arrow button is used to
remove property sets from the Selected property sets list. The

5-20 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 double arrows are used to move all of the property sets in a list
at once.
Component Attributes Use the Component Attribute button to select options for
component attributes.
Any combination of the following can be printed for all of the
streams:
• Component attributes
• Substream attributes
• Particle size distribution (PSD) values
• Particle size distribution size limits
• Stream structure information
Using the Batch Use the Batch Operation button to select options for batch streams.
Operation Button The Batch-Operation form is used to designate streams as batch
streams and to specify
• Cycle times
• Down times
• Operation times
• Number of parallel trains for these streams
You can specify just cycle time or any two of the three times.
About Batch Streams An Aspen Plus simulation computes the average flow of all
streams, assuming continuous steady-state flows. You can
designate any type of stream (material, heat, or work) as a batch
stream, to report it on a batch basis. Batch stream reporting is used
to represent:
• Batch charges
• Batch discharges
• Semi-continuous streams (streams that operate for only a
portion of a complete batch cycle)
Each batch stream can have different time specifications, such as
cycle time or down time.
All batch stream results appear in the standard stream report of the
Aspen Plus report file. The following information is reported:
• Cycle time
• Operation time
• Number of trains
• All material and energy flows in three ways:
− Average flow rate over entire cycle for all trains

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Global Information for Calculations • 5-21
 − Total amount of material and energy per cycle per parallel
production train (average flow rate * cycle time / number of
trains)
− Flow rate per train during actual operation
[ amount / cycle / train / operation time ]
The Stream Results Summary sheet displays all batch stream
results if you select the FULL Table Format File (TFF) on the
Format box. If you select PHARM-E, PHARM-M, SPEC-E, or
SPEC-M in the Format box, Aspen Plus excludes the operating
time, number of trains, and flowrate during actual operation from
the stream summary. If you select any other built-in TFF, the
stream summary form displays average flow rate of material and
energy only. It does not display batch stream results.
Designating a Stream as To designate a stream as a batch stream:
a Batch Stream
1 Click the Batch Operation button on the Setup ReportOptions
Streams sheet.
2 In the stream box, select a stream ID from the list.
3 You can specify cycle time only, or two of the following times:
• Cycle time
• Down time
• Operation time (Zero indicates an instantaneous charge or
discharge.)
4 You can also specify the number of parallel trains. The default
is one.
About Supplementary A supplementary stream report can be generated in the Report file.
Stream Reports This selection only applies to the Report file and does not affect to
the Stream Results Summary in the graphical user interface.
You can print the standard stream report whether a supplementary
stream report is to be generated or not. A supplementary stream
report can be generated even if you suppress the standard stream
report.
The options available for the Standard stream report are also
available for the Supplementary stream report. In addition, a
subroutine can be used to generate a user stream report. The
subroutine is specified by clicking on the Subroutine button.

5-22 • Global Information for Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 CHAPTER 6

Specifying Components

For help on specifying components, see one of the following

topics:
• Forms for specifying component information
• Specifying databank and non-databank components
• Adding, deleting, and changing components
• Generating electrolyte components and reactions
• Identifying solid components
• Assigning attributes for conventional and nonconventional
components
• Specifying supercritical (HENRY) components
• Specifying UNIFAC groups
• Defining component groups

Forms for Specifying Component

Information
Use these forms to specify component information:
Form Sheet What is Specified
Specifications Selection All components used in a simulation
Petroleum Assays, blends, and pseudocomponents
Nonconventional Nonconventional components
Databanks Pure component databanks to search for property parameters
Assay/Blend – Assays and blends.
Petro Pseudocomponent characterization
characterization
Pseudocomponents – Pseudocomponents data
Attr-Comps Selection Component attributes assigned to conventional components
Henry Components Selection Sets of supercritical components for which Henry's law is used in
activity coefficient property methods

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-1

Form Sheet What is Specified
UNIFAC Groups Selection UNIFAC functional groups
Comp-Group – Groups of components considered as a unit for tear stream
convergence

About Databanks
Aspen Plus stores physical property parameters for a large number
of components in several databanks. In addition to the standard
Aspen Plus databanks, in-house databanks may be available at
your site.
To see the available pure component databanks, and to see or
change which databanks are active for a simulation:
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications form, click the Databanks sheet.
3 Aspen Plus searches the databanks in the order listed in the
Selected Databanks list on this sheet. The default order is
appropriate for most simulations.
To change the search order for databanks in this simulation,
click a databank in the Selected Databanks list, and then click
the up and down arrow keys to move the databank higher or
lower in the list.
See Changing Databanks Search Order for information about
changing search order globally.
4 You can choose additional databanks from the Available
Databanks list and add them to the Selected Databanks list
using the right arrow button.
To remove a databank from the search, in the Selected
Databanks list, click a databank then click the left arrow button
to move it to the Available Databanks list.
Contents and Use of This table shows the contents and use of the pure component
the Aspen Plus databanks included with Aspen Plus:
Databanks Databank Contents Use
PURE12 Pure component parameters for Primary component
mostly organic components databank in Aspen Plus
AQUEOUS Pure component parameters for Simulations containing
ionic and molecular species in electrolytes
aqueous solution
SOLIDS Pure component parameters for Simulations containing
strong electrolytes, salts, and electrolytes and solids
other solids

6-2 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Databank Contents Use
INORGANIC Pure component parameters for Solids, electrolytes, and
inorganic and organic metallurgy applications
components
PURE856 Version of main pure For upward compatibility
component databank delivered with previous releases
with Aspen Plus Release 8.5-6 of Aspen Plus
PURE93 Version of main pure For upward compatibility
component databank delivered with previous releases
with Aspen Plus Release 9.3 of Aspen Plus
PURE10 Version of main pure For upward compatibility
component databank delivered with previous releases
with Aspen Plus Version 10 of Aspen Plus
PURE11 Version of main pure For upward compatibility
component databank delivered with previous releases
with Aspen Plus Version 11 of Aspen Plus
AQU92 Version of AQUEOUS For upward compatibility
delivered with Aspen Plus with previous releases
Release 9.2 of Aspen Plus
ASPENPCD Version of main pure For upward compatibility
components databank delivered with previous releases
with Aspen Plus Release 8.5-6 of Aspen Plus
COMBUST Pure component parameters for For high temperature, gas
combustion products, including phase calculations
free radicals
ETHYLENE Pure component parameters for Ethylene processes
components typically found in
ethylene processes for the SRK
property method
See Retrieving Parameters from Databanks for more information
on retrieving built-in components from databanks.

Specifying Components from a

Databank
You must:
• Ensure your simulation contains at least one component.
• Provide Aspen Plus with a list of all the components in the
simulation
• Assign a component ID to each component. This ID will refer
to the component on all subsequent input forms, results forms,
and reports.
To specify the components:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-3

 1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 In the Component ID box of the Selection sheet, type an ID for
the component you want to add. Every component must have a
Component ID.
Exact match found in Then Aspen Plus
databank?
Yes Fills in the Formula and Component name. Omit the remaining steps.
If you choose not to retrieve data, delete the formula or component name with
the backspace key.
No Requires you to enter the formula or component name, if you want to retrieve
data from the databank.
To specify the Formula or Component Name yourself, go to Step 3.
To use Find, click the Find button and go to Step 4.
3 This table shows what happens.
If you enter a And an exact Then Aspen Plus
match is
Formula Found Fills in the Component Name. You
need to specify the Component ID if
it has not already been done. Omit
the remaining steps.
Formula Not found Displays the Find dialog box with
any partial match results displayed.
See Step 4 for using the Find dialog
box. Omit the remaining steps.
Component Found Fills in the Formula. You need to
name specify the Component ID if it has
not already been done.
Component Not found Displays the Find dialog box with
name any partial match results displayed.
See Step 4 for using the Find dialog
box.
4 Use the Find dialog box to enter search criteria for your
component.
On the Name or Formula sheet, you can search for strings
contained in the name or formula of a component. Using the
Advanced sheet, any combination of these items can be entered
and used to search for a component:
If you enter a Then Aspen Plus searches for
Component name or Any components that include the string in
formula any part of the component name or formula
Match only components Any components that include the string in
beginning with this string the beginning of the component name or
formula

6-4 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 If you enter a Then Aspen Plus searches for
Component class A component that is in the component class
category.
Molecular weight Components in that molecular weight range.
Boiling Point Components in that boiling point range.
CAS number Components with that Chemical Abstracts
Service registry number.
5 Click the Find Now button to display all of the components
with your find criteria. Then, select a component from the list
and click Add to add it to the components list. See Example of
Using the Find Dialog Box.
6 When you finish searching for components, click Close to
return to the Selection sheet.
You can return to the Components Specifications Selection
sheet at any time while building your simulation, to add or
delete components.
Example of Specifying In this example, the Formula and Component Name for component
Components CH4 are automatically retrieved from the databanks. Data for
components CH4 and C4H10 is retrieved from the databanks.
Component C3 is a non-databank component.

Example of Using the In this example, the advanced component Find dialog box is used
Find Dialog Box to locate a component that includes C3 in its formula and has a
boiling point between 200 and 250 K.
To do this:
1 On the Components Specifications Selection sheet, select an
empty component ID field, then click Find.
2 In the Component Name or Formula box, enter C3.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-5

 3 Select the Advanced sheet where you can also search for
components based on the chemical class, molecular weight
range, boiling point range and CAS number.
4 In the Boiling Point boxes, enter from 200 to 250 K.
5 Click Find Now.
Aspen Plus searches its databanks for components that contain
the characters C3 in the name or formula and have a Boiling
point between 200 and 250 K and then displays the results in
the bottom half of the window.

6 To include a component from the search results in your

simulation, select a component name from the list, and click
Add. From the Find dialog box, you can continue to select
component names and click the Add button to select multiple
components from the search results to be added to your
simulation. You can also modify your search criteria and click
Find Now again to generate new search results.
7 When finished, click Close to return to the Components
Specifications Selection sheet.

6-6 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Specifying Non-Databank
Components
To define a component that is not in the databanks:
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, enter only the
Component ID.
3 If Aspen Plus finds a match in a databank for the ID you enter,
delete the Formula or Component Name. Aspen Plus then
recognizes the component as a non-databank component.
4 You must supply all required property parameters for
non-databank components. You can supply the parameters
yourself using the Properties Data and Parameters forms.
– or –
Combine user-input parameters and data with one or both of
the following:
• Property Estimation to estimate the required parameters
using the Properties Estimation forms
• Data Regression to regress data to obtain the parameters
using the Properties Regression forms
Tip: Use the User-Defined Component Wizard to help you enter
some of the commonly available data, such as normal boiling point
and vapor pressure data.
Using the User- You can use the User-Defined Component Wizard to define the
Defined Component properties needed for conventional, solid, and nonconventional
Wizard components. You can modify the parameters supplied at any time
by returning to the User-Defined Component Wizard or by going
to the forms where the information is saved.
Use this wizard to define components that are not in any pure
component databanks. You can define conventional components,
solid components, and nonconventional components. The wizard
also helps you enter commonly available data for the components,
such as molecular weight, normal boiling point, vapor pressure and
heat capacity data.
Tip: You can also select a databank on the Components
Specifications Selection sheet and give it a different chemical
formula. This special formula can be used to identify the
component in user-written subroutines. This allows property
parameters for the component to be retrieved from the databanks.
Opening the User- To open the User-Defined Component Wizard:
Defined Component
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
Wizard

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-7

 2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, click the User Defined
button.
The User-Defined Component Wizard appears.

Defining a Conventional To define a conventional component, open the user-defined

Component component wizard then:
1 Enter the Component ID. Every component in the flowsheet
must have a Component ID. This ID is used to refer to the
component throughout the simulation.
2 From the Type list, click Conventional.
3 Optionally, enter a formula for the component. The formula
can identify the component in user-written property or unit
operation model subroutines. If the formula for the component
exists in an Aspen Plus databank, a warning message appears.
4 Click Next.
5 Enter the molecular weight and normal boiling point in the
respective boxes on the Conventional Components Basic Data
dialog box.
Molecular weight is required in all simulations. If the
Molecular structure is later entered, the molecular weight used
in the simulation can be calculated from the atoms.
Normal boiling point is not required per se in property
calculations, but is used to estimate many other parameters
such as critical temperature and critical pressure, if they are

6-8 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 missing. Normal boiling point and molecular structure are the
most important information required for property/parameter
estimation.
The molecular structure, molecular weight, and normal boiling
point are the most fundamental information required in group-
contribution and corresponding-states methods used in property
estimation.
6 Optionally enter the data shown in this table. This data can be
found later on the Properties Parameters Pure Component
USRDEF-1 form.
Physical Property Information
Specific gravity at 60°F (SG)
Standard enthalpy of formation Most simulations involve energy balance calculations so enthalpy is
(DHFORM) required.
Standard enthalpy of formation of ideal gas at 25°C (DHFORM) is
used in the enthalpy calculation, but is not required unless the
simulation contains chemical reactions, because DHFORM defaults
to zero.
Standard Gibbs energy of Enter the standard Gibbs energy of formation of ideal gas at 25°C
formation (DGFORM) (DGFORM) if either:
• The simulation contains chemical reactions.
• You use the RGibbs unit operation model.
7 If you wish to enter additional property information, such as
molecular structure, vapor pressure or ideal gas heat capacity
data, click Next. The wizard will help you enter property data,
property parameters, and molecular structure or activate
property estimation.
– or –
Click Finish to save the data you have entered and exit the
wizard.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-9

 8 If you clicked Next to enter additional property data, this
dialog box appears:

9 Click the buttons to enter additional properties or data.

This table provides information about the properties or data:
Type Description
Molecular Component Molecular Structure
structure Molecular structure is required in all group-contribution methods used to estimate
missing property parameters.
If you enter molecular structure, you should also request estimation of parameters by
selecting the Estimate All Missing Parameters From Molecular Structure check box.
The structure can be modified later if required, on the Properties Molecular Structure
form.
Vapor pressure Vapor pressure data used to determine extended Antoine vapor pressure coefficients
data (PLXANT) from Property Estimation using the Data method.
If you enter vapor pressure data, you should also request estimation of parameters by
selecting the Estimate All Missing Parameters From Molecular Structure check box.
The data you enter can be modified later on the Properties Data form with the name
you defined. The data can also be used with Data Regression.
Extended Antoine Coefficients for the extended Antoine vapor pressure equation (PLXANT)
vapor pressure These parameters can be modified later on the Properties Parameters Pure
coefficients Components PLXANT-1 form.

6-10 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Type Description
Ideal gas heat Ideal gas heat capacity data used to determine coefficients for the ideal gas heat
capacity data capacity equation (CPIG) from Property Estimation using the Data method.
If you enter Ideal gas heat capacity data, you should also request estimation of
parameters by selecting the Estimate All Missing Parameters From Molecular
Structure check box.
The data you enter can be modified later on the Properties Data form with the name
you defined.
The data can also be used with Data Regression.
Ideal gas heat Coefficients for the ideal gas heat capacity equation (CPIG)
capacity These parameters can be modified later on the Properties Parameters Pure
polynomial Components CPIG-1 form.
coefficients
10 Optionally, select the Estimate All Missing Parameters From
Molecular Structure check box.
11 Click Finish to close the wizard and return to the Components
Specifications Selection sheet.
Defining a Solid To define a solid component, open the User-Defined Component
Component wizard.
1 Enter the Component ID. Every component in the flowsheet
must have a Component ID. This ID is used to refer to the
component throughout the simulation.
2 From the Type list, click Solid.
3 Optionally, enter a formula for the component. The formula
can be used to identify the component in user-written property
or unit operation model subroutines. If the formula for the
component exists in an Aspen Plus databank, a warning
message appears.
4 Click Next.
5 Enter the molecular weight in the Molecular Weight box. This
is required in all simulations.
If you enter the molecular structure later, the molecular weight
used in the simulation can be calculated from atoms.
6 Optionally, enter the Normal boiling point (TB), the Solid
enthalpy of formation, and the Solid free energy of formation.
This data can be found later on the Properties Parameters Pure
Components USRDEF-1 form.
Normal boiling point is not required per se in property
calculations, but is used to estimate many other parameters
such as critical temperature and critical pressure if they are
missing. If you have an experimental normal boiling point, you
should enter it.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-11

 Since most simulations involve energy balance calculations,
enthalpy is required. Solid enthalpy of formation of solids
(DHSFRM) is used in the enthalpy calculations, but is not
required unless the simulation contains chemical reactions,
because DHSFRM defaults to zero.
7 You must also enter the Solid free energy of formation if
either:
• The simulation contains chemical reactions
• You use the RGibbs unit operation model
If you wish to enter additional property information, such as
molecular structure, solid vapor pressure data or solid heat
capacity data, click Next. The wizard will help you enter
property data, property parameters, and molecular structure or
activate property estimation.
– or –
Click Finish to accept the component and exit the wizard.
8 If you clicked Next to enter additional property data, this
dialog box appears.

6-12 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 9 This table provides information about the additional properties
or data you can enter.
Type Description
Molecular Component Molecular Structure
structure Molecular structure is required in all group-contribution methods used to estimate
missing property parameters.
If you enter molecular structure, you should also request estimation of parameters by
selecting the Estimate All Missing Parameters From Molecular Structure check box.
The structure can be modified later on the Properties Molec-Struct form.
Vapor pressure Vapor pressure data used to determine solid vapor pressure coefficients (PSANT) from
data Property Estimation using the Data method.
Vapor pressure is one of the most important properties required for vapor-solid
equilibrium calculations.
The data you enter can be modified later on the Properties Data form with the name
you defined.
If you enter vapor pressure data, you should also request estimation of parameters by
selecting the Estimate All Missing Parameters From Molecular Structure check box.
The data can also be used with Data Regression.
Antoine vapor Coefficients for the solid vapor pressure equation (PSANT)
pressure Vapor pressure is one of the most important properties required for vapor-solid
coefficients equilibrium calculations.
These parameters can be modified later on the Properties Parameters Pure Components
PSANT-1 form.
Solid heat Solid heat capacity data used to determine coefficients for the solid heat capacity
capacity data equation (CPSPO1) from Property Estimation using the Data method. (
Solid heat capacity is required to calculate stream enthalpy, for the CISOLID
substream, which is required in all energy balance calculations.
The data you enter can be modified later on the Properties Data form with the name
you defined.
If you enter solid heat capacity data, you should also request estimation of parameters
by selecting the Estimate All Missing Parameters From Molecular Structure check box.
The data can also be used with Data Regression.
Solid heat Coefficients for the solid heat capacity equation (CPSPO1)
capacity Solid heat capacity is required to calculate stream enthalpy, for the CISOLID
polynomial substream, which is required in all energy balance calculations.
coefficients
These parameters can be modified later on the Properties Parameters Pure Components
CPSPO1-1 form.
10 Optionally, select the Estimate All Missing Parameters From
Molecular Structure check box.
11 Click Finish to close the wizard and return to the Components
Specifications Selection sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-13

 Defining a To define a nonconventional component, open the User-Defined
Nonconventional Component wizard, then:
Component 1 Enter the Component ID. Every component in the flowsheet
must have a Component ID. This ID is used to refer to the
component throughout the simulation.
2 Select Nonconventional from the Type list.
3 Click Next.
4 Choose Enthalpy and Density models by selecting from the
Enthalpy and Density lists respectively. The required
component attributes for the selected models are shown below
the model selections.
See Property Methods for Nonconventional Components for
more information on properties for nonconventional
components.
5 Click Finish to close the wizard and return to the Components
Specifications Selection sheet.
The nonconventional property specifications you entered are
saved under the Properties Advanced NC-Props form.

Adding a Component
To add a component to the existing component list:
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, move to the first blank
row.
3 Enter a Component ID, name or formula.
Follow the next two steps if you wish to move the component
within the list.
4 Click the Reorder button to open the Reorder Components
dialog box.
5 Select the new component and move it up in the sequence with
the up arrow to the right of the components list.
Inserting a To insert a component:
Component 1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, move to the row where
you want the new component inserted.
3 Click the right mouse button and from the menu that appears,
click Insert Row.
4 Enter a Component ID, name or formula in the new row.

6-14 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Renaming a Component
To rename an existing component:
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, move to the Component
ID box for the component you want to rename.
3 Type over the existing ID.
Aspen Plus prompts you to either delete or rename the existing
component.
4 Select Rename.
The component is renamed on this form and on all other forms
where it appears. No data is lost.
If you select Delete, both the Component ID and its data is
deleted.

Deleting a Component
To delete a component:
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, click the right mouse
button on the row selector for the component you want to
delete
3 Choose Delete Row from the menu that appears.
When you delete a component, all references to the component
on other sheets are automatically deleted.

Reordering the Component List

To reorder the list of components on the Components
Specifications Selection sheet:
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, click the Reorder button.
3 Click the ID of the component you wish to move.
4 Move the component in the appropriate direction, by clicking
the up or down arrows to the right of the list.
5 Repeat Steps 3 and 4 until all components are ordered as
desired.
6 Click Close to return to the Specifications Selection sheet
which displays the components with the new order.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-15

 Aspen Plus retains all original data and references for the
components on this and other forms.
See Changing Databanks Search Order for information on
changing the order of your databanks globally.

Generating Electrolyte Components

and Reactions
Electrolyte systems involve ionic components and reactions that
must be defined to complete the components specification. You
can use the Electrolyte Wizard to generate ionic reactions and
additional components that might be formed by the reactions.
Before opening the Electrolyte Wizard:
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, enter the component
Water (H2O). Electrolyte systems must have water present.
3 Enter the additional molecular components that define the
system. Some examples are:
System Molecular Components
Sour water system CO2, H2S, O2S (for SO2)
Brine system NACL (use Type = Conventional, do not
identifyType as Solid)
4 Click the Elec Wizard button.
5 On the Electrolytes Wizard dialog box, click Next.
Generating the List of To generate the list of required components:
Components 1 From the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Components folder, then click Specifications.
2 On the Selection form, click the Elec Wizard button.
3 Click Next on the first Electrolyte wizard dialog box that
appears.
4 On the Base Components and Reactions Generation Option
dialog box, select the components from which you want to
generate reactions and ionic species.
5 To move an individual component from the Available
Components list, click an individual component and then click
the single right arrow.
To move all components to the Selected components list, click
the double arrow.
6 Turn the other options on or off to match your preferences.

6-16 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The recommended hydrogen ion type is Hydronium ion H3O+.
You may toggle this to use Hydrogen ion H+.
Select this option To
Include Salt Formation Include solid salts when new species are
generated. Default (On) is to include salts.
Include Water Include water dissociation in the list of
Dissociation Reaction generated reactions. Default (Off) is not to
include water dissociation reaction.
7 Click Next.
On the Generated Species and Reactions dialog box,
Aspen Plus displays lists of aqueous species, salts, and
reactions.
For reactions, arrows pointing in both directions mean ionic
equilibrium or salt precipitation. An arrow pointing in one
direction means complete dissociation. Generated solid salt
components are assigned component IDs with (S) to indicate
the solid type.
8 Remove any unwanted items by selecting them and clicking
Remove. Removing any species will remove all reactions
containing that species.
9 Click Next.
10 On the Simulation Approach dialog box, choose the simulation
approach.
Choose this To have The Calculation method is
approach
True All calculated results displayed in Electrolyte reactions solved simultaneously with
terms of the actual species present phase equilibrium equations in unit operation
(molecular, ionic, and solid forms models
of the same electrolyte will each
be shown separately).
Apparent All forms of the same electrolyte Electrolyte reactions solved during property
show up as a single component evaluations
The default true component approach is generally preferred for calculation efficiency.
Both approaches give the same results. You are also shown the
name of the Chemistry ID (GLOBAL) and the Henry-Comps
ID (also GLOBAL).
11 Click Next to create the Chemistry and Henry-Comps forms
and go on to the Summary sheet.
The Summary dialog box summarizes the modifications made
by the Electrolyte Wizard to your properties, components,
databanks, and chemistry specifications. Review or modify the
generated specifications for Henry components or for
electrolyte reactions on the Summary dialog box.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-17

 Reviewing Generated To review or modify the Henry Components list generated by the
Henry Components Electrolytes Wizard:
1 Click the Review Generated Henry-Comps List button on the
Summary dialog box.
2 On the Henry Components Global dialog box, select
components and use the right and left arrow buttons to add or
remove from the Selected Components list.
3 Click the X in the upper right corner of the dialog box when
finished to close the dialog box.
4 Note that Henry component specifications can be modified
later using the Components Henry-Comps forms.
Reviewing Generated To review or modify the electrolyte reactions generated by the
Electrolyte Reactions Electrolyte Wizard:
1 Click the Modify/Add Reactions button on the Summary dialog
box.
2 On the Modify/Add Reactions Global dialog box, the
Stoichiometry sheet displays the reactions, their type, and their
stoichiometry. To modify reaction stoichiometry for a reaction,
select it from the list, and click Edit. When you finish
modifying the stoichiometry, click Close.
3 Use the Equilibrium Constants sheet to enter, review, or
change the Equilibrium constants, their concentration basis, or
the temperature approach to equilibrium. To view or modify
equilibrium constant information for other reactions, select the
desired reaction from the Equilibrium Reaction list.
4 Click the X in the upper right corner of the dialog box when
finished.
Electrolyte chemistry specifications can be modified later using
the Reactions Chemistry forms.
After reviewing the information on the Summary dialog box,
click Finish to save all the changes to the appropriate forms
and to return to the Components Specifications Selection sheet.

Identifying Solid Components

To identify components as solids:
1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 On the Specifications Selection sheet, specify the Component
ID.
3 If the component is a databank component, specify the formula
and component name. For more information, see Specifying
Components from a Databank.

6-18 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 4 In the Type box, specify Solid for a conventional solid or
Nonconventional for a nonconventional solid.
Conventional Solids Conventional solids are pure materials. These solids may be
present in mixtures in phase and/or chemical equilibrium,
including electrolyte salts. For example, NaCl can be a
conventional solid precipitating from an electrolyte solution. These
solids are present in the MIXED substream.
Conventional solids are characterized in terms of properties, such
as:
• Molecular weight
• Vapor pressure
• Critical properties
Conventional solids that do not participate in phase equilibrium
calculations are conventional inert solids. Conventional inert
solids:
• Can participate in chemical equilibrium, modeled by the
RGibbs unit operation model. None of the other unit operation
models handles solid equilibrium.
• Are assigned the substream type CISOLID to distinguish them
from other conventional solids
Nonconventional Nonconventional solids are materials characterized in terms of
Solids empirical factors called component attributes. Component
attributes represent component composition by one or more
constituents.
Nonconventional solids never participate in phase or chemical
equilibrium calculations. Aspen Plus always assigns substreams of
type NC to nonconventional solids.
Examples of nonconventional solids are coal and wood pulp.

About Component Attributes

Component attributes represent component composition in terms
of one or more sets of constituents. For example, coal is often
characterized in terms of ultimate and proximate analyses, as well
as several other types of analysis.
You can assign component attributes to non-solid conventional
components (Type is Conventional).
The standard Aspen Plus property models and unit operation
models do not use these attributes in any calculations. But
assigning attributes lets you keep track of properties that do not
affect material and energy balance calculations. For example, you

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-19

 could assign component attributes to account for the color or odor
of a component. You can use component attributes in Fortran
subroutines for property models or unit operation calculations that
you write.
The following table describes available component attributes:
Component Description Elements
Attribute
PROXANAL Proximate analysis, 1 Moisture (moisture-
weight % included basis)
2 Fixed carbon (dry basis)
3 Volatile Matter (dry basis)
4 Ash (dry basis)
ULTANAL Ultimate analysis, 1 Ash (dry basis)
weight % 2 Carbon (dry basis)
3 Hydrogen (dry basis)
4 Nitrogen (dry basis)
5 Chlorine (dry basis)
6 Sulfur (dry basis)
7 Oxygen (dry basis)
SULFANAL Forms of sulfur analysis, 1 Pyritic (dry basis)
weight % of original 2 Sulfate (dry basis)
coal 3 Organic (dry basis)
GENANAL General constituent 1 Constituent 1
analysis, weight % 2 Constituent 2
.
.
20 Constituent 20
For information on entering component attribute values in streams,
see Specifying Component Attribute Values.
Assigning Attributes To assign attributes to a conventional or conventional solid
to Conventional component:
Components 1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click Attr-Comps.
3 On the Selection sheet, choose a Component ID from the
Component list. You may select more components by listing
them below the first one.
4 Select a component attribute from the Attributes list. You may
list multiple component attributes for each component.
In most cases, the conventional components to which you assign
attributes will be solids (Type is Solid on the Components
Specifications Selection sheet).
For information on entering component attribute values in streams,
see Specifying Component Attribute Values.

6-20 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Assigning Attributes Attributes for nonconventional components are automatically
to Nonconventional assigned when you select nonconventional enthalpy and density
Components models on the Properties Advanced NC-Props form, or use the
User-Defined Components wizard with a nonconventional
component.
You can assign additional component attributes to nonconventional
components. To do this:
1 From the Data menu, select Physical Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Advanced folder
3 Click NC-Props.
4 Select a component from the Component list.
5 Enter the enthalpy and density model names for that
component, if this has not already been done.
The required component attributes for the selected models will
be automatically listed at the bottom of the sheet.
6 Add component attributes to the Required Component
Attributes For The Selected Models box by selecting them
from the list.

Specifying Supercritical (HENRY)

Components
In the activity-coefficient approach for computing vapor-liquid
equilibrium, Henry's law is used to represent the behavior of
dissolved gases or other supercritical components.
To use Henry's law in Aspen Plus, you must define one or more
sets of supercritical (or Henry's) components.
For Henry's law to be used during property calculations, you must
also specify a Henry Components ID on one of these sheets:
• Properties Specifications Global sheet
• Properties Specifications Flowsheet Sections sheet
• A unit operation BlockOptions Properties sheet
• A Property Analysis Properties sheet
Aspen Plus has built-in Henry's law parameters for a large number
of component pairs. The solvents are water and other organic
compounds.
These parameters are used automatically on the Properties
Parameters Binary Interaction HENRY-1 form when you specify a
property method that uses Henry Comps. For components that do

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-21

 not have Henry's law parameters available, you must enter Henry's
law parameters on the Properties Parameters Binary Interaction
HENRY-1 form.
Defining a Set of To define a set of Henry's components:
Henry's Components 1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click Henry Comps.
3 On the Henry Components Object Manager, click New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID for a new list of
Henry Components, or accept the default ID.
5 Specify the Component IDs in Selected components list.
Select the components to include as Henry components from
the Available components list and use the right arrow button to
move them into the Selected components list. The left arrow
can be used to remove components from the Selected
components list. The double arrow can be used to move all of
the components in a list at one time.
Example of Specifying In this example, N2, CO2, and H2S are identified as Henry's
Henry's Components components. BZ, CH, and H2O are not selected as Henry
components.

Specifying UNIFAC Groups

Use the Components UNIFAC Groups Selection sheet to identify
UNIFAC groups or to introduce new groups. If you want to enter
UNIFAC group parameters or group-group interaction parameters,
you must assign an ID to each group. Use the group ID on the

6-22 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Properties Parameters UNIFAC Group form or UNIFAC Group
Binary form to enter group parameters.
To specify UNIFAC groups:
1 From the Data menu, choose Components.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click UNIFAC Groups.
3 On the UNIFAC Groups Selection sheet, type a name for the
group in the Group ID box. Every group needs a name that can
be referenced on other forms.
4 Select a number from the Group number list. As you scroll, a
brief description of each group appears in the description area.
If you want to define a new UNIFAC group, type in a number
between 4000 and 5000 in the Group number box.

Defining Component Groups

You can specify a group of components to be converged in a tear
stream.
A component group consists of either a:
• List of components
• Range of components from the Components Specifications
Selection sheet
• Combination of component lists and ranges
Defining a To define a component group:
Component Group 1 From the Data menu, click Components.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click Comp-Group.
3 In the Component Group Object Manager, click New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID for the new
Component Group or accept the default.
A component group consists of either a:
• List of components
• Range of components from the Components Specifications
Selection sheet
• Combination of component lists and ranges
5 On the Component List sheet, choose a substream from the
Substream list.
6 Specify the components to be included in the component
group.
Select the components to include from the Available
components list and use the right arrow button to move them

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Components • 6-23

 into the Selected components list. The left arrow can be used to
remove components from the Selected components list. The
double arrows can be used to move all of the components in a
list at one time.
Alternatively, you can click the Component Range sheet, and
enter a range of components that represent your component
group.
7 If you want to create a component group containing
components from more than one substream, repeat steps 5 and
6.
Component Groups Using a component group can aid tear stream convergence when
and Tear Stream you use the NEWTON, BROYDEN, or SQP convergence methods
Convergence and your flowsheet has all of the following:
• Recycles
• A large number of components
• Some components known to have zero or constant flow rates
A component group reduces the problem matrix size and the
number of numerical derivative perturbations (if performed). This
makes convergence faster and more stable.
To use a component group for a convergence method, you must
specify the Component Group ID in one of the following sheets:
• Convergence Convergence Input Tear Streams sheet
• Convergence Conv-Options Defaults Tear Convergence sheet

6-24 • Specifying Components Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 CHAPTER 7

Physical Property Methods

Choosing the appropriate property method is often the key decision

in determining the accuracy of your simulation results. For help on
property methods, see one of the following topics:
• What is a property method
• Available property methods
• Choosing a property method
• Creating new property methods
• Specifying the global property method
• Specifying a property method for a flowsheet section
• Specifying a local property method
• Defining supercritical components
• Specifying properties for the free-water phase
• Special method for K-value of water in the organic phase
• Specifying electrolyte calculations
• Modifying property methods
• Property methods for nonconventional components

What Is a Property Method?

A property method is a collection of methods and models that
Aspen Plus uses to compute thermodynamic and transport
properties.
The thermodynamic properties are:
• Fugacity coefficient (K-values)
• Enthalpy
• Entropy
• Gibbs free energy

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-1

 • Volume
The transport properties are:
• Viscosity
• Thermal conductivity
• Diffusion coefficient
• Surface tension
Aspen Plus includes a large number of built-in property methods
that are sufficient for most applications. However, you can create
new property methods to suit your simulation needs.

Creating New Property Methods

To create a new property method:
1 Choose an existing property method that closely matches your
desired new method.
2 Alter it according to the instructions in Modifying Property
Methods.
Or
1 Import a CAPE-OPEN Property Package by following the
instructions in Importing a CAPE-OPEN Property Package.

Available Property Methods

You must select one or more Property Methods to model the
properties of specific systems in your flowsheet. Each property
method has a unique approach to representing K-values.
The following topics list all of the property methods available in
Aspen Plus.
You can modify these existing methods or create new methods.
For more information, see Modifying Property Methods.
Ideal Property
Methods

Ideal Property Method K-Value Method

IDEAL Ideal Gas/Raoult's law/Henry's law
SYSOP0 Release 8 version of Ideal Gas/Raoult's law

7-2 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Equation of State
Property Methods
Equation-of-State Property Method K-Value Method
BWR-LS BWR Lee-Starling
LK-PLOCK Lee-Kesler-Plöcker
PENG-ROB Peng-Robinson
PR-BM Peng-Robinson
with Boston-Mathias alpha function
PRWS Peng-Robinson
with Wong-Sandler mixing rules
PRMHV2 Peng-Robinson
with modified Huron-Vidal mixing rules
PSRK Predictive Redlich-Kwong-Soave
RKSWS Redlich-Kwong-Soave
with Wong-Sandler mixing rules
RKSMHV2 Redlich-Kwong-Soave
with modified Huron-Vidal mixing rules
RK-ASPEN Redlich-Kwong-ASPEN
RK-SOAVE Redlich-Kwong-Soave
RKS-BM Redlich-Kwong-Soave
with Boston-Mathias alpha function
SR-POLAR Schwartzentruber-Renon

Activity Coefficient
Property Methods
Activity Coefficient Liquid Phase Activity Vapor Phase Fugacity
Property Method Coefficient Method Coefficient Method
B-PITZER Bromley-Pitzer Redlich-Kwong-Soave
ELECNRTL Electrolyte NRTL Redlich-Kwong
ENRTL-HF Electrolyte NRTL HF Hexamerization model
ENRTL-HG Electrolyte NRTL Redlich-Kwong
NRTL NRTL Ideal gas
NRTL-HOC NRTL Hayden-O'Connell
NRTL-NTH NRTL Nothnagel
NRTL-RK NRTL Redlich-Kwong
NRTL-2 NRTL (using dataset 2) Ideal gas
PITZER Pitzer Redlich-Kwong-Soave
PITZ-HG Pitzer Redlich-Kwong-Soave
UNIFAC UNIFAC Redlich-Kwong
UNIF-DMD Dortmund-modified UNIFAC Redlich-Kwong-Soave
UNIF-HOC UNIFAC Hayden-O'Connell
UNIF-LBY Lyngby-modified UNIFAC Ideal gas

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-3

Activity Coefficient Liquid Phase Activity Vapor Phase Fugacity
Property Method Coefficient Method Coefficient Method
UNIF-LL UNIFAC for liquid-liquid systems Redlich-Kwong
UNIQUAC UNIQUAC Ideal gas
UNIQ-HOC UNIQUAC Hayden-O'Connell
UNIQ-NTH UNIQUAC Nothnagel
UNIQ-RK UNIQUAC Redlich-Kwong
UNIQ-2 UNIQUAC (using dataset 2) Ideal gas
VANLAAR Van Laar Ideal gas
VANL-HOC Van Laar Hayden-O'Connell
VANL-NTH Van Laar Nothnagel
VANL-RK Van Laar Redlich-Kwong
VANL-2 Van Laar (using dataset 2) Ideal gas
WILSON Wilson Ideal gas
WILS-HOC Wilson Hayden-O'Connell
WILS-NTH Wilson Nothnagel
WILS-RK Wilson Redlich-Kwong
WILS-2 Wilson (using dataset 2) Ideal gas
WILS-HF Wilson HF Hexamerization model
WILS-GLR Wilson (ideal gas and liquid Ideal gas
enthalpy reference state)
WILS-LR Wilson (liquid enthalpy reference Ideal gas
state)
WILS-VOL Wilson with volume term Redlich-Kwong

Property Methods for

Special Systems

Property Methods for K-Value Method System

Special Systems
AMINES Kent-Eisenberg amines model H2S, CO2, in MEA, DEA, DIPA,
DGA solution
APISOUR API sour water model Sour water with NH3, H2S, CO2
BK-10 Braun K-10 Petroleum
SOLIDS Ideal Gas/Raoult's law/Henry's law/solid Pyrometallurgical
activity coefficients
CHAO-SEA Chao-Seader corresponding states model Petroleum
GRAYSON Grayson-Streed corresponding states Petroleum
model
STEAM-TA ASME steam table correlations Water/steam
STEAMNBS NBS/NRC steam table equation of state Water/steam

7-4 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Choosing a Property Method
This topic contains information about choosing the best property
method for your simulation including:
• Recommended property methods for different applications
• Guidelines for choosing a property method
• Specifying the global property method
• Specifying a property method for a flowsheet section
• Specifying a local property method
Recommended See the following topics to see a table showing the recommended
Property Methods for property methods for a simulation of that type.
Different Applications

Oil and Gas Production

Application Recommended Property Methods
Reservoir systems PR-BM, RKS-BM
Platform separation PR-BM, RKS-BM
Transportation of oil and gas by pipeline PR-BM, RKS-BM

Refinery
Application Recommended Property Methods
Low pressure applications BK10, CHAO-SEA, GRAYSON
(up to several atm)
Vacuum tower,
atmospheric crude tower
Medium pressure applications CHAO-SEA, GRAYSON, PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE
(up to several tens of atm)
Coker main fractionator,
FCC main fractionator
Hydrogen-rich applications GRAYSON, PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE
Reformer, Hydrofiner
Lube oil unit, De-asphalting unit PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE

Gas Processing
Application Recommended Property Methods
Hydrocarbon separations PR-BM, RKS-BM, PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE
Demethanizer
C3-splitter
Cryogenic gas processing PR-BM, RKS-BM, PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE
Air separation
Gas dehydration with glycols PRWS, RKSWS, PRMHV2, RKSMHV2, PSRK,
SR-POLAR

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-5

Application Recommended Property Methods
Acid gas absorption with PRWS, RKSWS, PRMHV2, RKSMHV2, PSRK,
Methanol (RECTISOL) SR-POLAR
NMP (PURISOL)
Acid gas absorption with ELECNRTL
Water
Ammonia
Amines
Amines + methanol (AMISOL)
Caustic
Lime
Hot carbonate
Claus process PRWS, RKSWS, PRMHV2, RKSMHV2, PSRK,
SR-POLAR

Petrochemicals
Application Recommended Property Methods
Ethylene plant CHAO-SEA, GRAYSON
Primary fractionator
Light hydrocarbons PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE
Separation train
Quench tower
Aromatics WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances
BTX extraction
Substituted hydrocarbons PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE
VCM plant
Acrylonitrile plant
Ether production WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances
MTBE, ETBE, TAME
Ethylbenzene and styrene plants PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE
–or–
WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances
Terephthalic acid WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances
(with dimerization in acetic acid section)
See Guidelines for Choosing a Property Method for Polar Non-
Electrolyte Systems to see diagrams for recommendations based on
pressure and vapor phase association.
Chemicals
Application Recommended Property Methods
Azeotropic separations WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances
Alcohol separation
Carboxylic acids WILS-HOC, NRTL-HOC, UNIQ-HOC
Acetic acid plant
Phenol plant WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances

7-6 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Application Recommended Property Methods
Liquid phase reactions WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances
Esterification
Ammonia plant PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE
Fluorochemicals WILS-HF
Inorganic Chemicals ELECNRTL
Caustic
Acids
Phosphoric acid
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid ENRTL-HF
See Guidelines for Choosing a Property Method to see
recommendations based on pressure and vapor phase association.
Coal Processing
Application Recommended Property Methods
Size reduction crushing, grinding SOLIDS
Separation and cleaning sieving, SOLIDS
cyclones, precipitation, washing
Combustion PR-BM, RKS-BM (combustion databank)
Acid gas absorption with PRWS, RKSWS, PRMHV2, RKSMHV2, PSRK,
Methanol (RECTISOL) SR-POLAR
NMP (PURISOL)
Acid gas absorption with ELECNRTL
Water
Ammonia
Amines
Amines + methanol (AMISOL)
Caustic
Lime
Hot carbonate
Coal gasification and liquefaction See Synthetic Fuels table.

Power Generation
Application Recommended Property Methods
Combustion PR-BM, RKS-BM (combustion databank)
Coal
Oil
Steam cycles STEAMNBS, STEAM-TA
Compressors
Turbines
Acid gas absorption See gas processing.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-7

 Synthetic Fuel

Application Recommended Property Methods

Synthesis gas PR-BM, RKS-BM
Coal gasification PR-BM, RKS-BM
Coal liquefaction PR-BM, RKS-BM, BWR-LS

Environmental
Application Recommended Property Methods
Solvent recovery WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances
(Substituted) hydrocarbon stripping WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC and their variances
Acid gas stripping from PRWS, RKSWS, PRMHV2, RKSMHV2, PSRK,
Methanol (RECTISOL) SR-POLAR
NMP (PURISOL)
Acid gas stripping from: ELECNRTL
Water
Ammonia
Amines
Amines + methanol (AMISOL)
Caustic
Lime
Hot carbonate
Acids ELECNRTL
Stripping
Neutralization
See Guidelines for Choosing a Property Method for Polar Non-
Electrolyte Systems to see diagrams for recommendations based on
pressure and vapor phase association.
Water and Steam
Application Recommended Property Methods
Steam systems STEAMNBS, STEAM–TA
Coolant

Mineral and Metallurgical

Processes

Application Recommended Property Methods

Mechanical processing: SOLIDS
Crushing
Grinding
Sieving
Washing
Hydrometallurgy ELECNRTL
Mineral leaching

7-8 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Application Recommended Property Methods
Pyrometallurgy SOLIDS
Smelter
Converter
Guidelines for The following diagrams show the process for choosing a property
Choosing a Property method.
Method
Non-electrolyte
*
Polar

Electrolyte
ELECNRTL
Real
PENG-ROB, RK-SOAVE,
LK-PLOCK, PR-BM,
RKS-BM
Nonpolar > 1atm
CHAO-SEA, GRAYSON,
BK10
Pseudo &
Real

Vacuum
BK10, IDEAL

Polarity Electrolyte

Real or Pseudocomponents Pressure

* See the next figure to continue.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-9

 Guidelines for Choosing
Y NRTL, UNIQUAC,
a Property Method for and their variances
Polar Non-Electrolyte
Y
Systems
N WILSON, NRTL, UNIQUAC,
P < 10 bar and their variances
Y
UNIF-LL

N
Polar,
non-electrolyte
N UNIFAC, UNIF-LBY,
UNIF-DMD

Y
SR-POLAR, PRWS,
RKSWS, PRMHV2,
P > 10 bar RKSMHV2

N
PSRK, RKSMHV2

Pressure Liquid-Liquid

Interaction parameters available

* See the next figure to continue.

Guidelines for Choosing
an Activity Coefficient Hexamers
WILS-HF
Property Method
DP?

WILS-NTH, WILS-HOC
Y Dimers NRTL-NTH, NRTL-HOC
UNIQ-NTH, UNIQ-HOC
WILSON UNIF-HOC
NRTL VAP?
UNIQUAC
UNIFAC

N
WILSON, WILS-RK,
WILS-LR, WILS-GLR,
NRTL, NRTL-RK, NRTL-2
UNIQUAC, UNIQ-RK,
UNIQ-2, UNIFAC, UNIF-LL,
UNIF-LBY, UNIF-DMD

Vapor phase association

Degrees of polymerization

Specifying the Global Aspen Plus uses the global property method for all property
Property Method calculations, unless you specify a different property method for a
specific flowsheet section, unit operation block, or property
analysis.

7-10 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To specify the global property method:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 On the Global sheet, in the Property Method list box, specify
the property method.
3 You can also use the Process Type list box to help you select
an appropriate property method. In the Process Type list box,
select the type of process you want to model. Each process type
has a list of recommended property methods.
4 In the Base Method list box, select a base property method.
5 If you are using an activity coefficient property method and
want to use Henry's law for supercritical components, specify
the Henry component list ID in the Henry Components list box.
6 If you have a petroleum application that requires free water
calculations, specify the property method for the free water
phase in the Free-Water Method list box and water solubility
option in the Water Solubility list box
7 For electrolyte applications, you must select an electrolytic
property method, then select the Chemistry ID in the Chemistry
ID list box. You can also specify the electrolyte computation
method in the Use True-Components check box.
Specifying a Property Use flowsheet sections to simplify the assignment of property
Method for a methods when you are using more than one property method in a
Flowsheet Section simulation. For example, you could divide a flowsheet into high
pressure and low pressure sections, and assign an appropriate
property method to each section.
To specify a property method for a flowsheet section:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties
2 On the Flowsheet Sections sheet, select a flowsheet section
from the Flowsheet Section ID list box.
3 Specify the property method in the Property Method list box.
4 You can also use the Process Type list box to help you select
an appropriate property method. In the Process Type list box,
select the type of process you want to model. Each process type
has a list of recommended property methods.
5 In the Base Method list box, select a base property method.
6 If you are using an activity coefficient property method and
want to use Henry's Law for supercritical components, specify
the Henry component list ID in the Henry Components list box.
See Defining Supercritical Components.
7 For petroleum applications, you may want free water
calculations. Specify the free water property method in the

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-11

 Free-Water Method list box and water solubility option in the
Water Solubility list box. See Using Free Water Calculations.
8 For electrolyte applications, you must select an electrolytic
property method, then select the Chemistry ID in the Chemistry
ID list box. You can also specify the electrolyte computation
method in the Use True-Components check box.
Specifying a Local You can override the global property method by specifying a local
Property Method property method on:
• The BlockOptions Properties sheet, for a unit operation block
• The Properties sheet, for a Properties Analysis
The specifications you enter on the Properties sheet apply only to
that unit operation block or property analysis.
For the following unit operation models, you can specify different
property methods for streams or sections in the block:
Model Sheet Allows you to specify property methods for
Decanter Decanter Properties Phase Property Liquid1 and liquid2 phases
RadFrac RadFrac Properties Property Column segments, decanters,
Sections thermosyphon reboiler
RGibbs RGibbs Setup Products Each phase
MultiFrac MultiFrac Properties Property Column segments
Sections
PetroFrac PetroFrac Properties Property Column segments for main column
Sections Column segments for stripper
PetroFrac Stripper Properties
Property Sections
HeatX HeatX BlockOptions Properties Hot and cold sides of the exchanger
MHeatX MHeatX BlockOptions Properties Each stream in the exchanger
RPlug RPlug BlockOptions Properties Reactant and external coolant streams
Use the Properties Specifications Referenced sheet to enter
additional property methods for use in the unit operation blocks or
in property analysis calculations.
When performing an interactive property analysis, you can select
any property method that has been specified on the Properties
Specifications Referenced sheets.

Defining Supercritical Components

Activity coefficient property methods handle supercritical
components present in the liquid phase by the asymmetric
convention for activity coefficient normalization (Henry's law).
To use Henry's law for supercritical components:

7-12 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 1 Select an appropriate property method. These property methods
allow Henry's law:
B-PITZER NRTL-2 UNIQUAC VANL-2
IDEAL PITZER UNIQ-HOC WILSON
ELECNRTL PITZ-HG UNIQ-NTH WILS-HF
ENRTL-HF SOLIDS UNIQ-RK WILS-HOC
ENRTL-HG UNIFAC UNIQ-2 WILS-NTH
NRTL UNIF-DMD VANLAAR WILS-RK
NRTL-HOC UNIF-HOC VANL-HOC WILS-2
NRTL-NTH UNIF-LBY VANL-NTH WILS-GLR
NRTL-RK UNIF-LL VANL-RK WILS-LR
2 Define a Henry's component group using the Henry Comps
forms.
3 Enter the ID of the Henry's component group on the Properties
Specifications Global sheet (Use the Flowsheet Sections sheet
for flowsheet sections specifications) or BlockOptions
Properties sheet (local specification for unit operation models).
For more information on Henry's law, see Aspen Plus Physical
Property Methods and Models, Chapter 2.
Equation-of-state property methods do not require special
treatment for supercritical components.

Using Free Water Calculations

For water-hydrocarbon applications, two liquid phases often
coexist with a vapor phase. Aspen Plus has two approaches for
modeling these types of vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium
simulations:
• Rigorous three-phase calculations
• Calculations with a free water approximation. When you use
free water approximation, Aspen Plus assumes the water phase
is pure liquid water (free water).
Free water calculations are:
• Normally adequate for water-hydrocarbon systems, where the
hydrocarbon solubility in the water phase is generally
negligible.
• Always faster than rigorous three-phase calculations, and
require minimal physical property data.
Note: You can also specify free water calculations on a local basis
in individual streams and blocks.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-13

 Specifying Properties When you use the free water approximation, you must specify the
for the Free-Water property method to be used for the free-water phase. This property
Phase method calculates all thermodynamic and transport properties for
the free-water phase.
To choose a property method:
1 Go to the Properties Specifications Global sheet or Flowsheet
Sections sheet, or the BlockOptions Properties sheets for a unit
operation model.
2 In the Free-Water Method list box, select one:
Property Description Merits
Method
STEAM-TA 1967 ASME steam table -
correlations (default)
STEAMNBS NBS/NRC steam table correlations More accurate than the ASME steam table
IDEAL or For systems at low or moderate More efficient calculations than
SYSOP0 pressures STEAM-TA or STEAMNBS
Special Method for K- The global property method calculates the K-value of water unless
Value of Water in the you specify another method.
Organic Phase
In free water calculations, you can use a special method to
calculate the K-value of water in the organic phase:
*,l
γ wϕ w
Kw =
ϕ wv
Where:
γw = Activity coefficient of water in the organic
phase
ϕ w *,l = Fugacity coefficient of pure liquid water
calculated using the free-water phase property
method
ϕ wv = Fugacity coefficient of water in the vapor phase
mixture
How to Select a v
ϕ
Calculation Method To select a calculation method for γw
and : w

1 Go to the Properties Specifications Global or the BlockOptions

Properties sheet for a unit operation model.

7-14 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 In the Water Solubility list box, select one:
Water Solubility γw v
Option Calculates from ϕ
w
Calculates from
0 1 Free-water property method
γw = sol
xw
1 1 Primary property method
γw = sol
xw
2 γ w = f (T , x w ) Primary property method
1 sol
where γ w = when xw = xw
sol
xw
3 The K-value of water is calculated by the primary property method
sol
Note: X w is solubility of water in the organic phase, calculated
using the water-solubility correlation. (WATSOL).
Water solubility option 3 is not recommended unless binary
interaction parameters regressed from liquid-liquid equilibrium
data are available.

Specifying Electrolyte Calculations

To model an electrolyte system, you must:
• Use an electrolyte property method. ELECNRTL is
recommended. Other property methods are PITZER, B-
PITZER, ENRTL-HF, ENRTL-HG AND PITZ-HG.
• Define the solution chemistry on the Reactions Chemistry
Stoichiometry sheet.
• Select the solution chemistry ID to be used with the electrolyte
property method in the Chemistry ID list box on the Properties
Specifications Global sheet or the BlockOptions Properties
sheet of a unit operation model.
• Specify either the true or apparent component simulation
approach using the Use True Components check box.
Use the button on the Components Specifications Selection sheet
to open the Electrolytes Wizard which can set up all of these
specifications for you.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-15

 Modifying Property Methods
Property methods are defined by calculation paths (routes) and
physical property equations (models), which determine how
properties are calculated.
Built-in property methods are sufficient for most applications.
However, you can modify a property method to include, for
example:
• A route that calculates liquid fugacity coefficients without the
Poynting correction
• A route that calculates liquid enthalpy without heat of mixing
• A different equation-of-state model for all vapor phase
property calculations
• A different set of parameters (for example, dataset 2) for an
activity coefficient model
• A route that calculates liquid molar volume using the Rackett
model, instead of a cubic equation of state
Modifying a Built-in You can make common modifications to a property method on the
Property Method Properties Specifications Global sheet or the Flowsheet Section
sheet:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 On the Global or the Flowsheet Sections sheet, select the
property method you want to modify in the Base Method list
box.
3 Check the Modify Property Models check box.
4 When prompted, enter a new name for your modified property
method and click OK. Although it is not required, it is highly
recommended that you specify a new name for the modified
property method.
You can make these modifications:
In this box To do this
Vapor EOS Select an equation of state model for all vapor
phase properties calculations
Liquid gamma Select an activity coefficient model
Data set Specify parameter data set number for the
EOS or liquid gamma model
Liquid enthalpy Select a route to calculate liquid mixture
enthalpy
Liquid volume Select a route to calculate liquid mixture
volume

7-16 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 In this box To do this
Poynting correction Specify whether or not the Poynting
correction is used in calculating liquid
frugacity coefficients.
Heat of mixing Specify whether or not heat of mixing is
included in liquid mixture enthalpy.
Making Advanced For additional and advanced modifications, use the Properties
Modifications to a Property Methods form:
Property Method 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the Property
Methods folder.
The Object Manager appears.
3 Select the Property Method you want to modify and click Edit.
– or –
To create a new property method, click New, then specify the
new property method.
4 Use the Routes sheet to specify property routes and the Models
sheet to specify property models.
About the Routes Sheet The Routes sheet displays the base property method, the properties
and route ID used to calculate each property. For convenience,
properties are categorized as follows:
• Pure thermodynamic
• Mixture thermodynamic
• Pure transport
• Mixture transport
To modify a route in the property method, select a desired route in
the Route ID box. You can also:
Click this button To do this
Create Create a new route for the selected property
Edit Modify a selected route
View View the structure of a selected route. The
structure shows exactly how the route is
calculated and by what methods and models.
About the Models Sheet The Models sheet displays the property models used for
calculation of the properties in the property method. To modify a
property model, select the desired model in the Model Name
column.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-17

 This table describes the different boxes on the Models sheet:
Use this box To specify
Model name The model you want to use to calculate each
property
Data set The data set number for the parameters for the
model
For a given model:
Use this button To get
Affected properties A list of properties affected by the model.
Models such as equation of state
are used to calculate more than one property.
Option codes Model option codes. Option codes are used to
specify special calculation options.

Property Methods for

Nonconventional Components
The only properties calculated for nonconventional components
are enthalpy and density. The folllowing tables list the models
available. See Aspen Plus Physical Property Methods and Models,
Chapter 3, for detailed descriptions of these models.
Nonconventional This table shows the general models:
Property Models

Property Model Attribute Requirements

ENTHALPY ENTHGEN GENANAL
DENSITY DNSTYGEN GENANAL
This table shows the special models for coal and coal-derived
materials:
Property Model Attribute Requirements
ENTHALPY HCOALGEN ULTANAL, PROXANAL, SULFANAL
HCJ1BOIE ULTANAL, PROXANAL, SULFANAL
HCOAL-R8 ULTANAL, PROXANAL, SULFANAL
HBOIE-R8 ULTANAL, PROXANAL, SULFANAL
DENSITY DCOALIGT ULTANAL, SULFANAL
DCHARIGT ULTANAL, SULFANAL
The tabular models for nonconventional components are:
Property Model
ENTHALPY ENTHLTAB
DENSITY DNSTYTAB

7-18 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Specifying the To specify the models used to calculate physical properties for
Models for nonconventional components:
Nonconventional 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
Components 2 Double-click the Advanced folder.
3 Select the NC-Props form.
4 Select a component in the Component list box of the Property
Methods sheet.
5 Specify the models for enthalpy and density.
Aspen Plus automatically fills in the required component
attributes for the models you specified.

Working with CAPE-OPEN Property

Packages
Aspen Plus supports the use of CAPE-OPEN Property Packages
that are compliant with versions 0.93 and 1.0 of the CAPE-OPEN
standard.
Aspen Plus allows Property Packages to be imported and used as
Property Methods in a simulation. To import and use a Property
Package follow the instructions in Importing a CAPE-OPEN
Property Package.
Aspen Plus can also be used to create CAPE-OPEN Property
Packages for use in other CAPE-OPEN compliant software such as
Hysys. To create a CAPE-OPEN Property Package follow the
instructions in Creating a CAPE-OPEN Property Package.
Property Packages created using Aspen Plus 11.1 or Aspen
Properties 11.1 can not be imported directly into version 12.1. To
convert an 11.1 package to work with 12.1 follow the instructions
in Using a CAPE-OPEN Property Package created using 11.1.
When you load into Aspen Plus 12.1 a simulation created using
11.1 that references a CAPE-OPEN Property Package, an error
will be reported about the COPROP property method being
missing. To correct this, import the Property Package again
following the instructions in Importing a CAPE-OPEN Property
Package.
Importing a CAPE- To import a CAPE-OPEN Property Package use the Available
OPEN Property Property Packages dialog which can be displayed by:
Package • Selecting the Import CAPE-OPEN Package menu item from
the Tools menu, or
• Select the CAPE-OPEN Property Packages folder under
Properties in the Data Browser and use the Import button, or

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-19

 • Use the Import button on the CAPE-Open toolbar. Use the
Toolbars menu item on the View menu to enable the CAPE-
OPEN toolbar if necessary.
The Available Property Packages displays all the CAPE-OPEN
Property Packages installed on your computer. To import a
package:
1 Expand the Property System tree to display all the available
property packages owned by a given Property System. Note
that Property Packages created by Aspen Plus or Aspen
Properties will appear under the Property System called
"Aspen Properties"
2 Select the property package being imported.
3 Use the Package Details button to view details of the
components and properties supported by the package without
importing it.
4 Click OK to import the selected package into your simulation,
or Cancel to leave the dialog without importing a package.
5 Details of imported packages will be displayed within the
CAPE-OPEN Property Packages folder under Properties in the
Data Browser. CAPE-OPEN Property Package objects are
named automatically using the CP-# template as part of the
import process but can be renamed subsequently. When a
package is imported a property method is created with the same
name as the CAPE-OPEN Property Package object. Renaming
the Property Package object will rename the Property method.
6 To use an imported Property Package in a simulation select the
corresponding Property Method where appropriate. For
example to use a CAPE-OPEN Property Package globally
select the corresponding Property Method on the Global sheet
of the Properties Specifications form. To use a CAPE-OPEN
Property Package for a particular Properties Analysis, select
the corresponding method on the Properties sheet of the Input
form for the Analysis.
7 You can import and use multiple CAPE-OPEN Property
Packages within a single simulation.
Using a CAPE-OPEN To convert a CAPE-OPEN Property Package created using Aspen
Property Package Plus 11.1 or Aspen Properties 11.1:
Created Using Aspen 1 Use the Windows Explorer to navigate to your APRSystem
Plus 11.1 or Aspen 12.1\Engine\xeq directory. For example C:\Program
Properties 11.1 Files\AspenTech\APRSystem 12.1\Engine\xeq
2 Double click cotappm.exe in this directory to start the
Property Package Manager.

7-20 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 Run the File | Open command. In the Open dialog box, select
the .cota file for the 11.1 package that you want to use with
12.1.
4 Optionally, modify the description of the package to help
identify it when you want to import it into a software package
later on.
5 Use the File Save dialog to create a new version of the package
that you can use with 12.1.
Note: It is advisable to store all the .cota files that you create in a
single directory, away from your simulation files. When a Property
Package is imported for the first time, a .bkp file is created and run
in the background in order to create a .appdf file for the package. If
the .cota is in the same directory and has the same name as an
existing .bkp file, the existing file will be overwritten by the import
process.
Creating a CAPE- Aspen Plus can generate a CAPE-OPEN Property Package for use
OPEN Property in AspenTech software and other CAPE-OPEN compliant software
Package based on the component and properties data you have entered as
input.
The data you enter must be complete and valid before you can
create a package.
To create a CAPE-OPEN Property Package for use with CAPE-
OPEN compliant programs, use the Property Package Manager.
The Property Package Manager can be displayed using either of
these methods:
• Run the Tools | Export CAPE-OPEN Package menu command
• Click the Export button on the CAPE-OPEN toolbar. Use the
View | Toolbars menu command to enable the CAPE-OPEN
toolbar, if necessary.
The Property Package Manager lets you modify the description of
the package as required. Other programs will display this
description when you import this package.
To create the package use the File | Save menu command in the
Property Package Manager, and save the package's .cota file to a
suitable directory.
Note: It is advisable to store all the .cota files that you create in a
single directory, away from your simulation files. When a Property
Package is imported for the first time, a .bkp file is created and run
in the background in order to create a .appdf file for the package. If
the .cota is in the same directory and has the same name as an
existing .bkp file, the existing file will be overwritten by the import
process.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Methods • 7-21

7-22 • Physical Property Methods Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 CHAPTER 8

Physical Property Parameters and

Data

For help on physical property parameters and data, see one of the
following:
• About parameters and data
• Determining property parameter requirements
• Retrieving parameters from databanks
• Entering property parameters
• Using tabular data and polynomial coefficients
• Using property data packages

About Parameters and Data

When beginning any new simulation, it is important to check that
you have correctly represented the physical properties of your
system. After you select the property methods for a simulation, you
must determine property parameter requirements and ensure that
all required parameters are available.
In order to understand this topic, it is important to distinguish
between the terms Parameters and Data:
Item Definition Example
Parameters The constants used in the many These can be scalar constants such as molecular weight
different physical property (MW) and critical temperature (TC), or they can be
models, or equations, used by temperature-dependent property correlation parameters such
Aspen Plus to predict physical as the coefficients for the extended Antoine vapor pressure
properties equation (PLXANT).
Data Raw experimental property Vapor pressure vs. Temperature data could be used to
data that can be used for estimate or regress the extended Antoine parameters
estimation or regression of (PLXANT).
parameters

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-1
 Determining Property Parameter
Requirements
Depending on the type of simulation, your model will require
different parameters. This topic describes the parameter
requirements for some basic property calculations, that is, for:
• Mass and energy balance simulations
• Henry's law
• Thermodynamic reference state
Most equation-of-state and activity coefficient models require
binary parameters for meaningful results. To determine parameter
requirements based on your chosen property methods, see the
Property Method Tables in Aspen Plus Physical Property Methods
and Models for each property method you select.
Parameter For simulations that involve both mass and energy balance
Requirements for calculations, you must enter or retrieve from the databanks these
Mass and Energy required parameters:
Balance Simulations

Enter or For On this type of Properties Parameters form

retrieve this
parameter
MW Molecular weight Pure Component Scalar
PLXANT Extended Antoine vapor Pure Component T-Dependent
pressure model
CPIG or Ideal gas heat capacity Pure Component T-Dependent
CPIGDP model
DHVLWT or Heat of vaporization model Pure Component T-Dependent
DHVLDP
This table gives further information:
If you These parameters are Enter them on this type of Properties
required Parameters form
Use the standard liquid Standard liquid volume Pure Component Scalar
volume basis for any parameters (VLSTD)
flowsheet or unit operation
model specification
Request free-water Parameters for the water Pure Component T-Dependent
calculations solubility model
(WATSOL)
Tip: If you deselect the Perform Heat Balance Calculations option
on the Setup Simulation Options Calculations sheet, Aspen Plus
does not calculate enthalpies, entropies, or Gibbs free energies. It
does not require the parameters used to compute these properties.

8-2 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Parameter If you use Henry's law for supercritical components (or
Requirements for dissolved-gas components), Henry's constant model parameters
Henry's Law (HENRY) are required for all dissolved-gas components with the
solvents. You must list the supercritical components on the
Components Henry Comps Selection sheet.
If You require these parameters
More than one solvent is in the Henry's constant parameters for each dissolved-gas solvent pair.
mixture
Henry's constants are not available for Henry's constants for the major solvents. Aspen Plus uses a
all solvents rigorous defaulting procedure when Henry's constants are missing
for a minor solvent component.
Enter Henry's constant model parameters on the Input sheet of the
HENRY-1 object on the Properties Parameters Binary Interaction
HENRY-1 form.
Parameter The reference state for thermodynamic properties is the constituent
Requirements for elements in an ideal gas state at 25° C and 1 atm. To calculate
Thermodynamic enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs free energies, Aspen Plus uses:
Reference State • Standard heat of formation (DHFORM)
• Standard Gibbs free energy of formation (DGFORM)
For systems that do not involve chemical reaction, you may allow
DHFORM and DGFORM to default to zero.
Values of Must be available for all components
DHFORM Participating in chemical reactions
DGFORM Involved in equilibrium reactions modeled by the RGibbs
reactor model
Reference State for Conventional solid components may require:
Conventional Solid
• Standard solid heat of formation (DHSFRM)
Components
• Standard solid Gibbs free energy of formation (DGSFRM)
Enter them on the Properties Parameters Pure Component Scalar
Input sheet.
Reference State for Ionic The reference state for ionic species is infinite dilution in water. To
Species calculate enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of ions,
Aspen Plus uses:
• Standard heat of formation in water at infinite dilution
(DHAQFM)
• Standard Gibbs free energy of formation in water at infinite
dilution (DGAQFM)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-3
 Retrieving Parameters from
Databanks
For many components, Aspen Plus databanks store all required
parameter values. This topic explains how to retrieve these built-in
parameters from Aspen Plus databanks:
• Pure component parameters
• Equation-of-state binary parameters
• Activity coefficient binary parameters
• Henry's Law constants
• Electrolyte and binary pair parameters
Retrieving Pure For many components, Aspen Plus retrieves pure component
Component parameters automatically from its pure component databanks. Use
Parameters the Components Specifications Databanks sheet to specify the
databanks to search and their search order. Parameters missing
from the first selected databank will be searched for in subsequent
selected databanks.
To enter your own parameter values, use the Properties Parameters
Pure Component Scalar Input and T-Dependent Input sheets. See
Entering Pure Component Constants.
Since built-in pure component databanks reside with the simulation
engine, the available parameters do not appear automatically on
any Parameters Pure Component Input sheets.
User entered parameters override values retrieved from the
Aspen Plus databanks.
Generating a Report of To generate a report of all available pure component parameters
Available Pure that will be used in the simulation for the components and property
Component Parameters methods specified:
1 From the Tools menu, click Retrieve Parameters Results.
2 On the Retrieve Parameter Results dialog box, click OK to
generate a report.
3 On the next Retrieve Parameter Results dialog box, click OK to
view the results.
The Data Browser automatically opens at the Properties
Parameters Results folder.
4 In the left pane of the Data Browser, choose the Pure
Component form from the Results folder.
The Parameters Results Pure Components form contains a sheet
for scalar parameters and a sheet for T-Dependent parameters. On
each sheet you can choose to view the actual parameter values, or

8-4 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 the status. For the status of parameter results, the following status
is possible:
Status Indicates the parameter is
Available Available in the databank, entered on the Paramters Input
sheet, estimated, or regressed
Default A system default value
Missing Missing
In addition to retrieving parameter results with the method
described above, you can also generate a detailed parameter report
in the Aspen Plus report file.
Retrieving Equation- For many component systems, binary parameters are available for
of-State Binary these models:
Parameters Model Parameter name
Standard Redlich-Kwong-Soave RKSKIJ
Standard Peng-Robinson PRKIJ
Lee-Kesler-Plöcker LKPKIJ
BWR-Lee-Starling BWRKV, BWRKT
Hayden-O'Connell HOCETA
Aspen Plus retrieves any databank values and uses them
automatically. Whether you enter these parameters yourself or
retrieve them from a databank, you can view them from the
appropriate Properties Parameters Binary Interaction Input sheet.
Aspen Plus creates one form for each binary parameter.
If you do not want to retrieve built-in equation-of-state binary
parameters, remove the databank name from the Selected
Databanks list on the Databanks sheet of the Properties Parameters
Binary Interaction form for your equation-of-state model. Use the
Input sheet to enter your own binary parameter values. For more
information see Entering Scalar Binary Parameters.
Retrieving Activity For many component pairs, binary parameters are available for the
Coefficient Binary following property methods for vapor-liquid applications:
Parameters Property method Parameter name
NRTL NRTL
NRTL-HOC NRTL
NRTL-RK NRTL
UNIQUAC UNIQ
UNIQ-HOC UNIQ
UNIQ-RK UNIQ
WILSON WILSON
WILS-HOC WILSON
WILS-GLR WILSON

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-5
 Property method Parameter name
WILS-LR WILSON
WILS-RK WILSON
For liquid-liquid applications, binary parameters are available for
the following property methods:
Property method Parameter name
NRTL NRTL
NRTL-HOC NRTL
NRTL-RK NRTL
UNIQUAC UNIQ
UNIQ-HOC UNIQ
UNIQ-RK UNIQ
AspenTech developed these parameters using data from the
Dortmund Databank.
Whenever you select these property methods, Aspen Plus retrieves
these parameters automatically and displays them on the Input
sheet of the Properties Parameters Binary Interaction forms.
Aspen Plus creates a form for each binary parameter.
If you do not want to retrieve built-in binary parameters, remove
the databank name from the Selected Databanks list on the
Databanks sheet of the Properties Parameters Binary Interaction
form. Use the Input sheet to enter your own binary parameter
values.
For more information, see Entering Temperature-Dependent
Binary Parameters.
Retrieving Henry's Henry's law constants are available for a large number of solutes in
Law Constants solvents. The solvents are water and many organic components.
If you use an activity coefficient property method and define a set
of Henry's components, Aspen Plus retrieves the Henry's constants
automatically and displays them on the Input sheet of the
Properties Parameters Binary Interaction HENRY-1 form.
If you do not want to retrieve built-in Henry's law constants,
remove both the BINARY and HENRY databanks from the
Selected Databanks list on the Databanks sheet of the HENRY-1
form.
Retrieving Electrolyte Binary and pair parameters of the Electrolyte NRTL model are
Binary and Pair available for many industrially important electrolyte systems.
Parameters
Aspen Plus retrieves the binary parameters and displays them on
the Properties Parameters Binary Interaction forms. For pair

8-6 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 parameters, Aspen Plus displays them on the Properties Parameters
Electrolyte Pair forms.
If you do not want to retrieve built-in parameters, remove the
databank name from the Selected Databanks list on the Databanks
sheet of the applicable form.

Entering Property Parameters

If any parameters required by your simulation are missing from the
databanks, or if you do not want to use databank values, you can:
• Enter any parameters or data directly.
• Estimate parameters using Property Estimation.
• Regress parameters from experimental data using Data
Regression.
This section explains how to enter the following parameters
directly:
For help on entering parameters, see one of the following topics:
• Forms for entering property parameters
• How to enter property parameters
• Pure component constants
• Pure component correlation parameters
• Parameters for nonconventional components
• Scalar binary parameters
• Temperature-dependent binary parameters
• Binary parameters from Dechema
• Electrolyte pair parameters
• Ternary parameters
Forms for Entering The table below shows where to enter the different types of
Property Parameters property parameters:
Use the Input sheet of this To enter
Properties Parameters
form
Pure Component Scalar Scalar pure component parameters, such as critical temperature (TC) or
molecular weight (MW)
Pure Component Temperature-dependent pure component property correlation parameters,
T-Dependent such as PLXANT for the extended Antoine vapor pressure model
Pure Component Unary parameters for nonconventional components
Nonconventional

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-7
Use the Input sheet of this To enter
Properties Parameters
form
Binary Interaction Scalar binary parameters, such as the RKSKIJ binary parameters for the
Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation-of-state model
Temperature-dependent binary parameters (that is, parameters defined with
more than one element) such as the NRTL binary parameters or Henry's law
constants
Electrolyte Pair Electrolyte-molecule and electrolyte-electrolyte pair parameters required by
the electrolyte NRTL model, such as the GMELCC parameters
Electrolyte Ternary Electrolyte ternary parameters required by the Pitzer model, such as the
cation1-cation2-common anion parameters and anion1-anion2-common
cation parameters (GMPTPS)
UNIFAC Group Area and volume parameters for the UNIFAC functional groups
UNIFAC Group Binary Scalar group-group interaction parameters for the original UNIFAC model
(GMUFB)
T-Dependent group-group interaction parameters for the modified UNIFAC
models, such as the Dortmund-modified UNIFAC and the Lyngby-modified
UNIFAC models
How to Enter The general procedure for entering all property parameters is as
Property Parameters follows:
To enter property parameters:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.
3 Click the folder for the type of parameters you want to enter
(Pure Component, Binary Interaction, Electrolyte Pair,
Electrolyte Ternary, UNIFAC Group, or UNIFAC Group
Binary).
Aspen Plus automatically creates parameter sets for any binary
interaction, electrolyte pair, and parameters required by the
property methods specified on the Properties Specifications
form. The Object Manager for the appropriate parameter type
displays the IDs for these parameter sets.
4 On the Object Manager for the parameter type you choose, you
can
• Enter parameters for an existing parameter set by selecting
the parameter and clicking Edit.
– or –
• Create a new parameter set. In the Object Manager, click
New. If prompted, select the appropriate parameter type
and parameter name, and click OK.
5 Use the Parameter input sheet to:

8-8 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • Enter parameters that are not in the Aspen Plus databanks
• Override defaults or databank values by entering parameter
values
You can enter parameter values in any units. After you specify
a parameter name, Aspen Plus automatically fills in the default
units.
If you change the units of measurement for the parameter after
you enter the parameter value, Aspen Plus does not convert the
displayed value.
Tip: When defining non-databank components using the
Components Specifications Selection sheet, you can use the User-
Defined Components Wizard. The wizard guides you through
entering the basic pure component parameters required.
Entering Pure To enter pure component constants:
Component 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
Constants
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.
3 Click the Pure Component folder.
4 In the Parameters Pure Component Object Manager, you can
create new parameter IDs, or modify existing IDs.
5 To create a new parameter set, on the Object Manager click
New.
6 In the New Pure Component Parameters dialog box, the default
parameter type is Scalar. Enter an ID or accept the default ID
and click OK.
7 To modify an existing parameter ID, on the Object Manager
select the name of the parameter set, and click Edit.
8 On the Input sheet for pure component scalar parameters,
define the matrix of components and parameters for which you
are entering data values, and specify the appropriate units.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-9
 Example of Entering Pure Enter critical temperature (TC) and critical pressure (PC) of
Component Constants 410.2 K and 40.7 atm for component C1. Enter critical pressure of
36.2 atm for component C2.

Entering Pure To enter coefficients for temperature-dependent pure component

Component property correlations:
Correlation 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
Parameters
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.
3 Click the Pure Component folder.
4 In the Parameters Pure Component Object Manager, you can
create new parameter IDs, or modify existing IDs.
5 To create a new parameter set, on the Object Manager click
New.
6 In the New Pure Component Parameters dialog box, select T-
dependent correlation, and choose the appropriate parameter
name from the list.
7 Click OK.
8 To modify an existing parameter ID, on the Object Manager
select the name of the parameter set, and click Edit.
9 On the Input sheet, choose a component from the Component
list. For the chosen temperature dependent parameter, use this
sheet to enter values for all components for which you have
parameters.
10 Specify the appropriate units and enter the coefficients of each
parameter as sequential elements. For a more detailed
description of models and parameters, see Chapter 3 of
Physical Property Methods and Models.

8-10 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 You cannot enter more than one set of values for the same
parameter on the same form.
Example of Entering Ideal For component CLP, enter the coefficients for the Ideal Gas Heat
Gas Heat Capacity Capacity Polynomial model (CPIG):
Coefficients
C PIG = −2001.2 + 358.9T − 0.515T 2 + 4.41 × 10 −4 T 3 − 1.58 × 10 −7 T 4
C PIG has units of J/kmol-K. T is in units of K.

Entering Parameters To enter parameter values for nonconventional components:

for Nonconventional 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
Components
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.
3 Click the Pure Component folder.
4 In the Parameters Pure Component Object Manager, you can
create new parameter IDs, or modify existing IDs.
5 To create a new parameter set, on the Object Manager click
New.
6 In the New Pure Component Parameters dialog box, select
Nonconventional.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-11
 7 Enter an ID or accept the default ID, then click OK.
8 To modify an existing parameter ID, on the Object Manager
select the name of the parameter set, and click Edit.
9 On the Input sheet, choose a parameter from the Parameter list.
10 Enter components, parameters, and units.
When you use the general enthalpy and density models shown
in the Nonconventional Property Models table Aspen Plus
requires at least the first element of the heat capacity
polynomial (HCGEN) and density polynomial (DENGEN), for
each constituent of each nonconventional component. The heat
of formation (DHFGEN) is required when reactions occur
involving nonconventional components.
Alternatively, you can enter tabular data directly for enthalpy
and density. Polynomial TABPOLY models are not available
for nonconventional components.
Property Model
ENTHALPY ENTHLTAB
DENSITY DNSTYTAB
For more information on using tabular data and polynomial
coefficients see Using Tabular Data and Polynomial
Coefficients.
Entering Scalar To enter scalar binary parameters:
Binary Parameters 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.

8-12 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 3 Click the Binary Interaction folder to open the Object Manager
containing the binary parameter sets used by your specified
property methods.
4 On the Object Manager, select the scalar parameter of interest
and click Edit.
5 Define the ij matrix of components for which you are entering
binary parameter values.
6 Enter the parameter values.

Example for Entering Binary parameters for the Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state,
Redlich-Kwong-Soave RKSKIJ, are symmetric (that is, kij = kji). Enter the following
Binary Parameters values for the binary parameters in the three-component system
C1-C2-C3:
Component Pair RKSKIJ
C1-C2 0.097
C1-C3 0
C2-C3 -0.018
Note: You will not see the RKSKIJ-1 parameter in the Binary
Interaction Object Manager unless you have previously chosen the
RK-SOAVE property method.

Entering To enter temperature-dependent binary parameters:

Temperature- 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
Dependent Binary
Parameters 2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-13
 3 Click the Binary Interaction folder to open the Object Manager
containing the binary parameter sets used by your specified
property methods.
4 On the Object Manager, select the temperature-dependent
parameter of interest and click Edit.
5 On the Input sheet, enter component pairs in the Component i
and Component j boxes.
6 Specify the units for the binary parameters.
7 Enter the coefficients of the parameters as sequential elements
for each component pair.

Example for Entering NRTL Binary Parameters

The NRTL binary parameters aij and bij are asymmetric, that is, aij
≠ aji and bij ≠ bji. The binary parameter cij and dij are symmetric;
eij and fij default to zero. Enter the following NRTL binary
parameters for the components C1-C2. The units for the binary
parameters are in Kelvins.
a12 = 0
a21 = 0
b12 = -74.18
b21 = 270.8
c12 = 0.2982

Note: You will not see the NRTL-1 parameters in the Binary
Interaction Object Manager, unless you have previously chosen an
NRTL-based property method.

8-14 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Entering Binary The DECHEMA Chemistry Data Series contains a large number of
Parameters from binary parameters for the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models.
DECHEMA These binary parameters are not compatible with the form of the
equations used in Aspen Plus. However, you can enter them
directly, without any conversion, using the Dechema button on the
Properties Parameters Binary Interaction Input sheet for
temperature dependent parameters.
To enter binary parameters from DECHEMA:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.
3 Click the Binary Interaction folder to open the Object Manager
containing the binary parameter sets used by your specified
property methods.
4 On the Object Manager, select NRTL-1, WILSON-1, or
UNIQ-1 and choose Edit.
5 On the Input sheet, enter component pairs in the Component i
and Component j boxes.
6 With the appropriate component pair selected, click the
Dechema button.
7 In the Dechema Binary Parameters dialog box, enter the binary
parameter values. You can also specify whether the parameters
came from the VLE or LLE collection.
8 Click OK.
Aspen Plus converts the binary parameters you enter and
displays the converted values on the Input sheet.
Aspen Plus databanks contain both parameters developed by
Aspen Technology, Inc. and those obtained from the
DECHEMA Chemistry Data Series (databank name = VLE-
LIT). You will seldom need to enter binary parameters from
the DECHEMA Chemistry Data Series.
Example of Entering Enter the following binary parameters for ethanol (i) and water (j),
NRTL Binary Parameters as reported in the DECHEMA Chemistry Data Series, Vol. I, Part
from DECHEMA 1A, p. 129:
aij = -517.9603
cal/mol
aji = 1459.309
cal/mol
αij = 0.0878

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-15
 Estimating Binary You can request the estimation of missing binary parameters for
Parameters for the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models, using the Properties
Activity Coefficient Parameters Binary Interaction form. For convenience, Aspen Plus
Models provides this capability in addition to the Property Constant
Estimation System (PCES).
To estimate binary parameters:
1 Go to the Properties Parameters Binary Interaction Object
Manager.
2 Select the WILSON-1, NRTL-1 or UNIQ-1 binary parameter
form of interest and choose Edit.
3 On the Input sheet, check the Estimate All Missing Parameters
by UNIFAC check box.
Entering Electrolyte Use the Properties Parameters Electrolyte Pair form to enter values
Pair Parameters for molecule-electrolyte and electrolyte-electrolyte pair parameters
for the Electrolyte NRTL model.
To enter electrolyte pair parameters:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.
3 Click the Electrolyte Pair folder.
4 On the Electrolyte Pair Object Manager, select a parameter
name, and click Edit.
5 On the Input sheet, define the molecule-electrolyte or
electrolyte-electrolyte pairs for which you are entering values.
6 Enter the parameter values for the specified pairs.

8-16 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Example of Entering Enter the following electrolyte NRTL pair parameters (GMELCC)
Electrolyte NRTL Pair for the brine system:
Parameters τH2O,NaCl = 8.572

τNaCl,H2O = -4.435

NaCl dissociates completely into Na+ and Cl-.

Entering Ternary Use the Properties Parameters Electrolyte Ternary form to enter
Parameters values for the Pitzer ternary parameters when using the Pitzer
electrolyte activity coefficient model.
For example, you can enter cation1-cation2-common anion
parameters and anion1-anion2-common cation parameters
(GMPTPS).
To enter electrolyte pair parameters:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Parameters folder.
3 Click the Electrolyte Ternary folder.
4 In the Electrolyte Ternary Object Manager, you can create new
parameter IDs, or modify existing IDs.
5 To create a new parameter set, on the Object Manager click
New.
6 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID in the Enter ID
box, or accept the default ID.
7 Click OK.
8 To modify an existing parameter ID, on the Object Manager
select the name of the parameter set, and click Edit.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-17
 9 Select an electrolyte ternary parameter from the Parameter list.
10 With Cation selected in the View list, enter the
cation1-cation2-common anion parameters by listing two
cations, the common aion(s), and the respective parameter
values. Enter all cation1-cation2-common anion parameters
with the Cation view selected.
11 Select Anion from the View list.
12 Enter the anion1-anion2-common cation parameters by listing
two anions, the common cation(s), and the respective
parameter values. With the Anion view selected, continue to
list all anion1-anion2-common cation parameters.
Example of Entering Enter the following Pitzer ternary parameters (GMPTPS) for the
Electrolyte Pitzer Ternary NaCl/CaSO4 system:
Parameters
i j k ψijk
Na+ Ca+2 Cl- -0.014
Na+ Ca+2 SO4-2 -0.023
Cl- SO4-2 Na+ 0.0014
Cl- SO4-2 Ca+2 0.0

8-18 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Using Tabular Data and Polynomial
Coefficients
In addition to the standard Aspen Plus physical property methods
and models, you can represent some properties through:
• Direct use and interpolation of user-supplied tabular data
• Calculation from a general polynomial model
For help on using tabular data and polynomial coefficients, see one
of the following:
• Entering tabular data
• Entering polynomial coefficients for general polynomial model
• Adjusting reference states for tabular data and polynomials
• Adjusting tabular data or polynomials for the effect of pressure
Tabpoly Properties This table shows the Tabpoly properties:
Property Model Form
Density for nonconventional components Normal
Enthalpy for nonconventional components Normal
Enthalpy of fusion Normal
Enthalpy of sublimation Normal
Enthalpy of vaporization Normal
Henry's constant Logarithmic
Ideal gas enthalpy Normal
Ideal gas heat capacity Normal
Liquid diffusion coefficient Normal

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-19
 Property Model Form
Liquid enthalpy Normal
Liquid enthalpy departure Normal
Liquid entropy Normal
Liquid entropy departure Normal
Liquid fugacity coefficient for a component in Logarithmic
a mixture
Liquid Gibbs free energy Normal
Liquid Gibbs free energy departure Normal
Liquid heat capacity Normal
Liquid-Liquid K-value Logarithmic
Liquid thermal conductivity Normal
Liquid viscosity Logarithmic
Liquid volume Normal
Pure component liquid fugacity coefficient Logarithmic
Pure component vapor fugacity coefficient Logarithmic
Solid enthalpy Normal
Solid enthalpy departure Normal
Solid entropy Normal
Solid entropy departure Normal
Solid fugacity coefficient Logarithmic
Solid Gibbs free energy Normal
Solid Gibbs free energy departure Normal
Solid heat capacity Normal
Solid thermal conductivity Normal
Solid vapor pressure Logarithmic
Solid volume Normal
Surface tension Normal
Vapor diffusion coefficient Normal
Vapor enthalpy Normal
Vapor enthalpy departure Normal
Vapor entropy Normal
Vapor entropy departure Normal
Vapor fugacity coefficient for a component in Logarithmic
a mixture
Vapor Gibbs free energy Normal
Vapor Gibbs free energy departure Normal
Vapor heat capacity Normal
Vapor-Liquid K-value Logarithmic
Vapor pressure Logarithmic
Vapor thermal conductivity Normal

8-20 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Property Model Form
Vapor viscosity Normal
Vapor volume Normal
If the model form is logarithmic, the tabular model uses the
logarithmic transformation of the property to interpolate and
extrapolate. The polynomial model is the logarithmic form of the
equation.
How Aspen Plus Aspen Plus calculates the property for the component, using the
Uses Your Tabular tabular data and polynomial coefficients you enter. If you do not
Data and Polynomial provide data for all components, Aspen Plus uses the property
Coefficients models of the ideal property method (IDEAL), for the components
without data. For most properties, Aspen Plus calculates mixture
properties using mole fraction average ideal mixing.
Aspen Plus uses your tabular data directly—Aspen Plus does not
fit a polynomial equation to the data. When necessary, Aspen Plus
uses a quadratic interpolation method to determine the property
value at a given temperature. You should provide tabular data at
small temperature intervals.
When the temperature is outside the lowest or highest temperature
data that you entered, Aspen Plus calculates the property by linear
extrapolation. If the model form is logarithmic, Aspen Plus uses
the logarithmic transformation of the property to interpolate and
extrapolate. For polynomial models when temperature is outside
the lower and upper limits of the correlation, Aspen Plus also
calculates the property by linear extrapolation.
If you enter Then
Enthalpy or heat capacity data You can use the Data Generation
Options on the Specifications sheet to
generate entropy and Gibbs free
energy.
Vapor enthalpy data Also enter ideal gas enthalpy data to
ensure consistency.
Enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs Make sure they are consistent (G = H –
free energy TS).
To enter experimental data for use with Property Estimation or
Data Regression, use the Properties Data forms.
Entering Tabular Data To enter tabular data:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 From the left pane of the Data Browser, go to the Properties
Advanced Tabpoly Object Manager.
3 Click New to create a new object.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-21
 4 Enter an ID or accept the default ID, and then click OK.
5 On the Specifications sheet, choose the property for which you
are entering data in the Property list. You can enter data for
only one property on each Tabpoly form. Use as many forms as
needed to enter your data.
6 In the For Property Method list, choose the property method
for which the Tabpoly property is to be used. Specify All to use
the data for all property methods in the simulation.
7 On the Data sheet, choose the component for which you have
data, from the Component list box.
8 Select data type tabular Data, then enter the tabular data
(property versus temperature) for the component.
You must enter the temperature-dependent tabular data in order
of ascending temperature points. Aspen Plus determines the
units for the temperature and the property data from the
Units-Set you specify in the Units list box on the Data Browser
toolbar.
Example of Entering This example assumes that the Units list box on the Data Browser
Vapor Pressure Data for toolbar is referencing a new Units-Set defined with temperature
Component CLP units of C and pressure units of mmHg.
Enter the following tabular data:
Vapor pressure Temperature (C)
(mmHg)
70 0
177 20
390 40
760 59.4
2358 100
8200 160

8-22 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Entering Polynomial To enter polynomial coefficients for a general polynomial model:
Coefficients for the 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
General Polynomial
Model 2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Advanced folder.
3 Click the Tabpoly folder.
4 On the Tabpoly Object Manager, click New to create a new
object.
5 Enter an ID or accept the default ID, and then click OK.
6 On the Specifications sheet, specify the property for which you
are entering polynomial coefficients in the Property list box.
You can enter polynomial coefficients for only one property on

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-23
 each form. Use as many forms as needed to enter your
coefficients.
7 In the For Property Method list box, choose the property
method for which the Tabpoly property is to be used. Specify
All to use the data for all property methods in the simulation.
8 On the Data sheet, choose the component for which you have
coefficients, from the Component list.
9 Select the data type: Polynomial Coefficient, then enter the
general polynomial coefficients for the selected component.
The polynomial model is of the form:
property  2 3 a5 a6 a7
or  = a1 + a2T + a3T + a4T + + 2 + + a8 ln T
ln( property ) T T T
See Tabpoly Properties to determine whether the property you
want to enter uses the normal or logarithmic form.
The coefficients a2 through a8 default to zero. The lower
temperature limit of the correlation (Min. temperature) defaults
to 0 K. The upper temperature limit (Max. temperature)
defaults to 1000 K. When the temperature is outside the limits,
Aspen Plus calculates the property by linear extrapolation.
The Units-Set you specify in the Units list box on the Data
Browser toolbar determines the units for the coefficient values.
If a5, a6, a7, or a8 is non-zero, Aspen Plus assumes absolute
temperature units for all parameters.
Adjusting Reference Aspen Plus can adjust the reference state of the enthalpy, entropy,
States for Tabular and Gibbs free energy data that you entered. To specify this:
Data and Polynomials 1 On the Tabpoly Specifications sheet, deselect the Do Not
Adjust Reference State check box for your Tabular data or your
Polynomial data.
2 Specify the basis (Mole or Mass) for your reference value and
for the data, in the Basis list box.
3 On the Reference Points sheet, select the component for which
you want to adjust the reference state, in the Component list
box.
4 In the Reference Points boxes enter a reference Temperature
and a reference value for Enthalpy, Entropy, or Gibbs free
energy.
5 If you want to enter reference values and have Aspen Plus
generate entropy and Gibbs free energy data from the enthalpy
or heat capacity data that you enter, you must enter reference
values for two of the three properties. The reference values are
at the same temperature.

8-24 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 6 To use the Aspen Plus default reference state, do not enter any
data on the Reference Points sheet. However, you must supply
these parameter values for (or they must be available in the
databanks):
• DHFORM, DGFORM, PLXANT
• DHVLWT (or DHVLDP)
The Aspen Plus thermodynamic reference state is the
component's constituent elements in an ideal gas state at 25°C
and 1 atm.
If a simulation has Then
No chemical reactions You can select the reference states
arbitrarily.
Chemical reactions You must select reference states that
include DHFORM for all components
undergoing reaction.
Equilibrium reactions You must select reference states that
include DGFORM for all components
undergoing reaction.
Adjusting Tabular Aspen Plus adjusts vapor-liquid K-values, Gibbs free energies, and
Data or Polynomials entropies for the effect of pressure using the following
for the Effect of relationships:
Pressure
 Pref 
K (T , P) =   K (T , Pref )

 P 
 Pref 
s (T , P) = s (T , Pref ) − R ln 

 P 
 Pref 
g (T , P) = g (T , Pref ) − RT ln 

 P 
Where:
P ref = Reference pressure (the pressure at which the
data was obtained.)
P = Actual system pressure
T = Temperature
K(T,Pref) = K-value at T and the reference pressure
s(T,Pref) = Entropy at T and the reference pressure
g(T,Pref) = Gibbs free energy at T and the reference
pressure

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-25
 Requesting Pressure To request pressure adjustment:
Adjustment 1 Go to the Reference Points sheet of the Tabpoly form.
2 Choose the component for which you want to specify the
reference pressure, from the Component list box.
3 In the Pressure box, enter the reference pressure.
For K-values, Aspen Plus makes no adjustment for the pressure
effect, unless you supply the reference pressure. You should
always enter a reference pressure, unless the pressure range of the
simulation matches that of the data.
If you use the Aspen Plus thermodynamic reference state for
entropy and Gibbs free energy, an adjustment for the pressure
effect is always performed using Pref = 101325 N/m2. If you do not
use the Aspen Plus reference state, Aspen Plus adjusts for the
pressure effect only if you supply the reference pressure.

Using Property Data Packages

This topic describes the Property Data Packages available in
Aspen Plus.
You can use these data packages to model many important
industrial processes. Theses data packages have been developed
using publicly available literature data. They will be updated as
new data becomes available. For your particular process, you may
need to add or remove components and provide additional
interaction parameters.
• Ammonia-water
• Ethylene
• Flue gas treatment
• Formaldehyde-methanol-water
• Glycol dehydration of natural gas
• Mineral solubilities in water using the Pitzer model
• Gas treating processes using amines: MDEA, DEA, DGA,
AMP and MEA
• Methyl-amine
Using a Data Package To use a data package:
1 From the File menu, click Import.
2 In the Import dialog box, click the Look In Favorites button.
3 From the list of favorite folders, select Data Packages.
4 Select the data package that you want and click Open.

8-26 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Ammonia-Water Data Use this data package for ammonia and water. This data package
Package uses the Electrolyte NRTL model.
This data package is applicable from 5 - 250 C with pressure up to
100 bar.
Ethylene Data Use this data package to model Ethylene processes. This data
Package package uses the SR-POLAR equation of state model because of
its versatility in representing both hydrocarbons and polar
components such as water.
Pure component parameters were evaluated using experimental
data for vapor pressure, liquid heat capacity and liquid density.
Binary parameters were evaluated from experimental VLE and
LLE data.
This data package should provide a very good starting point for
building the Ethylene process model. Simulation results can be
improved by regressing missing binary parameters or updating the
existing parameters with the new ones based on latest experimental
data.
Using Electrolyte Aspen Plus provides special data packages (inserts) for amines
Amines Data systems: MDEA, DEA, MEA, DGA and AMP (2-amino-2-
Packages methyl-1-propanol, C4H11NO-1).
These packages allow you to accurately model amines gas treating
processes.
These inserts use the electrolyte capabilities, but also take into
consideration kinetic reactions of CO2 in the liquid phase. The
reaction kinetics can be used in either the RADFRAC or
RATEFRAC distillation models. This modeling approach is
fundamentally sound and has been validated through industrial
applications. These data packages give more accurate results than
those that do not consider kinetics reactions.
The following table shows the range of applications:
System Insert Name Temperature Amines
Concentration
AMP KEAMP 40-100 C 2.47 to 4.44 molal
MDEA KEMDEA 25 - 120 C Up to 50 weight %
DEA KEDEA Up to 140 C Up to 30 weight %
DGA KEDGA Up to 100 C Up to 65 weight %
MEA KEMEA Up to 120 C Up to 50 weight %
Using an Amines Data To use an amines insert:
Package
1 From the File menu, click Import.
2 In the Import dialog box, click the Look In Favorites button.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-27
 3 From the list of favorite folders, select Data Packages.
4 Select the desired data package and click Open.
5 In the Parameter Values dialog box, enter the component IDs
you are using for the amine, CO2 and H2S by first selecting the
Parameter then clicking the Edit Value button.
Make sure that you use the true component approach on the
Properties Specifications Global sheet or the Block Options
Properties sheet of a unit operation model. This is required for
all the amines data packages that use kinetic reactions.
6 If you are using RADFRAC or RATEFRAC, specify one of the
following Reaction IDs on the Reactions form for the model:
Reaction ID For modeling When using this data package
MDEA-CO2 CO2 absorption KEMDEA
MDEA- CO2/H2S KEMDEA
ACID absorption
MEA-CO2 CO2 absorption KEMEA
MEA-ACID CO2/H2S KEMEA
absorption
DEA-CO2 CO2 absorption KEDEA
DEA-ACID CO2/H2S KEDEA
absorption
Flue Gas Treatment Use this data package to model flue-gas purification process. The
Data Package data package uses the Electrolyte NRTL model.
The apparent components are:
H2O, N2, O2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3, NO, NO2, HCL, HF, HNO3,
HNO2, H2SO4, H2SEO3, HGCL2, HG2CL2, HG, C, SE, SEO2,
HG(OH)2, CASO4*2W, CAF2, CAO, CA(OH)2
The Henry-components are:
CO CO2 SO2 HCL O2 N2 NO HG
Valid temperature range from: 273.15 K to 373.15 K
Formaldehyde- Use this data package to model Formaldehyde-Methanol-Water
Methanol-Water Data system. This system is highly non-ideal because the three
Package components form multiple complexes.
The vapor phase is modeled using the Hayden-O'Connell model.
This model properly accounts for the strong association in the
vapor phase.
The liquid phase is modeled using the UNIFAC model with special
group-group interaction parameters determined from regression of
experimental data. The complexes such as methylene glycol and
hemiformal are formed using the Chemistry reactions.

8-28 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Valid temperature range: 0 to 100 C
Mole fraction of Formaldehyde: 0 - 0.6
Pressure: 0 - 3 bar
Glycol Dehydration Use this data package to model natural gas dehydration processes
Data Package using glycols (Ethylene glycol (EG): C2H6O2, Di-ethylene glycol
(DEG): C4H10O3, or Tri-ethylene glycol (TEG): C6H14O4)
The data package uses the Schwartzentruber-Renon equation-of-
state (SR-POLAR) model.
The components included in this package are:
EG, DEG, TEG, WATER, METHANOL, CO2, N2, H2S,
METHANE, ETHANE, PROPANE, N-BUTANE, N-PENTANE,
N-HEXANE, N-HEPTANE, N-OCTANE, N-NONANE, N-
DECANE, BENZENE, TOLUENE, O-XYLENE, ISO-BUTANE,
ISO-PENTANE, ETHYLENE, PROPYLENE
The experimental data used to develop the data package cover very
wide range of temperatures and pressures.
Pitzer Data Packages There are four data packages for calculating mineral solubilities in
water using the Pitzer electrolyte model:
1 PITZ_1: for prediction of mineral solubilities in water at 25 C.
The system is Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-
H2O.
2 PITZ_2: for prediction of mineral solubilities in water for
systems:
Na-K-Ca-Ba-Cl-H2O and Na-Ca-Cl-SO4-H2O.
The apparent components are:
H2O, NACL, KCL, CACL2, ACL2*4H2O, CACL2*6H2O,
BACL2, ACL2*2H2O
Valid temperature range: up to 200 C
Valid pressure: equilibrium to 1 atmosphere
3 PITZ_3: for Na-K-Ca-Cl-SO4-NO3-H2O system
The apparent components are:
H2O, NA2SO4, NACL, NA2SO4*10H2O, NA2CA(SO4)2,
NA4CA(SO4)3*2H2O, NANO3, K2SO4, KCL,
K2CA(SO4)2*H2O, KNO3, CACL2, CASO4, CACL2,
CACL2*6H2O, CASO4*2H2O, 2(CASO4)**H2O,
CACL2*4H2O,CA(NO3)2, CA(NO3)2*4H2O
Valid temperature range: 0 - 250 C
4 PITZ_4 for H2O- NaCl- Na2SO4- KCl- K2SO4- CaCl2-
CaSO4- MgCl2- MgSO4- CaCl2*6H2O- MgCl2*6H2O-
MgCl2*8H2O- MgCl2*12H2O- KMgCl3*6H2O-

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-29
 Mg2CaCl6*12H2O- Na2SO4*10H2O- MgSO4*6H2O-
MgSO4*7H2O- K2Mg(SO4)2*6H2O
Valid temperature range : -60 to 25 C
Methyl-amine Data Use this data package to model methyl-amines process. This
Package system is highly non-ideal. The components included are:
ammonia, water, methanol, methyl-amine, dimethylamine and
trimethyl-amine.
The property model used for representing VLE data is the SR-
POLAR equation of state. High pressure VLE data for NH3-H2O
and Methanol-Water were used in the regression. This model is
particularly good for high pressure column. The results may be
improved by adding additional binary parameters for the EOS
based on new VLE data.
Pure component parameters were evaluated using liquid Density,
Heat Capacity and Vapor pressure data.
Using Other The following tables show electrolyte data packages that are
Electrolyte Data available in the ELECINS sub-directory.
Packages

Data Packages Using the This table shows electrolyte data packages, available in the
ELECNRTL Property ELECINS sub-directory, that use the ELECNRTL property
Method method:
Filename Electrolyte System
h2ohc.bkp H2O - HCL (as Henry-comps)
ehno3.bkp H2O - HNO3
enaoh.bkp H2O - NAOH
eso4br.bkp H2O - H2SO4 - HBR
ehbr.bkp H2O - HBR
ehi.bkp H2O - HI
eh2so4.bkp H2O - H2SO4
ehclmg.bkp H2O - HCL - MGCL2
enaohs.bkp H2O - NAOH - SO2
eso4cl.bkp H2O - H2SO4 - HCL
ecauts.bkp H2O - NAOH - NACL - NA2SO4 -
NA2SO4.10H2O -NA2SO4.NAOH -
NA2SO4.NAOH.NACL
ekoh.bkp H2O - KOH
ecaust.bkp H2O - NAOH - NACL - NA2SO4
ehcl.bkp H2O - HCL (as solvent)
ehclle.bkp H2O - HCL (as solvent, recommend for LLE)
edea.bkp H2O - DEA - H2S - CO2
ehotde.bkp H2O - DEA - K2CO3 - H2S - CO2

8-30 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Filename Electrolyte System
emea.bkp H2O - MEA - H2S - CO2
ecl2.bkp H2O - CL2 - HCL
enh3co.bkp H2O - NH3 - CO2
enh3so.bkp H2O - NH3 - SO2
esouro.bkp H2O - NH3 - H2S - CO2 - NAOH
edga.bkp H2O - DGA - H2S - CO2
enh3h2.bkp H2O - NH3 - H2S
eamp.bkp H2O - AMP - H2S - CO2
ehotca.bkp H2O - K2CO3 - CO2
enh3hc.bkp H2O - NH3 - HCN
ebrine.bkp H2O - CO2 - H2S - NACL
ebrinx.bkp H2O - CO2 - H2S - NACL (extended Temperature
range)
eclscr.bkp H2O - CL2 - CO2 - HCL - NAOH - NACL -
NA2CO3
ekohx.bkp H2O - KOH (high concentration)
ehf.bkp H2O - HF
ehotcb.bkp H2O - K2CO3 - CO2 - KHCO3
emdea.bkp H2O - MDEA - CO2 - H2S
enh3po.bkp H2O - NH3 - H3PO4 - H2S
esour.bkp H2O - NH3 - H2S - CO2
Data Packages Using the This table shows electrolyte data packages, available in the
SYSOP15M Property ELECINS sub-directory, that use the SYSOP15M property
Method method:
Filename Electrolyte System
brine.bkp H2O - CO2 - H2S - NACL
caust.bkp H2O - NAOH - NACL - NA2SO4
causts.bkp H2O - NAOH - NACL - NA2SO4 -
NA2SO4.10H2O -NA2SO4.NAOH -
NA2SO4.NAOH.NACL
dea.bkp H2O - DEA - H2S - CO2
dga.bkp H2O - DGA - H2S - CO2
h2ohbr.bkp H2O - HBR
h2ohcl.bkp H2O - HCL
h2ohf.bkp H2O - HF
h2ohi.bkp H2O - HI
hotca.bkp H2O - K2CO3 - CO2
hotcb.bkp H2O - K2CO3 - CO2 - KHCO3
hotdea.bkp H2O - DEA - K2CO3 - H2S - CO2
mcl2.bkp H2O - CL2

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Physical Property Parameters and Data • 8-31
 Filename Electrolyte System
mdea.bkp H2O - MDEA - H2S - CO2
mea.bkp H2O - MEA - H2S - CO2
mh2so4.bkp H2O - H2SO4
mhbr.bkp H2O - HBR
mhcl.bkp H2O - HCL
mhcl1.bkp H2O - HCL
mhclmg.bkp H2O - HCL - MGCL2
mhf.bkp H2O - HF
mhf2.bkp H2O - HF (to 100% HF)
mhno3.bkp H2O - HNO3
mnaoh.bkp H2O - NAOH
mnaoh1.bkp H2O - NAOH
mso4br.bkp H2O - H2SO4 - HBR
mso4cl.bkp H2O - H2SO4 - HCL
naohso.bkp H2O - NAOH - SO2
nh3co2.bkp H2O - NH3 - CO2
nh3h2s.bkp H2O - NH3 - H2S
nh3hcn.bkp H2O - HCN
nh3po4.bkp H2O - NH3 - H2S - H3PO4
nh3so2.bkp H2O - NH3 - SO2
sour.bkp H2O - NH3 - H2S - CO2
souroh.bkp H2O - NH3 - H2S - CO2 - NAOH
Data Packages Using the This table shows electrolyte data packages, available in the
SYSOP16 Property ELECINS sub-directory, that use the SYSOP16 property method:
Method
Filename Electrolyte System
pnh3co.bkp H2O - NH3 - CO2
pnh3h2.bkp H2O - NH3
pnh3so.bkp H2O - NH3 - SO2
psour.bkp H2O - NH3 - H2S - CO2

8-32 • Physical Property Parameters and Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 CHAPTER 9

Specifying Streams

Streams connect unit operation blocks in a flowsheet and carry

material and energy flow from one block to another. Streams can
be:
• Feed streams to the flowsheet
• Internal (interconnecting) streams within the flowsheet
• Product streams from the flowsheet
• Pseudo-product streams representing flows internal to a block
Use the Stream forms to enter data for the feed streams and to give
initial estimates for any internal streams that are tear (recycle)
streams.
For help on specifying streams, see one of the following topics:
• Specifying material streams
• Analyzing stream properties interactively
• Specifying stream classes and substreams
• About particle size distributions
• Accessing stream libraries
• Specifying work streams
• Specifying heat streams
• Using pseudoproduct streams
• Using stream reconciliation

Specifying Material Streams

For all material process feed streams, you must specify:
• Flow rate
• Composition
• Thermodynamic condition

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-1

 You can provide initial guesses of these variables for tear (recycle)
streams.
Entering To enter specifications for a stream:
Specifications for 1 Double-click the stream in the flowsheet.
Streams
– or –
From the Data menu, click Streams. In the Streams Object
Manager, select the stream and click Edit.
2 On the Specifications sheet, specify any two of three State
Variables to set the thermodynamic condition of your stream.
For the available options, see.
3 Specify the stream composition using flow rates or flow
fractions or flow concentrations of each component in the
Composition frame. See Entering Stream Composition.
Perform Steps 4 through 6 only if the stream contains solids
substreams.
4 If you want to specify solids substreams, use the Substream
field to display different substreams.
5 Specify temperature, pressure, and composition for each solids
substream. You must specify the same pressure for each
substream.
6 If any components in the stream have component attributes, or
any substreams have particle size distributions, you must
specify values for them. For more information, see Specifying
Component Attribute Values and Specifying Particle Size
Distribution.
Possible Stream This table describes possible stream thermodynamic condition
Thermodynamic specifications:
Condition
Specifications

Phases Free State Specification Stream Properties Calculated by

Water
Vapor only No Temperature, Vapor phase thermodynamic calculations
Pressure
Solid only No Temperature, Solid phase thermodynamic calculations
Pressure
Liquid only No Temperature, Liquid phase thermodynamic calculations
Pressure
Liquid-freewater Yes Temperature, Liquid phase thermodynamic calculations with free
Pressure water considered
Vapor-liquid or No Temperature, TP flash
vapor-liquid-liquid Pressure

9-2 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Phases Free State Specification Stream Properties Calculated by
Water
Vapor-liquid or No Temperature, Molar TV flash
vapor-liquid-liquid Vapor fraction
Vapor-liquid or No Pressure, Molar PV flash
vapor-liquid-liquid Vapor fraction
Vapor-liquid- Yes Temperature, TP flash with free water considered
freewater Pressure
Vapor-liquid- Yes Temperature, Molar TV flash with free water considered
freewater Vapor fraction
Vapor-liquid- Yes Pressure, Molar PV flash with free water considered
freewater Vapor fraction
Aspen Plus calculates unspecified temperature, pressure, or molar
vapor fraction, as well as the stream enthalpy, entropy, and density.

Mass-Balance-Only Calculations
If you are performing a mass-balance-only simulation:
1 Double-click the stream in the flowsheet
2 Ensure the Calculate Stream Properties check box on the
Stream Input Flash Options sheet is clear.
3 Enter values for two of the following: Temperature, Pressure,
and Vapor fraction as State Variables on the Stream Input
Specifications sheet.
Aspen Plus does not calculate stream properties in
mass-balance-only simulations.

Entering Stream Composition

You can specify the stream composition in terms of component
flows, fractions, or concentrations.
For Enter values on this basis
Component flows or fractions † Mole, mass, or standard liquid
volume
Concentrations Mole or mass
† For nonconventional components, you can enter only mass flows and
fractions.
If you specify component fractions, you must specify the total
mole, mass, or standard liquid volume flow. Component fractions
must sum to 1.0 or 100.0.
You can enter both component flows and total flow. Aspen Plus
normalizes the component flows to match the total flow.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-3

 If you specify component concentrations, you must enter a
component ID for the solvent and the total flow. The stream must
be single phase. You can select Vapor-Only or Liquid-Only in the
Valid Phases list on the Stream Input Flash Options sheet, and
temperature and pressure as State Variables on the Stream Input
Specifications sheet. Or you can specify the stream at its bubble
point (Vapor Fraction is 0).
Using Standard If you use the standard liquid volume basis for component flows,
Liquid Volume fractions or total stream flow, you need to enter the standard liquid
volume of a component (VLSTD) on the Properties Parameters
Pure Component Input form, if this parameter is not available in
databanks for your components.
The standard liquid volume flow (Stdvol-Flow) can be very
different from the volumetric flow rate of a stream. The standard
liquid volume is defined at approximately 60ºF and 1 atm. The
difference increases as the conditions diverge from 60ºF and 1 atm.
If the stream is a vapor or has a significant amount of vapor, the
volumetric flow rate of a stream is extremely different from the
standard liquid volume flow. You can enter standard vapor volume
flows as mole-flow. Select the appropriate units.
Standard liquid specifications are converted to mass based on the
standard liquid volume (VLSTD) parameter, which is a constant
for each component. VLSTD can come from a variety of sources
(API Technical Databook or DIPPR databank, for example). This
value may differ from the liquid molar volume calculated by the
property method you specify. Thus, the calculated volumetric flow
rate differ from the specified standard volume flow, even if the
stream is at standard conditions.
To report the Standard Liquid Volume Flow or Standard Liquid
Volume Fraction in the stream report, select the appropriate
options on the Setup | Report Options | Stream sheet. You can
also calculate these Property Sets:
• VLSTDMX (standard liquid volume of a mixture)
• VLSTD (standard liquid volume of a component)
StdVol-Flow and StdVol-Frac are accessible variables that can be
used in design specifications and Calculator blocks.
The Stream | Input | Specifications sheet displays the total of the
component flows, fractions, or concentrations entered for the
stream. Use this value to check your input.
Example for A process feed stream (FEED) contains 2 lbmol/hr of hydrogen
Specifying a Process (H2) and 3 lbmol/hr of methane (CH4), at 100F and 14.7 psia.
Feed Stream Aspen Plus performs a two-phase flash to determine stream
properties and phase conditions.

9-4 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example for A process feed stream contains 5 lbmol/hr of C1, 5 lbmol/hr of C2,
Specifying a Stream and 10 lbmol/hr of H2O. Two partially miscible liquid phases are
with Two Liquid anticipated. The vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium is treated
Phases rigorously. Aspen Plus performs a three-phase flash to determine
phase condition.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-5

 Specifying Particle Size Distribution
To specify the particle size distribution for a solid substream:
1 Double-click the stream in the flowsheet
2 On the Stream Input form, click the Stream PSD sheet.
3 Enter the weight fractions for the particle sizes. The total
should be 1.0.
For more information about particle size distribution in
Aspen Plus, and how to define your own particle size ranges,
see Defining New Substreams.

Specifying Component Attribute

Values
Use the Stream Input Component Attr. sheet to specify values of
component attributes. You must specify values for each attribute
defined on the Components Attr-Comps selection sheet or
Properties Advanced NC-Props PropertyMethods sheet (see Global
Information for Calculations ).
To specify values of component attributes for a stream:
1 On the Stream Input form, click the Component Attr. sheet.
2 Enter values for each attribute listed.

9-6 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example of Specifying On the Stream Input Component Attr. sheet, the elements of the
the GENANAL GENANAL component attribute are specified for the NCPSD
Component Attributes for substream.
a Nonconventional
Substream

On the Properties Advanced NC-Props form, the GENANAL

component attribute is defined as required for the selected
Nonconventional Component Property models.

About Stream Property Analysis

You can calculate and display stream properties interactively as
you create your simulation model. You do not have to complete the
flowsheet definition or input specifications first.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-7

 For example, you can flash a feed stream as soon as you define it,
to check your property model. As you develop a flowsheet model
interactively, you can check the phase behavior of intermediate
streams to help you determine feasible specifications.
Stream Analysis The following table shows the types of stream analysis you can
Types perform:
Type Description
Point Stream properties for the total stream and each of the phases present. Properties
include temperature, pressure, phase fractions, flow rate, heat capacity, density,
and transport properties.
Component Flow Component flow rates for the total stream and each of the phases present. Mole,
mass, and standard volume fractions are available.
Composition Component fractions for the total stream and each of the phases present. Mole,
mass, and standard volume fractions are available. Partial pressure is also
available.
Petroleum Point properties, plus API gravity, specific gravity, Watson K factor, and
kinematic viscosity
Dist-Curve † Petroleum distillation curves (TBP, D86, D160, and vacuum)
Bubble/Dew †† Bubble point temperature and dew point temperature versus pressure curves
PV Curve †† Vapor fraction versus pressure curves at stream temperature
TV Curve †† Vapor fraction versus temperature curves at stream pressure
PT-Envelope †† Pressure-temperature envelope curves For more information, see Generating PT-
Envelopes.
† Plots can be generated from this analysis.
†† These analyses automatically display plots of the curves.
You can also perform stream property analyses using property
tables. The Analysis commands automate many of the steps
required to generate a property table, and define built-in plots
appropriate for the analysis.
Use the Property Table forms when you need flexibility not
provided by the Analysis commands.

Analyzing Stream Properties

To calculate and display stream properties interactively:
1 Make sure your Setup, Components, and Properties
specifications are complete.
2 Make sure the specifications or results for the stream you want
to analyze are complete. Either the Stream Input Specifications
sheet for the stream must be complete or the stream must have
results that were calculated in the current session.
3 Click the stream to select it.

9-8 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 4 On the Tools menu, point to Analysis, then Stream, then
choose the type of calculation you want to perform.
This command will be inactive if the conditions in Steps 1 and
2 are not satisfied.
5 Make any selections and specifications you want in the dialog
box.
If you selected Bubble/Dew or PV curve, you must specify a
pressure range. If you selected TV curve, you must specify a
temperature range.
6 Click Go.
7 Print or view results and plots that appear when calculations
are complete.
8 Close the form and plot when you are sure you are finished
with the results. The results are not saved. You must redo the
calculations if you want to look at them again, once you close
the form.
Example of Generating Stream 1 is a 50-50 mixture of ethane and heptane.
Point Analysis of a
Stream

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-9

 Example of Generating Stream 1 is a 50-50 mixture of ethane and heptane.
PV Curve
Stream Temperature is 270 F.

9-10 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Generating PT-Envelopes
Pressure-temperature (PT) envelopes are generated by following
curves of constant vapor fraction, through the critical point and
back out the complementary branch. These plots are parametric,
consisting of one curve for each vapor fraction and its
complementary branch.
You can generate PT-Envelopes from any property method, except
electrolyte property methods. But PT-Envelopes generated from
activity coefficient-based and other non-equation-of-state property
methods will not pass through the critical point. Instead there will
be separate curves for each vapor fraction and its complementary
branch.
Creating a PT- To create a PT-Envelope from a stream:
Envelope from a 1 Make sure your Setup, Components, and Properties
Stream specifications are complete.
2 Make sure the specifications or results for the stream you want
to analyze are complete. Either the Stream Input Specifications
sheet for the stream must be complete or the stream must have
results that were calculated in the current session.
3 Click the stream to select it.
4 From the Tools menu, point to Analysis, then Stream. This
command will be inactive if the conditions in Steps 1 and 2 are
not satisfied.
5 Choose PT-Envelope.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-11

 6 Select the vapor fraction branches.
The Dew/Bubble point curves correspond to vapor fractions of
0 and 1.0. Additional vapor fractions can be specified. The
complementary vapor fraction is automatically calculated for
each vapor fraction specified.
7 Click Go to create the PT-Envelope table and plot. For more
information on customizing the plot, see chapter 12, Working
with Plots.
8 Close the form and plot when you are sure you are finished
with the results. The results are not saved. You must redo the
calculations if you want to look at them again, once you close
the form. To save the input and the table of results, click the
Save as Form button before closing the PT-Envelope Analysis
form and the a form with the input and results will be saved in
the Property Analysis folder.
Example of Creating a PT For example, a table of values and a plot for a P-T envelope is
Envelope generated for vapor fractions of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 for a
50-50 mixture of ethane and heptane in stream 2.

9-12 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 About Stream Classes
You do not need to specify stream classes if:
• Your simulation does not involve solids
• The only solids are electrolytes salts defined using Chemistry
forms or the Electrolytes Expert System
Stream classes define structures for simulation streams when solids
are present. Solids are:
• Carried in substreams

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-13

 • Characterized as either conventional or nonconventional
components
• May have a particle size distribution (PSD)
A stream class defines a stream structure in terms of:
• Number of substreams
• Type of component carried in each substream (conventional or
nonconventional)
• Whether the substream carries particle size distribution
information
Use this Setup To
StreamClass sheet
Flowsheet Assign a new Stream Class to a flowsheet section,
and define the substreams in a stream class
Streams Assign streams to a stream class, and define the
substreams in a stream class
Use the Stream Input PSD sheet to define the particle size
distribution weight fractions for a substream.

Using Stream Classes

For help on using Stream Classes, see one of the following topics:
• Use predefined stream classes
• Create your own stream classes
• Assign stream classes globally
• Assign stream classes to flowsheet sections
• Assign stream classes to individual streams
Using Predefined These stream classes are predefined in Aspen Plus and should be
Stream Classes sufficient for most applications:
Use this stream class When
CONVEN The simulation does not involve solids, or the
only solids are electrolytes salts.
MIXCISLD Conventional solids are present, but there is no
particle size distribution.
MIXNC Nonconventional solids are present, but there is
no particle size distribution.
MIXCINC Both conventional and nonconventional solids
are present, but there is no particle size
distribution.
MIXCIPSD Conventional solids are present, with a particle
size distribution.

9-14 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Use this stream class When
MIXNCPSD Nonconventional solids are present, with a
particle size distribution.
All unit operation models (except Extract) can handle stream
classes with solid substreams:
These models Require
All except Mixer and ClChng All inlet and outlet streams belonging to
the same stream class
CFuge, Filter, SWash, CCD At least one solids substream
Crusher, Screen, FabFl, At least one solids substream with a
Cyclone, VScrub, ESP, HyCyc particle size distribution
Crystallizer At least one solids substream with a
particle size distribution, if particle sizes
are calculated
Creating or Modifying You need to create or modify a stream class to:
Stream Classes • Add new substreams to a stream class
• Create a stream class with PSD attributes for both CISOLID
and NC type substreams
• Use two or more particle size distribution definitions in a
simulation
The number and types of substreams, together with their attributes,
define a stream class. A stream class can have any number of
substreams but the first substream for each Stream Class must be
of type MIXED.
Each substream:
• Must be assigned a type (MIXED, CISOLID, or NC)
• Can be assigned a particle size distribution (PSD)
You can create a new stream class by listing all its substreams, or
you can modify the substreams in an existing stream class. You
cannot modify a MIXED type substream.
Use the Define StreamClass button on the Flowsheet or Streams
sheet of the Setup StreamClass form, to assign a new stream class
to the structure of a stream by listing its constituent substreams or
to modify the substreams in an existing stream class.
How to Create or Modify To create or modify a substream:
Stream Classes
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, select the Setup Stream
Class form.
3 On the Flowsheet sheet, click the Define StreamClass button.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-15

 4 On the Define StreamClass dialog box, select <new> from the
list in the Stream Class field.
–or–
Use the list in the StreamClass box to select the name of the
Stream Class to be modified.
5 Select the substreams to include in the stream class from the
Available substreams list and use the right arrow button to
move them into the Selected substreams list. The left arrow can
be used to remove substreams from the Selected substream list.
The double arrow can be used to move all of the substreams in
a list at one time.
6 Use the up and down arrow buttons to rearrange the list. Note
that the first substream must be of type MIXED.
7 When finished, on the Define StreamClass dialog box, click
Close.
Specifying a Global You can specify the default stream class globally for all streams in
Stream Class a simulation. You can override the global default for a flowsheet
section or for an individual stream.
The default stream class is the stream class for flowsheet section
GLOBAL. The default stream class is established by the
Application Type you choose when creating a new run. You can
change this default on the Setup Specifications Global sheet.
To specify the default stream class using the Setup Specifications
Global sheet:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Specifications
folder.
3 On the Global sheet, select a stream class in the Stream Class
field.
Specifying Stream When using more than one stream class in a simulation, divide the
Classes for flowsheet into sections and specify a stream class for each section.
Flowsheet Sections
A stream that connects blocks from different sections keeps the
stream class of the section where it originates.
For example, a flowsheet might have an upstream section that
involves solids and a downstream section that does not (after all
solids have been removed). You can assign stream class
MIXCISLD to the upstream section and CONVEN to the
downstream section.
You must use the Mixer and ClChng models to transition between
flowsheet sections that are assigned different stream classes.
To assign a Stream Class to a flowsheet section:

9-16 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
StreamClass form.
3 Click the Flowsheet sheet.
4 Use the list to select the name of the Stream Class associated
with a given flowsheet section.
Specifying Stream You can override the global or section stream class by specifying a
Classes for Individual stream class for one or more individual streams. To do this, use the
Streams StreamClass Streams sheet.
To assign streams to a Stream Class:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, click the
StreamClass form.
3 Click the Streams sheet.
4 Select the streams to include in the stream class from the
Available streams list and use the right arrow button to move
them into the Selected streams list.
Use the left arrow button to remove streams from the stream
class. Use the double arrow button to move all of the streams in
a list at one time.
Streams that are left in the Available streams list will have the
stream class for the flowsheet section (from the Flowsheet
sheet).

Defining New Substreams

You need to define a new substream if:
• A simulation has more than one CISOLID or NC substream.
• You want to add a new PSD definition to a substream.
To create a new substream:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, select the Substreams
folder.
3 On the Substreams sheet, enter a new substream name in the
Substream field.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-17

 4 In the Type field, select a substream type.
Use this type For
MIXED Conventional components that reach
vapor-liquid-solid phase equilibrium
CISOLID Conventional components that appear in the solid
(conventional inert phase but do not participate in phase equilibrium
solids)
NC Nonconventional components
(nonconventional)
5 If the substream type is CISOLID or NC, select a PSD in the
Attribute field if desired.
6 Assign the substream to one or more stream classes. For more
information, see Creating or Modifying Stream Classes.

About Particle Size Distributions

In Aspen Plus, particle size distribution is represented by the
weight fractions per particle size interval, given the number of
intervals and the size range for each interval.
The built-in Aspen Plus particle size distribution has 10 predefined
size intervals. You can modify the built-in particle size distribution
by changing the number of intervals or the size ranges for the
intervals.
In some simulations you may want to have two or more particle
size distribution definitions, with different size ranges. This is
useful if different sections of your flowsheet have very different
particle sizes.
For help on particle size distributions, see one of these topics:
• Specifying particle size distribution
• Changing particle size distribution intervals
• Creating new particle size distributions
Use the Setup Substreams form to create particle size distribution
for a substream. You can specify the number of discrete intervals
into which the particle size distribution is to be divided, and to
specify the upper and lower size limits for each interval.
Changing Particle To specify the number of intervals for the particle size distribution:
Size Distribution 1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
Intervals
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Substreams folder.

9-18 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 In the Substreams Object Manager on the PSD sheet, select the
name of the attribute set you want to modify and click Edit.
4 Type the number of intervals for the particle size distribution.
You can also select the size units.
5 Type the limits for the particle size in all of the intervals.
The Lower limit is automatically updated with the value of the
Upper limit for the previous interval and vice versa.

Creating New Particle You can create one or more new particle size distribution
Size Distributions attributes, in addition to the built-in PSD:
1 From the Data menu, click Setup.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, select the Substreams
folder.
3 In the Substreams Object Manager, on the PSD sheet, click
New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter a PSD ID or accept the
default ID.
5 On the PSD sheet, in the Interval Number column, enter the
number of discrete intervals in the particle size distribution.
You can also select the size units.
6 In the Lower Limit column, specify the lower size limit for
each interval.
Aspen Plus fills in the corresponding upper limit value
automatically.
7 In the Upper Limit column, specify the upper size limit for the
last interval.
8 You must assign the new PSD attribute to a substream class, on
the Setup Substreams Substreams sheet.
For more information on defining a new substream, see Defining
New Substreams and Creating or Modifying Stream Classes.

Specifying Heat Streams

In Aspen Plus, material and energy balance reports consider only
energy flows represented by streams. Any duty or power not
represented by a heat or work stream appears on the report as an
imbalance.
Any model that Can have
Calculates heat duty Outlet heat streams
Allows duty input Inlet heat streams
specifications

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-19

 You can use an inlet heat stream to supply a heat duty specification
to a unit operation block:
To display the Specifications sheet for the heat stream:
1 Double-click the stream in the flowsheet to select it.
2 On the Specifications sheet, specify the heat duty.
If the heat duty is Then heat is
Positive Supplied to the block
Negative Removed from the block
3 In the destination block of the heat stream, leave the
corresponding duty field blank. If you specify both an inlet
heat stream and the heat duty in the destination block, the block
specification is used.
4 Optionally, you can specifying the starting and ending
temperatures corresponding to the source of the heat, for use in
heat transfer calculations and load streams.
Working with Load Load streams are heat streams which have a temperature and duty
Streams profile associated with them. The presence of a temperature profile
ensures that infeasible heat transfer (from the cold to the hot
streams) does not occur. Heat transfer from a load stream to a
material stream or to other load streams can be modeled using the
MHeatX unit operation model.
A load stream can be used to encapsulate the temperature and duty
information of a material stream as it passes through one or more
unit operation models losing or gaining heat as it moves from inlet
to outlet.
To understand the physical significance of a load stream, consider
a material stream with temperature Tin which passes through a
series of Heater blocks H1, H2, H3, and H4. Suppose the stream
loases a duty of Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 in these blocks and emerges
with temperatures T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. The
representative load stream vector will then contain the following:
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 Tin
Q2 + Q3 + Q4 T1
}H1
Q3 + Q4 T2
}H2
Q4 T3
}H3
0 T4
}H4
Note that since the corresponding material stream is losing heat,
Tin > T1 > T2> T3 > T4, and Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 are positive.
This load stream can be used on the hot side of an MHeatX block.

9-20 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 If the material stream was gaining heat, then the opposite would be
true:
Tin < T1 < T2 < T3 < T4, and Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 are negative.
This load stream can be used on the cold side of an MHeatX block.
A load stream coming out of a unit operation block encapulates the
Temperature and Duty information of a stream as it moves from
inlet to outlet. The number of points in the outlet load stream
vector can be specified on the Setup Stream Class Load Streams
sheet. Also use this sheet to specify which heat streams are load
streams.
The following blocks are capable of computing outlet load
streams: MHeatX, RadFrac, MultiFrac, Heater, Flash2, Flash3, and
Qtvec. For RadFrac and MultiFrac, it is possible to have a load
stream for each stage or a cumulative load stream for a specified
number of stages.
If load streams are used as inlets to blocks other than MHeatX or
Qtvec, or as outlets of blocks that do not support load streams, they
will be treated as simple heat streams.
The load stream manipulator Qtvec can be used to combine
multiple heat streams into a load stream or to manipulate the
temperature profile of a load stream.

Specifying Work Streams

In Aspen Plus, material and energy balance reports consider only
energy flows represented by streams. Any duty or power not
represented by a heat or work stream appears on the report as an
imbalance.
Any model that Can have
Allows power input specifications Inlet work streams
Calculates power requirements Outlet work streams
To use an inlet work stream to supply a power specification to a
pump or compressor block:
1 Double-click the stream in the flowsheet to select it.
2 On the Specifications sheet, specify the power.
If the power is Then work is
Negative Supplied to a block
Positive Removed from a block
3 In the destination block of the work stream, leave the
corresponding power field blank. If you specify both an inlet

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-21

 work stream and the power in the destination block, the block
specification is used.
Example of a Heat Stream QREB supplies 1 MMBtu/hr of external heat duty to a
Stream to the Reboiler of RADFRAC block.
a Column

Using PseudoProduct Streams

You can define pseudoproduct streams to represent column
internal flows, compositions, and thermodynamic conditions for
these unit operations models:
• PetroFrac
• RadFrac

9-22 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • MultiFrac
• RateFrac
• Extract
• CCD
You can use pseudoproduct streams to represent interconnecting
streams in:
• PetroFrac
• MultiFrac
• RateFrac
The stream report includes pseudoproduct streams. Mass balance
calculations for the block do not include the flow rates associated
with pseudo-streams. The presence of pseudo-streams does not
affect block results.
Pseudoproduct streams from one block may be an inlet to another
block. Using a pseudo-stream as a block inlet results in an
imbalance in the overall flowsheet material and energy balance
report.
To define a pseudoproduct stream:
1 When creating the stream select a port labeled Pseudo Streams.
2 For each block that is connected to a pseudostream, complete
the PseudoStream sheet(s) when specifying the block.

About Stream Libraries

Stream libraries store information about the composition and
condition of material streams. If a stream is defined in a library,
you can retrieve information from the library instead of entering
data on the Streams forms. You must specify the stream library in
the Run Settings dialog box before you run the simulation.
Use stream libraries to:
• Retrieve feed streams used frequently
• Transfer stream information from a previous simulation
• Initialize tear streams
A stream library can contain multiple cases. Each case usually
represents the results of a previous simulation. When you retrieve
results from a stream library, you specify the:
• Case(s) from which to retrieve results
• Streams in the current run that the stream library will fill in
• Substreams and components to be retrieved

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-23

 • Component name translation, when the component IDs in the
simulation are different from those in the library
Accessing Stream To specify that a run retrieves information about stream
Libraries composition and conditions from a stream library:
1 From the Data menu, point to Flowsheeting Options, then
Stream Library.
2 On the Specifications sheet, specify the case for the streams
you want to retrieve.
3 If you are retrieving information for a single stream, enter the
name of the stream from the library in the Stream Name in
Library box.
4 If you specified the Stream Name in Library in Step 3, use the
Include Stream option and enter the name of the stream in the
current simulation. Otherwise select one of these options in the
Streams field:
Option To retrieve all streams with
matching
All Streams Stream ID
Include Streams ID from a list you specify
5 In the Substreams and Components fields, specify the
substreams and components you want to retrieve from the
streams library.
– or –
Retrieve all substreams and components by leaving the fields
blank.
6 In the State Variables field, specify the stream state variables
that you want to retrieve from the stream library.
7 In the Component Mapping for Current Case section of the
form, specify the mapping between the component ID in the
current simulation and the component ID in the stream library.
In the column on the left, enter the component ID from the
current simulation. In the column on the right, enter the
corresponding component IDs in the stream library.
– or –
On the Defaults sheet, define a default component mapping.
Aspen Plus uses this mapping as the default for all cases.
8 Repeat Steps 2 through 8 for each case.

Using Stream Reconciliation

You can use stream reconciliation to copy stream results for tear
streams onto the input forms for those streams. This allows them to

9-24 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 be used as initial estimates for future runs, reducing convergence
time for recycle loops if conditions are similar.
Streams that have not been reconciled will have Unreconciled in
their status at the bottom of the data browser window. There is
nothing wrong with a stream being unreconciled. Only tear streams
should be reconciled to improve convergence time.
The easiest way to identify the tear streams is to look at the
beginning of the control panel output. There will be messages
indicating the convergence blocks defined in the problem. Tear
streams are converged by default using the WEGSTEIN method.
There will be a message similar to the following (in this example,
indicating stream 3 is a tear stream:
Block $OLVER02 (Method: WEGSTEIN) has been defined
to converge
streams: 3
The reconciled data stays the same even if there are changes in the
initial conditions (feed streams and block inputs). If the initial
conditions are going to be varied drastically, the reconciled stream
data can cause convergence problems.
There are a number of ways to reconcile variables:
• From the Aspen Plus Run menu, you can select Reconcile All
or Reconcile All Streams to reconcile all variables or all
stream variables.
• You can right-click on a block or stream on the flowsheet and
select Reconcile to reconcile its variables.
• You can right-click on the Streams folder in the Data Browser
and select Reconcile to reconcile all streams in a simulation or
in a hierarchy level.
When you reconcile stream variables, the Copy stream results to
input specifications dialog box appears. This dialog box allows
you to control which variables are reconciled. You can choose to
reconcile only those variables which already have input
specifications, or you can choose which variables (two state
variables and some form of composition variables) should be
reconciled. If you are not just reconciling a single stream, you can
also choose whether to reconcile only tear streams or only streams
which already have input specifications.
Note that you must run a simulation before reconciling streams. It
is not possible to reconcile streams immediately after opening a
backup file containing results.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Streams • 9-25

 Reconciling Streams There are some limitations for reconciling streams containing
with Assay Data assay data.
In streams with no user-specified data, if pseudocomponents have
not been generated for each assay, reconciliation may not be
accurate because the flow of the assay cannot be reconciled into
the stream. In this case, Aspen Plus will provide a warning and
allow reconciliation to be canceled.
In streams with user-specified flows for assays with defined
pseudocomponents, you must clear the input data from the stream
before reconciling it. If you did not do so, you would end up with
both the assay flow and the flows of the individual
pseudocomponents in the stream.
In all other cases, stream data (including assays) can be reconciled.

9-26 • Specifying Streams Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 10

Unit Operation Models

The unit operation models are used to represent actual pieces of

equipment, such as distillation columns or heat exchangers,
commonly found in processing plants. To run a flowsheet
simulation you must specify at least one unit operation model.
You choose unit operation models for flowsheet blocks when you
define your simulation flowsheet.
Aspen Plus has a wide range of unit operation models to choose
from. See one of the following topics for more information:
• Select the right unit operation model
• Enter model specifications
• Override global specifications at the block level
• Request heating/cooling curve calculations

Choosing the Right Unit Operation

Model
Select appropriate unit operation models from the following table:
Type Model Description
Mixers/Splitters Mixer Stream mixer
FSplit Stream splitter
SSplit Substream splitter
Separators Flash2 Two-outlet flash
Flash3 Three-outlet flash
Decanter Liquid-liquid decanter
Sep Multi outlet component separator
Sep2 Two-outlet component separator

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-1

Type Model Description
Heat Exchangers Heater Heater/cooler
HeatX Two-stream heat exchanger
MheatX Multistream heat exchanger
HxFlux Heat transfer between a heat source and a heat sink
Hetran Interface to Aspen Hetran shell & tube heat exchanger
program
Aerotran Interface to Aspen Aerotran air cooled heat exchanger
program
HTRI-Xist Interface to the Xist program
Columns DSTWU Shortcut distillation design
Distl Shortcut distillation rating
RadFrac Rigorous distillation
Extract Rigorous liquid-liquid extractor
MultiFrac Rigorous distillation for complex columns
SCFrac Shortcut distillation for petroleum
PetroFrac Rigorous distillation for petroleum
RateFrac Rate-based distillation
BatchFrac Rigorous batch distillation
Reactors RStoic Stoichiometric reactor
RYield Yield reactor
REquil Equilibrium reactor
RGibbs Equilibrium reactor
RCSTR Continuous-stirred tank reactor
RPlug Plug flow reactor
RBatch Batch reactor
Pressure Changers Pump Pump/hydraulic turbine
Compr Compressor/turbine
MCompr Multistage compressor/turbine
Pipeline Multi segment pipeline pressure drop
Pipe Single segment pipeline pressure drop
Valve Rigorous valve pressure drop
Manipulators Mult Stream multiplier
Dupl Stream duplicator
ClChng Stream class changer
Analyzer Stream calculator
Feedbl Stream calculator
Selector Stream selector
Measurement Plant to model connector

10-2 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Type Model Description
Solids Crystallizer Mixed suspension mixed product removal crystallizer
Crusher Solids crusher
Screen Solids separator
FabFl Fabric filter
Cyclone Cyclone separator
VScrub Venturi scrubber
ESP Electrostatic precipitator
HyCyc Hydrocyclone
CFuge Centrifuge filter
Filter Rotary vacuum filter
SWash Single-stage solids washer
CCD Counter-current decanter
User models User, User2 User-supplied Fortran unit operation models
User3 Accesses subroutines (such as R3HTUA, supplied with Aspen
Plus) and Aspen EO
Excel Spreadsheets Excel spreadsheets interfaced through User2
ACM flowsheets Flowsheet exported from ACM or AD
CAPE-OPEN unit COM unit operations developed on VB or C++
operation
Hierarchy Hierarchical structure
RateFrac, BatchFrac, Hetran, Aerotran, and TASC require a
separate license and can be used only by customers who have
purchased the right to use them through specific license
agreements with Aspen Technology, Inc. TASC can be accessed
through an interface in the HeatX block.

Mixers and Splitters

This topic describes the models that can be used to mix or split
flowsheet streams.
The Mixer unit operation model combines streams. FSplit and
SSplit combine feed streams and then split the resulting stream,
based on your specifications.
Mixer Mixer combines material streams (or heat streams or work
streams) into one outlet stream. If material streams are mixed, you
can use an optional water decant stream to decant free water from
the outlet. You can specify an outlet pressure or pressure drop for
material streams. The mixer model determines the combined outlet
stream temperature and phase condition by performing an adiabatic
phase equilibrium flash calculation on the composite feed streams.
Mixer can be used to model mixing tees, or other types of stream
mixing operations.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-3

 FSplit FSplit combines material streams (or heat streams or work
streams) and divides the resulting stream into two or more outlet
streams. All outlets have the same composition and properties.
Use FSplit to model flow splitters and purges or vents. You must
provide specifications for all but one outlet stream. FSplit
calculates the flowrate of the unspecified stream.
SSplit SSplit combines material streams and divides the resulting stream
into two or more outlet streams. SSplit allows specification of
streams with various substreams.
You must specify the splits of each substream, for all but one
outlet stream. SSplit calculates the flowrate of each substream in
the unspecified outlet stream. For more information about
substreams, see Defining New Substreams.
For example, you can use SSplit to perfectly separate a stream
containing both liquid and solid phases into two streams each
containing only one pure phase. You can also use SSplit to model
other solid stream splitters, bleed valves, purges or vents.

Separators
The Separator Blocks, Sep and Sep2, combine feed streams and
then split the resulting stream, based on your specifications. When
the details of the separation are unknown or unimportant, you can
use Sep and Sep2 instead of rigorous separation models (such as
distillation or absorption models) to save computational time.
The flash models, Flash2 and Flash3, determine the thermal and
phase conditions of a mixture with one or more inlet streams. You
can generate heating or cooling curve tables for these models.
The flash models represent single stage separators such as knock-
out drums. They perform a phase equilibrium flash calculation
based on your specifications. Adiabatic, isothermal and isobaric
flashes, and dew or bubble points, are among the calculations these
models perform.
In general, to fix the thermodynamic condition of inlet streams,
you must specify a combination of any two of:
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Heat duty
• Molar vapor fraction

10-4 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 This table shows you what to set the molar vapor fraction as:
To Determine Set the Molar Vapor Fraction
The dew point of a mixture 1
The bubble point of a mixture 0
The combination of heat duty and molar vapor fraction is not
allowed in the flash models.
Flash2 Flash2 performs rigorous 2 (vapor-liquid) or 3
(vapor-liquid-liquid) phase equilibrium calculations. Flash2
produces one vapor outlet stream, one liquid outlet stream, and an
optional water decant stream.
You can use Flash2 to model flashes, evaporators, knock-out
drums, and any other single-stage separators, with sufficient vapor
disengagement space. Optionally, you can specify a percentage of
the liquid phase to be entrained in the vapor stream.
Flash3 Flash3 performs rigorous 3 phase vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium
calculations, to produce one vapor outlet stream and two liquid
outlet streams.
You can use Flash3 to model any single-stage separator with
sufficient vapor-liquid disengagement space as well as two liquid
phase settling space. You can specify entrainment of each liquid
phase in the vapor stream.
The vapor outlet stream can have a flow rate of zero for a decanter
with no vapor-liquid disengagement. If you do not know whether
there is a vapor phase, use the Flash3 model instead of the
Decanter model.
Decanter Decanter models knock-out drums, decanters, and other
single-stage separators with sufficient residence time for separation
of two liquid phases but without a vapor phase.
Decanter determines the thermal and phase conditions of a mixture
with one or more inlet streams, at the specified temperature or heat
duty.
Decanter can calculate liquid-liquid distribution coefficients from:
• Physical property method
• User supplied distribution correlation
• User supplied Fortran subroutine
For information about writing Fortran subroutines, see Aspen Plus
User Models.
Since the Decanter model assumes implicitly that there is no vapor
phase formation, use Flash3 if you suspect any vapor phase
formation.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-5

 Sep Sep combines inlet streams and separates the resulting stream into
two or more streams, according to splits you specify for each
component. You can specify the splits for each component in each
substream.
You can use the Sep model to represent component separation
operations such as a distillation column when fractionation
achieved or desired by the column is known but the details of the
column energy balance are unknown or unimportant.
Sep2 Sep2 combines inlet streams and separates the resulting stream into
two outlet streams. Sep2 is similar to Sep, but offers a wider
variety of specifications, such as component purity or recovery.
These specifications make it even easier to represent component
separation operations such as a distillation column when
fractionation achieved or desired by the column is known but the
details of the separation are unknown or unimportant.

Heat Exchangers
All heat exchangers determine the thermal and phase conditions of
a mixture with one or more inlet streams. The heat exchanger
models simulate the performance of heaters or two or multi stream
heat exchangers. You can generate heating or cooling curve tables
for all models described in this topic.
Heater Heater performs these types of single phase or multiphase
calculations:
• Bubble or dew point calculations
• Add or remove any amount of user specified heat duty
• Match degrees of superheating or subcooling
• Determine heating or cooling duty required to achieve a certain
vapor fraction
Heater produces one outlet stream, with an optional water decant
stream. The heat duty specification may be provided by a heat
stream from another block.
You can use Heater to model:
• Heaters or coolers (one side of a heat exchanger)
• Valves when you know the pressure drop
• Pumps and compressors whenever you do not need
work-related results
You can also use Heater to set or change the thermodynamic
condition of a stream.

10-6 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 HeatX HeatX can perform four types of calculations:
• Shortcut design or simulation
• Detailed rating or simulation for most types of two-stream heat
exchangers
• Hetran/TASC-rigorous design, rating, or simulation by
interfacing with either the Aspen Hetran program or the HTFS
TASC program
• Aerotran-rigorous design, rating , or simulation by interfacing
with the Aspen Aerotran program
The main difference among the four calculation methods is the
procedure for the calculation of the overall heat transfer
coefficient.
The shortcut method always uses a user specified (or default)
value for the overall heat transfer coefficient.
The detailed method uses rigorous heat transfer correlations for
film coefficients and combines the resistances due to shell and tube
side films with the wall resistance to calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient. You need to know the geometry to use the
detailed method.
The Hetran/TASC rigorous method uses either the Aspen Hetran
or the HTFS TASC model for film coefficients and combines the
resistances due to shell and tube side films with the wall resistance
to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient. You need to
specify the name of the input file, either an Aspen Hetran file
(*.bjt) or an HTFS TASC file (*.tai), and the file type will
determine which model is used.
The Hetran-rigorous method uses the Aspen Hetran model for
film coefficients and combines the resistances due to shell and tube
side films with the wall resistance, to calculate the overall heat
transfer coefficient. You need to specify the name of the Aspen
Hetran input file.
The Aerotran-rigorous method uses the Aspen Aerotran model
for film coefficients and combines the resistances due to tube side
and outside tube films with the wall resistance, to calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient. You need to specify the name of
the Aspen Aerotran input fil.
You must specify the hot and cold inlet streams and one of these
performance specifications for your heat exchanger:
• Outlet temperature or temperature change of the hot or cold
stream
• Molar vapor fraction of the hot or cold stream

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-7

 • Degree of superheating (subcooling) of cold (hot) stream
• Heat exchanger duty
• Surface heat transfer area
• UA as an optional if heat transfer area is missing
• Temperature approach at the hot or cold stream outlet
Hetran-rigorous Method for HeatX
Aerotran-rigorous Method for HeatX
Shortcut Method for For the shortcut method you may specify a pressure drop for each
HeatX side of the heat exchanger. The HeatX model determines the outlet
stream conditions based on heat and material balances and uses a
constant value for the heat transfer coefficient to estimate the
surface area requirement. You may also provide phase specific
heat transfer coefficients.
Detailed Method for HeatX can also perform detailed rating calculations by modeling a
HeatX wide variety of shell and tube heat exchanger types rigorously,
including:
• Countercurrent and co-current
• Segmental baffle TEMA E, F, G, H, J, and X shells
• Rod baffle TEMA E and F shells
• Bare and low-finned tubes
HeatX can perform a full zone analysis with heat transfer and
pressure drop estimation for single and two-phase streams. For
rigorous heat transfer and pressure drop calculations, you must
supply the exchanger geometry.
HeatX has correlations to estimate sensible heat, nucleate boiling,
and condensation film coefficients.
HeatX cannot:
• Perform design calculations (use shortcut or Hetran-rigorous
method)
• Perform mechanical vibration analysis
• Estimate fouling factors
Hetran/TASC-Rigorous HeatX can also perform detailed design, rating, or simulation
Method for HeatX calculations by using an Aspen Hetran model, which has more
variety of shell and tube heat exchanger types than the detailed
method, including:
• TEMA E, F, G, H, J, K, X, and V shells
• Bare, low-finned, and high performance tubes
• Segmental, full-support, no tubes in window, rod and strip
baffle

10-8 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 HeatX can:
• Perform design, rating, or simulation calculations
• Perform mechanical vibration and Rhov2 analysis
• Estimate maximum fouling
• Display setting plan and tubesheet layout drawing
To use the Hetran-rigorous method:
1 Specify Hetran-rigorous as the calculation method.
2 Specify the name of the B-JAC input file for that exchanger.
3 Specify optional parameters on the Hetran/Aerotran/TASC
Options form.
Informaiton related to the heat exchanger configuration and
geometry are entered through the Hetran/Aerotran Browser
form. The exchanger specification is then saved in the Hetran input
file format.
HeatX can also perform detailed calculations by using the HTFS
TASC model, which includes a variety of shell and tube types.
Heat exchanger types include:
• TEMA E, F, G, H, I/J, K, X shells, and double pipe and hairpin
multi-tube exchangers
• Bare, low-finned, and longitudinal-finned tubes
• Single and double segmental baffles, rod baffles, and unbaffled
exchangers
• HeatX will perform the required calculations (all combinations
of single phase, boiling or condensing heat transfer, with
associated pressure drop calculations), returning key
calculation results to be viewed within Aspen Plus. For more
detailed views of results and access to utilities such as the
setting plan, the standalone version of TASC must be used.
To use TASC-Rigorous:
1 Specify Rigorous as the calculation method.
2 Specify the name of the HTFS TASC input file (*.tai) for that
exchanger.
3 Specify optional parameters on the Hetran/Aerotran/TASC
Options form.
Information related to the heat exchanger configuration and
geometry must be entered using the standalone version of TASC.
Aerotran-Rigorous HeatX can also perform detailed design, rating, or simulation
Method for HeatX calculations by using an Aspen Aerotran model, which has more
variety of cross flow heat exchanger types than the detailed
method, including:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-9

 • Air-cooled heat exchangers
• Hot gas heat recuperators
• Fired heater convection sections
• Gas-cooled heat exchangers
HeatX can:
• Perform design, rating, or simulation calculations
• Estimate maximum fouling
• Display setting plan and tubesheet layout drawing
To use the Aerotran-rigorous method:
1 Specify Hetran-rigorous as the calculation method.
2 Specify the name of the B-JAC input file for that exchanger.
3 Specify optional parameters on the Hetran/Aerotran/TASC
Options form.
Informaiton related to the heat exchanger configuration and
geometry are entered through the Hetran/Aerotran Browser
form. The exchanger specification is then saved in the Aerotran
input file format.
Example of Specification Use the detailed calculation type to rate the performance of
for a Shell and Tube Heat countercurrent shell and tube heat exchanger, where the hot fluid is
Exchanger on the shell side.

Specify the shell TEMA type, diameter, and orientation.

10-10 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Specify tube side data.

Specify baffle type, spacing and dimensions:.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-11

 Specify the shell and tube side nozzle diameters:

MHeatX MHeatX represents heat transfer between multiple hot and cold
streams, as in an LNG exchanger. It can also model two-stream
heat exchangers. You can decant free water from any outlet stream.
An MHeatX block is divided into multiple heaters connected by
heat streams. This configuration usually leads to faster flowsheet
convergence.
MHeatX does not use or calculate heat transfer coefficients, but it
can calculate the overall UA for the exchanger and perform a
detailed zone analysis.
HxFlux HxFlux is used to perform heat transfer calculations between a heat
sink and a heat source, using convective heat transfer. The driving

10-12 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 force for the convective heat transfer is calculated as a function of
log-mean temperature difference or LMTD.
You can specify variables among the inlet and outlet stream
temperatures, duty, heat transfer coefficient, and heat transfer area.
HxFlux calculates the unknown variable and determines the log
mean temperature differences, using either the rigorous or the
approximate method.
Hetran Hetran is the interface to the Aspen Hetran program for designing,
rating, and simulating shell and tube heat exchangers. Use Hetran
to rate or simulate shell and tube heat exchangers with a wide
variety of configurations.
To use Hetran:
1 Place the block in the flowsheet.
2 Connect inlet and outlet streams.
3 Specify the name of the B-JAC input file for that exchanger
and a few optional parameters.
Information related to the heat exchanger configuration and
geometry are entered through the Hetran Browser form. The
exchanger specification is then saved in the Hetran input file
format.
You do not have to enter information about the exchanger's
physical characteristics for the blocks or through input language.
That information is retrieved from the B-JAC input file that you
specify.
Aerotran Aerotran is the interface to the Aspen Aerotran program for
designing and simulating air-cooled heat exchangers.
Aerotran can be used to simulate air-cooled heat exchangers with a
wide variety of configurations. It can also be used to model
economizers and the convection section of fired heaters.
To use Aerotran:
1 Place the block in the flowsheet.
2 Connect the inlet and outlet streams.
3 Specify the name of the B-JAC input file for that exchanger
and a few optional parameters.
Information related to the air cooler configuration and geometry
are entered through the Aerotran Browser form. The air cooler
specification is saved in the Aerotran input file format. You do not
have to enter information about the air cooler's physical
characteristics. That information is retrieved from the B-JAC input
file that you specify.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-13

 HTRI-Xist HTRI-Xist is the interface to the Xist program from the Heat
Transfer Research Institute (HTRI) for designing and simulating
shell and tube heat exchangers. Use HTRI-Xist to simulate shell
and tube heat exchangers with a wide variety of configurations.
To use HTRI-Xist:
1 Place the block in the flowsheet.
2 Connect inlet and outlet streams.
3 Specify the name of the Xist input file for that exchanger and a
few optional parameters.
Information related to the heat exchanger configuration and
geometry are entered through the Xist program interface. The
exchanger specification is then saved in the Xist input file format.
You do not have to enter information about the exchanger's
physical characteristics for the blocks or through input language.
That information is retrieved from the Xist input file that you
specify.

Columns
The models for shortcut distillation are DSTWU, Distl, and
SCFrac.
DSTWU and Distl:
• Are for single columns
• Can perform free-water calculations in the condenser
• Allow you to use water decant streams to decant free water
from the condenser
SCFrac performs shortcut distillation calculations for petroleum
refining units, such as crude units and vacuum towers.
Aspen Plus provides four rigorous multistage separation models:
Model Purpose
RadFrac General vapor-liquid multistage separation
MultiFrac General systems of interlinked multistage
distillation units
PetroFrac Petroleum refining fractionation units
RateFrac Rate-based non-equilibrium separation
Extract is a rigorous model for simulating liquid-liquid extractors.
It is appropriate only for rating calculations.
DSTWU DSTWU performs a Winn-Underwood-Gilliland shortcut design
calculation for a single-feed, two-product distillation column, with
a partial or total condenser. For the specified recovery of the light

10-14 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 and heavy key components, DSTWU estimates the minimum for
either:
• Reflux ratio
• Number of theoretical stages
DSTWU estimates one of the following requirements:
• Reflux ratio given the number of theoretical stages
• Number of theoretical stages given the reflux ratio
DSTWU also estimates:
• Optimum feed stage location
• Condenser and reboiler duties
DSTWU can produce tables and plots of reflux ratio versus
number of stages.
Distl Distl is a shortcut multicomponent distillation rating model. This
model uses the Edmister approach to separate an inlet stream into
two products. You must specify:
• Number of theoretical stages
• Reflux ratio
• Overhead product rate
Distl estimates the condenser and reboiler duties. You can specify
a partial or a total condenser.
SCFrac SCFrac models petroleum refining towers, such as crude units and
vacuum towers. SCFrac performs shortcut distillation calculations
for columns with a single feed, one optional stripping steam
stream, and any number of products.
SCFrac models an n-product refining tower with n–1 sections.
Based on your product specifications and fractionation indices,
SCFrac estimates:
• Product composition and flows
• Number of stages per section
• Heating or cooling duty for each section
SCFrac does not handle solids.
RadFrac RadFrac is a rigorous model for simulating all types of multistage
vapor-liquid fractionation operations. In addition to ordinary
distillation, it can simulate:
• Absorption
• Reboiled absorption
• Stripping
• Reboiled stripping

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-15

 • Extractive and azeotropic distillation
RadFrac is suitable for:
• Three-phase systems
• Narrow-boiling and wide-boiling systems
• Systems exhibiting strong liquid phase nonideality
RadFrac can detect and handle a free-water phase or other second
liquid phase anywhere in the column. You can decant free water
from the condenser.
RadFrac can handle solids on every stage.
RadFrac can model columns where chemical reactions are
occurring. Reactions can have fixed conversions, or they can be:
• Equilibrium
• Rate-controlled
• Electrolytic
RadFrac can model columns where two liquid phases exist and
different chemical reactions occur in the two liquid phases.
RadFrac can also model salt precipitation.
RadFrac can operate in rating mode or design mode.
Rating Mode In rating mode RadFrac calculates:
• Temperature
• Flow rate
• Mole fraction profiles
These profiles are based on specified column parameters, such as
reflux ratio, product rates, and heat duties.
All rating mode flow specifications can be in mole, mass, or
standard liquid volume units.
You can specify component or stage efficiencies.
RadFrac accepts both Murphree and vaporization efficiencies. You
can manipulate Murphree efficiencies to match plant performance.
Design Mode In design mode, you can specify temperatures, flow rates, purities,
recoveries, or stream properties anywhere in the column. Examples
of stream properties are volume flow and viscosity. You can
specify all flow, flow ratio, composition, and recovery
specifications in mole, mass, or standard liquid volume units.
RadFrac has extensive capabilities for sizing and rating trays and
packings. You can choose from several common tray types, and
random and structured packings.

10-16 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example of Specifying a The following example shows the specifications for a reactive 3-
Reactive 3-phase phase distillation column without a bottoms product and a reflux
Distillation Column ratio of 45. The column has 18 equilibrium stages and a total
condenser and a kettle reboiler.

All stages from the condenser (stage 1) through stage 18 are

checked for presence of an aqueous second liquid phase.

A liquid decanter is specified on equilibrium stage 10 which

returns 30% of total liquid flow.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-17

 The reactions occur only in the reboiler. The reaction rate and
stoichiometry are referenced from a Reaction ID defined in the
Reactions folder.

The total liquid holdup (reaction volume) is 1 m3.

10-18 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 MultiFrac MultiFrac is a rigorous model for simulating general systems of
interlinked multistage fractionation units. MultiFrac models a
complex configuration consisting of:
• Any number of columns, each with any number of stages
• Any number of connections between columns or within
columns
• Arbitrary flow splitting and mixing of connecting streams
MultiFrac can handle operations with:
• Side strippers
• Pumparounds
• Bypasses
• External heat exchangers
• Single-stage flashes
• Feed furnaces
Typical MultiFrac applications include:
• Heat-integrated columns, such as Petlyuk towers
• Air separation column systems
• Absorber/stripper combinations
• Ethylene plant primary fractionators
You can also use MultiFrac for petroleum refining fractionation
units, such as atmospheric crude units and vacuum units. But for
these applications PetroFrac is more convenient to use. Use
MultiFrac only when the configuration is beyond the capabilities
of PetroFrac.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-19

 MultiFrac can detect a free-water phase in the condenser or
anywhere in the column. It can decant the free-water phase on any
stage.
Although MultiFrac assumes equilibrium stage calculations, you
can specify either Murphree or vaporization efficiencies. You can
use MultiFrac for sizing and rating trays and packings. MultiFrac
can model both random and structured packings.
PetroFrac PetroFrac is a rigorous model designed for simulating complex
vapor-liquid fractionation operations in the petroleum refining
industry. Typical operations include:
• Preflash tower
• Atmospheric crude unit
• Vacuum unit
• FCC main fractionator
• Delayed coker main fractionator
• Vacuum lube fractionator
You can also use PetroFrac to model the primary fractionator in
the quench section of an ethylene plant.
PetroFrac can model the feed furnace together with the
fractionation towers and strippers in an integrated fashion. With
this feature, you can easily analyze the effect of furnace operating
parameters on tower performance.
PetroFrac can detect a free-water phase in the condenser or
anywhere in the column. It can decant the free-water phase on any
stage.
Although PetroFrac assumes equilibrium stage calculations, you
can specify either Murphree or vaporization efficiencies.
You can use PetroFrac to size and rate columns consisting of trays
and/or packings. PetroFrac can model both random and structured
packings.
Example of Specifying an This example illustrates the specifications for an atmospheric crude
Atmospheric Crude Oil oil tower consisting of 25 equilibrium stages (including a total
Tower condenser) in the main column, 2 pumparounds, and three side
strippers. The top distillate rate is set at 19,000 BPD.

10-20 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The column feed passes through a furnace which operates at 3.2
atm and the overflash stream is specified to be 4% of the column
feed by volume.

The first pumparound rate is 7,205 BPD and is a partial stream

drawn from stage 3 and is returned to stage 2 at 90 C.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-21

 The first sidestripper has 2 equilibrium stages and strips light ends
from the 7,200 BPD of Kerosene product stream which is drawn
from stage of the main column. The stripped vapors are returned to
main column on stage 8. The reboiler duty is 1.2 MMkcal/hr.

The main column is to be sized based on 2-pass Koch Flexitray

trays on stages 2 through 21.

10-22 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 RateFrac RateFrac is a rate-based model for non-equilibrium separation. It
simulates actual tray and packed columns, rather than idealized
representations.
RateFrac:
• Explicitly accounts for the interphase mass and heat transfer
processes.
• Simulates single and interlinked columns involving
vapor-liquid fractionation operations such as absorption,
distillation, and stripping.
Use RateFrac for
• Systems with both a vapor and a liquid phase. RateFrac can
detect a free-water phase only in the condenser.
• Nonreactive systems
• Reactive systems
• Electrolyte systems
RateFrac does not use empirical factors, such as efficiencies and
the Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate (HETP). RateFrac
treats separation as a mass and heat transfer rate process, instead of
an equilibrium process. The degree of separation achieved between
the contacting phases depends on the extent of mass and heat
transfer between phases. The transfer rates between phases are
strongly affected by the extent to which the phases are not in
equilibrium. RateFrac assumes that thermodynamic equilibrium
prevails only at the vapor-liquid interface separating the contacting
phases.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-23

 Batch Distillation - BatchFrac™ is the unit operation model for batch distillation. It is
BatchFrac a a rigorous model for simulating multistage batch distillation
columns.
BatchFrac uses a robust and efficient algorithm to solve the
unsteady-state heat and material balance equations that describe
the behavior of batch distillation processes. Rigorous heat
balances, material balances, and phase equilibrium relationships
are applied at each stage.
BatchFrac can handle a wide variety of batch distillation problems,
including these systems:
• Narrow-boiling
• Wide-boiling
• Highly non-ideal
• Three-phase
• Reactive
BatchFrac can detect the presence of a free-water phase in the
condenser, or of any second liquid phase anywhere in the column.
BatchFrac has complete flexibility in handling interstage decanters.
Use BatchFrac to simulate batch distillation columns with
equilibrium-controlled reactions or rate-controlled reactions. These
reactions can occur on any stage, including the reboiler and
condenser.
BatchFrac assumes:
• Equilibrium stages are used. (However, you can specify
vaporization efficiencies.)
• There is constant liquid holdup and no vapor holdup.
• Column hydraulics are not modeled.
Extract Extract is a rigorous model for simulating liquid-liquid extractors.
It is appropriate only for rating calculations.
Extract can have multiple feeds, heater/coolers, and sidestreams.
To calculate distribution coefficients, use one of the following:
• An activity coefficient model
• An equation of state capable of representing two liquid phases
• A built-in temperature-dependent polynomial
• A Fortran subroutine
Extract accepts specifications for component or stage efficiencies.

10-24 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Reactors
Chemical reactions occur under diverse conditions in many
different types of equipment.
Aspen Plus provides seven models for chemical reactor
simulations:
Model Purpose
RStoic Conversion reactor with known stoichiometry
RYield Yield reactor with known product yields
REquil Two-phase chemical equilibrium reactor
(stoichiometric)
RGibbs Multiphase chemical equilibrium reactor (non-
stoichiometric)
RCSTR Continuous stirred tank reactor with known kinetics
RPlug Plug flow reactor with known kinetics
RBatch Batch or semi-batch reactor with known kinetics
RStoic, RYield, RGibbs, and RCSTR can have any number of
material feed streams, which are mixed internally. Heats of
reaction are not required for any reactor model. Aspen Plus
calculates heats of reaction using heats of formation.
For RCSTR, RPlug, and RBatch, you must provide reaction
kinetics information using:
• The built-in power law model
• The built-in generalized
Langmuir-Hinschelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) model
• A user-written Fortran subroutine (For more information, see
Aspen Plus User Models)
RStoic RStoic models a reactor when:
• Reaction kinetics are unknown or unimportant.
• Stoichiometry is known.
• You can specify the extent of reaction or conversion.
Rstoic can handle reactions that occur independently in a series of
reactors. It can also perform product selectivity and heat of
reaction calculations.
RYield RYield models a reactor by specifying reaction yields of each
component. This model is useful when:
• Reaction stoichiometry and kinetics are unknown.
• Yield distribution data or correlations are available.
REquil REquil models reactors when some or all reactions reach
equilibrium. REquil can calculate single-phase chemical

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-25

 equilibrium, or simultaneous phase and chemical equilibria.
REquil calculates equilibrium by solving stoichiometric chemical
and phase equilibrium equations.
RGibbs RGibbs models single-phase chemical equilibrium, or
simultaneous phase and chemical equilibria. You must specify the
reactor temperature and pressure, or pressure and enthalpy. RGibbs
minimizes Gibbs free energy, subject to atom balance constraints.
This model does not require reaction stoichiometry. RGibbs can
determine phase equilibrium without chemical reaction,
particularly for multiple liquid phases. Any number of liquid
phases are allowed.
You can model solids in RGibbs either as single condensed species
and/or as solid solution phases.
You can also assign components to be in particular phases in
equilibrium. You can use different property models for each liquid
or solid solution phase. This capability makes RGibbs particularly
useful for:
• Pyrometallurgical applications
• Modeling ceramics and alloys
RGibbs accepts restricted equilibria specifications. You can restrict
equilibrium by specifying:
• Fixed moles of any product
• Percentage of a feed component that does not react
• Temperature approach to equilibrium for the entire system
• Temperature approaches for individual reactions
• Fixed extents of reaction
RCSTR RCSTR rigorously models a continuous-stirred tank reactor. You
can use this model when:
• Reaction kinetics are known.
• The contents of the reactor have the same properties as the
outlet stream.
RCSTR can model equilibrium reactions simultaneously with
rate-based reactions.
RCSTR computes one of the following for the reactor:
• Heat duty given the temperature
• Temperature given the heat duty
RPlug RPlug rigorously models plug flow reactors. A cooling stream
around the reactor is optional. You can also use RPlug to model
reactors with cocurrent and countercurrent coolant streams. RPlug
handles rate-based kinetic reactions only.

10-26 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 RBatch RBatch rigorously models batch or semi-batch reactors. Holding
tanks are used to interface the batch reactor with the steady-state
streams of an Aspen Plus simulation.
For semi-batch reactors, you can specify a continuous vent and any
number of continuous or delayed feeds. RBatch handles rate-based
kinetic reactions only.

Pressure Changers
Pump and compressor models change pressures when
energy-related information, such as power requirement, is needed
or known. Free water can be decanted from the Pump or Compr
products, or from the MCompr intercoolers. For pressure changes
only use other models, such as Heater or Valve.
Pipeline calculates the pressure drop and heat transfer in a pipe
segment or a pipeline. Pipeline can model any number of segments
to describe the pipe geometry.
Pipe calculates the pressure drop and heat transfer for a single pipe
segment with fittings.
Valve rigorously models the pressure drop in control valves.
Pump Pump simulates a pump or hydraulic turbine. This model calculates
either the power requirement or the power produced, given an
outlet pressure specification. Pump can calculate the outlet
pressure, given a power specification.
Compr Compr simulates a:
• Polytropic compressor
• Polytropic positive displacement compressor
• Isentropic compressor
• Isentropic turbine
Compr calculates either the power requirement given an outlet
pressure specification, or the outlet pressure given a power
specification.
MCompr MCompr simulates a:
• Multistage polytropic compressor
• Polytropic positive displacement compressor
• Isentropic compressor
• Isentropic turbine
MCompr has an intercooler between each compression stage. An
aftercooler following the last compression stage is optional. The
coolers can have liquid knockout outlet streams. You can introduce

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-27

 feed streams between stages. A variety of specification options are
available for both the compression and cooling stages.
Pipeline Pipeline calculates the pressure drop and heat transfer in a pipe
segment or a pipeline. Pipeline can model any number of segments
to describe the pipe geometry.
Pipeline handles a single inlet and outlet material stream. Pipeline
assumes the flow is one-dimensional, steady-state, and fully
developed (no entrance effects are modeled).
Pipeline can perform one- or two-phase calculations.
If the inlet pressure is known, Pipeline calculates the outlet
pressure. If the outlet pressure is known, Pipeline calculates the
inlet pressure and updates the inlet stream.
Pipe Pipe calculates the pressure drop and heat transfer in a single pipe
segment or annular space. Multi-phase, one-dimensional, steady-
state and fully developed pipeline flow with fittings can be
modeled.
Valve Valve calculates the pressure drop or valve coefficient (Cv) for a
control valve. Multi-phase, adiabatic flow in ball, globe and
butterfly valves can be modeled.

Manipulators
Stream manipulators modify or change stream variables for
convenience. They do not represent real unit operations.
Mult Mult multiplies streams by a factor you specify. The heat and
material balances are not maintained. The outlet stream has the
same composition and properties as the inlet.
Dupl Dupl copies the inlet stream to any number of outlet streams. This
model does not satisfy material and energy balances. Dupl is useful
for simultaneously processing a given stream in different types of
units.
ClChng ClChng changes the class of streams between blocks and flowsheet
sections. It copies substreams from the inlet stream to the
corresponding substreams of the outlet stream.
Analyzer Analyzer is used to caluclate the values of material stream
component fractions and stream properties for use in the equation-
oriented (EO) simulation and optimization modes of Aspen Plus.
The block has no effect on the stream in the Aspen Plus Run. This
model has one inlet and one outlet material stream. This is a mole
flow-based model.

10-28 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Feedbl Feedbl is used to define feed streams for the Aspen Plus flowsheet.
This model is similar to the Analyzer model except that it includes
an extra equation to compute the inlet stream total molar flow.
This ensures that the inlet stream component and total molar flows
are consistent. The model has no effect on the stream in the Aspen
Plus run. This model has one inlet and one outlet material stream.
This is a mole flow-based model.
Selector Selector is a switch between different inlet streams. Any number of
streams may enter the block, and one designated stream from
among these is copied to the outlet stream. The Selector block can
be used with material, heat, or work streams.
Measurement Measurement is a block that allows you to connect actual plant
measurements to the measurements in an Aspen Plus model. It is
used to tune the model so that the model more closely resembles
the conditions measured in an actual plant.

Solids
This table shows the solids models and what they do:
This model Models
CCD Multistage solids washers that recover dissolved
components from an entrained liquid of a solids stream
CFuge The separation of liquids from solids
Crystallizer A mixed suspension, mixed product removal (MSMPR)
crystallizer.
Crusher Breaking solid particles in a crusher
Cyclone Solids separation from a gas stream
ESP Solids separation from a gas stream
FabFl Solids separation from a gas stream
Filter The separation of liquids from solids
HyCyc The separation of liquids from solids
Screen Separating solid particles in a screen
SWash Solids washers that recover dissolved components from an
entrained liquid of a solids stream
Vscrub Solids separation from a gas stream
Crystallizer Crystallizer models a mixed suspension, mixed product removal
(MSMPR) crystallizer. It performs mass and energy balance
calculations. You have the option of determining the crystal size
distribution.
Crystallizer assumes that the product magma leaves the crystallizer
in equilibrium. The mother liquor in the product magma is
saturated.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-29

 The feed to Crystallizer mixes with recirculated magma and passes
through a heat exchanger before it enters the crystallizer. The
product stream from Crystallizer contains liquids and solids. You
can pass this stream through a hydrocyclone, filter, or other
fluid-solid separator to separate the phases. Crystallizer can have
an outlet vapor stream.
Crusher Crusher simulates the breaking of solid particles.
Crusher models the wet or dry continuous operation of:
• Gyratory jaw crushers
• Single-roll crushers
• Multiple-roll crushers
• Cage mill impact breakers
Crusher assumes the feed is homogeneous. The breaking process
creates fragments in the outlet solids stream with the same
composition as in the feed stream.
Crusher does not account for heat produced by the breaking
process.
Screen Screen simulates the separation of various sizes of solid particles in
a mixture. Each of the two outlet streams contain particles of a
more uniform size.
Screen calculates the separation efficiency of the screen from the
sizes of screen openings you specify.
FabFl FabFl simulates baghouse fabric filter units.
A baghouse has a number of cells. Each cell contains a
vertically-mounted, cylindrical fabric filter bag. The filter bags
work in parallel to separate solid particles from a gas stream. Use
FabFl to rate or size baghouses.
Cyclone Cyclone simulates cyclone separators. Cyclone separators remove
solid particles from a gas stream using the centrifugal force of a
gas vortex.
Use Cyclone to size or rate cyclone separators.
VScrub VScrub simulates venturi scrubbers.
Venturi scrubbers remove solid particles from a gas stream by
direct contact with an atomized liquid stream.
Use VScrub to rate or size venturi scrubbers.
ESP ESP simulates dry electrostatic precipitators.
Dry electrostatic precipitators separate solids from a gaseous
stream. Electrostatic precipitators have vertically mounted
collecting plates with discharge wires. The wires are parallel and

10-30 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 positioned midway between the plates. The corona discharge of the
high-voltage wire electrodes first charges the solid particles in the
inlet gas stream. Then the electrostatic field of the collecting plate
electrodes removes the solids from the gas stream.
Use ESP to size or rate electrostatic precipitators.
HyCyc HyCyc simulates hydrocyclones. Hydrocyclones separate solids
from the inlet liquid stream by the centrifugal force of a liquid
vortex. Use HyCyc to rate or size hydrocyclones.
CFuge CFuge simulates centrifuge filters. Centrifuge filters separate
liquids and solids by the centrifugal force of a rotating basket.
CFuge assumes the separation efficiency of the solids equals 1, so
the outlet filtrate stream contains no residual solids. Use CFuge to
rate or size centrifuge filters.
Filter Filter simulates continuous rotary vacuum filters. Filter assumes
the separation efficiency of the solids equals 1, so the outlet filtrate
stream contains no residual solids. Use Filter to rate or size rotary
vacuum filters.
SWash SWash models the separation of solid particles from an entrained
liquid of a solids stream.
SWash does not consider a vapor phase.
CCD CCD simulates a counter-current decanter or a multistage washer.
CCD calculates the outlet flow rates and compositions from:
• Pressure
• Mixing efficiency
• Number of stages
• The liquid-to-solid mass ratio of each stage
CCD can calculate the heat duty from a temperature profile. CCD
does not consider a vapor phase.

User Models
Aspen Plus provides several methods for you to create your own
unit operation models:
• Fortran
• Excel
• COM Models based on the CAPE-OPEN standard
• Exported Aspen Modeler flowsheets (from products such as
Aspen Custom Modeler and Aspen Dynamics)
These models can simulate any unit operation model. For each
type of model, you write your own program or spreadsheet to

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-31

 calculate the values of outlet streams, based on the specified inlet
streams and parameters.
Fortran and Excel Fortran unit operation models use a Fortran subroutine to perform
Unit Operation the calculations for the model. These models may be included in a
Models simulation by using the User or User2 block in Aspen Plus. See
Aspen Plus User Models, Chapter 5, for detailed information about
writing these models.
Excel unit operation models use an Excel spreadsheet to perform
the calculations required by the model. These models also use the
User2 block in Aspen Plus. See Aspen Plus User Models, Chapter
5, for detailed information about writing these models.
CAPE-OPEN COM COM models written in Visual Basic implementing the CAPE-
Unit Operation OPEN standard can be imported into Aspen Plus.
Models
To use these models in Aspen Plus:
1 Build a .dll file from Visual Basic.
2 Register that file on your computer as a CAPE-OPEN COM
unit operation.
See Aspen Plus User Models, Chapter 26, for detailed information
about writing these models and registering them properly.
Registered CAPE-OPEN models appear in the CAPE-OPEN
category of the Model Library. Add them to the flowsheet as you
would do with any other model.
Note: If you do not see the CAPE-OPEN category on the Model
Library in Aspen Plus, select References from the Library menu
and select the category in that dialog box.
Aspen Modeler Flowsheets developed in Aspen Modeler products (such as Aspen
Flowsheets Custom Modeler [ACM] or Aspen Dynamics) can be exported and
used as unit operations in Aspen Plus. See the documentation for
the Aspen Modeler product for detailed information on exporting a
flowsheet.
To use an exported Aspen Modeler flowsheet in Aspen Plus, the
Aspen Plus simulation needs to refer to the User Model Library
containing the Aspen Modeler flowsheet. In Aspen Plus follow
these steps:
1 From the Library menu, click References.
2 Click Browse and navigate to the directory where your User
Model Library is located, select the file and use Open to load it
into Aspen Plus. Also, select the checkbox for ACM
Flowsheets in the list of available libraries.
3 Select the ACM Flowsheets tab on the Model Library and
select the flowsheet that you want to use.

10-32 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 You can edit the User Model Library in Aspen Plus by selecting
the library name on the Library menu and then selecting Edit from
the pop-up menu. See Creating and Manipulating User Libraries
for more information on editing library files.
Modifying an Exported You may need to make changes to an Aspen Modeler flowsheet
Aspen Modeler after you have exported it. For example, you might want to use a
Flowsheet different set of components or you may need to change the
specification of the variables. Some changes to the flowsheet can
be made within Aspen Plus, but others can only be made in your
Aspen Modeler product.
Within Aspen Plus you can use input forms from an exported
Aspen Modeler flowsheet to:
• Change the values of variables
• Change the bounds on variables
• Change the specification of variables
• Change flash calculation options
You must use your Aspen Modeler product if you want to:
• Change the value of a parameter
• Change the components used in the exported flowsheet
• Change the Physical Property options used in the flowsheet
If you make any of these changes in your Aspen Modeler product
you will need to export the flowsheet again for your changes to
affect Aspen Plus runs.
Licensing of Exported Exported Aspen Modeler flowsheets running in Aspen Plus may
Flowsheets use an Aspen Custom Modeler license, depending upon your
license agreement.
Important: If an Aspen Custom Modeler license is required, it is
acquired using the License Manager settings of Aspen Plus, not the
settings of the Aspen Modeler product. This means that if Aspen
Plus connects to a particular server to access an Aspen Plus
license, the same server must be able to provide an Aspen Custom
Modeler license when an exported flowsheet is used in an Aspen
Plus simulation.
Using Aspen Modeler You can use an exported Aspen Modeler flowsheet in Aspen Plus
Flowsheets Without the without having the Aspen Modeler product installed by copying to
Aspen Modeler Product your machine:
• The flowsheet DLL
• The Aspen Plus User Model Library generated by Aspen
Custom Modeler™
• Any other DLLs on which the flowsheet DLL is dependent

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-33

 Put the extra DLLs in a directory which is always searched when
the exported DLL is loaded into Aspen Plus. Any directory on the
path will be searched, as will the Engine\xeq directory of the
Aspen Plus installation.

Necessary DLLs
If the Aspen Modeler flowsheet uses procedure equations, the
exported DLL will depend on the DLLs containing their
implementation. The flowsheet DLL will not load correctly in
Aspen Plus if these DLLs are not available, so you must copy them
in addition to the flowsheet DLL.
Exported Aspen Dynamics™ simulations depend on the following
DLLs:
• Dynamics.DLL
• Modeler.DLL
• Gpp.DLL
Exported Aspen Custom Modeler simulations which use procedure
calls defined in the modeler.acml library depend on the following
DLLs:
• Modeler.DLL
• Gpp.DLL
Tip: Dynamics.DLL, Modeler.DLL, and Gpp.DLL can be found in
AMSystem 12.1\bin under the AspenTech root installation
directory (default
C:\Program Files\AspenTech ).
When you generate a DLL in an Aspen Modeler application, the
list of DLLs that it depends on is shown in the Simulation
Messages window. If you want to use the exported DLL on a
machine which does not have an Aspen Modeler application
installed, check the list in the Simulation Messages window to
make sure that the correct DLLs are available.
User3 Use a User3 model to access external subroutines (such as
R3HTUA, supplied with Aspen Plus) and Aspen EO models from
the PML model library, when these models are not available as
built-in Aspen Plus models, or when the built-in model does not
contain the EO features required for your simulation.

Hierarchy
Use Hierarchy blocks to provide hierarchical structure to complex
simulations. Also, Hierarchy blocks may be added automatically
when importing user model library templates into a simulation.

10-34 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Hierarchy blocks may contain streams and other blocks (even other
Hierarchy blocks), as well other features like design specifications
and sensitivity problems.

Specifying Unit Operation Models

For each unit operation block, you must enter specifications on
Block forms. To access these forms:
1 Select the block on the graphical flowsheet.
2 Click the right mouse button on the block.
3 From the popup menu that appears, click Input.
4 Select the appropriate form and sheet.

Overriding Global Specifications for a

Block
You can use the BlockOptions form for a block to override global
values for the following parameters:
Option Specify globally on sheet Specify locally on Block sheet
Physical Property Method, Properties Specifications BlockOptions Properties
Henry's Components Global
Simulation Diagnostic Setup Specifications BlockOptions Diagnostics
Message Level Diagnostics
Physical Property Diagnostic Setup Specifications BlockOptions Diagnostics
Message Level Diagnostics
Stream Diagnostic Message Setup Specifications BlockOptions Diagnostics
Level Diagnostics
Heat Balance Calculations Setup Simulation Options BlockOptions Simulation Options
Calculations
Use Results from Previous Setup Simulation Options BlockOptions Simulation Options
Convergence Pass Calculations
Valid Phases Setup Specifications Global Input Specifications
Example of Replacing a Use the NRTL Method with Henry1 (Henry's Components) instead
Global Properties of the global values in Base Method and Henry's Components
Specification specified on the Properties Specifications Global sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-35

 Requesting Heating/Cooling Curve
Calculations
Many unit operation models can generate heating/cooling curves.
These curves calculate the following at intermediate points
between the inlet and outlet conditions of a block, including phase
transition points (bubble and dew points):
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Vapor fraction
• Heat duty
• Optional additional properties
How to Request To request heating/cooling curves for a block:
Heating/Cooling 1 From the Data Browser tree for the block, select the Hcurves
Curves folder.
2 In the Hcurves Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default ID. The ID must be an integer.
4 Select an independent variable:
• Heat Duty
• Temperature
• Vapor Fraction
The selected variable is varied to generate the intermediate
points.

10-36 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 5 To define the intermediate points, specify one of the following:
What to specify Where
Number of points Number of Data Points
Size of the increment between points Increment Size
List of values for the independent List of Values
variable
If you specify Number of Data Points, the intermediate points
will be equally spaced between the inlet and outlet.
6 Select the pressure profile option in the Pressure Profile frame.
Specify Pressure Drop, if needed for the selected Pressure
Profile option.
All of the pressure profiles are either constant or linear from
the first pressure point to the last pressure point. This table
shows the points used for each option:
Pressure Profile Option First Point Last Point
Constant Outlet pressure Outlet pressure
Linear Inlet pressure - Pressure drop Outlet pressure
Linear2 Inlet pressure Inlet pressure - Pressure drop
Linear3 Outlet pressure + Pressure drop Outlet pressure
Outlet Outlet pressure Outlet pressure
Inlet Inlet pressure Inlet pressure
Mid-point (Outlet pressure + Inlet pressure)/2 (Outlet pressure + Inlet pressure)/2
You can request additional properties to be calculated on the
Additional Properties sheet. Any number of the Property Sets
in the Properties Prop-Sets folder are available.
7 Select a Property set and click the left arrow to move the
Property Set between the Available Property Sets list and the
Selected Property Sets list. To move all of the property sets at
once from one list to the other, click the appropriate double
arrow.
If you will be using this heating/cooling curve for heat
exchanger design, select the built-in property set HXDESIGN.
HXDESIGN calculates all of the properties needed by design
programs from HTRI, HTFS, and B-JAC. Aspen Plus includes
an interface program, HTXINT, for transferring
heating/cooling curve results to these programs.
Example of Requesting a Generate a heating curve that includes heat exchanger design
Heating Curve properties. Points are generated every ten degrees.
A table of data is generated after the simulation has been run.
A plot can be generated from the results.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-37

10-38 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Reconciling Block Input
Reconciliation refers to copying the results of a sequential modular
run to the input forms of blocks and streams. It can be useful in
reducing the convergence time for difficult flowsheets.
At a point near or at the solution, you can reconcile the input
variables for streams used as tear streams and for blocks which
have their input changed, such as when using Design Specs or
Equation-Oriented mode. This will help the next run converge
much faster. Aspen Plus automatically retains variable values

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Unit Operation Models • 10-39

 between runs to improve convergence, and saves them in Aspen
Plus Document (*.apw) files, but they are not saved in Aspen Plus
Backup (*.bkp) files. If you must use backup files due to space
limitations or upgrading to a new version of Aspen Plus, you can
use input reconciliation to reduce the convergence time of a new
run.
There are a number of ways to reconcile variables:
• From the Aspen Plus Run menu, you can select Reconcile All
or Reconcile All Streams to reconcile all variables or all
stream variables.
• You can right-click on a block or stream on the flowsheet and
select Reconcile to reconcile its variables.
• You can right-click on the Streams folder in the Data Browser
and select Reconcile to reconcile all streams in a simulation or
in a hierarchy level.

10-40 • Unit Operation Models Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 11

Running Your Simulation

For help on running your simulation, see one of the following

topics:
• Running the simulation interactively
• Reinitializing simulation calculations
• Viewing the run status of the simulation
• Checking simulation history
• Running the simulation on the Aspen Plus host computer
• Running a simulation in batch (background) mode
• Running Aspen Plus in standalone (text only) mode
• Specifying run settings and user databanks
• Activating and Deactivating blocks
When your problem specifications are complete, you are ready to
run the simulation. The status of your specifications is shown at all
times in the status bar of the main window and the Data Browser.
You can run your simulation if the status is any of these:
• Input Complete
• Input Changed
• Ready to Execute Block
You can run your simulation in these ways:
Type of Run Information
Interactive When you run interactively you control the simulation completely.
You can step through the simulation, stop at any point, view any
intermediate results, and make changes.
Batch (background) mode When you run batch you cannot control the simulation. Batch
simulations are useful for long simulations or when you want to run
several simulations (case studies) simultaneously.
Standalone Aspen Plus (text only) Standalone runs are similar to batch runs, but are made outside of the
mode user interface.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-1

 Running the Simulation Interactively
You can interactively control the simulation execution by using:
• The Run buttons on the Simulation Run toolbar

• The Run menu

You have the same flexibility in controlling the simulation whether
the simulation engine is on your local computer or on a remote
computer.
You can modify any input specifications at any time before or after
a simulation, or when a simulation is paused.
You can view the progress of the simulation and control using the
Control Panel.

The SM Control Panel consists of:

• A message window showing the progress of the simulation by
displaying the most recent messages from the calculations
• A status area showing the hierarchy and order of simulation
blocks and convergence loops executed
• A toolbar which you can use to control the simulation
• A more/less button which displays or hides EO controls
Use the SM Solution Strategy field to limit the extent of the SM
solution. This is useful for initializing variables for EO solution.
With this option The run button has this effect
Solve Fully converges the SM solution
Single Pass Executes new blocks and blocks with changed input, and blocks affected by
them, once each. Recycle loops and SM Design-Specs are ignored. You can
click the run button again to execute another pass through recycle loops.
Single Pass: Executes only new blocks and blocks with changed input, once each.
Changed

11-2 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The EO Control Panel has additional options and buttons. See
Running an EO Simulation for a description of EO Control Panel
options.

Commands for You can control the simulation by using the commands on the Run
Controlling menu, the Simulation Run toolbar, or the Control Panel:
Simulations

To Do this
Start or continue
Click the Start button on the toolbar.
calculations
Pause simulation
Click the Stop button on the toolbar.
calculations
Step through the
Click the SM Step button on the toolbar. You can use the SM Step button to
flowsheet one block at a
step through an SM simulation to the point where you wish to change to EO
time
mode. The SM Step button is unavailable in EO mode because there are no
sequential steps in an EO operation. For EO mode, the SM Step button can be
used to select an initialization point in SM mode before switching to EO mode.
Control how far the SM
Select Solve from the SM Solution Strategy field on the
simulation is converged toolbar to fully solve the simulation in an SM run. Select Single Pass to execute
each block once only in an SM run each time you click the start button. Select
Single Pass: Changed to execute only new blocks and blocks with changed
input. These options are useful for minimizing SM calculations to initialize EO
simulations. For more information, see Running an EO Simulation.
Set stop points in the From the Run menu, click Stop Points.
simulation

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-3

To Do this
Change the next block From the Run menu, click Move To.
to be executed
Update results From the Run menu, click Load Results to load all results from the simulation
engine if Interactive Load Results is:
Off and you stopped the simulation
On and you want to load all results at one time
For more information, see Changing Run Settings and User Databanks.
Check simulation
Click the Check Results button on the toolbar.
results
Display block or stream 1. On the flowsheet, click the block or stream.
results 2. Then click with the right mouse button on the block or stream.
3. From the popup menu that appears, click Results.
Purge simulation results
Click the Reinitialize button on the toolbar. .
Purge control panel Some large simulations can generate megabytes worth of control panel messages,
messages which consume memory and also disk space if you save in quick restart (.apw)
format. To purge the control panel messages while keeping the simulation
results, click the Control Panel Purge button on the toolbar.
Changing Interactive When running interactively you can usually increase the speed of
Simulation Speed the calculations by selecting the Express Run option. For more
information, see Changing Run Settings and User Databanks.
When the Express Run option is on, you cannot monitor the
progress of the simulation while it is running. However, once the
simulation is complete or stopped, you can check the Simulation
History to see the progress and diagnostic messages.
Reinitializing SM When you change your simulation specifications, by default,
Simulation Aspen Plus uses any previously generated results as a starting point
Calculations the next time you run the simulation. You can override this default
by reinitializing the entire simulation, or specific blocks in the
flowsheet, before rerunning the simulation.
To reinitialize before rerunning a simulation:
1 From the Run menu, click Reinitialize.
2 Choose the items you want to reinitialize in the Reinitialize
dialog box.
You may need to reinitialize if a block or the flowsheet:
• Fails to converge for no apparent reason, after you changed the
block or specifications that affect its inlet streams
• Has multiple solutions and you can obtain the one you want
only by starting from your specified initial block or stream
estimates

11-4 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

When you Then
reinitialize a
Block The next simulation of the block does not use previously calculated results, but its current
results are retained.
Stream The stream results are cleared. This will trigger an inital flash calculation for an external
feed stream or a tear stream.
Simulation All results are cleared.
Convergence The iteration counter is reset, the convergence block is tagged as Not Converged, and any
previous iteration history is not used to predict the next guesses for the convergence
variables. However, its current results, such as the final values for the convergence
variables, are retained.
Reinitializing EO When you click the Reinitialize button in EO mode, you have
Simulation four choices for the scope of reinitialization:
Calculations

Select this option To

Reinitialize sequential Reinitialize SM and reset SM and EO results. This option:
modular results • Purges SM results.
• Runs SM calculations beginning at initial values that you specified or
that were generated by Aspen Plus.
• Resynchronizes EO.
• Loads SM results into EO.
Rebuild equation oriented Reinitialize the EO simulation after you have made configuration changes. If
simulation and reinitialize you have non-EO input changes, you will be prompted to do a new SM run. If
with current EO results you changed only EO inputs, this option will apply those changes directly.
This option:
• Saves current EO variable values
• Destroys and then rebuilds the EO state
• Applies the saved variable values. All variable attributes other than value
will be the result of the EO build process.
Important: When this reinitialization is performed after an SM input change
resulting in the rebuild of a block, EO-Input variable value statements
referencing the block at the hierarchy or flowsheet levels will be overwritten
by the restored variable value vector. The only safe workaround in this
situation is to save the variable values in an external file prior to performing
the SM input changes and then to import the saved variable values after the
re-initialization is complete.
Restore previous solution Restore the SM results when EO calculations have failed. After EO
(from before last EO calculations, the EO and SM results are synchronized so that further
solve) calculations begin with the latest solution. If the EO calculation failed, this
may be a poor initial point.
This option:
• Resets the EO variable to the values before the last EO solve
• Restores the SM results to these values.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-5

Select this option To
Reinitialize equation Reinitialize the EO simulation after you have made configuration changes. If
oriented simulation with you have non-EO input changes, you will be prompted to do a new SM run. If
changes in configuration. you changed only EO inputs, this option will apply those changes directly.
Flowsheet/ Hierarchy level In this type of reinitialization, if the SM input changes are only at the block
EO-Input and EO-Options level, reinitialization will ignore EO specifications entered in the top-level or
may not be used during Hierarchy-block-level EO Input and EO Options forms. To force these EO
initialization. specifications to always be used, enter them in the forms within the block.
Update equation oriented Import an X-file or a VAR-file previously exported by the EO Export
simulation from external function.
file
Viewing the Status of You can view the progress of a simulation in:
the Simulation • The Status Bar
• Control Panel Status Messages
Viewing Simulation The main window status bar shows the progress of a running
Status Using the Status simulation and the current status of the simulation when it is not
Bar running. Status messages appear on the right side of the status bar.
This table shows the meaning of the status messages:
Status message Meaning
Flowsheet Not Flowsheet connectivity is incomplete. To find out why, click the Next button in
Complete the toolbar.
Required Input Not Input specifications for the run are incomplete. Click Next on the toolbar to find
Complete out how to complete the input specifications, and to go to sheets that are
incomplete.
Required Input The required input specifications for the run are complete. You can run the
Complete simulation or enter optional specifications.
Ready to Execute Block The simulation is paused because you clicked the Stop or Step buttons, or a stop
point you set was encountered. Click the Step or Run buttons to continue
calculations.
Results Present The run has completed normally, and results are present.
Results With Warnings Results for the run are present. Warning messages were generated during the
calculations. See the Control Panel for messages.
Results With Errors Results for the run are present. Error messages were generated during the
calculations. See the Control Panel for messages.
Input Changed Results for the run are present, but you have changed the input since the results
were generated. The results may be inconsistent with the current input.

11-6 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Viewing Simulation The Control Panel message area contains progress, diagnostic,
Status Using the Control warning, and error messages generated during calculations.
Panel Status Messages This table shows the message and the information that follows it:
Control Panel Information Displayed Following the Message
Message
Processing input Flowsheet analysis for tear streams and calculation sequence. Errors associated
specifications with input specifications.
Calculations begin Identification of each block as it is calculated. Iteration-by-iteration status of
convergence blocks, and of column convergence. Errors during simulation
calculations.
Generating results Errors during the generation of results (heating and cooling curves, stream
properties, property tables and any block calculations that were not needed
during the simulation calculations).
Problem specifications New flowsheet analysis for tear streams and calculation sequence, caused by
modified flowsheet modifications. Errors associated with modified input specifications.
Equation Oriented Identification of incomplete input for EO run. Whether SM sheet is . with EO.
Synchronization Status
Presolve and Postsolve Whether either or both of these options have been selected.
Scripts
Equation Oriented Identification of incomplete input for EO run. Whether SM sheet is synchronized
Synchronization Status with EO.
Interrupt DMO Solver Identification of which, if any, of the following buttons is available: Close
Residuals, No Creep, Abort.
Command Line Command line of any user-entered script.
Checking the Status Use the Results Summary sheet to check the status of calculations.
of Calculations To do this:
1 On the Simulation Run toolbar, click the Check Results button
.
2 Click the Results Summary sheet.
The Results Summary sheet appears. This sheet indicates
whether the calculations were completed normally and shows
error or warning messages resulting from the calculations.
To see error and warning messages for a specific object, click
the Status button on the Data Browser toolbar when the
forms for that object are displayed.
For more information on checking the completion status of a
run, see Checking the Completion Status of a Run.
Checking the Aspen Plus keeps a detailed history of your simulation run in a file
Simulation History that you can view with your text editor. Input specifications,
warning messages, error messages, and block-by-block
convergence information are available.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-7

 This table shows your options:
To Do this
View the history of the From the View menu, click History.
current run
Save history to a file Use the save command for your text
editor.
Return to Aspen Plus Use the exit command for your text editor.
Aspen Plus displays all results in the simulation history in SI units.

Running the Simulation on the Aspen

Plus Host Computer
If your network configuration and your Aspen Plus license permit,
you can run the Aspen Plus user interface on one computer and run
the simulation engine on a different computer (the remote
Aspen Plus host).
You may be required to connect to a remote Aspen Plus host when
you start Aspen Plus.
To change the Aspen Plus host computer after you have started
Aspen Plus:
1 From the Run menu, click Connect to Engine.
2 In the Connect to Engine dialog box, enter the Server Type.
If you choose your Local PC Host as the Aspen Plus host
computer, you do not need to enter any more information into
the dialog box.
3 For all Aspen Plus host computers except the PC, enter the
following information in the dialog box:
In this field Enter this information
Node Name Node name of the computer the Aspen Plus simulation will run on
User Name Your Logon name on the host computer
Password Password for your account on the host computer
Working Directory Working directory on the host computer for Aspen Plus runs
Aspen Plus creates files for runs in the working directory.
4 Click OK.
5 When the network connection is established, a message box
appears saying Connection Established.
If the Connection Established box does not appear, see your
on-site Aspen Plus system administrator for more information
on network protocols and Aspen Plus host computers.

11-8 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Communicating with You can use several commands to communicate with a remote
a Remote Aspen Plus Aspen Plus host computer simulation engine:
Host Computer
To Do This
Check the status of a batch run From the Run menu, select Batch, then Jobstat, and select the ID of the
run you want information on.
Retrieve results from a batch run From the Run menu, point to Batch, then Load Results, and select the
ID of the run for which you want to retrieve results.

Running a Simulation Batch

(Background)
There are times when you may not want to run the simulation
interactively. For example, when you use a Sensitivity block or an
Optimization block, or if the simulation is lengthy. In these cases
you can submit a batch run.
Tip: To avoid inconsistent input and results, do not change the
input specifications for a run after you have submitted a batch run,
until you have read back the results.
Starting a Batch Run To start a batch run:
1 On the Run menu, select Batch, then Submit.
2 Use the check box to specify whether or not you want to delete
the temporary files Aspen Plus generates after the run finishes.
3 You can specify Command Line Qualifiers, for the operating
system (such as batch queue name), and for Aspen Plus (such
as user databank filenames). You also can specify a working
directory on the remote host in the Batch Submit dialog box.
The default directory is your home directory on the remote host
computer.
4 Click the Settings button if you want to change any run
settings.
5 Click OK.
Aspen Plus submits the batch run.
Checking the Status To check the status of the batch run:
of a Batch Run • From the Run menu, point to Batch, then Jobstat.
After the batch run is finished, you can load the results into the
user interface. To load the results into the interface:
1 From the Run menu, point to Batch, then Load Results.
2 Select the ID of the run for which you want to retrieve results.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-9

 Running Aspen Plus Standalone
You can use the Aspen Plus user interface to develop the
simulation model for a run and view the results, but run the
Aspen Plus simulation engine separately from the user interface.
You might want to do this to achieve maximum performance for
large flowsheets.
To run the Aspen Plus simulation engine standalone:
1 Complete the input specifications for the run in the user
interface. When the status indicator in the main window toolbar
says Required Input Complete or Input Changed, you can run
the simulation.
2 From the File menu, click Export.
3 In the Save As Type field, select Input File (.inp). Enter the
Run ID for the filename.
4 If you are running the simulation engine on a remote computer,
transfer the file runid.inp to the remote computer.
5 From the prompt in an Aspen Plus Simulation Engine window,
enter the command:
aspen runid
6 If you are running the simulation engine on a remote computer,
transfer the file runid.sum from the remote computer to the
local computer when the run is complete.
7 When the run is complete, from the File menu, click Import
and in the Files Of Type box, select Summary file (.sum).
8 From the file list, select the Run ID and click OK.
9 You can now review the results and modify the input in the
user interface, as if you had made the run from within the user
interface.
Aspen Plus To run the Aspen Plus Simulation Engine or certain Aspen Plus
Simulation Engine utilities from the command line, you must open a special window
Window which sets up the environment for Aspen Plus. To open this
window, from the Windows Start menu, select Programs |
AspenTech | Aspen Engineering Suite | Aspen Plus 12.1 | Aspen
Plus Simulation Engine.
Editing the Input File You can edit the input file outside the interface. The following
for Standalone Runs instructions ensure that:
• Any changes you make in the input file are reflected in the user
interface.
• Your graphical flowsheet will be restored when you return to
the user interface.

11-10 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To edit the Aspen Plus input file outside of the interface:
1 Complete the input specifications for the run in the user
interface. When the status indicator in the main window toolbar
says Required Input Complete or Input Changed, you can run
the simulation.
2 From the File menu, click Export.
3 In the Save As Type field, select Input Files with Graphics
(.inp). Enter the Run ID for the filename.
4 If you are running the simulation engine on a remote computer,
transfer the file runid.inp to the remote computer.
5 Edit your input file to make the changes.
6 Use the aspen command option to create a backup file:
aspen runid /mmbackup
7 If you are running the simulation engine on a remote computer,
transfer the files runid.sum and runid.bkp to the local
computer.
8 When the run is complete, start the Aspen Plus user interface.
9 From the File menu, click Open, and select Backup files (.bkp).
Then select the Run ID from the file list.
10 Click OK.
11 From the File menu, click Import, and in the Files Of Type
field, select Summary file (.sum).
12 Select the Run ID from the file list, and click OK.

Changing Run Settings and User

Databanks
To display the Run Settings dialog box:
1 From the Run menu, click Settings.
2 On the Engine Files Tab, you can specify filenames for:
Item Information
User physical property The property databanks are called USRPP1A,
databanks USRPP1B USRPP2A, USRPP2B and
USRPP2C.
User insert libraries and In Aspen Plus, when referring to insert
stream libraries libraries or stream libraries, you must use the
file extension .ILB for insert libraries, and
.SLB for stream libraries.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-11

 Item Information
Link Options The Dynamic Linking Options File (DLOPT)
contains directives for dynamic linking. For
more information, see Aspen Plus User
Models.
Run Definition The User defaults file is used to override
system defaults files and specify default
command options.
A user cost databank The user cost databank is used to update the
cost indices.
These filenames apply when you run the simulation
interactively or in batch.
3 On the Options tab, use the Express Run option to achieve
maximum simulation speed when running the Aspen Plus
simulation engine on a PC, or when running interactively on
other platforms. The Express Run option:
• Turns off the Animation option
• Sets the Control Panel message levels to 0
• Turns off interactively loading results
• Enables you to use History from the View menu to examine
the progress of a simulation
Interactively Load By default, Aspen Plus results are loaded into the user interface
Results only when you want to examine them.
To change whether Interactively Load Results is on or off:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 On the Run tab, check or clear Interactively Load Results.
Have If Then
Interactively
Load Results
On You want Aspen Plus to load Aspen Plus speeds up the processing time by only loading
only the results you are particular results. This is useful if you run a simulation
interested in. several times, but are only interested in the results on one
(You can still load all results particular form.
by using Load Results from
the Run menu.)
Off You want all results to be Aspen Plus loads all simulation results into the user
loaded automatically at the interface. This increases the time required for a run to
end of a run complete, but enables you to examine results more
quickly.
Note: Interactively Load Results only works with the Flowsheet
Run Type.

11-12 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Animate Flowsheet Use the Animate flowsheet option to turn flowsheet animation on
or off. When it is off, the block icons are not highlighted in the
graphical flowsheet as they are executed. Turning animation off
can sometimes result in a slight increase in simulation speed.
Allow Run Only When This option is designed primarily for advanced users who are
Input is Complete familiar with keyword input language. Turning off the Allow Run
only when input is complete option allows you to initiate an
interactive or batch run even if the status in the main window
toolbar is not Required Input Complete.
Edit Keyword Input This option is designed primarily for advanced users who are
Data Before Starting familiar with Aspen Plus keyword input language. The Edit input
Calculations before beginning simulation option displays the generated
Aspen Plus input language in your text editor before starting
interactive calculations. This gives you a chance to make small
modifications or additions to the file, or to diagnose problems.
These modifications will not be reflected on the input forms.
Copy Data When the option is on, parameters regressed during a Data
Regression and Regression run or estimated by a Property Constant Estimation run
Property Constant are automatically retrieved and displayed on the Parameters forms.
Estimation Results The parameters will be used in all subsequent runs. When the
onto Property option is off, the parameters are available on the List, but are not
Parameter Forms displayed on the forms. The parameters will not be used in
subsequent runs.

Activating and Deactivating Blocks

Various simulation objects can be activated and deactivated.
When deactivated, they still need to be completely specified to run
the problem, but deactivated simulation objects other than streams
are ignored during simulation. Blocks and Streams can be
deactivated and activated by clicking the right mouse button on the
flowsheet object, and choosing Deactivate/Activate. The
following objects can be deactivated and activated from the data
browser tree view right mouse button menu:
• Blocks and Streams
• Convergence blocks
• Sequence
• Most Flowsheeting Options: Design-Spec, Calculator,
Transfer, Balance, and Pres-Relief blocks
• Most Model Analysis Tools: Sensitivity, Optimization,
Constraint, and Case-Study blocks
• Regression
• Properties Analysis (Prop-Table)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-13

 Explicitly deactivated items show up in the data browser with a
green d next to their icon:
In addition to items explicitly deactivated by the user, some objects
are deactivated by association. That is, they are deactivated
because they reference deactivated objects. The rules are:
• Deactivating the inlet and outlet streams of a block does not
cause the block to be deactivated, even if all streams connected
to a block are deactivated, except as specified below.
• Streams with both source and destination block deactivated or
not present are deactivated, and ignored during the simulation.
• Referencing a deactivated block or stream causes an HxFlux
block to be deactivated. The stream disabling logic is then
repeated.
• Referencing a deactivated block or stream causes a Cost block,
Pres-Relief block, Calculator block, Transfer block, Design-
Spec, Constraint, Optimization, Data-Fit block, Sensitivity
block, or Balance block to be deactivated. Targets of a
deactivated Calculator or Transfer block will not be
deactivated.
• Calculator, Transfer, and other blocks with Execute
Before/After that reference a deactivated block will be
deactivated.
• Convergence blocks that reference a deactivated Tear Stream,
Tear-Var, Design-Spec, Constraint, or Optimization are
deactivated.
• Sequences that reference deactivated blocks are ignored and
revert back to automatic sequencing.
• Deactivated Tear Streams or Tear-Vars are ignored.
• Deactivated Convergence blocks in Conv-Order are ignored.
Objects which are deactivated by association are listed in the
history file.
Note: Deactivating items does not change flowsheet connectivity
(other than effectively removing the deactivated items) and does
not automatically cause any streams to be reinitialized. Some uses
of deactivation may require reinitializing streams which were
solved in a run with different activation.

Selector Blocks
A Selector block can be used to model alternative simulation
trains. Copy the feed stream to the alternate trains with a Dupl
block, and connect the products of the alternate trains to a Selector

11-14 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 block. Deactivate all but one train, and choose the stream from the
active train in the Selector block.

Running an EO Simulation
Running an EO simulation is similar to running an SM simulation.
However, many EO-specific options are available for running an
EO simulation on the control panel. These options are made
available to you when you click the More button at the bottom of
the SM control panel.

The EO Toolbar provides options for

controlling your EO simulation.
Use the To
Export the EO variables to an external file, either binary or ASCII.
Export EO Variables button
Import the EO variables previously saved in an external file, either
Import EO Variables button
binary or ASCII.
View or edit EO variables currently in use.
Key Variables button
Execute Sensitivity Analysis View a list of variables from which to select to perform a sensitivity
analysis on.
button
Execute Global Script button View a list of executable global scripts from which to select.

Access the Convergence EO Conv Options sheet. On this sheet you

Solver Settings button
can select the EO solver to use and set various convergence options.
In addition to the EO Toolbar, the EO Control Panel offers several
options to interactively control your EO simulation.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-15

 You can use the SM Solution Strategy field to limit the extent of
the SM solution.
With this option The run button has this effect
Solve Fully converges the SM solution
Single Pass Executes new blocks and blocks with changed input, and blocks affected by
them, once each. Recycle loops and SM Design-Specs are ignored. You can
click the run button again to execute another pass through recycle loops.
Single Pass: Executes only new blocks and blocks with changed input, once each.
Changed
During long runs, it is possible to change the behavior of the DMO
solver. In the Control Panel, the Interrupt DMO Solver frame
contains a set of buttons:
Click this button To
Close Residuals Fix all of the independent variables at their current values and close the
residuals.
No Creep Take DMO out of creep mode.
Abort Stop the DMO solver.
The EO control panel also allows you to select two script-
executing options:
Presolve Script, which executes the specified presolve script
commands before solving the problem.
Postsolve Script, which executes the specified postsolve script
commands after the problem is solved.
The Command Line text box allows you to enter script commands
to be executed.
Synchronizing EO It is possible to synchronize the equation-oriented formulation
Without Running SM (generating variables and specifications) without running the
Calculations sequential modular solution. However, after doing so, the EO
variables will not be initialized. Before you can run in EO, you will
need to supply values for the EO variables, typically from a VAR
file or an X file.
To perform an EO synchronization without running the SM
calculations:
1 Complete the sequential modular input. In the Additional
Options dialog box, set the option Always Instantiate to Yes
for those blocks you want to synchronize without running in
SM. You can set this option for a block on its Block Options |
EO Options sheet, or on the EO Configuration | EO Options
form globally, for a flowsheet section, or for all models of a
given type.

11-16 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 With the Solution Strategy set to Sequential Modular, from
the Run menu of the main Aspen Plus window, select Move
To. The Move To dialog box appears.
3 Click Cancel. The Aspen Plus engine processes the input and
determines the SM calculation sequence but does not solve any
blocks.
4 In the Control Panel, set the Solution Strategy to Equation
Oriented. Aspen Plus automatically performs an EO
synchronization.
To initialize the EO variables, with the Solution Strategy set to
Equation Oriented, click the reinitialize button, and choose the
option Update equation-oriented simulation from external file.
Then choose an X file or VAR file with values for the EO
variables in this simulation.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Running Your Simulation • 11-17

11-18 • Running Your Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 12

Examining Results and Generating

Reports

For help on examining results and generating reports, see one of

the following topics:
• Viewing simulation results interactively
• Checking the completion status of a run
• Checking the convergence status of a run
• Displaying stream results
• Generating an Aspen Plus report file

Viewing Simulation Results

Interactively
You can view results whenever the status message in the bottom
window status bar is one of the following:
Message Means
Results Available The run has completed normally, and results
are present.
Results Available with Results for the run are present. Warning
Warnings messages were generated during the
calculations. View the Control Panel or
History for messages.
Results Available with Results for the run are present. Error messages
Errors were generated during the calculations. View
the Control Panel or History for messages.
Input Changed Results for the run are present, but you have
changed the input since the results were
generated. The results may be inconsistent
with the current input.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Examining Results and Generating Reports • 12-1
 Use the results status indicators, which appear in the Data Browser
to guide you to forms and objects. For a complete list of the status
indicators, see Status Indicators in chapter 1.

Viewing Results of an EO Simulation

You can examine the results of an EO Simulation either in the
Aspen Plus results sheets, or in the EO Variables folder.
From the Data Browser, select the + next to the EO Configuration
folder, then select EO Variables, and then select the Attributes tab.
The EO Configuration EO Variables Attributes sheet appears.
This sheet shows all the EO variables in the simulation.

Viewing Current You can view the current simulation results after using the Stop or
Simulation Results Step commands. To do this:
1 From the Run menu, click Settings.
2 In the Run Settings dialog box, ensure that the Interactively
Load Results option is cleared.
3 From the Run menu, click Check Results.
Use the results status indicators, which appear in the Data Browser,
to guide you to forms and objects with results.

12-2 • Examining Results and Generating Reports Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Checking the Completion Status of a
Run
Use the Results Summary sheet to examine summary information
about the convergence and completion status of a run. This form
indicates whether the calculations were completed normally.

To display the Results Summary sheet, do one of the following:

From the Select
Simulation Run
toolbar or the
Control Panel
Data Browser Results Summary in the left pane of the Data Browser
Run menu Check Results
If errors or warnings exist:

1 When on a particular form, click the Status button on the

toolbar of the Data Browser window to see specific messages.
2 Check the Control Panel and History file for information,
diagnostic, warning, and error messages generated during
calculations.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Examining Results and Generating Reports • 12-3
 Checking Completion The Control Panel displays error, warning and diagnostic messages
Status in the Control from the run.
Panel The number of messages can be controlled globally using the
Setup Specifications Diagnostics sheet or locally using the block
BlockOptions Diagnostics sheet
The messages on the control panel are similar to those printed in
the history file (*.his). The diagnostic level of the history file and
the control panel can be adjusted independently.
If a high level of diagnostics is needed, the diagnostics should be
printed to the history file and not to the control panel. This means
you will not slow down performance by writing a lot of
information to the screen.
Viewing the Control To view the Control Panel, do one of the following:
Panel
From the Select
View menu Control Panel
Simulation Run
toolbar
The Run Messages file (*.cpm) is a text file that includes all of the
messages printed on the control panel. Run Messages files must be
exported from the simulation to be saved.
Checking Completion The History file displays error, warning and diagnostic messages
Status in the History from the run.
File
The number of messages can be controlled globally using the
Setup Specifications Diagnostics sheet or locally using the block
BlockOptions Diagnostics sheet
To check the History file:
• From the View menu, click History.
A history file cannot be directly saved or exported from the
Aspen Plus User Interface. However, the file is saved
automatically when a run is saved as an Aspen Plus document
(*.apw). You can also save the viewed history file using the text
editor.
The history file is similar to the Run Messages file (*.cpm). The
diagnostic level of the history file and the control panel can be
adjusted independently. If a high level of diagnostics is needed,
they should be printed to the history file and not to the control
panel so as to not inhibit performance by writing so much
information to the screen.

12-4 • Examining Results and Generating Reports Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Checking the Convergence Status of
a Run
Design specifications and tear streams both have associated
convergence blocks. The Aspen Plus generated convergence block
names begin with the character "$". User-defined convergence
blocks must not begin with the character "$".
Summary of To see a summary of all of the convergence blocks for a run:
Convergence Block
1 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click Results Summary,
Results
then select Convergence.
2 This table shows which sheets to use for summary information:
Select this sheet For a summary of
DesignSpec Summary The convergence status, final manipulated
variable value, and final errors for all design
specifications in the simulation
Tear Summary The convergence status and final maximum
errors for all tear streams in the simulation
Detailed Convergence To see detailed results for a convergence block and its iteration
Block Results history:
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, the click
Convergence.
2 From the Convergence Object Manager, select a convergence
block ID.
3 Click the Edit button.
– or –
4 Double-click a convergence block ID.
5 From the Results form:
Select To see
Summary How tightly each tear variable or manipulated
variable was converged
Spec History The errors at each iteration. You can plot the iteration
history.
Tear History The maximum error at each iteration among all tear
stream variables converged by this block. You can
plot the iteration history.
Max Error/Tol The maximum error divided by the tolerance at each
iteration for all tear streams and design
specifications.
Tear Variables The value at each iteration of all tear stream variables
converged by this block.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Examining Results and Generating Reports • 12-5
 Displaying Stream Results
This table shows how to display stream results:
To display Do this
A single stream 1. Click the stream.
2. Click with the right mouse button on the
stream.
3. From the popup menu that appears, click
Results.
The inlet and outlet 1. Click the block.
streams of a block 2. Click with the right mouse button on the
block.
3. From the popup menu that appears, click
Stream Results.
All streams From the Data Browser, point to Results
Summary, then Streams.
On any Results Summary Streams sheet, click the down arrow in
the Display box to select whether all stream or selected streams are
displayed:
To add a stream to the display on any Results Summary Streams
sheet:
1 Move to a field in the top row of a column.
2 Click the arrow to see a drop down list of streams.
Removing Streams To remove a stream from the flowsheet:
from Flowsheets 1 Click the stream ID.
2 Click the right mouse button.
3 From the popup menu that appears, click Delete Stream.
Displaying Stream This table shows which sheets display which results:
Results from Sheets

Select this Results To display

Summary Stream
sheet
Material Results for all or selected material streams in a spreadsheet format
If you designate any batch streams, Aspen Plus displays the batch stream results
(such as cycles/day, cycle time, down time).
You can format the stream results, transfer the stream results to the Process
Flowsheet as a table, or print the results. For more information, see Adding
Stream Tables.
For more information about stream summary formats, see Formatting Stream
Results.
Heat Heat flow results for all or selected heat streams in a spreadsheet format
Aspen Plus uses heat streams to transfer duties to or from unit operation blocks.

12-6 • Examining Results and Generating Reports Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Select this Results To display
Summary Stream
sheet
Work Power results for all or selected work streams in a spreadsheet format
Aspen Plus uses work streams to transfer power to or from pumps or
compressors.
Vol. % Curves The Volume percent curves for all or selected streams.
TBP curve, ASTM D86 curve, ASTM D1160 curve, Vacuum at 10 mmHg curve,
API curve, and Specific gravity curve can be viewed.
Wt. % Curves The Weight percent curves for all or selected streams.
TBP curve, ASTM D86 curve, ASTM D1160 curve, Vacuum at 10 mmHg curve,
API curve, Specific gravity curve, Molecular weight curve, and ASTM D86CRK
curve can be viewed.
Petro. Curves Petroleum property curves for all or selected streams.
Formatting Stream The settings you specify on the Setup ReportOptions Stream sheet
Results determine the contents of the Results Summary Streams Material
sheet. For more information on specifying stream results, see
Customizing the Stream Report.
The table format file (TFF) shown in the Format box of the Stream
Summary sheet determines the format (order, labels, precision, and
other options) of the stream results.
Aspen Plus provides built-in TFFs tailored to each Application
Type. The default is an appropriate TFF for the Application Type
you choose when you create a new run. You can also create your
own TFFs.
Choosing a Table Format To choose a TFF:
File
1 From the Data menu, click Results Summary, then Streams.
2 Click the Material sheet.
3 In the Format box, click the drop down arrow and select a TFF
from the List.
If you are using built-in TFFs, it is recommended that you
select a TFF for your Application Type. For example, if you
are using a Petroleum Application Type, choose a TFF
beginning with PET.
Tip: You can also specify the TFF on the Setup ReportOptions
Streams sheet. Aspen Plus uses the TFF you select for all Stream
Summary sheets you display, until you select another TFF.
Some TFFs filter the calculated stream results. If you want to make
sure you see all calculated properties, select TFF FULL.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Examining Results and Generating Reports • 12-7
 Displaying Heat and To display results for heat and work streams, follow one of these
Work Stream Results procedures:
To display results for Do this
A single stream 1. Click the stream
2. Click the right mouse button and from the
popup menu that appears, click Results.
All streams 1. From the Data Browser, click Results
Summary, then Streams.
2. Click the Heat or Work tab.
Displaying EO To display EO variable results perform one of these procedures:
Variable Results To display results for Do this
A single stream 1. Click the stream.
2. Click the right mouse button and from the
popup menu that appears, click Results.
3. Click EO variables.
A single block 1. Click the block.
2. Click the right mouse button and from the
popup menu that appears, click Results.
3. Click EO variables

Generating an Aspen Plus Report File

You can generate a report file documenting the complete input
specifications and simulation results for your Aspen Plus run. Use
the Report Options forms to control report contents. See Report
Options in chapter 5 for more information about report options.
Before generating a report, the results of an interactive run must be
available. You need to make an interactive run if:
• You have not yet run the simulation.
• You changed input specifications since running the simulation.
• You changed settings on the Report Options forms since
running simulation.
• You opened a run saved in backup format, and have not run the
simulation in the current session.
To make an interactive Run:
• On the Simulation Run toolbar, click the Run button .
– or –
• From the Run menu, click Run.
To generate a report:
• From the View menu, click Report.

12-8 • Examining Results and Generating Reports Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Exporting a Report To save the entire report file from an interactive run:
File 1 From the File menu, click Export.
2 In the Save As Type box, select Report files.
3 Enter a filename. The file can be in any directory other than the
Aspen Plus program directory on the local computer.
4 Select Save to create the report file.
Aspen Plus generates a report automatically during a batch run.
The filename is the Run ID, with the .rep extension. The report file
for a batch run is saved on the computer running the Aspen Plus
simulation engine. If Aspen Plus is running on a remote computer,
the report file is saved on that computer's file system.
For more information on managing files, see chapter 15, Managing
Your Files.
Viewing a Section of To view the entire report or a selected portion of a report in a text
the Report editor:
1 From the View menu, click Report.
2 Select the part of the report that you would like to view:
Select To display
Block The results of a specified unit operation block
Convergence The results of a specified Convergence block
Sensitivity The results of a specified Sensitivity block
Transfer The results of a specified Transfer block
Calculator The results of a specified Calculator block
Streams The results of a specified stream or of all streams
Balance The results of a specified Balance block
Pressure Relief The results of a specified Pressure relief block
Regression The results of a specified Regression block
Simulation The entire Report file
Table Of Table of contents for the report
Contents
Flowsheet Material and energy balance for the flowsheet
Balance
Connecting The connecting streams (feeds and products) for a
Streams selected block
Measurement A detailed report of all measurements and their SM and
EO connections.
Measurement A summary of the EO measurements, including the
Report values and specifications of the Plant and Offset
variables.
3 If necessary, select the ID for the block, stream, or other object.
4 Click Apply to display your selection in the text editor.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Examining Results and Generating Reports • 12-9
 5 Repeat steps 2-4 to display any additional sections of the
report.
6 Click OK.
Tip: Any of the sections of the report can be saved or printed using
the text editor.
Use Copy and Paste to copy results from any sheet into another
Windows program.

12-10 • Examining Results and Generating Reports Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 13

Working with Plots

For help on generating, customizing, and printing plots from any

input or results sheet that has tabular data, see one of the following
topics:
• Generating plots
• Working with plots
• Printing plots

About Plots
Aspen Plus plots are a useful way of viewing the date from a run.
You can use plots to display:
• Input and results profiles for unit operation blocks
• The results of flowsheeeting options and model analysis tools
such as Sensitivity, Optimization, and Pres-Relief.
There are three steps involved in generating a plot:
1 Displaying the sheet containing the data you want to plot. The
sheet may contain either input or results data.
2 Generating the plot either by:
• Using the Plot Wizard
–or–
• Selecting the dependent, independent, and parametric
variables
3 Customizing the plot appearance.

Step 1: Displaying the Data

To display data:
1 From the Data menu, click Data Browser.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Plots • 13-1

 2 In the left hand pane, click the form containing the data that
you want to plot.
3 On the form, click the sheet to display the data.
This sheet can be either an input or a results sheet though it is
much more common to plot results.
4 To plot results, make sure that the simulation run has results
available.
If results are available, the status message in the main window
will be Results Available, Results Available with Warnings,
Results Available with Errors, or Input Changed. For more
information on status messages when results are present, see
Viewing Results.
If results are not available, run the simulation.

Step 2: Generating a Plot

You can generate the plot in either of these ways:
• Using the Plot Wizard
• Selecting the dependent and independent variables
Using the Plot Wizard Use the Plot Wizard to generate a plot quickly by selecting from a
list of predefined plots. The Plot Wizard is available for most
blocks and other objects which have tables of results.
After you have displayed the data:
1 From the Plot menu, click Plot Wizard.
Note: The Plot menu is only visible when you have the Data
Browser in the current window.
The Plot Wizard Step 1 appears.
2 Click Next.
3 Select the type of plot from the list of available plots, then click
Next.
4 Select the options for the plot type you have selected.
The options that are available depend on the plot type selected.
5 Click Next.
6 Select the general options for the plot type you have selected.
The Plot Wizard guides you through the options. These
include:
• Changing the Plot type
• Modifying the Plot and Axis titles

13-2 • Working with Plots Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Choosing whether you want the plot updated when new
results are available
• Selecting if you want to display the plot legend
• Adding a time stamp
For further details on these, see Step 3: Customizing the
Appearance of a Plot .
7 To end the Plot Wizard and generate the plot, click Finish.
For information on changing the plot attributes after exiting the
wizard, see Step 3: Customizing the Appearance of a Plot .
Example of Making a Plot
of Flow Rate for a
Radfrac Column

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Plots • 13-3

13-4 • Working with Plots Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 The plot generated:

Generating a Plot by The Plot Wizard is usually the quickest way to generate a plot.
Selecting Variables However, if the plot you are interested in is not available in the
Plot Wizard, you can generate the plot by selecting the
independent, dependent, and parametric variables.
To select variables:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Plots • 13-5

 1 Click the title of the column of data you want to plot on the X-
Axis.
2 From the Plot menu, click X-Axis Variable.
3 Select all the dependent variables:
• Hold down Ctrl and click the title of each column of data
you want to plot on the Y-Axis.
• From the Plot menu, click Y-Axis Variable.
4 If you want to plot a parametric variable:
Click the title of the column of data you want to plot as the
parametric variable.
5 From the Plot menu, click Parametric Variable.
Types of Variable For The Plot Wizard is usually the quickest way to generate a plot.
Plots However, if the plot you are interested in is not available in the
Plot Wizard, you can generate the plot by selecting the
independent, dependent, and parametric variables.
This table shows the types of variables available for a plot:
This variable Is You can
Y-Axis variable The dependent Select as many Y-Axis dependent variables as you like for a plot. You
variable must select at least one Y-Axis dependent variable.
X-Axis variable The independent Select only one X-axis independent variable or accept the default
variable independent variable (usually the first column of data)
Parametric The third Use this variable to plot a dependent variable against an independent
variable variable variable for several values. For example, you might use a sensitivity
block to generate a plot of reaction conversion (the dependent variable
to be plotted on the Y-axis) versus residence time (the independent
variable to be plotted on the X-axis) for three temperatures (the
parametric variable).

Step 3: Customizing the Appearance

of a Plot
You can customize the appearance of your plot by:
• Adding and modifying annotation text
• Changing the plot properties
Adding and Modifying You can:
Annotation Text

Do This And
Add text to annotate a plot The text can be attached or unattached.
Attach text to a point on a plot The text moves with the point as you zoom in and out and scroll
line through the plot workspace.

13-6 • Working with Plots Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Do This And
Place unattached text anywhere The text stays in the same place within the window as you zoom in and
within the plot workspace out and scroll through the workspace.
Adding Text to Plots To add text to a plot:
1 Display the plot on which you want to add text.
2 Click the right mouse bu tton on a plot and from the popup
menu that appears, point to Modify, then click Add Text.
3 Use the Plot Text Setting dialog box to add or change the text.
Use this text sheet To
Text Enter the annotation text and specify color and orientation
Attribute Attach the text to data point. You can connect it without an arrow or with a
small, medium or large arrow. The default is to attach it with a medium arrow.
Leave the text unattached. You can either left, center, or right justify it. The
default is to left justify the text.
Font Select the font, style and size for the text
4 Click OK.
5 Click the location on the plot where you would like to have the
text placed.
6 If the text is attached to a data point, Aspen Plus automatically
draws a line to the nearest curve. If this location is not desired,
the point of attachment can be selected and dragged to any
point on any curve in the plot.
Modifying Text on Plots To modify text on a plot:
1 Select the text that you want to modify. It will be highlighted
once it is selected.
2 Click the right mouse button and click Edit.
3 Use the Plot Text Settings dialog box to change the text.
4 Click OK.
You can also change the default text font on a plot. For
information on changing plot defaults, see Changing Plot
Defaults.
Changing Plot Most of the elements of a plot can be modified using the Plot
Properties Control Properties dialog box. Access this dialog box using either
of these methods:
• Double-click the plot.
• Click the right mouse button over the plot and from the menu
that appears, click Properties.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Plots • 13-7

 For help on changing plot properties, see one of the following
topics:
• Changing plot attributes
• Displaying the plot legend
• Modifying the plot legend
• Changing the Axis Map
• Changing plot titles
• Changing plot axis labels
• Changing plot axes
• Changing the grid display
• Adding a time stamp
Changing Plot Attributes You can change the appearance of data lines on a plot. The color,
line, type and marker type can be modified for each variable.
To change the attributes of the data lines on the plot:
1 Display the plot.
2 Click the right mouse button on the plot and from the menu
that appears, click Properties.
3 Click the Attribute tab.

4 Select the variable.

5 Select the Color, Marker, and Line type for that variable.
Displaying the Plot To show a legend on a plot:
Legend
1 Display the plot.
2 Click the right mouse button on the plot and from the popup
menu, point to Modify, then click Show Legend.

13-8 • Working with Plots Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Modifying the Plot You can modify the legend text and font:
Legend 1 Display the plot.
2 Double-click the legend.
3 On the Plot Legend dialog box, click the line of the legend that
you want to change and it appears in the Legend Text box.
4 In the Legend Text box, change the legend.
5 Click Replace.
6 Repeat steps 3–4 for every line of the legend that you want to
change.
7 On the Font tab, you can modify the font for the entire legend.
The legend can be hidden and then revealed, and all changes to
the legend will be preserved.
You can also change whether a legend appears by default on
your plots. For information on changing plot defaults, see
Changing Plot Defaults.
Changing the Axis Map If a plot has more than one dependent variable, by default
Aspen Plus displays the plot with a separate Y axis scale for each
dependent variable. You can map all variables to a single axis, or
you can map groups of variables to designated axes.
For example, if you plot column mole fraction profiles for five
components, you can plot all components against a single Y axis
scale. If you plot temperature, liquid rate and vapor rate on the
same plot, you can plot temperature on one axis and both flow
rates on another.
To specify axis mapping:
1 Display the plot.
2 Click the right mouse button on the plot and from the popup
menu, click Properties.
3 Click the AxisMap tab.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Plots • 13-9

 4 Select a dependent variable.
5 This table shows what you can do:
Use To
The Up and Down arrows Change the axis number the variable is
mapped to. If you reduce an axis number to
zero, the plot of the dependent variable is
not displayed.
The All in One button Map all dependent variable to a single axis.
The One for Each button Map each dependent variable to a separate
axis.
6 Click OK.
Changing Plot Titles You can change the text on the plot titles at any time by
customizing the font, style, and size for the text.
To change the plot title for a specific plot:
1 Display the plot that you want to change.
2 Double-click the title that you want to change.
3 On the Text tab, enter the text for the title.
4 On the Font tab, select the font, style, and size for the text.
You can also change the default text font for plot titles. For
information on changing plot defaults, see Changing Plot
Defaults.
Changing Plot Axis The text on the plot axis labels can be modified at any time. The
Labels font, style, and size for the text can also be customized for each
label.
To change the plot axis labels for a specific plot:
1 Display the plot.

13-10 • Working with Plots Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 Double-click the axis label that you want to change.
3 On the Text tab, enter the text for the axis label.
4 On the Font tab, select the font, style, and size for the text.
5 Repeat steps 2–4 for any other axes that you wish to modify.
You can also change the default font for all plot axis labels. For
information on changing plot defaults, see Changing Plot
Defaults.
Changing Plot Axes The scale options for the X and Y axes can be changed in order
that a specific area of the plot can be viewed. If a plot has more
than one Y axis scale, the scale for each one can be changed
separately.
To change scale options for the X or Y axis:
1 Display the plot.
2 Double-click the Axis values that you want to change.
3 Select whether you want a linear, log or inverse scale.
4 Change the Grid interval.
– or –
To return to the automatic grid interval determined by
Aspen Plus, turn off the Lock grid option.
5 Use the Axis Range settings to plot only a subset of the data, or
to specify endpoints for the axis scale. To return to the
automatic range determined by Aspen Plus, delete the entries
from the Range text boxes.
6 The Value Range boxes (displayed below the Axis Range
boxes) show the range of data.
7 If you want to invert the axis to display the variable values
decreasing from the origin, check the Variable Descends box.
8 On the Font tab, select the font, style and size for the text.
Changing the Grid To change the grid and line display options for a specific plot:
Display for a Plot
1 Display the plot.
2 Double-click the plot background.
3 Click the Grid tab.
4 Change the options desired.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Plots • 13-11

 This table shows the display settings that you can change:
Choose this Plot To
Option
Grid Define the type of grid for the plot. Choose from:
Mesh (Horizontal and vertical grid)
Horizontal
Vertical
No grid
Line Select the line style for the data curves. Choose
from:
Lines & markers
Lines
Markers
Flip coordinate Flip the x and y axes
Square plot Set the range of the x and y axes to be the same
Diagonal line Draw a diagonal line where x=y on the plot
Zero line Draw a horizontal line at the zero point of the x
axis
Marker size Modify the size of the markers displayed in the
plot
You can also change the default display options for plots. For
information on changing plot defaults, see Changing Plot Defaults.
Adding a Time Stamp A time stamp can be added to a plot to mark the date and time that
the plot was created. The time stamp can include any combination
of:
• Date
• Time
• Version
• RunID
• Username
To add a time stamp to a plot:
1 Display the plot.
2 From the Edit menu, click Insert Time Stamp.
The time stamp is simply text. To modify the time stamp, use the
same instructions for modifying text.
You can also change the default time stamp for plots. For
information on changing plot defaults, see Changing Plot Defaults.

13-12 • Working with Plots Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Working with Plots
For help on working with plots, see one of the following topics:
• Updating plots when results change
• Adding data to plots
• Comparing runs using plots
• Deleting data points and curves
• Displaying a different range of data
• Changing plot defaults
• Printing plot files
Updating Plots When If you leave a Plot window open when you rerun a simulation, by
Results Change default Aspen Plus does not redraw the plot using data from the
new run.
To have a plot updated when results change:
1 Display the plot that you want to modify.
2 From the Edit menu, click Live Plot.
This option can also be selected in the Plot Wizard.
Adding Data to Plots You can add additional curves to existing plots.
To add data:
1 Display the sheet that contains the data you want to add to an
existing plot.
2 Select the dependent and independent variables.
The selected data needs to have the same x-axis variable as the
existing plot. For example, if the existing plot is temperature
vs. stage number, the data selected needs to be something vs.
stage number.
3 From the Plot menu, click Add New Curve.
4 In the Plot Window List dialog box, click the Plot where you
want to add the new data.
5 Click OK.
The new curve is added to the plot.
Comparing Runs You can use the Add New Curve feature to compare the results
Using Plots from different runs in a single plot.
1 After the first simulation, create the plot.
2 From the Plot menu, ensure that the Animate Plot option is not
checked.
3 Change the input specifications and re-run the simulation.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Plots • 13-13

 4 Display the results sheet containing the data you want to
compare against the first run. Select the same independent and
dependent variables as in the first plot.
5 From the Plot menu, click Add New Curve.
6 In the Plot Window List dialog box, click the Plot where you
want to add the new data.
7 Click OK.
The new curve will be added to the plot.
Deleting Data Points From an existing plot, you can delete:
and Curves from • Selected data points
Plots
• An entire curve
After you delete data points from a plot, Aspen Plus redraws the
curve automatically.
Note: You cannot recover deleted data points. You must
regenerate the plot if you want to see them again.
Deleting Selected Data To delete selected data points from a plot:
Points
1 Display the plot.
2 Hold down the left mouse button and drag the cursor to form a
rectangular outline around the data points that you want to
delete.
3 Click the right mouse button.
4 From the menu that appears, click Delete Points.
Note: You cannot recover deleted data points.
Deleting an Entire Curve To delete an entire curve:
1 Display the plot.
2 Click the right mouse button.
3 From the popup menu, point to Modify, then click Hide
Variable.
4 Select a variable and use the Hide and Show arrow buttons to
move the desired variables from the Shown Variables list to the
Hidden Variables list.
Hidden curves can later be revealed using these same steps.
Displaying a Different Use the zoom commands to display a different range of data on a
Range of Data on a plot:
Plot This zoom option Zooms
Zoom Auto In by an automatic amount
Zoom Out Out by an automatic amount
Zoom Full To the full plot

13-14 • Working with Plots Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 For example, to zoom in on a specific range of data:
1 Display the plot.
2 Select the region of interest on the plot. To do this, hold down
the left mouse button and drag the cursor to form a rectangle
outline.
3 Click the right mouse button in this region and from the menu
that appears, click Zoom In to display the region you selected.
4 To display the entire plot again, click the right mouse button in
the plot and from the popup menu, click Zoom Full.
Changing Plot To change the defaults used to generate a plot:
Defaults 1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 From the Plots tab, click the defaults that you want to change.

3 Click the Title, Axis label, Axis scale, or Annotation buttons to

modify the default font for the different types of text on a plot.
4 Use the lists to select the Grid Style and the Line Style used for
new plots.
5 Use the Marker Size box to specify the size of data markers in
plots.
6 Check the Show legend and/or Show Time Stamp boxes to
display these elements by default on a new plot. The

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Plots • 13-15

 components of the time stamp can also be selected in this
manner.
Printing a Plot You can print a selected plot. To do this:
1 Display the plot that you want to print.
2 From the File menu, click Print.
For more information on printing, see chapter 14.

13-16 • Working with Plots Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 14

Annotating Process Flowsheets

For help on annotating Process Flowsheets, see one of the

following topics:
• Adding annotations
• Displaying global data
• Using PFD mode
• Printing

Adding Annotations
Additional text, graphics, and tables can be added to your
flowsheets.
For example, this illustration shows annotation turned on to show a
title and a table of stream results.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Annotating Process Flowsheets • 14-1

 Adding Stream You can add stream tables to your flowsheets to display stream
Tables properties in a birdcage format.
To generate a stream table in your flowsheet:
1 Ensure that the flowsheet has results available. If results are not
available, run the simulation.
2 From the View menu, ensure Annotation is selected.
3 Display the Results Summary Streams sheet. To do this, in the
left pane of the Data Browser, click Results Summary, then
Streams.
Results for all of the streams are displayed. If you only want
selected streams to be displayed:
• In the Display box, select Streams instead of All Streams.
• Then select the desired stream from the list at the top cell of
each column.
4 In the Format box, select the format you want. The format
controls how Aspen Plus displays results. Options include
order, labels, units, and precision.
The different formats are created using Stream Summary
Format Files (*.tff files). All of the files with this extension in
the system directory or in the working directory will appear in
the Format list.
5 Click the Stream Table button.
Aspen Plus adds the stream table to your drawing.
The table is scaled for printing so if you cannot read its
contents on screen, you can zoom in on it, or resize it.
6 Move the table to the position you want, using the keyboard or
mouse.
7 You can attach the table to a block or stream. From the Table
popup menu, click Attach. See also Attaching Objects to the
Flowsheet.
8 To arrange the table in multiple rows of streams, from the
Table popup menu, click Stack Table.
Resizing Stream Tables You can resize stream tables by changing the font size. To do this:
1 Click on the stream table to select it.
2 On the Draw toolbar, change the font size.
The stream table resizes accordingly.
For help on viewing the Draw toolbar, see Viewing Toolbars.
Adding Graphics To add lines, circles, or boxes to a flowsheet:
Objects 1 From the View menu, ensure Annotation is selected.

14-2 • Annotating Process Flowsheets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 Ensure the Draw toolbar is displayed. See Viewing Toolbars
for more information.
3 From the Draw toolbar, select the drawing tool that you want,
and the line style and fill color that you want.
4 Move the cursor to where you want to place the object.
5 Hold down the mouse button until the cursor changes to the
resize shape (+).
6 Drag the cursor to create the object in the size you want, then
release the mouse button.
7 To fill in the graphics object, select the object and check fill on
the object's popup menu.
You can change the attributes of an object after you place it. Select
the object, then select the line style or fill color from the Draw
toolbar.
Use the mouse or keyboard to move and resize graphics objects.
You can attach the graphics object to a block or stream by clicking
the block or stream with the right mouse button and from the
popup menu that appears, clicking Attach.
It is helpful to show the grid and use grid options when placing,
moving, and resizing graphics objects. For more information see
Aligning Objects in Flowsheets.
Adding Text Objects To add text annotations to a flowsheet:
1 On the View menu, ensure Annotation is selected.
2 Ensure the Draw toolbar is displayed. See Viewing Toolbars
for changing which toolbars are displayed.
3 From the Draw toolbar, click the text button .
4 Move the cursor to where you want to place the text and click
the mouse button.
5 Type the text.
Use the mouse or keyboard to move and resize text you have
placed.
You can also attach the object to a block or stream. To do this,
click the block or stream with the right mouse button and from
the popup menu that appears, click Attach.
It is helpful to show the grid and use grid options when placing,
moving, and resizing text. For more information see Aligning
Objects in Flowsheets.
Specifying Text Attributes You can change the appearance of text objects after you place
them in your flowsheet by selecting the text object then using the
Draw toolbar to specify the attributes.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Annotating Process Flowsheets • 14-3

 To specify the default text attributes for all subsequent text that
you add:
1 Ensure no text objects are selected in the drawing.
2 In the Draw toolbar, specify the attributes you want.

Editing Text Objects In a flowsheet, you can edit a text object.

To edit a text string:
1 Select the text string and click the right mouse button.
2 From the popup menu that appears, click Edit.

About Global Data

Global data consists of simulation results for each stream, and for
each block that calculates duty or power.
You can display the following global data directly on a flowsheet:
This data Is displayed
Stream temperature, pressure, mass In symbols attached to stream IDs
flow rate, volume, molar flow rate,
and vapor fraction
Heat stream duty In symbols attached to stream IDs
Work stream power In symbols attached to stream IDs
Block heat duty and power Next to the block icon

14-4 • Annotating Process Flowsheets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Here is an example where Global data is turned on to show
temperature, pressure, and flow rate for each stream.

Displaying Global To display global data in a flowsheet:

Data 1 From the View menu, ensure Global data is selected.
2 Ensure that the flowsheet has results available. If results are not
available, run the simulation.
3 From the Tools menu, click Options.
4 Click the Results View tab.
5 Select a units set for the data from the list.
6 Select the results you want to display.
For each result, specify a numerical format.
The recommended format is %10.2f. This format prints values
with two digits to the right of the decimal, if there is room. If
the number is greater than 9,999,999, Aspen Plus eliminates
the fractional digits, then spills over the field range to the left.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Annotating Process Flowsheets • 14-5

 Other common formats used in stream tables are:
Stream table format Prints
%10.0f Whole numbers, with no decimal digits or exponents
%10.nf Numbers without exponents and with n digits to the right of the decimal point,
if there is room. Decimal points line up, unless decimal digits have been
eliminated in some numbers.
%10.nE Numbers in exponential notation, with n+1 significant digits
7 Click OK to close the dialog box and display the data.
A legend box shows the global data symbols and units. You
can move and resize the legend in the same way that you move
and resize blocks.

About PFD Mode

Aspen Plus has a special Process Flow Diagram (PFD) mode that
enables you to create customized diagrams from your simulation
results. In this mode, you can add or delete unit operation icons to
the flowsheet for graphical purposes only.
Using PFD mode means that you can change flowsheet
connectivity to match that of your plant.
To use the PFD mode:
• Turn PFD mode on and off from the View menu.
The default is PFD Mode turned off.
Using PFD Mode to Using PFD mode means that you can change flowsheet
Change Flowsheet connectivity to match that of your plant.
Connectivity
In the simulation flowsheet, you may need to use more than one
unit operation block to model a single piece of equipment in a
plant. For example, a reactor with a liquid product and a vent may
need to be modeled using a RStoic reactor and a Flash2 block. In
the report, only one unit operation icon is needed to represent the
unit in the plant.
Alternatively, some pieces of equipment may not need to be
explicitly modeled in the simulation flowsheet. For example,
pumps are frequently not modeled in the simulation flowsheet; the
pressure change can be neglected or included in another unit
operation block.
When PFD mode is on, you can:
• Add blocks and streams that are not in the simulation flowsheet
• Delete blocks and streams that are in the simulation flowsheet

14-6 • Annotating Process Flowsheets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 In summary:
Have PFD mode When you
Off Create a simulation flowsheet (default)
On Prepare customized PFD-style drawings for reports
Example of Aspen Plus in When the PFD mode is on, PFD mode is shown on the status bar
Simulation Mode and and a aqua border is displayed at the edge of the Process Flowsheet
PFD Mode Window.
Simulation Mode:

PFD mode:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Annotating Process Flowsheets • 14-7

 Creating a Process To create a process flow diagram:
Flow Diagram 1 Display the simulation flowsheet.
2 From the View menu, ensure PFD mode is checked.
You are now in PFD mode. Aspen Plus displays a copy of your
simulation flowsheet.
3 Modify the drawing, as described in subsequent sections of this
chapter.
4 To exit PFD mode, from the View menu, clear the PFD mode
checkbox.
Important: PFD-style drawing is completely separate from the
graphical simulation flowsheet. You must return to simulation
mode if you want to make a change to the simulation flowsheet.

Grouping Objects
You can create temporary or permanent groups of text and
graphics objects in your flowsheet.
See this example of a temporary group that includes the text
"Methylcyclohexane Recovery Column" and the Unit Operation
Icon for the column:

You can select a region containing both the objects and flowsheet
blocks and streams. You can move the selected text, graphics, and

14-8 • Annotating Process Flowsheets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 flowsheet objects as a unit. But you must perform all other
operations separately for the different groups in the region.
When you select a temporary group, you can move, resize, or
change attributes of all objects in the group together.
A permanent group becomes a single object in the drawing. You
can select, move, resize, rotate, or change the attributes of all
objects in the group together. Permanent groups may only contain
text and graphic objects added to the flowsheet in PFD mode, but
you can attach the entire group to a flowsheet block or stream. For
more information, see Attaching Objects to the Flowsheet.
Creating Temporary To create a temporary group in your flowsheet:
Groups 1 Select a region that contains text or graphics objects by using
the mouse to draw a box around the region.
2 You can add or remove objects by holding down Ctrl and
clicking the mouse.
3 Work with the selected group to perform the operations you
want. For more information see Working with Temporary
Groups.
4 To deselect the group, move the mouse away from the group
and click.
Working with Temporary After creating a temporary group, you can perform these
Groups operations:
To do this Use the And
Move the group Keyboard or mouse Move the group as if it
were a single object.
Resize the Resize button or + and - keys Drag the mouse or hold
group down the key until the
group is the size you want
Change Draw toolbar Select the attribute you
attributes want.
Zoom in or Popup menu. Click the right Select Zoom In or Print.
print mouse button within the
region, but outside the group
select buttons.
Use other group Popup menu. Click the right Select a command.
commands mouse button on the group.
Creating Permanent To create a permanent group:
Groups 1 Select a temporary group.
2 Click with the right mouse button on an object in the group.
3 From the Group popup menu that appears, click Group.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Annotating Process Flowsheets • 14-9

 Note: A permanent group may only contain text and graphical
objects added to the flowsheet in PFD mode, but you can attach a
permanent group to a flowsheet block or stream. For more
information, see Attaching Objects to the Flowsheet.
Making Permanent To convert a permanent group to a temporary group:
Groups into Temporary
1 Click the right mouse button on the group
Groups
2 From the Group popup menu that appears, click Ungroup.
Aligning Objects in If the Snap to Grid option is on, any text or graphics objects that
Flowsheets you add or move align to a grid.
To display the grid:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 Click Grid/Scale.
3 Check Show Grid to see the grid on the screen.
You may need to position or size objects more precisely than the
default grid allows. To do this, you can:
• Turn off the Snap to Grid option
• Reduce the grid size
• Display a ruler
You can also use the Process Flowsheet toolbar to perform all
these operations quickly.
Turning off Snap to Grid To turn off the Snap to Grid option:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 Click the Grid/Scale tab.
3 Clear the Snap to Grid checkbox.
Changing the Grid Size To change the grid size:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 Click the Grid/Scale tab.
3 Select the Grid Size from the list.
Displaying a Ruler You can display a ruler to help you see where you are within the
overall drawing grid:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 Click the Grid/Scale tab.
3 Check Show Scale to turn it on.
When precisely aligning text and graphics, it is helpful to zoom in
on the area of the flowsheet where you are working.

14-10 • Annotating Process Flowsheets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Attaching Objects to You can attach stream tables, permanent groups, and OLE objects
the Flowsheet to flowsheet blocks or stream IDs. Attached objects move with the
parent block or stream ID.
To attach an object to a flowsheet:
1 Click the object to select it.
2 Click the right mouse button on the object.
3 From the popup menu that appears, click Attach.
The mouse changes to the connect pointer.
4 Click the block or stream to which you want the object
connected.
5 Move the object where you want it, relative to the parent block
or stream ID.
When you select an attached object, small boxes indicate the
parent block or stream.
To unattach an object:
• From the object's popup menu, deselect Attach.

Printing
For help on printing, see one of the following topics:
• Specifying your print settings in the Page Setup dialog box
• Viewing the page layout and adjusting the page breaks
You can print the following in Aspen Plus:
• The entire flowsheet
• A section of a flowsheet
• Plots
• Online Documentation and Help
Tip: To print Aspen Plus forms, copy and paste the information to
Microsoft Excel, then print.
Using Page Setup Use Page Setup to control the appearance of printed sheets, paper
size, including margins, orientation, and other printing options.
Aspen Plus uses the Number of Pages setting only when you print
an entire drawing or flowsheet section. Aspen Plus superimposes
the drawing on a page layout. The layout is defined by:
• Number of vertical and horizontal pages
• Page orientation
• Paper size

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Annotating Process Flowsheets • 14-11

 You can use Page Break Preview on the View menu to see where
the page breaks are located on the drawing.
Aspen Plus scales drawings proportionally to fill the page in the
limiting direction (horizontal or vertical), within built-in margins.
It does not distort the drawing to fill the page in both directions.
Specify your settings for printing the flowsheet window on the
Page Setup dialog box:
• From the File menu, click Page Setup.
Viewing Page Breaks You can view the page breaks in order to visualize the layout and
adjust what is going to be printed. You should avoid printing
drawings with icons or IDs spanning page boundaries.
Adjust the position of the drawing on the page by:
• Repositioning the flowsheet objects on the individual pages
• Moving and resizing the page layout frame
You can change the page layout at any time by changing the
settings on Page Setup. Aspen Plus will redraw the page breaks.
To view the page layout:
1 From the View menu, click Page Break Preview.
2 Complete the Page Setup dialog box or accept the defaults if
this sheet has not been viewed previously.
In the Page Setup dialog box, you can specify the number or
horizontal and vertical pages, the paper size and source, the
paper orientation (portrait or landscape), and the margins.
3 When the flowsheet is superimposed on the current page
layout, you can select the borders to move the location of the
pages, and you can select a corner to change the size of the
pages relative to the flowsheet.
Note: All the pages must remain equally sized.
4 You can also move elements of the flowsheet such as the unit
operation icons, tables, and annotation to a desired location. In
this way, you can determine what is present in the print area.
Tip: It is often helpful to select Zoom Full from the View menu in
order to view the entire Flowsheet before adjusting the page
breaks.
Printing a Flowsheet To print a flowsheet:
1 Click in the Process Flowsheet Window to make it active.
2 Click the Printer button on the Standard toolbar.
– or –
From the File menu, select Print.

14-12 • Annotating Process Flowsheets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 Choose the printer and desired settings in the Print dialog box.
4 Click OK.
Printing a Section of To print a section of flowsheet:
Flowsheet 1 From the Flowsheet menu, click Flowsheet Sections.
2 Choose the flowsheet section you want to print and click OK.
3 From the View menu, click Current Section Only.
4 Click the Printer button on the toolbar.
5 Choose the printer and desired settings in the Print dialog box.
6 Click OK.
Displaying and Printing In a flowsheet divided into sections, when the View only current
Attached Objects with section option is on in the Section Object Manager, attached
Flowsheet Sections objects display and print with the section they are attached to.
For example, you can generate a stream table consisting of all the
streams in a section and attach it to a block in the section. If you
print the section, the stream table prints with it. Unattached
annotation objects or OLD objects display and print with all
sections. For more information on flowsheet sections, see About
Flowsheet Sections.
Printing Large For large flowsheets, it is often necessary to print the flowsheet on
Flowsheets multiple pages. You may also want to only print one flowsheet
section at a time.
To print on multiple pages:
1 From the File menu, click Page Setup.
2 Specify the desired number of horizontal and vertical pages.
3 From the View menu, click Page Break Preview.
4 Select the page borders to move the location of the pages, or
select a corner to change the size of the pages relative to the
flowsheet.
Note: All of the pages must remain equally sized.
5 You can also move elements of the flowsheet such as the unit
operation icons, tables, and annotation and arrange them to fit
on a desired page.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Annotating Process Flowsheets • 14-13

14-14 • Annotating Process Flowsheets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 15

Managing Your Files

For help on managing files, see one of the following topics:

• File formats used during Aspen Plus runs
• Saving Aspen Plus document files
• Exporting Aspen Plus files
• Importing Aspen Plus files
• Saving an Aspen Plus run
• Managing files in a client-server environment
• Converting Pro/II input keyword files

File Formats in Aspen Plus

These are the major types of files used in Aspen Plus:
File Type Extension Format Description
Document *.apw Binary Quick restart file containing simulation input and results
and immediate convergence information
Backup *.bkp ASCII Archive file containing simulation input and results
Template *.apt ASCII Template containing default inputs
Input *.inp Text Simulation input
Run Message *.cpm Text Calculation history shown in the Control Panel
History *.his Text Detailed calculation history and diagnostic messages
Summary *.sum ASCII Simulation results
Problem Definition *.appdf Binary Binary file containing arrays and intermediate convergence
information used in the simulation calculations
Report *.rep Text Simulation report
Model Library *.apm Binary User-created model library consisting of pre-configured
models or flowsheets for distribution and re-use.
Embedded Backup File *.apmbd Binary Information on objects such as spreadsheets and pictures
embedded in the Aspen Plus simulation
In this context, a text file is one that you can read with a standard editor such as Notepad®.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Managing Your Files • 15-1

A binary file cannot be read by the user.
An ASCII file can be opened in an editor, but is formatted to be read by a program, not a person. ASCII files are
portable across different hardware platforms.
To save a simulation, you must keep, at a minimum, either the
.apw file or both the .bkp file and (if present) the .apmbd file.
Document Files Aspen Plus document files contain all input specifications,
(*.apw) simulation results, and intermediate convergence information. If
you save a run as a Document file before you exit from
Aspen Plus, the next time you open the run it is in exactly the same
state as when you saved it. If you reopen a run saved as a
Document file, Aspen Plus restarts the calculations using the
previous results.
Document files can be opened in the Aspen Plus User Interface
and saved.

Disadvantages
Document files (.apw) are not compatible across different versions
of Aspen Plus.

Advantages
For longer simulations, Document files are much quicker to load
into and save from the Aspen Plus User Interface.
Because Document files contain intermediate convergence
information, the run can be started exactly where it was saved.
Intermediate results are especially useful when you save a file
while in the process of trying to converge a large flowsheet.
Saving an Aspen Plus To save an Aspen Plus document after a completed run:
Document
1 On the File menu, click Save As.
2 From the Save as Type list, select Aspen Plus Documents
(*.apw).
3 Choose the directory and filename that you want.
4 Click Save.
When you exit Aspen Plus or open a new run, a dialog box asks if
you want to save the current run. Select Yes to save the run in
Aspen Plus format.
Backup Files (*.bkp) Aspen Plus Backup files contain a compact version of your
Aspen Plus run. They occupy much less disk space than files saved
in Document format, and are thus preferable for long-term storage.
Backup files contain all input specifications and simulation results,
but no intermediate convergence information. If you reopen a
converged run stored as a backup file and rerun the simulation,
Aspen Plus:

15-2 • Managing Your Files Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Reinitializes the streams and blocks
• Reconverges the entire simulation
Backup files are ASCII files. You can use them to transfer runs
between:
• Computers
• Versions of Aspen Plus
The advantage of the Backup (.bkp) files over Document (.apw)
files is that the Backup files are upwardly compatible through
different versions of Aspen Plus and are portable. For example,
they can easily be emailed.
Backup files can be opened and saved in Aspen Plus. They can
also be imported into a current run, and partial or complete
flowsheets can be exported. For more information, see Exporting
Aspen Plus Files.
You can import runs saved in Backup format into your current run.
Aspen Plus merges the information and specifications contained in
the backup file with your current run.
For example, you can have two sections of a flowsheet stored in
separate backup files. You can import these two backup files into a
single run, merging the two flowsheet sections.
For information on inserts (partial backup files that you can import
at any time), see chapter 34, Inserts.
Maintaining Upward When importing a backup file, you can control compatibility
Compatibility between Aspen Plus versions.
The Upward Compatibility dialog box appears when you open a
backup file that was created with the Aspen Plus simulation
engine, or with a previous version of Aspen Plus.
New features in Aspen Plus may mean your results differ from
those of previous versions. To maintain upward compatibility and
obtain the same results as your previous version of Aspen Plus,
ignore the new features. To do this:
• In the Upward Compatibility dialog box, select Maintain
Complete Upward Compatibility.
To use the new features:
• In the Upward Compatibility dialog box, select Use the
Following New Features, and select the features you want
from:
− New pure component databanks
− New property methods
− New built-in binary parameters

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Managing Your Files • 15-3

 − New ADA/PCS procedures
− Calculated molecular weight obtained from formula
− Checking of user-specified sequence
Note: If you are opening a file created by Version 9 or 10 of the
Aspen Plus user interface, you will get only the option of using the
new pure component databank, PURE11.
The default options for this dialog box are specified on the
Upward Compatibility tab of the Tools | Options dialog box. On
this tab, you can also tell Aspen Plus not to display the Upward
Compatibility dialog box. If you do so, then the defaults specified
on the Tools | Options | Upward Compatibility tab are
automatically applied when you open a backup file not made by
the current version of the Aspen Plus user interface.
Saving a Backup File To save an Aspen Plus backup file after a completed run:
1 From the File menu, click Save As.
2 In the Save As dialog box, select Aspen Plus Backup File
(*.bkp) from the Save as Type list.
3 Select the directory and enter a filename. The file can be in any
directory.
4 Click Save.
Exporting a Backup File You can export a backup file at any time without saving your
current run.
To generate and export an Aspen Plus backup file:
1 From the File menu, click Export.
2 In the Export dialog box, select Aspen Plus Backup File
(*.bkp) from the Save as Type list.
3 Select the directory and enter a filename. The file can be in any
directory.
4 Click Save.
You can also export just the contents of a Hierarchy block as a
backup file. None of the global information is included in this
backup file. To do this:
1 Click to open the Data Browser.
2 Open Blocks.
3 Click the right mouse button on the Hierarchy block to be
exported and select Export.
4 Enter a filename and click Save.

15-4 • Managing Your Files Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Importing a Backup File You can import runs saved as backup files into your current run.
Aspen Plus merges the information and specifications contained in
the backup file with your current run.
For example, you can have two sections of a flowsheet stored in
separate backup files. You can import these two backup files into a
single run, merging the two flowsheet sections.
To import a backup file into your current simulation:
1 From the File menu, click Import.
2 In the Import dialog box, select the Aspen Plus Backup File
(*.bkp) file type from the Save as Type list.
3 Enter a filename. The file can be in any directory.
4 Click Open.
5 If the Resolve ID Conflict dialog box appears, there are objects
that have the same ID as objects in the current run.
To import the contents of a backup file into a Hierarchy block:
1 Click to open the Data Browser.
2 Open Blocks.
3 Click the right mouse button on the Hierarchy block, and select
Import.
4 In the Import dialog box, select the backup file to be imported,
and click Open.
5 If the Resolve ID Conflict dialog box appears, there are objects
that have the same ID as objects in the current run.
Template Files (*.apt) You can select a Template when creating a new run. Templates set
defaults for some or all of the following:
• Units of measurement
• Property sets for reporting stream properties
• Composition basis for stream reporting
• Stream report format
• Global flow basis for input specifications
• Setting for Free-Water option
• Selection for Stream-Class
• Property option set
• Required components (such as water)
• Other application-specific defaults
About the Built-in The built-in Templates are:
Templates
• Air Separation
• Chemicals

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Managing Your Files • 15-5

 • Electrolytes
• Gas Processing
• General
• Hydrometallurgy
• Petroleum
• Pharmaceuticals
• Polymers
• Pyrometallurgy
• Solids
• Specialty Chemicals
For each Template, you can select either metric or English units of
measurement. You can modify the built-in templates to meet your
company's requirements, or you can create new templates.
You can start a simulation with a template or you can import a
template into your current simulation.
There is no limit to the amount of information that can be included
in a template: setup information, components, unit sets, property
specifications, and even unit operation models can all be saved in a
template.
Saving a Template File To save an Aspen Plus template file:
1 From the File menu, click Save As.
2 In the Save As dialog box, select Templates (*.apt) from the
Save as Type list.
3 Select the directory and enter a filename. The file can be in any
directory.
4 Click Save.
Tip: The format for a template file is the same as for a backup file.
It is possible to create a template from a backup file, by changing
the extension from .bkp to .apt.
Importing a Template File To import an Aspen Plus template file:
1 From the File menu, click Import.
2 In the Import dialog box, select the Templates (*.apt) type from
the Files of Type list.
3 Enter a filename. The file can be in any directory.
4 Click Open.
5 If the Resolve ID Conflict dialog box appears, there are objects
that have the same ID as objects in the current run.

15-6 • Managing Your Files Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Input Files (*.inp) Aspen Plus input files are compact summaries of the specifications
for a flowsheet simulation. An input file can include graphical
information about the layout of the unit operation blocks and
streams in the Process Flowsheet Window.
An input file can:
• Be used as the input file for a stand-alone Aspen Plus engine
run
• Provide a compact summary of the input specifications for a
simulation (for example, to be included in a report)
• Provide the documentation of record for a simulation study (for
example, as part of the archives for a design project)
• Help expert users diagnose problems
You can generate an Aspen Plus input file from your simulation
specifications at any time. To save an input file, you must export it
from the Aspen Plus user interface.
The input file can be run directly by the simulation engine. See
Running Aspen Plus Standalone for details.
Opening an Input File To open an Aspen Plus input file in the user interface:
1 From the File menu, click Open.
2 In the Open dialog box, select Input Files (*.inp) from the Files
of Type list.
3 Enter a filename.
4 Click Open.
Exporting an Input File To generate and export an Aspen Plus input file:
1 From the File menu, click Export.
2 In the Export dialog box, select Input File (*.inp) or Input File
with Graphics (*.inp) from the Save as Type list.
3 Select the directory and enter a filename. The file can be in any
directory.
4 Click Save.
Import the backup file as described in Importing Aspen Plus Files.
Report Files (*.rep) Aspen Plus Report files document all of the input data and defaults
used in an Aspen Plus run, as well as the results of the simulation.
These are text files that can be read by the user.
Report files must be exported from the simulation to be saved.
Report files cannot be opened in the Aspen Plus User Interface.
If applicable, the DFMS input file (*.dfm), the Prop-Data file
(*.prd) and the Project file (*.prj) are exported along with the
report file.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Managing Your Files • 15-7

 Summary Files Aspen Plus Summary files contain all the results from the
(*.sum) simulation that are displayed in the Aspen Plus user interface.
Summary files are ASCII format files used to load the results into
the user interface. Summary files can also be used by other
programs to retrieve the results of the simulation.
Summary files must be exported from the simulation to be saved.
For more information, see Exporting Aspen Plus Files. Summary
files are automatically generated when running the Aspen Plus
simulation engine standalone. The summary file generated is called
runid.sum.
The results included in summary files can be imported in the
Aspen Plus User Interface. For more information, see Importing
Aspen Plus Files.
Exporting a Summary To generate and export an Aspen Plus summary file from a
File completed simulation:
1 From the File menu, click Export.
2 In the Export dialog box, select Summary File (*.sum) from the
Save as Type list.
3 Select the directory and enter a filename. The file can be in any
directory.
4 Click Save.
Importing a Summary File To import an Aspen Plus summary file:
1 From the File menu, click Import.
2 In the Export dialog box, select the Summary File (*.sum) file
type from the Files of Type list.
3 Enter a filename. The file can be in any directory.
4 Click Open.
Run Messages Files Aspen Plus Run Messages files are text files that include the error,
(*.cpm) warning, and diagnostic messages from the run. These are the
messages displayed on the Control Panel during a run. The number
of messages and the detail can be controlled globally on the Setup
Specifications Diagnostics sheet. You can also control the
messages locally for each block on the block BlockOptions
Diagnostics sheet.
Run Messages files are similar to history files (*.his). The
diagnostic level for history files and the control panel can be
adjusted independently. If you need a high level of diagnostics,
print to the history file (not to the control panel). This prevents any
performance degradation that might result from lengthy
diagnostics on the screen.

15-8 • Managing Your Files Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Run Messages files must be exported from the simulation to be
saved.
Exporting a Run To generate and export Run Messages file:
Messages File
1 From the File menu, click Export.
2 In the Export dialog box, select Run Messages File (*.cpm)
from the Files of Type list.
3 Select the directory and enter a filename. The file can be in any
directory.
4 Click Save.
History Files (*.his) The History file is a text file that includes an echo of the input
summary and the error, warning, and diagnostic messages from the
run. The number of messages and the detail can be controlled
globally on the Setup Specifications Diagnostics sheet. You can
also control the messages locally for each block on the block
BlockOptions Diagnostics sheet.
When you select History from the View menu, the Aspen Plus
history file is copied from the host computer to your local
computer. Aspen Plus executes your file editor to view the history
file.
A history file cannot be saved or exported from the Aspen Plus
User Interface. Save the file using History from the View menu. A
history file is saved automatically when you save a run as a
Document file.
The history file is similar to the Run Messages file. The diagnostic
levels for the history file and the control panel can be adjusted
independently. If you need a high level of diagnostics, print to the
history file (not to the control panel). This prevents any
performance degradation that might result from lengthy
diagnostics on the screen.

Opening Aspen Plus Files

You can open an existing Aspen Plus file from within Aspen Plus.
1 From the File menu, click Open.
2 In the Open dialog box, select the file type from the Files of
Type list.
3 Enter a filename or select a file from the available list, then
click Open.
4 The message "Do you wish to close the current run before
opening new run?", appears. Click No for the new simulation

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Managing Your Files • 15-9

 to be opened in a separate window. Click Yes to close the
current run.
Tip: To speed up your search for files or directories, in the Open
dialog-box. click the Look in Favorites button to display a list of
pre-selected directories. Use the Add to Favorites button to place
frequently used directories into this list.
Types of Files You You can open the following types of Aspen Plus Files:
Can Open Type of File Extension Description
Document *.apw Quick restart file containing simulation input
and results and intermediate convergence
information
Backup *.bkp Archive containing simulation input and results
Template *.apt ASCII file used as template
Summary *.sum Simulation results
Input *.inp Simulation input information without graphics
Using the Favorites By default, the Favorites list contains 5 directories that are
List provided with Aspen Plus. The files in these directories are
designed to assist you in creating a suitable simulation model in
Aspen Plus.
This table shows the directories:
Directory Description
Assay Libraries Petroleum crude assays compiled from literature for
different regions of the world and selected crude
assays from the Phillips Petroleum Crude Assay
Library
Applications Application examples of real world problems covering
gas processing, petroleum refining, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, and metals processing industries
Data Packages Special property data packages for industrially
important systems
Examples Selected examples
Electrolyte Electrolyte data packages for many industrially
Inserts important systems

Saving a Run
To save a file in Aspen Plus:
1 From the File menu, click Save As.
2 In the Save As dialog box, select the appropriate file type from
the Save as Type list. You can save Document, Backup, and
Template files.
3 Enter a filename. The file can be saved in any directory.

15-10 • Managing Your Files Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 4 Click Save.

Exporting Aspen Plus Files

To generate and export an Aspen Plus file:
1 From the File menu, click Export.
2 In the Export dialog box, select the appropriate file type from
the Save as Type list.
3 Enter a filename. The file can be saved in any directory.
4 Click Save.
Types of Files You You can export the following types of Aspen Plus files:
Can Export

File Type Extension Format Description

Backup .bkp ASCII Archive containing simulation input and results
Report .rep Text Report file
Summary .sum ASCII Simulation results
Input .inp Text Simulation input information without graphics
Input File with .inp Text Simulation input and graphical information
Graphics
Run Messages .cpm Text Calculation history
Flow Driven .dynf Text Aspen Dynamics input and Aspen Plus input
Dynamic Simulation .dyn.appdf
Pressure Driven .dynf Text Aspen Dynamics input and Aspen Plus input
Dynamic Simulation .dyn.appdf
Flowsheet Drawing .dxf ASCII AutoCAD file of process flowsheet
XML Results File .xml ASCII/ Aspen Plus simulation results in XML format.
XML
Flowsheet Binary .pfs Binary Flowsheet file used by Aspen WebModels
Dump

Importing Aspen Plus Files

To import an Aspen Plus file:
1 From the File menu, click Import.
2 In the Import dialog box, select the file type from the Files of
Type list. See Types of Files You Can Import for a list of the
files you can import.
3 Enter a filename. The file can be saved in any directory.
4 Click Open.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Managing Your Files • 15-11

 5 If the Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box appears, there are
objects that have the same ID as objects in the current run.
Tip: To speed up your search for files or directories, in the Open
dialog-box. click the Look in Favorites button to display a list of
pre-selected directories. Use the Add to Favorites button to place
frequently used directories into this list.
Types of Files You You can import the following types of files:
Can Import

File Type Extensio Format Description

n
Backup *.bkp ASCII Archive containing simulation input and results
Template *.apt ASCII ASCII file used as a template
IK-Cape .ikc ASCII IK-Cape neutral file for physical property information
Summary *.sum ASCII Simulation results

Deciding How to Store a Simulation

Problem Definition
You can save an Aspen Plus simulation in the following
threeways:
• Save the Aspen Plus Document file
• Save the Aspen Plus Backup file
• Export the file as an Input file
This table summarizes the characteristics of the file formats used to
store the simulation problem:
Characteristic Document Backup Input
Simulation Definition X X X
(input specifications)
Intermediate X
Convergence
Information
Results X X
Graphics X X X
User Readable X
ASCII Format X X
Readable by X X X
Aspen Plus User
Interface

15-12 • Managing Your Files Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Managing Files in a Client-Server
Environment
You can run the Aspen Plus user interface and the simulation
engine:
• On the same computer
• On different computers in your network
Usually, you do not need to be aware of how or where Aspen Plus
is installed. However, you should be aware of some file
management issues, described in the following sections.
The local computer is where the Aspen Plus user interface is
running. The host computer is where the Aspen Plus simulation
engine is running.
Specifying the If you have not specified a working directory, files created by the
Working Directory on Aspen Plus simulation engine are stored in your default login
the Host Computer directory on the host computer. To specify the working directory
where the simulation engine should execute:
From the Run menu, click Connect to Engine.
Note: The host computer is where the Aspen Plus simulation
engine is running.
Saving Files When you save a run as an Aspen Plus Document (.apw) file using
Save or Save As from the File menu, Aspen Plus creates these files
in the following locations:
File Location
runid.apw Local directory where you are running the user
interface, or the directory specified on the Save As
dialog box
runid.his Working directory on host computer specified in
the Connect to Engine dialog box
runid.appdf Working directory on host computer specified in
the Connect to Engine dialog box
View History To copy the Aspen Plus history file from the host computer to your
local computer:
From the View menu, click History.
Aspen Plus executes your file editor to view the history file.
Tip: If the history file is large, copying the history file to your
local computer can take a long time. In such a case, you should log
onto the host computer and view the file.
Specifying the Text Editor To specify the text editor:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Managing Your Files • 15-13

 2 Click the Startup tab.
3 In the Text Editor box, type the name of the editor.
4 Click OK

Converting Pro/II Input Keyword Files

To convert a Pro/II input keyword file for use with Aspen Plus,
select the Pro/II Input file option for File type in the Aspen Plus
Open File dialog box. Select the appropriate Pro/II input file and
click Open.
Aspen Plus converts and saves the information to a backup file,
which in turn is opened in Aspen Plus. A dialog box appears,
displaying the converted and unconverted input keyword
specifications, to help with the conversion process.
The Pro/II conversion capability is provided to assist users in the
migration of simulation specifications from Pro/II models. Before
attempting to use the conversion tool, a detailed understanding of
the Pro/II and Aspen Plus syntax is desirable, especially of the use
of Pro/II qualifiers and the Pro/II and Aspen Plus input
conventions. A wide range of Pro/II input specifications are
converted directly by the tool, covering all the required Pro/II input
categories at varying degrees of detail:
• General Data
• Component Data
• Thermodynamic Data
• Stream Data
• Unit Operations Data
The Pro/II conversion capabilities in Aspen Plus have been
designed to preserve the information specified in the Pro/II input
file even for currently unsupported input keywords by retaining the
information as an unconverted Aspen Plus comment in the result
file. The optional Reaction Data (RXDATA) category is also
supported, but the converted data are linked only to reactions
referenced in a Pro/II COLUMN, not to reactor blocks present in
the flowsheet model and converted by Aspen Plus. The remaining
optional Pro/II input categories (Procedure, Recycle Data, and
Case Study) are not currently supported.

15-14 • Managing Your Files Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The table listed below gives a high level overview of the Pro/II
keywords currently supported by the Pro/II Converter capability of
Aspen Plus.
Pro/II Category Supported Pro/II Keywords Notes
General Data TITLE, CASEID, PROJECT, PROBLEM, USER, Excludes Restart, Case
DATE, COMMENT, DESCRIPTION, DATE, Study, and Accounting
DIMENSION, OUTDIMENSION, READ features.
Component LIBID, NONLIBRARY, PETROLEUM, PHASE, All components are mapped
Data ASSAY, CUTPOINTS, TBPCUTS, STDDENSITY, to PURE12 databank
SPGR, API, NBP, ACENTRIC, VC, TC, PC, ZC, components.
RACKETT, DIPOLE, RADIUS, SOLUPARA,
MOLVOL, HCOMBUST, HVAPORIZE,
HFUSION, NMP, PTP, TTP, GHV, ETA,
FORMATION, VANDERWAALS, VP,
ENTHALPY, DENSITY, LATENT, VISC, COND,
SURF, STRUCTURE, GROUP
Thermodynamic METHOD, SYSTEM, KVALUE, ENTHALPY,
Data DENSITY, PHI, WATER, DECANT,
SOLUBILITY, HENRY
Stream Data PROPERTY, D86, TBP, D1160, D2887, API,
SPGR, WATSONK, MW, LIGHTEND,
COMPOSITION, CLOUD, POUR, SULFUR,
SPROP, KVISC, REFSTREAMS
Reaction Data RXDATA Connections only to
COLUMN.
Unit Operations FLASH, PUMP, VALVE, MIXER, SPLITTER,
Data COMPRESSOR, EXPANDER, PIPE, COLUMN,
SIDESTRIPPER, SHORTCUT, HX, HXRIG,
LNGHX, REACTOR, GIBBS, PLUGFLOW, CSTR
CONREACTOR, EQUR, STCALC, HCURVE,
CONTROLLER
A broad coverage of Unit Operations Data is available to the user.
However, the tool does not by default convert the unit operation
data in the resulting Aspen Plus simulation. You can change this
default by selecting the checkbox at the bottom of the General tab
in the Tools | Options dialog box to convert all the block data that
can be mapped from Pro/II to Aspen Plus.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Managing Your Files • 15-15

 The table below gives a high level overview of the Pro/II keywords
not currently supported by the Pro/II Converter capability.
Pro/II Category Unsupported Pro/II Keywords Notes
General Data CALCULATION, TOLERANCE, SEQUENCE,
SCALE, PRINT, DBASE
Component ATTR, SVTB, SLTB, SLTM, HVTB, HLTB, Solids attributes not
Data HLTM, CLOUD, POUR, SULFUR, SPROP supported.
CLOUD, POUR, SULFUR,
and SDPROP are supported
if declared as part of stream
information.
Thermodynamic RVPMETHOD, TVPMETHOD, SET Although Aspen Plus
Data supports multiple data sets,
the paradigm is different
than the one employed by
Pro/II in SET.
Stream Data SOLID, PSD, GENERAL, OUTPUT, FORMAT
Procedure PROCEDURE
Unit Operations BVLE, CALCULATOR, CCDECANTER, Solids handling not
Data CRYSTALLIZER, DEPRESS, DISSOLVER, supported.
DRYER, FCENTRIFUGE, FREEZER, PHASE can be modeled
HEXTABLES, HYDRATE, MELTER, MVC, using the Properties
OPTIMIZER, PHASE, RFILTER, Analysis tools.
SIDERECTIFIER
Recycle Data RECYCLE DATA
Case Study CASESTUDY

15-16 • Managing Your Files Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 16

Customizing Your Aspen Plus

Environment

Configuration options are default settings that affect how you use
Aspen Plus. For example, configuration options enable you to
specify:
• Grid and scale settings
• Default Application Template file
• Which binary databanks are used as defaults
For help on customizing your Aspen Plus environment, see one of
the following topics:
• Choosing settings for the current run
• Choosing settings for all runs
• Specifying your default options
• Customizing Application Template files
• Using user model libraries

Choosing Settings for the Current

Run
To change your configuration option settings for the current run:
From the You can select
View menu Any command
Tools menu Options
Window menu Any command

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-1
 Customizing Settings for All Runs
To create a custom environment for subsequent Aspen Plus runs:
1 Open a blank run.
2 Customize the settings, then exit. You do not need to save the
blank run.
Your customized settings are saved in the Windows registry and
are used for all subsequent runs. If you modify any settings, the
new settings are used in subsequent runs.
Note: Some settings are saved with the simulation. If a setting that
is saved with a simulation differs from the setting in the registry,
the setting that is saved with the simulation will be used for that
simulation; however, subsequent simulations will use the setting
that is in the registry.
Choosing View You can change which elements are visible by using the options on
Options the View menu. Display or hide elements, depending upon what
you need at any given time.
These options are available from the View menu:
Click this option To
Toolbar Select the toolbars that are displayed.
Status Bar Select if the status bar on the main window is displayed.
Model Library Select if the Model Library is displayed.
Control Panel Select if the Control Panel is displayed.
Zoom In Magnify a portion of the drawing on the screen. If a Group or Region has been
selected, the selected region will be expanded to fill the screen. When you zoom in
on a selected region, the portion of the drawing displayed may not be exactly what
you selected, since proportional vertical/horizontal scaling is maintained at all times.
Zoom Out Shrink the drawing on the screen in order to show more of the drawing or to make
room for more blocks or symbols. As you shrink the drawing, text and some symbols
will disappear from the screen due to the screen resolution. These objects are not
deleted, they reappear when you zoom in, and print.
Zoom Full Display the entire drawing as large as possible in the workspace.
Center View Display the selected object in the center of the screen.
Pan Choose a region of the flowsheet to display at the current zoom level.
Bookmarks Create bookmark views or go to a bookmark.
Page Break Preview Select if the page breaks are displayed in the Process Flowsheet window. For more
information see chapter 13.
Reset Page Breaks Reset page breaks you have defined.
Current Section Select if only the current flowsheet section is displayed. For more information on
Only using flowsheet sections see About Flowsheet Sections.
PFD Mode Select whether PFD mode is on or off.
Reset PFD Delete the current PFD mode drawing and create a new one.

16-2 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Click this option To
Global Data Select if global data is displayed for each stream. See Results View Options for
information about how to customize the global data.
Annotation Select if text annotation on the Process Flowsheet window is displayed.
OLE Objects Select if OLE objects are displayed. For more information, see chapter 38.
EO Sync Errors Select if SM to EO synchronization errors are displayed.
Input Summary View the input summary. For more information about the input file, see Input Files
(*.inp).
History View the history file. For more information about the history file, see History Files
(*.his).
Report View a section of the report file. For more information about the report file, see
Generating an Aspen Plus Report File.
Solver Reports View EO Solver Report. View DMO Active Bounds Report.
Prompts Select if prompts are displayed.
Using Toolbars The buttons on a specific toolbars cannot be customized. However,
the toolbars can be viewed, hidden, or moved to another location.
Toolbar settings are not saved with the simulation file. The toolbar
configuration is saved in the registry and will be used for all
subsequent files that are opened in Aspen Plus.
These toolbars are available:
Toolbar Buttons
Standard Standard Windows buttons used for basic operations
New, Open, Save, Cut, Print, Print Preview, Copy, Paste, Help
Data Browser Buttons used to display the next required step, the Data Browser, or one of its various
elements
Simulation Run Buttons used to control the execution of the simulation
Process Flowsheet Buttons used to manipulate the unit operation, graphical or text objects located in the
(PFS) process flowsheet
Dynamic Buttons used for dynamic simulations using Aspen Dynamics
Detherm Buttons used for Detherm application
Section Buttons used to manipulate flowsheet sections
CAPE-OPEN Buttons used to import and export CAPE-OPEN Property Packages
Draw Buttons used to add or modify graphical or text objects
EO Shortcuts Buttons used to perform EO operations and modify EO settings.
Viewing Toolbars You can choose which toolbars are shown in the main window of
Aspen Plus. To do this:
1 From the View menu, click Toolbar.
2 Select the check box of each toolbar you want to view.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-3
 The toolbars that are checked are those that appear by default.
See Using Toolbars for more information on using the toolbars.
Moving Toolbars Toolbars can be positioned elsewhere in the window. To do this:
1 Click and hold down the mouse button on the edge of the
toolbar you wish to move.
2 Drag the toolbar to the desired location, which can be either:
• On any edge (top, bottom, or sides) of the Aspen Plus
window
• In the center of the window

Specifying Default Options

There are various options you can set as defaults. To do this:
• From the Tools menu, click Options.
The Options dialog box appears.

16-4 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 This table shows which tab to use:
To Use this tab
Specify general options such as the default method General
to save documents and if inline Fortran is checked
for syntax errors
Specify the databank search order Component Data
Select what information is included when Global Results View
Data is displayed
Select run options for interactive runs and Run
specifications for a remote server
Specify startup options for a new flowsheet such Startup
as Run Type, application template, and working
directory
Control various naming, display and placement Flowsheet
options on the process flowsheet
Set and display the grid and scale on the process Grid/Scale
flowsheet window
Specify the default fonts, grid style, line style, Plots
marker size, and time stamp components used
when creating plots.
Select if a legend and time stamp are displayed by
default.
Specify line style options for various line types Styles
Enabling error reporting Advanced
Specify default options for opening files from Upward
older versions of Aspen Plus Compatibility
Specify property options Properties
Using the General From the Tools menu, click Options, then click General. The
Tab General tab is used to specify general options related to running
simulations, saving Aspen Plus documents, and making OLE links
between an Aspen Plus run and another application.
The following parameters are available on the Tools Options
General tab:
Use this To Saved with Simulation?
box
Allow run Allow a run only when input is complete Yes
only when Turning off this option allows you to initiate an interactive
input is or batch run even if the status in the toolbar is not Required
complete Input Complete.
This option is primarily for advanced users who are familiar
with keyword input language.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-5
Use this To Saved with Simulation?
box
Check Check inline Fortran for syntax errors Yes
inline When this option is checked, basic Fortran syntax error
Fortran for checking is done on all the Fortran and Declarations sheets.
syntax This option sometimes needs to be turned off when
errors advanced Fortran is used.
Accounting Allow a run only when accounting information has been No
information completed.
required to When this option is checked, you are required to specify
complete accounting information on the Setup Specifications
input Accounting sheet. The accounting information includes an
account number, a project ID, a project name, and a user
name. This is stored for the run by the Aspen Plus
Accounting System, if it is active for your installation.
Always Always create backup copy. No
create When this option is checked, an Aspen Plus backup format
backup file (*.bkp) is created whenever an Aspen Plus document file
copy (*.apw) is saved. This is used as an additional backup safety
mechanism. The document file (*.apw) allows you to
quickly restart previously saved simulation, using a binary
file. The backup file (*.bkp) stores the same run information
in a condensed ASCII file.
Save Specify the default method to save documents. No
Aspen Plus Saving documents as document files (*.apw) allows you to
documents quickly restart previously saved simulation, using a binary
as file. Saving as backup files (*.bkp) stores the same run
information in a condensed ASCII file.
Copy Specify what information is included when a cell is copied Yes
buffer into the copy buffer.
format Every variable, when copied for OLE links, occurs with four
attributes: Value, Units, Label, and Basis. You can set the
default attributes here, or you can specify the attributes you
need, from the Edit menu by clicking Copy with Format.
Pro/II Input Select this box to always retain the block data information No
Conversion which Aspen Plus is capable of mapping from the Pro/II
Option input file to Aspen Plus block variables. If this box is
cleared, Aspen Plus only creates the flowsheet and does not
attempt to specify data in blocks.
See also Converting Pro/II Input Files.
Time Specify what information is included on a time stamp and Yes
Stamp whether the time stamp is automatically updated.
The Time Stamp dialog box allows you to modify the
default time stamp information (time, date, username, runid,
and A+ version) for the order of the elements and for which
elements are included in the time stamp. You can also select
whether to have the time stamp aupdate automatically.

16-6 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Using the Component Use the Component Data tab to:
Data Tab • Change the databanks search order
• Choose which databanks are searched
• Copy regression and estimation results onto Parameters forms
• Generate input language using component name or component
alias
Changing Databanks The order in which the pure and binary components databanks are
Search Order searched can be changed using the Tools Options Components
Data dialog box.
To change the pure and binary component databank search order:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 Click the Component Data tab.
3 In the Searched list, click the databank that you want to
reorder.
4 Click the up or down arrow to reorder the databank.

The databank at the top of the list is searched first. The data found
first for a component or a component pair is the data that is used in
the simulation.
About the Pure This specifies which purecomponent databanks Aspen Plus will
Component Databank search and the search order for all simulations.
Search Order
The order in which the databanks are listed is the order in which
Aspen Plus searches for data. For a specific simulation run, you
may change the list and order on the Components Specifications
Databanks sheet.
About the Binary This specifies which binary parameter databanks Aspen Plus will
Databank Search Order search and the search order for all simulations.
The order in which the databanks are listed is the order in which
Aspen Plus searches for data. These databanks contain:
• Binary parameters for equation of state models.
• Binary parameters for Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC models.
• Henry's law constants.
• Binary and pair parameters for electrolyte NRTL models.
For a specific parameter in a particular run, you may change the
list and order on the Properties Parameters Binary Interaction and
the Properties Parameters Electrolyte Pair folders.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-7
 Choosing Which To move a databank to the Searched list:
Databanks are Searched 1 Click the databank you wish to move.
2 Click the right arrow to move the databank to the Searched list.

To move a databank from the Searched list:

1 Click the databank you wish to move.
2 Click the left arrow to move the databank to the Not Searched
list.

To move all of the databanks at once from one list to the other:
1 Click the appropriate double arrow.

2 Reorder the databanks using .

Example of Reordering
Databanks

For pure component data, the PURE11 databank is searched first,

the AQUEOUS databank is searched second and then, the SOLIDS
and INORGANIC databanks are searched, in that order.
The AQU92, ASPENPCD, COMBUST, ETHLYENE, PURE10,
and PURE856 databanks are not searched at all.

16-8 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 For binary data, the ENRTL-RK databank is searched followed by
the VLE-IG, VLE-RK, VLE-HOC, LLE-LIT and LLE-ASPEN
databanks.
Copying Regression and You can retrieve regression or estimation parameter results and
Estimation Results display them on the Parameters forms. To do this:
• On the Components Data tab, check the Copy regression and
estimation results onto Parameters forms box.
The parameters will be used in all subsequent runs.
When this check box is clear, the parameters are available on the
appropriate Physical Properties Parameters form, using the drop
down list, but are not displayed on the forms. The parameters will
not be used in subsequent runs.
Changing Defaults for You can use the Components Data tab to select whether you
Generating Input generate input language using Component name or Component
Language alias.
Use the Formula column (up to 12 characters) or the Component
Name column (up to 32 characters) on the Components
Specifications Selection sheet to generate the COMPONENTS
paragraph in the Aspen Plus input file.
Using the Results The Tools Options Results View tab includes options for
View Tab displaying global results information on the process flowsheet. The
data for the selected options appear on the flowsheet when the
View menu Global Data option is enabled.
The following parameters are available on the Results View tab
Use this box To Saved with simulation?
Output units of Select the units of measure for the global data output. No
measurement
Heat/Work Specify the display of block heat or work variable results Yes
variables (if available) on the flowsheet, when the view global data
menu option is enabled.
Use the Format box to specify the variable format.
Temperature Specify the display of stream temperature results (if Yes
available) on the flowsheet, when the view global data
menu option is enabled.
Use the Format box to specify the variable format.
Pressure Specify the display of stream pressure results (if available) Yes
on the flowsheet, when the view global data menu option is
enabled.
Use the Format box to specify the variable format.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-9
Use this box To Saved with simulation?
Vapor fraction Specify the display of stream vapor fraction results (if Yes
available), when the view global data menu option is
enabled.
Use the Format box to specify the variable format.
Duty/Power Specify the display of stream duty or power results (if Yes
available for heat/work streams), when the view global data
menu option is enabled.
Use the Format box to specify the variable format.
Mole flow rate Specify the display of stream molar flow rate results (if Yes
available), when the view global data menu option is
enabled.
Use the Format box to specify the variable format.
Mass flow rate Specify the display of stream mass flow rate results (if Yes
available), when the view global data menu option is
enabled.
Use the Format box to specify the variable format.
Volume flow Specify the display of stream volume flow rate results (if Yes
rate available), when the view global data menu option is
enabled.
Use the Format box to specify the variable format.
Format for Numbers You can control the format of global data on the process flowsheet
window. There are three conversion formats:
• %-xx.yye
• %-xx.yyf
• %-xx.yyg
This table explains the variables:
Variable Explanation
% Percent character. Lead character for format specification.
- Optional minus sign, which left-justifies the number. Without the minus sign, the number
is right-justified.
Xx A digit string specifying a minimum field length for the converted number. The number
takes at least this much space to print, and more if necessary.
Yy A digit string specifying the precision, (that is, the number of digits) to be printed to the
right of the decimal point.
E Number is converted to the form [-]a.bbbbbbbe[+]cc. Length of b is specified by yy
(Default is 6). Use upper case E in the format specification for upper case E in the printed
numbers.
f Number is converted to the form [-]aaa.bbbbbb. Length of b is specified by yy (Default is
6).
G The shorter of %e or %f is used. Use upper case G in the format specification for upper
case G in the printed numbers.

16-10 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 The recommended format is %0.f which prints whole numbers.
Other common formats used in stream tables are:
Format Explanation
%10.0f Whole numbers, with no decimal digits or exponents.
%10.nf Numbers without exponents and with n digits to the right of the decimal point, if space
permits. Decimal points line up, unless decimal digits have been eliminated in some
numbers.
Using the Flowsheet Use the Tools Options Flowsheet tab to set various naming,
Tab display, and placement options on the Process Flowsheet.
The following parameters are available on this tab:
Use this box To Saved with simulation
Automatically Assign Have blocks automatically assigned a name Yes
Block Name with Prefix beginning with the specified character string. For
example, if B is entered, the blocks will be named
B1, B2, B3, etc.
When this option is off, Aspen Plus will prompt
you to enter an ID each time a block is created.
Display Block Name Have future block names displayed with the icon Yes
on the Process Flowsheet. To see how to hide or
display the ID for an existing block see Hiding a
Block or Stream ID.
Automatically Assign Have streams automatically assigned a name Yes
Stream Name with Prefix beginning with the specified character string.
When this option is off, then Aspen Plus will
prompt you to enter an ID each time a stream is
created.
Display Stream Name Have future stream names displayed on the Yes
streams in the Process Flowsheet. To see how to
hide or display the ID for an existing stream see
Hiding a Block or Stream ID.
Automatically Place Automatically place blocks when importing a Yes
Blocks When Importing flowsheet
Use this option to specify whether or not
Aspen Plus automatically places any new blocks
when you import an Aspen Plus backup file that
does not contain graphics layout information.
When this option is off, the Unplaced Blocks menu
appears showing blocks that are not in the process
flowsheet. You can later place these blocks
automatically or manually. Blocks and streams
already in the drawing and whose connectivity has
not changed are not affected by this option.
For more information on placing and unplacing
blocks, see Using Place and Unplace to Redraw
the Flowsheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-11
Use this box To Saved with simulation
Lock Block Spacing Lock the block spacing factor at a specified value. No
Factor at A spacing factor of 2.5 is generally appropriate for
flowsheets drawn with the block icons. For
flowsheets drawn with pictorial icons, a factor of
1.5 is often better.
Label Size Scale Factor Control the size of block and stream IDs for Yes
printing.
When Global Data is on, this factor also controls
the size of the displayed global data values and
legend box.
This is a relative factor. Use a larger value for
larger IDs and global data values. A factor
between 2-3 is generally appropriate when printing
relatively large flowsheets.
Display connection Specify whether to display connection streams on No
streams the flowsheet.
Display measurements Specify whether to display measurements on the No
flowsheet.
You can select to display measurements for: all
blocks and connections, only blocks and single
connections, all blocks while hiding multiple
connections, and all blocks while hiding all
connections.
Using the Grid/Scale Use the Tools Options Grid/Scale tab to set and display the grid
Tab and scale on the process flowsheet window.
The following parameters are available on the Grid/Scale tab:
Use this To Saved with simulation?
box
Show Scale Display a scale at the top and left of the process flowsheet Yes
window
Show Grid Display the grid in the process flowsheet window. The grid Yes
lines can help you position objects, especially graphics and text
objects.
Note For the grid to be displayed, you must be zoomed in
enough for the grid points to be distinguishable.
Snap to Align objects in the process flowsheet window to the grid when No
Grid they are placed, moved, or resized
Grid Size Specify the interval between grid points. Yes
When Snap to grid is on, inserted graphic objects are snapped to
the grid lines.
If you are zoomed in, you may want to decrease the grid
resolution factor to position objects precisely.
The grid sizes to choose from are 0.2, 0.1, 0.05, 0.025, 0.0125

16-12 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Use this To Saved with simulation?
box
Zoom Scale Set the degree for zooming in or out on the process flowsheet. No
Factor Values range from 1.0 to 10.0. A value of 10.0 will zoom out in
greater increments than a value of 1.0.
Scroll Step Set the percentage for scroll bar stepping No
Size Scroll step affects only the scroll bars for the process flowsheet.
A scroll bar step is the amount that the screen scrolls with one mouse click a scroll bar arrow.
Using the Plots Tab Use the Tools Options Plots tab to specify the default fonts, grid
style, line style, and marker size used when creating plots. This tab
is also used to select if a legend and time stamp are displayed by
default.
The following parameters are available on the Tools Options Plots
tab:
Use this To Saved with simulation
box
Default Change the default font for the Title, Axis label, Axis scale, No
Fonts Annotation, and Legend
Grid Style Define the type of grid for the plot. Mesh, Horizontal, Vertical, No
or No grid can be selected.
Line Style Select the line style for the data curves. Lines & markers, Lines, No
or Markers can be selected.
Marker Select the size for the markers. Values from 1-20 can be No
Size selected.
Show Show a legend No
Legend
Show Time Show a time stamp No
Stamp

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-13
 Using the Run Tab Use the Tools Options Run tab to select run options for interactive
runs and specifications for a remote server.
The following parameters are available on the Tools Options Run
tab:
Use this box To Saved with Simulation
Express Run Use Express Run for maximum simulation speed when you run Yes
the Aspen Plus simulation engine on a PC, or interactively on
other platforms.
Express Run turns flowsheet animation off, and changes the
Control Panel (terminal) message levels to 0.
You can change the Control Panel message levels on the Setup
Specifications Diagnostics sheet.
If you change the Control Panel message levels on this sheet, and
then turn on Express Run, Aspen Plus will not save the values you
entered. When you turn Express Run off, all Control Panel
message levels are set to 4.
Interactively Load results only for objects you select in an interactive run Yes
Load Results When Interactively Load Results is off, Aspen Plus loads all
simulation results into the Graphical User Interface at the end of
the simulation.
Interactively Load Results speeds up processing time by only
loading the results you are interested in. It is useful if you run a
simulation several times, but are only interested in the results on a
few particular forms. When Interactively Load Results is on, you
can still load all results using Check Results from the Run menu.
Interactively Load Results only works with the Flowsheet Run
type.
Animate Highlight blocks as they are executed during an interactive run Yes
Flowsheet Turning animation off can sometimes result in a slight increase in
During simulation speed.
Calculations
Edit Keyword Edit the input language file before beginning an interactive run No
Input Before Aspen Plus displays the generated input language file in your
Starting editor before starting interactive calculations. This gives you a
Calculations chance to make small modifications or additions to the file, or to
diagnose problems. These modifications will not be reflected on
the input forms.
This feature is intended for advanced users who are familiar with
keyword input language.
Server Type Specify the Server type for running the Simulation Engine on a No
remote server.
Server Name Specify the name of the remote server. No
Username Specify the Username for the account on the remote server. No
Working Specify the working directory on the remote server. No
Directory

16-14 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Using the Startup Tab Use the Tools Options Startup tab to specify startup options for a
new flowsheet.
The following parameters are available on the Tools Options
Startup tab:
Use this box To
Run Type Select the default startup Run Type.
Application Template Select the default application template
Default Working Directory Select the default working directory for Aspen Plus simulation runs. All new
files will be created in the specified working directory.
This does not affect any existing files that you open - all the run files,
including temporary ones, will be created in the directory where the file is.
Default template directory Select which tab of the Templates dialog box is the default displayed when
selecting a template to use to begin the creation of a new Aspen Plus
simulation.
Favorite working directory
Select which directory the favorites button ( ) jumps to.
More files starts with Select which directory "More Files" starts in when this option is selected
from the initial new/open simulation screen when Aspen Plus is starting up.
Enable forms for layered Enable the forms for Aspen Plus layered products
products The forms for Aspen Dynamics, BatchFrac, RateFrac, Aspen Pinch, and
Polymers Plus can be enabled.
These options are not available for layered products that are not installed.
When the Aspen Pinch checkbox† is selected, Aspen Plus calculates mixture
properties for Aspen Pinch when there are multiple feeds to a block.
Text Editor Select the default text editor
Specify the text editor to use for editing ASCII files that are obtained from
the View Input Summary, History and Report commands from the View
menu.
Print Text File Command Select the command used to print
† When the Aspen Pinch checkbox is selected, Aspen Plus calculates mixture properties when there are multiple
feeds to a block. Then Aspen Pinch will use these mixture properties rather than mixing the streams itself. This
option is useful when you have distillation models with interheaters or intercoolers or feeds to condensers or
reboilers and the heating or cooling curve is non-linear. This option can also be used if there are stream mixing
(flash) problems in Aspen Pinch. The results are available only in the Variable Explorer; they are not included in
the normal simulation results.
Using the Styles Tab Use the Styles tab of the Tools | Options dialog box to set line and
icon styles in Aspen Plus.
For each type of line (material stream, heat stream, work stream,
measurement, and connection) you can choose a color, line style,
and terminator. The terminator is a letter that appears near the end
of the line to indicate its type, such as W for work streams.
You can also choose whether Aspen Plus should use 3D icons for
flowsheet blocks.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-15
 Using the Advanced Use the Advanced tab to specify advanced options.
Tab When the Enable error reporting checkbox is selected, if Aspen
Plus encounters an unhandled exception, it generates a file which
may be used by Aspen Plus developers to help locate the problem
which caused it.
Click the Restore Defaults button to delete EO registry settings.
These settings will be regenerated from their default values at next
use. The settings cleared include options for EO Variable grids
such as the one on the EO Configuration | EO Variables form,
and for the EO Variables dialog box accessed by clicking in
fields that allow specification of EO variable names.
Using the Upward Use the Upward Compatibility tab to set the default options for
Compatibility Tab opening and importing backup files created with previous versions
of Aspen Plus or created with the Simulation Engine.
You can also specify whether Aspen Plus should display the
Upward Compatibility dialog box when opening such backup files.
Using the Properties Use the Properties tab to set property options.
Tab
You can choose to allow system-defined parameters to be
redefined on the Properties | Advanced | User Parameters |
Specifications sheet as user parameters. A checkbox on that sheet
also allows you to change this option. To do so, you must specify
the correct parameter name, parameter type and number of
elements for the parameter, or else the calculation engine will
ignore your parameter and use the built-in data.
In most cases you will not need this option. You can use it to add
extra data sets for a system parameter. Specify the data on the
Properties | Parameters form for the parameter.
You can also use it to force a system parameter associated with a
property model to be loaded even when the property model is not
used. This may be necessary in some cases if a user Fortran model
needs to access the parameter, but no other calculations use it.

Using the Window Menu

The following parameters are available on the Window menu:
Use this option To
Cascade Create a cascade of all of the open windows
Tile Tile all of the open windows
Arrange Icons Arrange the icons of any minimized windows

16-16 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Use this option To
Normal Display the Process Flowsheet in a normal window.
The Process Flowsheet window can be moved,
brought to the top and minimized.
Workbook Mode Select if the Windows are displayed using Workbook
mode.
Workbook mode can only be used if Flowsheet as
Wallpaper is off.
Flowsheet as Always keep the flowsheet fully open at the back of
Wallpaper the program window.
Flowsheet as Wallpaper can only be used if
Workbook Mode is off.
Using Workbook Use Workbook mode to help organize all of your open windows.
Mode
In Workbook mode, each window has a tab that appears at the
bottom of the screen. This makes it easy to see which windows are
open.

To use Workbook mode:

• From the Window menu, click Workbook Mode.

To make the desired window current:

• Click the appropriate tab at the bottom of your screen.

Tip: You can also select any visible part of a window behind the
current window by clicking it.

Customizing Application Template

Files
An Application Template file contains simulation defaults
commonly used by specific industries or companies. You can
select an Application Template when you create a new run. You
can use and modify a built-in file, or you can create your own
Application Template files.
Use the built-in Application Templates as a guide when creating
your own customized Application Template files.
There is no limit to the amount of information that can be included
in a template: setup information, components, unit sets, property
specifications, and even unit operation models can all be saved in a
template if desired. Too much information may be inconvenient;

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-17
 however, objects or specifications in a template can be deleted if
they are not needed in a simulation.
If you want to customize the stream summary format, you will
need to create or modify a TFF file.
Note: Application Template files are not intended for problem
specifications, such as when you want to save defaults or partial
specifications for a particular process or unit. In such cases, create
a backup file or an insert instead of an Application Template file.
Saving a Template File To save an Aspen Plus template file:
1 From the File menu, select Save As.
2 Select Aspen Plus Templates (*.apt) from the Save as Type list.
3 Select the directory and enter a filename. The file can be in any
directory.
4 Click Save.
Tip: If you save your customized templates in a folder inside the
Templates folder, they will appear as a separate tab on the New
dialog box.
The format for a Aspen Plus template file is the same as for a
backup file; therefore, it is possible to create a template from a
backup file by simply changing the extension from .bkp to .apt.
Importing a Template File To import an Aspen Plus template file:
1 From the File menu, select Import.
2 Select Aspen Plus Template (*.apt) from the Files of Type list.
3 Select the directory and enter a filename. The file can be in any
directory.
4 Click Open.
5 If the Resolve ID Conflict dialog box appears, there are objects
that have the same ID as objects in the current run.

About User Model Libraries

Aspen Plus has the ability to create custom templates in user model
libraries. These libraries, which are stored as .apm files, allow you
to add custom models to the Model Library displayed in Aspen
Plus, which may include multiple blocks, streams, block and
stream specifications, components, flowsheeting options like
Design-Spec and Fortran blocks, and almost any other Aspen Plus
feature. PFD diagrams, stream routing information, embedded
objects, embedded links, and custom user graphics drawn on the
process flowsheet are not saved in .apm files.

16-18 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 These custom templates may be added to a flowsheet in the same
manner as any other block. If a template contains anything besides
a single unit operation model, each instantiation of the model will
appear on the flowsheet within a Hierarchy block. If the custom
template is created with the Multiple Record Custom User Model
option, then a hierarchy block will always be created when a
template is instanced. By default, if you select multiple blocks or
streams and create a template, it will be a Multiple Record
template. When a template is added to the flowsheet, the data is
from the template is copied into the flowsheet, not linked to the
template. Subsequent changes in either the flowsheet or the
template will not affect the other.
You can use user model libraries you have created on other. To do
so, copy the .apm files to the other computers, and on each
computer, use the Library | References command to add the
library.
Note: You cannot directly modify a user model template once you
have created it. To modify the template, you should modify the
simulation it was originally built from and recreate the model.
Also, user model templates are binary files which are not
compatible across different versions of Aspen Plus. For these
reasons, you should save an Aspen Plus backup (.bkp) file
containing the models in your template.
Creating and When working with user model libraries, you may need to perform
Manipulating User the following tasks:
Libraries • Create a new user library
• Change the list of referenced libraries
• Modify the arrangement of models in user libraries
• Check or change the writable status of a user library
• Add or remove categories from the display in the Model
Library
To create a new user 1 Select New from the Library menu.
library: 2 Specify a name for the library in the Display Name field.
3 Specify a filename for the library, and click the Create button.
4 From the Library menu, select the name of the new library,
then Edit. The Model Library Editor for the new library
appears.
5 From the Categories menu, select New, and enter the name for
the tab for the new category. The new tab appears in the Model
Library Editor.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-19
 To change the list of 1 From the Library menu, select References.
referenced libraries: 2 Select the check boxes for libraries you wish to use, and clear
the check boxes for libraries you do not wish to use.
3 To add a library not displayed, click the Browse button and
select the file containing the library.
4 To reorder the displayed libraries, select the name of a library
you wish to reorder and click either of the Priority buttons.
5 Click OK when done.
6 To save these settings, from the Library menu, select Save
Default.
Tip: Multiple users can share a set of user model templates which
are accessible via a public file server. Each user should perform
this procedure to access the templates.
To modify the From the Library menu, select the name of the library, then Edit.
arrangement of models in The library opens in the Model Library Editor.
user libraries:
Note: The library must be writable in order for you to change it.
• To move a model from one category to another, select the
model, then select Move from the Model menu. Choose the
new category for the model from the dialog box, and click OK.
• To copy a model to another user library, select the model, then
select Copy to User Library from the Model menu. See Adding
Models to User Model Libraries for more information.
• To add a new category, select New from the Category menu,
then enter a name for the new category.
• To delete a category, select its tab, then select Delete from the
Category menu. Any models in that category will be moved to
the Uncategorized category.
• To save a modified user library, from the Library menu, select
the name of the library, then Save.
To check or change the From the Library menu, select the name of the library. In the
writable status of a user submenu, Writable will be checked if the library is currently
library: writable. Select Writable to change the writable status.
To add or remove 1 From the Library menu, select Palette Categories...
categories from the 2 Select the check boxes for categories you wish to display, and
display in the Model clear the check boxes for categories you do not wish to display.
Library:
3 To reorder the displayed categories, select the name of a
category you wish to reorder and click either of the Priority
buttons.
4 Click OK when done.

16-20 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 5 To save these settings, from the Library menu, select Save
Default.
Adding Models to To add a new model to a user library:
User Model Libraries 1 Define the blocks, streams, and other items for the new model.
2 Ensure that the library is referenced and writable.
3 Select the model(s) from the process flowsheet to add to the
library.
4 From the Library menu, select Add Block. The User Model
Library Wizard appears. Click Next.

5 If there is more than one writable user library, select one and
click Next. If there is only one writable library, you will not see
this screen.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-21
 6 Choose a category for the new model. These categories are the
tabs that appear in the Model Library. To create a new
category, click the Create New Category button, enter a name,
and click OK. Select the category and click Next.

7 Select whether the model will be a Single block or Multiple

record model. A multiple record user model allows you to
store combinations of blocks, streams, and other objects which

16-22 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 will be placed inside a Hierarchy block when this model is
added to a flowsheet.

8 Type a name for the new model. In some cases additional

options related to icons and user models may be available.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-23
 9 If you chose to create a single record template, click Finish.
Otherwise, click Next and choose which objects to include in
the new model. You may choose to delete any unwanted items
or to add items which are referenced by items currently
selected. Items with gray boxes may not be included in
templates. Click Finish when done.

10 The new model should appear in its own category in the Model
Library. If you like, you can modify the icon for the model.

To edit the contents of a 1 Start new simulations, select More Files….

model in a user library as 2 In the File Types field, select Aspen Plus User Model Libraries
an Aspen Plus (*.apm).
simulation:
3 Select the template you wish to edit. The model opens as an
Aspen Plus simulation.
4 Make the desired changes in the model.
5 From the File menu, choose Save. The updated model is saved
to the user library.

16-24 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 To add models and 1 Define the blocks, streams, and other items to append to the
streams to a model in a library.
user library incrementally: 2 Ensure that the library is referenced and writable.
3 Select the model(s) from the process flowsheet to add to the
library or select the record from the databrowser and select
Append to Template….
4 The User Model Library Wizard appears. Click Next.

5 Choose a custom model type to append record(s) to and click

Next.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-25
 6 Choose which objects to include in the new model. You may
choose to delete any unwanted items or to add items which are
referenced by items currently selected. Click Finish when done.

16-26 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Changing Icons for You can add custom icons to the models in user model libraries.
Models in User
Libraries

To add, change, and 1 Open the user library for editing.

delete icons for a model 2 Select the model in the Model Library Editor.
in a user library:
3 From the Model menu, select New Icon to open the Icon
Editor to create a new icon for this model.
4 If more than one icon exists for the model, click the arrow to
the left of the model's current icon on the Model Library Editor
to change the currently-selected icon.
5 From the Model menu, select Edit Current Icon to open the
Icon Editor to change the currently-selected icon.
6 From the Model menu, select Delete Current Icon to delete
the currently-selected icon. If the model has only one icon, that
icon cannot be deleted.
Using the Icon Editor In the Icon Editor, use the drawing toolbar to add text, lines,
rectangles, arbitrary polygons, circles, and arcs to the icon by
clicking on the appropriate drawing tool and clicking in the
drawing area to specify the location and size of the drawing
objects. The list on the left side of the Icon Editor includes all the
defined ports for the block. Click one of these and click on the
drawing area to associate the port with a specific location on the
icon.
You can also select objects already present in the drawing area and
drag them around, or resize them using their resize handles, or
delete them by pressing the Delete key.

There are also three special objects which are always pre-defined
in the icon editor. The green cross enclosed in a diamond is used to
indicate the default location for the block name. The two blue
arrows are universal feed and product ports. These ports represent
feed and product ports which are not otherwise specified for the
block. If you cannot locate these objects, from the View menu of
the main Aspen Plus window, select Zoom, then Zoom Full.
When you are satisfied with the icon's appearance, or if you would
like to undo your changes, close the Icon Editor. Aspen Plus will
ask whether to save your changes.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment • 16-27
16-28 • Customizing Your Aspen Plus Environment Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 17

Convergence

This chapter contains information about sequential-modular

convergence and equation-oriented convergence.

SM Convergence
This section includes the following topics about convergence:
• Flowsheet recycles and design specifications
• Convergence Options
• Specifying tear streams
• User-defined convergence blocks
• Convergence Methods
• User-defined convergence order
• Specifying the calculation sequence
• Initial guesses
• Flowsheet sequencing
• Checking results
• Control panel messages
• Strategies for flowsheet convergence

Flowsheet Recycles and Design

Specifications
Using the sequential-modular (SM) strategy, Aspen Plus performs
flowsheet calculations by:
• Executing each unit operation block in sequence
• Using the calculated output streams of each block as feed to the
next block

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-1

 Flowsheets with recycle loops, design specifications, or
optimization problems must be solved iteratively. Execution
requires that:
• Tear streams are chosen. A tear stream is a recycle stream with
component flows, total mole flow, pressure, and enthalpy all
determined by iteration. It can be any stream in a loop.
• Convergence blocks are defined to converge the tear streams,
design specifications, or optimization problems. Convergence
blocks determine how guesses for a tear stream or design
specification manipulated variable are updated from iteration to
iteration.
• A sequence is determined, which includes all of the unit
operation and convergence blocks.
If you do not specify the tear streams, convergence blocks, or
sequence, Aspen Plus determines them automatically. Every
design specification and tear stream has an associated convergence
block. The Aspen Plus generated convergence block names begin
with the character "$". User-defined convergence blocks should
not begin with the character "$".
Aspen Plus automatically determines any additional specifications
needed to execute the flowsheet. By default, Aspen Plus also
checks the user-specified sequences to ensure that all loops are
torn.
Convergence specifications you can make are:
To specify Use this Convergence For details see
form
Convergence parameters and/or Conv Options Convergence Options
methods for convergence blocks
Some or all of the tear streams Tear Specifying Tear Streams
needed for system-generated
convergence blocks
Some or all of the convergence Convergence Specifying User-Defined Convergence
blocks needed Blocks
Convergence order for some or all Conv Order Specifying Convergence Order
of the user-defined convergence
blocks
Sequence for all or part of a Sequence Specifying the Calculation Sequence
flowsheet

17-2 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Convergence Options
Use the Convergence ConvOptions sheets to specify the following
for convergence blocks:
• Tear Convergence tolerance
• Convergence methods for tear streams, design specifications,
and optimization problems used in convergence blocks
generated by Aspen Plus
• Parameters that affect sequencing
• Convergence parameters for each method. The specified
parameters are used as defaults for convergence blocks you
define and convergence blocks generated by Aspen Plus.
Specifying Tear A tear stream is converged when the following is true for all tear
Convergence convergence variables:
Parameters
X calculated − X assumed
− tol ≤ ≤ tol
X assumed
For streams, the default convergence variables are total mole flow,
all component mole flows, pressure, and enthalpy. When the Trace
Option is Cutoff (specified on the Convergence Conv Options
Defaults Tear Convergence sheet), Aspen Plus bypasses this
convergence test for components that have a mole fraction less
than the Trace threshold. The default Trace threshold is
Tolerance/100. The alternative trace option, Trace-option =
Gradual, adds a 100*Trace threshold term to the denominator. This
setting gradually relaxes the convergence test for trace
components.
Specifying Tear To specify tear convergence parameters for convergence blocks:
Convergence Parameters
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, then Conv
for Convergence Blocks
Options.
2 Click the Tear Convergence sheet.
3 Specify tolerance and other convergence parameters, such as
Trace Threshold and Trace Option.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-3

 Using the Tear The following parameters are available on the Tear Convergence
Convergence Sheet sheet:
Field Default To
Tolerance 0.001 Specify Tear convergence tolerance
A tear stream is converged when the following is true for all stream
variables:
X calculated − X assumed
− tol ≤ ≤ tol
X assumed
Trace Tolerance/100 Specify the trace component threshold
Threshold Aspen Plus bypasses this convergence test for components that have a
mole fraction less than the Trace threshold.
Trace Option Cutoff Select the Convergence test option for trace components. Trace option =
Gradual adds 100*TraceThreshold term to the denominator. This setting
gradually relaxes the convergence test for trace components.
Component All components Identify the Component group ID for components to be converged in tear
Group streams
Component groups are defined on the Components Comp-Group form .
Use a component group when you know that some components have
zero or constant flow rates. A Component Group may cause convergence
problems if the unconverged components have significant flow.
Component group specifications are intended primarily for use with the
matrix convergence methods (Broyden, Newton, and SQP) to reduce the
matrix size and the number of numerical derivative perturbations.
State Pressure & Select the State variables to be converged
Enthalpy You can select a State option other than the default (Pressure and
enthalpy) when pressure is known to be constant or enthalpy is not
calculated (mass-balance-only simulations).
State specifications are intended primarily for use with the matrix
convergence methods (Broyden, Newton, and SQP) to reduce the matrix
size and the number of numerical derivative perturbations.
Restore Tears checked Restore tear to last guessed value when there is a convergence error.
on Error
Flash Tear checked Flash tear streams after being updated by the convergence block.
Streams Check Flash Tear Streams if you access the temperature, density or
entropy of the tear stream through in-line Fortran or Calculator blocks, or
if you need to see or use intermediate or partial convergence results. Do
not check Flash Tear Streams if you want to save calculation time or if
you do not need intermediate convergence results. Flashing tear streams
is independent of the convergence method, with one exception. If
Chemistry is associated with the tear stream, then the default is not to
flash for tear streams, irrespective of your selection.
Diagnostics Display Specify whether tables of all variables or only the variable with the
Maximum maximum error should be generated
Error /
Tolerance

17-4 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Specifying Default You can specify the numerical methods to be used by the system-
Methods generated convergence blocks. See Convergence Methods for
information on the numerical methods.
To specify the numerical methods to be used by the system-
generated convergence blocks:
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, the Conv Options.
2 Select the Default Methods sheet.
3 You can specify the numerical methods to be used by the
convergence blocks.
The following parameters are available on the Default Methods
sheet:
Field Default To specify the convergence method for system-generated
Tears Wegstein Tear convergence blocks
The other methods available are Direct, Broyden, and Newton.
Single Design Secant Single design-spec convergence blocks
Spec The other methods available are Broyden and Newton.
Multiple Design Broyden Multiple design-spec convergence blocks
Specs The other method available is Newton.
Tears & Design Broyden Combined tears and design-specs convergence blocks
Specs The other method available is Newton.
Optimization SQP Optimization convergence blocks
Specifying You can specify parameters to control tear stream selection and
Sequencing automatic sequencing.
Parameters
To specify the tearing and sequencing parameters:
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, then Conv
Options.
2 Select the Sequencing sheet.
3 You can specify the tearing and sequencing parameters.
The following parameters are available on the Sequencing sheet:
Field Default To specify
Design Spec Inside Whether design specifications should be nested inside tear stream loops,
Nesting outside tear stream loops, or converged simultaneously with tear streams
Design Spec Nesting does not apply to convergence blocks specified in
the Convergence Order form.
When the tear of an outer loop is recalculated in an inner loop, the actual
sequence generated may not strictly follow the loop-order preference
specified in the Design Spec Nesting and User Nesting fields.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-5

Field Default To specify
User Nesting Outside User Nesting lets you specify a preference for whether convergence
blocks specified on the Conv Order form should be nested inside or
outside other convergence blocks (user-defined or system-generated)
The User Nesting field has precedence over the Design Spec Nesting
field.
When the tear of an outer loop is recalculated in an inner loop, the actual
sequence generated may not strictly follow the loop-order preference
specified in the Design Spec Nesting and User Nesting fields.
Variable 1 Tear variable weighting factor for tearing algorithm
Weight If Variable Weight is a large number, the tearing algorithm minimizes
the number of torn variables.
Loop Weight 1 Loop weighting factor for tearing algorithm
If Loop Weight is a large number, the tearing algorithm minimizes the
number of loops torn.
Tear Fortran not checked Whether Fortran block variables can be torn when Fortran blocks appear
Export in feedback loops
Variables See Converging Loops Introduced by Calculator Blocks for more
information.
Check checked Whether Aspen Plus checks a user-specified sequence to ensure that all
Sequence loops are torn
Specifying You can specify additional parameters for each numerical method.
Convergence Method Select the appropriate tab for the convergence method. See
Parameters Convergence Methods for information on the numerical methods.
To specify the additional parameters:
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, then Conv
Options.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Methods form.
3 Select the appropriate sheet for the convergence method.
4 Specify the parameters for that method.

Specifying Tear Streams

Use the Tear Specifications sheet to identify tear streams to be
converged by system-generated convergence blocks. If you specify
an incomplete tear set for your flowsheet, Aspen Plus
automatically chooses the remaining set of streams. If you specify
a redundant tear set (too many tear streams), Aspen Plus may
ignore some tears or find an inefficient sequence.

17-6 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To specify a tear stream:
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, then Tear.
2 In the Stream field, use List and select a stream ID.
The stream must be in a recycle loop in the simulation
flowsheet.
Note: When a Calculator block is in a recycle loop, you can tear
variables designated as Export Variables.
3 Specify any of the remaining optional fields, as you choose.
The following parameters are available on the Tear Specifications
sheet:
Field Default To
Tolerance 0.001 Specify Tear convergence tolerance
A tear stream is converged when the following is true for all stream
variables:
X calculated − X assumed
− tol ≤ ≤ tol
X assumed
Trace Tolerance/100 Specify the trace component threshold
Aspen Plus bypasses this convergence test for components that have a
mole fraction less than the Trace threshold.
Component All components Identify the Component group ID for components to be converged in
Group tear streams
Component groups are defined on the Components Comp-Group form
. Use a component group when you know that some components have
zero or constant flow rates. A Component Group may cause
convergence problems if the unconverged components have significant
flow.
Component group specifications are intended primarily for use with
the matrix convergence methods (Broyden, Newton, and SQP) to
reduce the matrix size and the number of numerical derivative
perturbations.
State Pressure & Enthalpy Select the State variables to be converged
You can select a State option other than the default (Pressure and
enthalpy) when pressure is known to be constant or enthalpy is not
calculated (mass-balance-only simulations).
State specifications are intended primarily for use with the matrix
convergence methods (Broyden, Newton, and SQP) to reduce the
matrix size and the number of numerical derivative perturbations.
Initial Estimates for You can use the Stream sheets to provide an initial estimate for the
Tear Streams tear stream. An initial estimate generally aids recycle convergence,
and is sometimes necessary, especially for recycle loops involving
distillation blocks. For more information on specifying streams see
chapter 9, Specifying Streams.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-7

 Specifying User-Defined
Convergence Blocks
Use the Convergence sheets to specify convergence method,
tolerance, and convergence variables for user-defined convergence
blocks. System-generated convergence blocks generated by
Aspen Plus do not use these specifications.
To define a convergence block:
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, then Convergence.
2 In the Convergence Object Manager click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default name.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, select the type of
convergence block you want to create.
Use this method To converge
BROYDEN or Tear streams; two or more design specifications; or tear streams and design
NEWTON specifications simultaneously. Use when the recycle loops and/or design
specifications are highly interrelated. Use Newton when Broyden is unable to
converge.
COMPLEX Optimization with inequality constraints
DIRECT Tear streams by simple direct substitution. Convergence may be slow, but sure.
SECANT Single design specifications. Recommended for design specification convergence
blocks.
SQP Sequential quadratic programming. Optimization with any combination of tear
streams, equality constraints, and inequality constraints.
WEGSTEIN Tear streams. You can apply Wegstein to any number of streams simultaneously.
Recommended tear stream convergence method.
For more information on the numerical methods, see
Convergence Methods.
5 Click the Tear Streams, Design Specifications, Calculator
Tears or Optimization tab to select the elements that you want
the convergence block to solve.
6 To specify optional parameters, click the Parameters sheet.

Convergence Methods
This topic describes the convergence methods available in
Aspen Plus.
The parameters for each method can be found on the Convergence
ConvOptions Methods form and on the form for the Convergence
block.

17-8 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The following methods are available:
• WEGSTEIN
• DIRECT
• Secant
• BROYDEN
• NEWTON
• COMPLEX
• SQP
WEGSTEIN Method The classical bounded Wegstein method is usually the quickest and
most reliable method for tear stream convergence. It is an
extrapolation of Direct substitution iteration. Interactions between
variables are ignored; therefore, it does not work well when
variables are strongly coupled.
Wegstein method can only be used for Tear streams. It is the
default method for Aspen Plus tear stream convergence. Apply it
to any number of streams simultaneously. You can control the
Wegstein bounds and the frequency of acceleration.
You can control the Wegstein method by specifying:
Field Default To specify the
Maximum Flowsheet 30 Maximum number of flowsheet evaluations
Evaluations
Wait 1 Number of direct substitution iterations before the first acceleration
iteration
Consecutive Direct 0 Number of direct substitution iterations between acceleration
Substitution Steps iterations
Consecutive 1 Number of consecutive acceleration iterations
Acceleration Steps
Lower Bound -5 Minimum value for the Wegstein acceleration parameter (q)
Upper Bound 0 Maximum value for the Wegstein acceleration parameter (q)
Wegstein Acceleration You can control the Wegstein method by specifying upper and
Parameter lower limits for:
• Acceleration parameter q (Upper Bound and Lower Bound)
• Number of direct substitution iterations before the first
acceleration (Wait)
• Number of direct substitution iterations between acceleration
iterations (Consecutive Direct Substitution Steps)
• Number of consecutive acceleration iterations (Consecutive
Acceleration Steps).
In the bounded Wegstein method, the acceleration parameter q is
calculated for each tear stream variable as follows:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-9

 s
q=
s −1
G ( X k ) − G ( X k − 1)
s=
X k − X k −1

Where:
X = Estimate of the tear stream variable
G(X) = Resulting calculated value of the variable
k = Iteration number
The new estimate calculated by Wegstein is:
X k +1 = qX k + (1 − q )G ( X k )
= X k + (1 − q )(G ( X k ) − X k )

The following shows the effect of q on convergence:

q Convergence
q<0 Acceleration
q=0 Direct substitution
0<q<1 Damping
Because oscillation or divergence can occur if q is unbounded,
limits are set on q. The default lower and upper bounds on q are -5
and 0, respectively. For most flowsheets, these limits work well
and do not need to be changed.
Normally, you should use an Upper Bound of the Wegstein
acceleration parameter of 0. If iterations move the variables slowly
toward convergence, smaller values of the lower bound of the
Wegstein acceleration parameter (perhaps -25 or -50) may give
better results. If oscillation occurs with direct substitution, values
of the lower and upper bounds between 0 and 1 may help.
DIRECT Method For direct substitution, the new value of the tear stream variable is
the value resulting from the previous flowsheet calculation pass:
X k +1 = G ( X k )

Where:
X = Estimate of tear stream variable
G(X) = Resulting calculated value of the variable
k = Iteration number
With direct substitution, convergence is slow but sure. It is
available for those rare cases where other methods may be
unstable. Direct substitution can also make it easy to identify
convergence problems, such as component build-up in the system.
Direct substitution is equivalent to Wegstein with lower
bound=upper bound=0.

17-10 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Secant Method Secant is the secant linear approximation method, with higher
order enhancements. You can select a bracketing/interval halving
option. Select this option whenever the function is discontinuous,
non-monotonic, or flat over a region. Bracketing will eliminate the
flat region and switch back to Secant method if possible.
You can use Secant for converging single design specifications.
Secant is the default method for design specification convergence,
and is recommended for user-generated convergence blocks.
You can control the Secant method by specifying:
Field Default To specify
Maximum Flowsheet 30 Maximum number of flowsheet evaluations
Evaluations
Step Size 0.01 Initial step size, as a fraction of range, for the design specification
manipulated variable
Maximum Step Size 1 Maximum step size, as a fraction of range, for the design specification
manipulated variable
X Tolerance 1e-8 Alternative tolerance on the manipulated variable
Iteration stops when the change in the scaled manipulated variable is less
than X Tolerance.
X Final on Error Last Which value of manipulated variable to use as the final value when the
value convergence block encounters an error
Options are Last value, Initial value, Minimum value of function, Lower
bound, and Upper bound.
Bracket No If the Secant algorithm should switch to a Bracketing algorithm.
Bracketing attempts to find a variable range where the design
specification function changes sign and performs interval halving when
Secant is not making progress.
When Bracket is specified as No, then Bracketing is not used. Since
bracketing may add extra iterations, in some cases, particularly with a
nested secant loop, you might want to specify Bracket as No.
When Bracketing is specified as Yes, Bracketing is tried if the function
is not changing. The Bracket = Yes option is useful for functions that are
flat over a portion of the variable range.
When Bracket is specified as Check Bounds, Bracketing is tried if the
function is not changing or if the Secant algorithm has moved to a
variable bound. The Bracket = Check Bounds option is useful for
functions that are flat over a portion of the variable range. It can also be
useful for non-monotonic functions. This option ensures that if the
Secant algorithm becomes stuck at a variable bound, the other variable
bound will also be tried.
Find Minimum Not Find the minimum function value if bracketing fails to detect a sign
Function Value if checked change.
Bracketing Fails to
Detect a Sign
Change.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-11

 BROYDEN Method The Broyden method is a modification of Broyden's quasi-Newton
method. The Broyden method is similar to the Newton method, but
it uses approximate linearization. This approximation makes
Broyden faster, but occasionally not as reliable, as the Newton
method.
Use Broyden to converge tear streams, two or more design
specifications, or tear streams and design specifications
simultaneously. Broyden is useful for multiple tear streams and/or
design specifications, tear variables that are highly interdependent,
or recycle loops and design specifications so interrelated that
nesting is impractical. When converging both tear streams and
design specifications, you can specify that tear streams be
converged or partially converged first. The simultaneous
convergence of both tear streams and design specifications then
follows.
You can control the Broyden method by specifying:
Field Default To specify
Maximum Flowsheet 30 Maximum number of flowsheet evaluations
Evaluations
X Tolerance 0.001 Alternative tolerance on the manipulated variables
The iteration stops when the change in the scaled manipulated variable is
less than X Tolerance
Wait 2 Number of direct substitution iterations before the first acceleration
iteration
You can specify additional parameters to control the Broyden
method on the Advanced Parameters dialog box:
Field Default To specify
Tear Tolerance Tear tolerance. Used if initializing tears by converging tears (to specified
tolerance) before design specifications are included
Tear Tolerance Ratio Tear tolerance ratio. Used if initializing tears by converging tears (to a
tolerance relative to the tear tolerance) before design specifications are
included
Maximum Iterations Maximum number of flowsheet iterations to solve tears before design
specifications are included
Lower Bound -5 Minimum value for the Wegstein acceleration parameter (q)
Upper Bound 0 Maximum value for the Wegstein acceleration parameter (q)
NEWTON Method NEWTON is an implementation of the modified Newton method
for simultaneous nonlinear equations. Derivatives are calculated
only when the rate of convergence is not satisfactory. The
implementation allows bounds on the variables, and includes a line
search for improved stability. NEWTON is useful when the recycle
loops and/or design specifications are highly interrelated, but
convergence is not achieved using the Broyden method. Numerical

17-12 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 derivatives are calculated frequently. Use NEWTON for tear
streams only when the number of components is small or when
convergence cannot be achieved by the other methods. When
converging both tear streams and design specifications, you can
specify that tear streams be converged or partially converged first.
The simultaneous convergence of both tear streams and design
specifications then follows.
When you use the Newton or Broyden methods to converge design
specifications, and one or more manipulated variables have
reached their lower or upper limits, a solution is found that
minimizes the sum of squares of design specification and tear
stream errors, divided by their tolerances. Iterations stop when the
root mean square of the changes in the scaled manipulated
variables is less than X tolerance. Aspen Plus scales each
manipulated variable, dividing it by the absolute value of the lower
or upper limit, whichever is larger.
You can control the Newton method by specifying:
Field Default To specify
Maximum Newton 30 Maximum number of Newton iterations
Iterations
Maximum Flowsheet 9999 Maximum number of flowsheet evaluations
Evaluations
Wait 2 Number of direct substitution iterations before the first acceleration
iteration
X Tolerance 0.0001 Alternative tolerance on the manipulated variables
The iteration stops when the change in the scaled manipulated variable is
less than X Tolerance
Reduction Factor 0.2 Reduction factor which determines the number of Newton iterations used
before calculating a new Jacobian (derivative) matrix
With this option, the Jacobian is reused as long as it continues to
decrease the error each iteration by the Reduction Factor
Iterations to Reuse Number of iterations to reuse the Jacobian (derivative) matrix
Jacobian With this option, the Jacobian is reused a set number of times
The default is to base the reuse of the Jacobian on the Reduction Factor
You can specify additional parameters to control the Newton
method on the Advanced Parameters dialog box:
Field Default To specify
Tear Tolerance Tear tolerance. Used if initializing tears by converging tears (to specified
tolerance) before design specifications are included
Tear Tolerance Ratio Tear tolerance ratio. Used if initializing tears by converging tears (to a
tolerance relative to the tear tolerance) before design specifications are
included

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-13

Field Default To specify
Maximum Iterations Maximum number of flowsheet iterations to solve tears before design
specifications are included
Lower Bound -5 Minimum value for the Wegstein acceleration parameter (q)
Upper Bound 0 Maximum value for the Wegstein acceleration parameter (q)
COMPLEX Method You can use the Complex method to converge optimization
problems with bounds on the manipulated variables and inequality
constraints. COMPLEX is a direct search method; it does not
require numerical derivatives. It may be useful for simple problems
without recycle loops or equality constraints (design
specifications).
SQP Method You can use the state-of-the-art sequential quadratic programming
(SQP) method for flowsheet optimization for simultaneous
convergence of optimization problems with constraints (equality or
inequality) and/or tear streams. The algorithm generally follows an
infeasible path (constraints and tear streams are converged
simultaneously with the optimization problem). But you can adjust
it to follow a feasible path (converging the tear streams at each
iteration of the optimization). SQP is used for system-generated
optimization convergence blocks. SQP is recommended for
user-generated convergence blocks.
SQP-Biegler is an SQP implementation developed by Professor L.
Biegler of Carnegie-Mellon University and his students.
You can control the SQP method by specifying:
Field Default To specify
Maximum Optimization 30 Maximum number of SQP optimization iterations
Iterations
Maximum Flowsheet 9999 Maximum number of flowsheet evaluations
Evaluations Each perturbation step for numerical derivatives is counted
as one evaluation.
Additional Iterations when 2 Number of additional iterations when constraints are not
Constraints are not Satisfied satisfied after the convergence test is satisfied.
Iterations to Converge Tears 3 Number of iterations to take toward converging tears at
for Each Optimization Iteration each iteration of the optimization
Iterations to Enforce 3 Number of iterations to enforce maximum step size on the
Maximum Step Size manipulated variables
Tolerance 0.001 Optimization convergence tolerance
Wait 1 Number of direct substitution iterations before the first
acceleration iteration
Lower Bound -5 Minimum value for the Wegstein acceleration parameter
(q)
Upper Bound 0 Maximum value for the Wegstein acceleration parameter
(q)

17-14 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 References
Biegler, L.T. and J.E. Cuthrell, "Improved Infeasible Path
Optimization for Sequential Modular Simulators, Part II: The
Optimization Algorithm," Computers & Chemical Engineering 9,
3, p. 257 (1985).
Lang, Y-D and L.T. Biegler, "A Unified Algorithm for Flowsheet
Optimization," Computers and Chemical Engineering 11, 2, p. 143
(1987).
SQP Wegstein When the SQP method is used to converge tears and optimization
Acceleration Parameters problems simultaneously, the algorithm is a hybrid of an infeasible
path method (where the tears are not converged at each iteration
but are converged at the optimum) and a feasible path method
(where the tears are converged at each iteration of the
optimization). You may control the degree to which the tears are
converged by specifying the number of iterations to take toward
converging the tears (Iterations To Converge Tears Each
Optimization Iteration) and upper and lower limits for the
Wegstein acceleration parameter for the Wegstein iterations
(Upper Bound, Lower Bound).

Specifying Convergence Order

You can specify the calculation order of convergence blocks you
define if you use more than one user-defined convergence block.
Specify the convergence order on the ConvOrder Specification or
Sequence Specifications sheet.
To define a convergence order:
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, then Conv Order.
2 Select a block from the Available Blocks list. Use the arrow to
move the block that you want converged first to the top of the
Convergence Order list.
3 Select any other blocks that you want in the order and move
them to the Convergence Order list. You can use the up and
down arrows to rearrange the order within the list. The first
convergence block is converged first and nested most deeply.

Specifying the Calculation Sequence

You can define the calculation order for all or part of the
flowsheet. You supply an ID for each sequence.
To define a sequence:
1 From the Data menu, point to Convergence, then Sequence.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-15

 2 In the Object Manager click the New button.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default ID and click OK.
4 Specify the calculation sequence on the Specifications sheet.
On each row of the sheet, you can enter one of the following:
• The beginning of a loop
• The end of a loop
• A block ID
• A sequence ID for part of a flowsheet
For the beginning and end of a loop, specify Begin or Return To in
the Loop-Return field. Specify the block type in the Block Type
field. The following blocks begin loops:
• Convergence
• Sensitivity
• Data Fit
Calculator blocks can introduce loops only for the special case of
loop control Calculator blocks.
Specify the block type and block ID for the following block types:
• Unit operation
• Equipment
• Utility
• Transfer
• Calculator
• Balance
• Pres-Relief
For economic calculations, specify Economic for block type. There
is no block ID for economic calculations.
Within a sequence you can insert a subset of the flowsheet that
already has an ID and a defined sequence. For large flowsheets it is
useful to build up the sequence specification in this manner.
Specify Sequence in the Block Type field. Specify the sequence ID
for the subset in the Block ID field.
Aspen Plus executes the sequences exactly as you enter them, with
these exceptions:
If you Aspen Plus
Check the Check Sequence field on Checks whether all loops in a
the ConvOptions Defaults sequence are torn. If a loop is not
Sequencing sheet torn, Aspen Plus displays an error
message

17-16 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 If you Aspen Plus
Specify Execute Before or Execute Inserts the Calculator block into your
After in a Calculator block sequence
Specify a Design-Spec Automatically generates convergence
blocks for design specifications and
inserts them into your sequence

Using Initial Guesses

For many simulations with recycle streams, initial guesses for the
tear streams will help convergence. This is especially true for
recycle systems with closed loops or recirculating solvent loops.
You can often provide a reasonable initial guess from your
knowledge of the process or through a simple mass-balance
calculation.
The sequence is displayed in the left pane of the Control Panel. If
the left pane of the Control Panel is empty, select Step from the
Run menu.
Enter initial compositions and flow rates for the tear streams on
Streams Specification sheets, and run the simulation. Or select
your own tear streams using the Tear sheet, and provide initial
estimates for them.

Flowsheet Sequencing
The tearing and sequencing of a flowsheet is complex and can
require user input. The following information on interacting with
the Aspen Plus sequencing algorithm is intended for advanced
users. It is recommended that other users accept the default
sequencing.
Aspen Plus initially tears and sequences flowsheets in this
sequence:
1 The information flow (incidence matrix) of unit operation
blocks, Calculator blocks, design specifications, constraints,
optimizations, and cost blocks is collected.
2 Sequences you specify are checked for possible missing tears
and are used to generate a reduced incidence matrix. In the
reduced incidence matrix, subsequences you specify are
collapsed and treated as a single block.
3 The reduced incidence matrix is partitioned into independent
subsystems that can be solved sequentially.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-17

 4 Tear streams or Calculator block tear variables are determined
for each subsystem, taking user-specified Tear, Tear Variable,
and Convergence specifications into consideration. The
automatic sequencing algorithm in Aspen Plus selects tear
streams by minimizing a weighted combination of the number
of:
• Tear variables
• Times loops are torn
5 An initial sequence is determined as part of the tearing. For
each subsystem, Convergence blocks are created for design
specifications, tear streams, and tear variables that are not
converged by user-specified convergence blocks. Specifying
Design Spec Nesting as Inside on the Convergence
ConvOptions Defaults Sequencing sheet generates one tear
convergence block for all tear streams and tear variables, and
generates an individual design specification convergence block
for each design specification. See Specifying Sequencing
Parameters for more information.
You can affect the automatic sequencing algorithm by:
• Adjusting the Variable Weight and Loop Weight parameters on
the Convergence ConvOptions Defaults Sequencing sheet.
• Specifying initial estimates for possible tear streams on the
Streams forms. The specifications for non-feed streams are
used as initial guesses if possible. Streams with data are
weighted in the sequencing algorithm, so they are more likely
to be selected as tear streams.
• Specifying tear streams directly, using the Tear Specification
sheet. You should be careful not to specify more tear streams
than required for convergence. You can underspecify the
number of tear streams, and Aspen Plus will determine the
additional tear streams needed.
Obtaining Final To obtain the final convergence sequence:
Convergence 1 All convergence blocks are ordered as they appear on the
Sequence ConvOrder Specification form and the current setting of User
nesting on the ConvOptions Defaults Sequencing sheet. Blocks
not mentioned on the ConvOrder Specification form are
ordered according to the setting of Design Spec Nesting on the
ConvOptions Defaults Sequencing sheet and the span of
convergence blocks in the initial sequence.
2 Aspen Plus obtains the final convergence sequence by
repeatedly removing tears and/or design specifications from the
outermost convergence block and partitioning the reduced
flowsheet.

17-18 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 For Design specification nesting as Inside or Inside
simultaneous on the Convergence ConvOptions Defaults
Sequencing sheet, you can define user-specified convergence
blocks for design specifications, and they will be inserted
automatically into the sequence.
Adding Special At the end of the final convergence sequence, special options are
Options to the added:
Sequence 1 Blocks with Execute options are inserted into the sequence.
2 Sensitivity, Balance, and Data Fit blocks not already in the
sequence are inserted.
Because a design specification loop usually has a small span, the
sequencing algorithm does not nest them (for example, a tear loop
outside and many independent design specification loops inside).
Since the algorithm does not take numerical values into account, it
sometimes places design specification loops inside tear loops when
they would perform better outside. Specifying Design Spec
Nesting as Outside on the Convergence ConvOptions Defaults
Sequencing sheet would alter the sequence but this often leads to
deeply nested iteration loops for large flowsheets.
Viewing the To view the sequence along with the tear streams and the
Sequence convergence blocks determined by Aspen Plus:
• From the View menu, click Control Panel.
The sequence is displayed in the left pane of the Control Panel.
If the left pane of the Control Panel is empty, select Step from
the Run menu.
Sequencing Example This example describes steps to converge a simple flowsheet that
does not converge properly when automatic sequencing is used. It
illustrates:
• Supplying initial estimates for recycle streams
• Altering the calculation sequence with Design spec nesting
• Altering the calculation sequence with Conv Order
• Adjusting tolerances to account for nested loops
The flowsheet consists of:
Blocks Type
TOPCOL, BOTCOL Interconnected columns
HEATER Pre-heater
COOLER Product cooler

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-19

 Process flowsheet for this example

The mass flow of stream REFLUX, the inter-reflux stream from

BOTCOL to TOPCOL, is manipulated to meet a purity
specification of component THF in stream PROD. PROD is a
product stream from BOTCOL/COOLER, in design specification
THF. PSPEC is the convergence block defined to converge THF.
When distillation columns appear in a recycle loop, it is often
necessary to give initial estimates for the tear stream. Aspen Plus
makes this easy. Simply supply data for a column feed or other
stream in the loop on Streams forms, just as you would for a feed
stream, and Aspen Plus will preferentially select the stream as a
tear stream (your stream may not be selected if another stream is a
better choice by the tearing criteria).
From initial estimates for the tear stream, the Aspen Plus
sequencing algorithm determines the following computation
sequence:
HEATER
$OLVER01 TOPCOL
| PSPEC BOTCOL COOLER
| (RETURN PSPEC)
(RETURN $OLVER01)
$OLVER01 is defined to converge stream REFLUX, the inter-
connecting stream, with initial data provided. However, with this
sequence the PSPEC and $OLVER01 convergence blocks fail to

17-20 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 converge, because the design specification is nested inside the
column recycle loop. The design specification THF does not
converge, because the purity specification is determined primarily
by the inter-reflux between the two columns (not the top product
rate of the BOTCOL alone).
The inter-reflux between the columns should be converged before
evaluation of the design specification. The design specification
should be nested outside the column recycle loop. You can alter
the nesting order of the convergence loops by either:
• Specifying Design Spec Nesting as Outside on the
Convergence ConvOptions Defaults Sequencing sheet, or
• Specifying PSPEC on the Convergence ConvOrder
Specifications sheet.
Either specification would cause the sequencing algorithm to
determine the following computation sequence, which converges:
HEATER
PSPEC
| $OLVER01 TOPCOL BOTCOL
| (RETURN $OLVER01
| COOLER
(RETURN PSPEC)
Both methods of specifying the nesting order are equivalent for
this simple problem. But using the ConvOptions Defaults
Sequencing form allows you to change the computation sequence
selectively when dealing with large flowsheets.
In this flowsheet there is no need for special tolerance adjustments
to account for the nesting of iteration loops. For some flowsheets it
is necessary to adjust tolerances so the inner loops are calculated
more accurately than outer loops; otherwise the outer loops would
be overwhelmed with errors from inner loops. For the sequence
above, use the following levels of calculation accuracy:
For these blocks Use this level of accuracy
HEATER, PSPEC Final
$OLVER01, COOLER Intermediate (higher)
TOPCOL, BOTCOL Highest
If the Error/Tolerance for PSPEC seems to go down to 10 quickly
and stay there, you should tighten tolerances for all the blocks
inside the PSPEC loop or loosen the tolerance for PSPEC. If you
observe a similar problem in $OLVER01, you could tighten the
tolerances of TOPCOL and BOTCOL.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-21

 It is particularly important to ensure that any nested design
specifications have sufficiently tight tolerances, since these
tolerances are specified by the user. If problems occur, or if the
design specification is nested deeply, a tighter tolerance may be
necessary.

Checking Convergence Results

After your simulation has completed or while it is paused, you can
view convergence block results to check the status or diagnose
convergence problems.
1 If your simulation is paused, from the Run menu, click Load
Results.
2 On the Data menu, point to Convergence, then Convergence.
3 In the Convergence Object Manager, select the convergence
block and click Edit. For system-generated convergence
blocks, (names beginning with $OLVER), the results sheets are
displayed. For user-defined convergence blocks, select Results
on the left pane of the Data Browser window to display the
results sheets.
4 Choose the appropriate sheet:
This sheet Contains the information
Summary Final convergence status, variable value, and Err/Tol for each variable converged by the
block
Tear History Table of maximum Err/Tol versus iteration number. Variable with maximum error at
each iteration. Plots of Err/Tol versus iteration number can be generated.
Spec History Table of manipulated variable values and design specification error versus iteration
number. You can generate plots of design specification error versus iteration number, or
design specification error versus manipulated variable value.
Use the Tear History and Spec History sheets and the Diagnosing
Tear Stream Convergence and Diagnosing Design-Spec
Convergence tables, to help you diagnose and correct tear stream
and design specification convergence problems. It is helpful to
generate a plot of Err/Tol versus iteration number.
Increasing diagnostics can also help with diagnosing problems. See
Convergence Diagnostics for more information.

Control Panel Messages

The Control Panel displays convergence diagnostics for each
convergence block. Each time the convergence block is executed
in a recycle convergence loop, messages appear with the following
format:

17-22 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 > Loop CV Method: WEGSTEIN Iteration 9
Converging tear streams: 3
4 vars not converged, Max Err/Tol 0.18603E+02

Each time a convergence block for a design specification is

executed in a convergence loop, messages appear with the
following format:
>> Loop CV Method: SECANT Iteration 2
Converging specs: H2RATE
1 vars not converged, Max Err/Tol 0.36525E+03

Where:
CV = Convergence block ID
Max Err/Tol = Maximum error/tolerance for the unconverged
variables
> = Symbol indicating nesting level of the
convergence loop (Outside loop)
>> = Loop nested one deep
>>> = Loop nested two deep, and so on
Convergence is achieved when the value of Max Err/Tol becomes
less than 1.0.
Convergence Diagnostics You can modify the diagnostic level for convergence globally on
the Setup Specifications Diagnostics sheet.
Use the Convergence sliders to modify the diagnostic level for
convergence block information in either the control panel and in
the history file. You can also specify the diagnostic level for a
single convergence block using the Diagnostics button on the Input
Parameters sheet for any convergence block.
The default diagnostic level within Aspen Plus is 4. At a
Convergence Diagnostics Level of 4, a message is created in the
Control Panel every time the convergence block executes. This
message contains the following information:
• Convergence block
• Convergence method
• Iteration number
• What the convergence is trying to converge
• Number of unconverged variables
• Maximum error/tolerance for that iteration of the convergence
block
Messages in the history file are similar, but not identical.
At a Convergence Diagnostics Level of 5, Aspen Plus creates a
table of convergence information in the Control Panel for all
unconverged variables.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-23

 For example:
> Loop C-1 Method: BROYDEN Iteration 1
Converging tear streams: 4
Converging specs: H2RATE
NEW X G(X) X ERR/TOL
TOTAL MOLEFLOW (1) 0.135448E-01 0.135448E-01 0.000000E+00 10000.0
N2 MOLEFLOW (2) 0.188997E-03 0.188997E-03 0.000000E+00 10000.0
C1 MOLEFLOW (2) 0.755987E-03 0.755987E-03 0.000000E+00 10000.0
BZ MOLEFLOW (2) 0.314995E-03 0.314995E-03 0.000000E+00 10000.0
CH MOLEFLOW (2) 0.122848E-01 0.122848E-01 0.000000E+00 10000.0
PRESSURE (2) 0.217185E-01 0.217185E-01 0.100000E+36 0.100000E+07
MASS ENTHALPY (2)-0.137111E-01-0.137111E-01 0.100000E+36 0.100000E+07
TOTAL MOLEFL (3) 0.377994E-01 0.000000E+00 0.377994E-01 -375.000
8 vars not converged, Max Err/Tol 0.17679E+05

The value in parentheses indicates the type of variable:

Variable Type Description
1 Tear stream variable which is not updated by the
convergence algorithm
2 Tear stream variable which is updated by the
convergence method
3 Design specification manipulated variable. Updated by
the algorithm
4 Calculator Tear Variable. Updated by the algorithm
New X is the value for the variable for the next iteration. X is the
value of the variable for the previous iteration. G(X) is the
calculated value for the variable at the end of the previous
iteration. When a variable is converged, X and G(X) should differ
by less than the tolerance. All values are in SI units.
Setting the Convergence Diagnostics level to 6 or higher does not
change the amount of information reported in the Control Panel.
However, it will affect the amount of information reported in the
history file, depending on the convergence method in use.

Strategies for Flowsheet

Convergence
Often a flowsheet can be converged without changing any
convergence parameters.
Some general guidelines are:
• Start small. Make sure that individual blocks and elements of a
flowsheet behave as expected, before slowly combining them
into a larger simulation. A sensitivity block is useful for
determining the results of other blocks under a range of
conditions.

17-24 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Start with the simplest blocks possible. For example, converge
the flowsheet with a simple HeatX before switching it to a
rigorous HeatX.
• Give good initial guesses. Make sure the flowsheet starts
converging from a reasonable point. Aspen Plus gives tear
streams a default value of zero, which can cause problems. If
possible, select a tear stream that remains relatively constant.
• Check physical properties. Make sure they are calculated
correctly in the entire operating range of the simulation.
• Know how your flowsheet responds. Check the behavior of
blocks and design specifications using sensitivity analysis.
Look for discontinuities and flat regions that could cause
convergence difficulties.
• Check for correctness, variable accessing, spelling, and unit
specifications. When accessing real variables, make sure your
variable names do not begin with I-N.
Diagnosing Tear Stream This table shows the possible causes and solutions of tear stream
Convergence convergence problems.
If plot of Err/Tol A possible To correct the problem
vs. Iteration cause is
number shows
Steady convergence — Increase Maxit above 30 on the Conv Options or Convergence block
Parameters sheet.
Steady but slow Component Check outlet streams from recycle loop to confirm that all
convergence build-up components have a way to leave the system. If there is not, the
problem may not be feasible from an engineering point of view.
(That is, there may not be a steady state solution.)

— Allow for larger acceleration steps. For Wegstein, set Lower bound
of the Wegstein acceleration parameter = -20 on the ConvOptions
Wegstein sheet, or on the Convergence block Wegstein Input
Parameters sheet. If this change speeds convergence, try lower
bound = -50.
Oscillating — For Wegstein, set upper bound to .5 to dampen the oscillations.
convergence

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-25

If plot of Err/Tol A possible To correct the problem
vs. Iteration cause is
number shows
Err/Tol down to a Nested loops, Do one of the following:
threshold level, but and the • Set a tighter tolerance for the blocks and convergence
no further convergence
blocks in the inner loop, using the Tolerance field for these
tolerance of the
inner loops is
blocks. Block tolerance can be changed globally on the
too loose Setup Simulation Options Flash Convergence sheet or
locally on the block's Flash Options sheet. Convergence
block tolerances can be changed globally on the Conv
Options sheet for that method or locally on the
convergence block's Parameter sheet.
• Relax the tolerance for the outside loop.
• Converge the inside and outside loops simultaneously,
using the Broyden or Newton method. Use the Design Spec
Nesting field on the ConvOptions Defaults Sequencing
sheet.
Broyden or Newton — Increase the value of Wait to 4 (on the Convergence ConvOptions
failing to converge sheet or Convergence block Parameters sheet).

If both tear streams and design-specs are specified in the

convergence block, solve only tear streams first by specifying Tear
Tolerance or Tear Tolerance Ratio. Click the Advanced Parameters
button on the Parameters sheet of the convergence block.

Switch to the Wegstein method.

Some other general strategies for tear stream convergence are:
• Provide a good initial guess for the Tear stream on the Stream
form.
• Select a Tear stream that will not vary a great deal. For
example, the outlet stream of a Heater block is generally a
better choice for a tear stream than the outlet stream from a
Reactor block.
• Disconnect the recycle stream to get a good initial estimate and
to examine the sensitivity.
• Try to simplify the problem. It may be possible to do one or
more of the following to reduce the complexity of the problem:
− Add a Mixer block to reduce the number of tear streams
− Replace a HeatX block with an MHeatX to reduce the
number of tear streams
− Define and use a Component Group to reduce the number
of variables
− Choose a Tear stream that has fewer components present

17-26 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 − Choose a Tear stream from a block that sets an outlet
temperature
• Reinitialize the simulation. Try to converge the simulation
using a Wegstein acceleration parameter equal to 0 (set the
upper bound and lower bound to 0). This is equivalent to direct
substitution. Look for a continuing buildup of one or more
components as the iterations proceed.
• Try using a different convergence method such as Broyden or
Newton rather than the default Wegstein method.
• Confirm that the sequence for the simulation (either
Aspen Plus defined or user defined) is reasonable. See
Specifying the Calculation Sequence.
Diagnosing Design This table shows the possible causes and solutions of Design
Specification Specification convergence problems.
Convergence

If plot of Err/Tol A possible cause To correct the problem

vs. Iteration is
number shows
Steady convergence — Increase Maxit above 30 on the appropriate Conv Options or
Convergence block Parameters sheet.
Err/Tol not Spec function 1. Check if the formulation of the spec function is correct.
changing insensitive to 2. Check if the correct manipulated variable is being used.
manipulated 3. Use Sensitivity study to determine the effect of the
variable manipulated variable on the spec function.

Spec function flat For the Secant method, select Bracket=Yes on the Conv Options
over some range of or Convergence block Parameters sheet, to use interval-halving
the manipulated method.
variable
Err/Tol down to a Nested loops, and Do one of the following:
threshold level, but the convergence • Set a tighter tolerance for the blocks and convergence
no further tolerance of the
blocks in the inner loop, using the Tolerance field for
inner loops is too
loose
these blocks.
• Relax the tolerance for the outside loop.
• Converge the inside and outside loops simultaneously,
using the Broyden or Newton method. Use the Design
Spec Nesting field on the ConvOptions Defaults
Sequencing sheet.
Converged to Non-monotonic 1. For the Secant method, select Bracket=Check bounds on the
variable bound Spec function Conv Options or Convergence block Parameters sheet, to use
interval-halving method.
2. Use Sensitivity study to determine the effect of the
manipulated variable on the spec function. Adjust the bounds on
the manipulated variable, or choose a better initial guess.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-27

 Some other general strategies for Design Specification
convergence are:
• Formulate specifications to avoid discontinuities.
• Formulate specifications to reduce non-linearity with respect to
design variables. For example, set a specification on the log of
a concentration when it is near zero.
• Make sure the limits are reasonable. Try to avoid limits
spanning more than one order of magnitude.
• Confirm the existence of a solution by replacing a Design
specification with a Sensitivity block.
• Make sure the tolerance is reasonable, especially when
compared with the tolerance of blocks inside the Design
specification convergence block.
Calculator Block Some other general strategies for Calculator Block convergence
Convergence are:
Suggestions • Avoid iterative loops causing hidden mass balance problems.
The sequencing algorithm can detect Fortran tear variables if
Tear Fortran Export Variables is checked on the ConvOptions
Defaults Sequencing sheet. It can converge tear variables if any
Calculator block is sequenced with Import and Export
variables. The tear variables are then solved along with the tear
streams.
• Check the correctness of the Fortran statements or Excel
formulas in the Calculator block.
• Fortran Variables beginning with the letters I through N should
be integer variables, if they have not been declared otherwise.
• Increase the diagnostics to check the value of variables used in
the calculations. Click the Diagnostics button on the Sequence
sheet. On the Diagnostics dialog box, raise the level for
Defined Variables to 5 or 6. This will print out the value of the
accessed variables.
• Add write statements to your Fortran block or macros to your
Excel spreadsheet to display intermediate values.
• If using Import and Export variables to determine the sequence,
make sure that all the variables are listed.
Resolving Sequence Use the following strategy to resolve sequence or convergence
and Convergence problems:
Problems 1 Run the simulation using the default sequence generated by
Aspen Plus.
2 Examine simulation results, looking for skipped and
unconverged unit operation blocks. Check the Control Panel
and results sheets for blocks that did not complete normally,

17-28 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 had errors, or had unexpected results that might affect recycle
convergence. See Checking Convergence Results for more
information.
Some common reasons for these problems are:
Problem Action
Incorrect block specifications Correct them.
Feed conditions too far off Provide better estimates for tear streams
and/or design variables.
Convergence specifications Try different specifications, different
algorithm options, or increase the number
of iterations.
Algorithm options Change options
Not enough iterations Increase number of iterations
If you make any corrections, go to step 9.
3 Check whether tolerance needs adjustment. If the maximum
error/tol for convergence blocks reduces to around 10 quickly,
but fluctuates after that, tolerance adjustments may be
necessary. .
Another way to correct tolerance problems is to converge
multiple design specifications with a Broyden or Newton
convergence block.
4 If Wegstein convergence blocks converge slowly, try some
Wegstein parameters, such as Wait=4, Consecutive Direct
Substitution Steps=4, Lower Bound=-50. Providing better
estimates for tear streams would also help.
5 If tear stream convergence blocks oscillate, try using the Direct
method for convergence. If the problem persists, examine the
flowsheet to determine if every component has an outlet. The
oscillation of a tear stream loop could also be caused by the
non-convergence of design specification loops inside the tear
stream loop; check for this next, if oscillation persists. If
oscillation stops, try the acceleration technique described in
step 4.
6 Examine the Spec Summary and check for non-converged
design specifications. Some common reasons for a design
specification that does not converge are:
Design Specification Problem Action
Not reachable within bounds on variable Accept the solution or relax the bounds.
Not sensitive to manipulated variable Select a different manipulated variable to meet the design
specification or delete the design specification.
Insensitive to manipulated variable in a Provide a better initial guess, refine the bounds, and/or
certain range enable the Bracket option of the Secant convergence
method.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-29

Design Specification Problem Action
Not sensitive to the manipulated variable, See Sequencing Example. If it is necessary to alter the
because the design specification loop is not calculation sequence, see step 7.
nested properly
7 Alter the calculation sequence, if necessary, using one of the
following options. (This step requires a good understanding of
the process you are simulating and is intended for advanced
users only):
If you want to Specify
Make one or more design specification loops These loops on the ConvOrder Specifications sheet (See
the outermost loops Specifying Convergence Order)
Alter the nesting of a small section of the A partial sequence on the Sequence Specifications sheet
flowsheet (see Specifying the Calculation Sequence)
Use specific tear streams These streams on the Tear Specifications sheet (see
Specifying Tear Streams)
There are other options on the ConvOptions Defaults
Sequencing sheet that also affect the calculation sequence (see
Convergence Options).
8 If all convergence blocks are converged but the overall mass
balance is not in balance, check Calculator blocks for possible
errors. It is recommended that you use Import and Export
Variables to sequence regular Calculator blocks, and use
Execute to sequence initialization Calculator blocks.
9 If the flowsheet is modified, rerun the simulation and go back
to step 2.
Example of Err/Tol Going After about 8 recycle convergence iterations, the Err/Tol value
Down to a Threshold goes down to a threshold value, but not lower. This recycle is
Value nested outside of an inner design specification loop. Set a tighter
tolerance for the inner loop.

100
80
Err/Tol

60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Iteration Number

17-30 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example of Manipulated This design specification function is non-monotonic. Depending on
Variable Moving to a the initial value of the manipulated variable, the convergence
Bound algorithm may move the manipulated variable to the upper bound,
even though a solution exists within the bounds. Specify Check
Bounds in the Bracket field on the Convergence ConvOptions
Methods Secant sheet or Secant Input Parameters sheet. Ensure
that the secant algorithm checks both bounds, to try to bracket the
solution.

100

80

60
Err/Tol

40

20 Initial
Value
0

-20 Manipulated Variable

Lower Upper
Bound Bound

Example of Err/Tol Value The Err/Tol value does not change for a design specification,
Not Changing where the temperature of a reactor is being manipulated to control
the conversion in the reactor. A sensitivity analysis shows that the
specification function (conversion) is flat over some range of the
manipulated variable. Specify Yes in the Bracket field on the
Convergence ConvOptions Methods Secant sheet or Secant Input
Parameters sheet for this design specification problem.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-31

 100

80

60

Err/Tol
40

20 Initial
Temp
0
Temp Temperature Temp
Lower Upper
Bound Bound

EO Convergence
Instead of solving each block in sequence, the equation-oriented
(EO) strategy gathers all the model equations together and solves
them at the same time. Although the number of variables and
equations can be very large, EO solves the entire flowsheet
simultaneously without many nested convergence loops and uses
analytical derivatives. As a result, much larger problems can be
solved for the same computational effort.
This strategy is very effective for solving these kinds of problems:
• Highly recycled processes and heat-integrated processes
• Processes with many design specifications
• Process optimization
• Process model tuning through data reconciliation and
parameter estimation
The equation-oriented strategy provides three solvers:
• DMO
• LSSQP
• NSOLVE
DMO and LSSQP implement a variant of the successive quadratic
programming (SQP) algorithm to solve large-scale optimization
problems, by solving a sequence of quadratic programming
subproblems. One important difference between DMO and LSSQP

17-32 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 is that DMO ignores all variable bounds during the solution of
equation-oriented simulation and parameter estimation cases, that
is, modes with no degrees of freedom.
NSOLVE implements a variant of the Newton-based algorithm to
solve large and small-scale square problems involving a set of
nonlinear equations. This solver can only be used for simulation
and parameter estimation cases and not for optimization runs.
This section includes the following topics about convergence:
• EO convergence options
• The DMO Solver
• The LSSQP Solver
• The NSOLVE Solver

Specifying EO Convergence Options

Use the sheets of the EO Convergence Options Setup form to
specify:
• The solver to use
• Sequential-modular (SM) initialization parameters
• Sequential-modular to equation-oriented (SM-to-EO) and
equation-oriented to sequential-modular (EO-to-SM) switch
parameters used with mixed mode
To set parameters at the hierarchical block and flowsheet level for
EO convergence:
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 On the Solver sheet, select the solver to use for equation-
oriented strategy solutions.
• DMO
• LSSQP
3 On the SM Init sheet, specify the sequential-modular (SM)
initialization parameters at the hierarchical block and flowsheet
levels.
The following tables list and describe the setup parameters for
EO convergence.
SM Initialization Parameters Description
Maximum flowsheet The maximum number of flowsheet
evaluations evaluations to perform.
Wait The number of direct substitution
iterations before the first
acceleration iteration.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-33

 SM Initialization Parameters Description
Consecutive direct substitution The number of consecutive
steps acceleration iterations between
acceleration iterations.
Diagnostic message level The level of errors and diagnostics
that are printed in the history file.

Wegstein Acceleration Description

Parameters
Lower bound The lower limit for the Wegstein
acceleration parameter (q).
Upper bound The upper limit for the Wegstein
acceleration parameter (q).
4 On the SM to EO sheet, specify the sequential-modular to
equation-oriented (SM-to-EO) switch parameters that are used
at the hierarchical block and flowsheet levels in the Mixed
Mode solution strategy.
SM to EO Switch Parameters Description
Maximum initialization passes The maximum number of flowsheet
evaluations.
Tolerance The tolerance for sequential-
modular initialization.
Bypass SM initialization When set to yes, sequential-
modular initialization is bypassed if
block and streams have been
previously initialized.
5 On the EO to SM sheet, specify the equation-oriented to
sequential-modular (EO-to-SM) switch parameter that is used
at the hierarchical block and flowsheet levels in the Mixed
Mode solution strategy.
EO to SM Switch Parameter Description
Maximum iterations The maximum number of iterations
after failure of the equation-
oriented (EO) solution before
switching back to the sequential-
modular (SM) solution method.

About the DMO Solver

The DMO solver implements a variant of the successive quadratic
programming (SQP) algorithm to solve small or large-scale
optimization problems. It performs the optimization by solving a
sequence of quadratic programming sub-problems.

17-34 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 DMO offers various options for controlling the line search and
trust region methods to improve efficiency and robustness,
particularly for large problems. DMO is also useful for solving
cases with no degrees of freedom, such as equation-oriented
simulation and parameter estimation.
The general optimization problem that DMO solves can be
expressed as follows:
Minimize f(x)
Subject to c(x) = 0
xmin ≤ x ≤ xmax
Where:

x∈ R
n Vector of unknown variables

R1 Objective function

Rm Vector of constraint equations

Rn Vector of lower bounds on x

xmax ∈ R
n Vector of upper bounds on x

A simplified description of the DMO algorithm is outlined as

follows:
1 Given an initial estimate of the solution vector, x0
2 Set iteration counter, k = 0
3 Evaluate derivative of the objective function, gradient, and the
derivative of the constraints, Jacobian.
4 Initialize or update an approximation of the second derivative
matrix, or Hessian, of the Lagrange function.
The Lagrange function, f(x) + ∑ λici, accounts for constraints
through weighting factors λi , often called Lagrange multipliers
or shadow prices.
5 Solve a quadratic programming subproblem to determine a
search direction, dk. In the quadratic programming subproblem,
the objective function is replaced by a quadratic
approximation, constraints are linearized, and bounds are
included.
6 Check for convergence or failure. If the optimization
convergence criteria are satisfied or if the maximum number of
allowed iterations is reached, then end.
Convergence is achieved when:
• Objective function gradient ≤ objective function
convergence tolerance

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-35

 • Scaled or unscaled constraint residuals ≤ residual
convergence tolerance
7 Perform a one-dimensional search to determine a search step
αk so that xk+αkdk is a better approximation of the solution as
measured by a line search or merit function. The reduction of
merit function requirement is sometimes relaxed to achieve a
full correction step.
8 Update iteration counter, k = k + 1, and loop back to step 3.
You can change the following DMO solver parameters referred to
in step 6:
• Maximum number of allowed iterations to reach convergence
• Objective and residual convergence tolerance

Changing DMO Solver Parameters

These forms contain the DMO solver parameters that you can
change:
• DMO Basic
• DMO Adv(anced)
You can change a parameter setting for use in all run modes or
limit the change to a particular run mode.
Note: We recommend that you start your equation-oriented
strategy with the default parameter settings in the DMO Adv
sheets.
How you change the DMO solver parameters determines the effect
the change has in a specified run mode.
• Any change you make to a parameter setting in Default run
mode changes the default value of that parameter for all run
modes.
• Any change you make to a parameter setting for a specific run
mode is valid only for that run mode.
If you change any Default run mode parameter setting, a
checkmark appears to the left of "Default."
Use the Basic sheet of the EO Convergence DMO Basic Form to
change these parameters for the solver:
• Maximum number of allowed iterations
• Objective function convergence tolerance
• Residual convergence tolerance
To change basic DMO parameters:

17-36 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the DMO Basic form to display its input sheets.
3 On the DMO Basic sheet, select the run mode for which you
want to change the parameter settings.
– or –
Select Default to change the parameter settings for all run
modes.
4 Change convergence tolerance, as desired.
Convergence Tolerance Description
Parameters
Residual The residual convergence tolerance
The default is 1E-06.
Objective The objective function tolerance.
The default is 1E-06.
5 Change iteration limits parameters, as desired.
Iteration Limits Description
Parameters
Max iterations The maximum iterations allowed. The
default is 50.
Min iterations The minimum iterations allowed. The
default is 0.
Using Creep Mode DMO has a creep mode to make the optimization more
conservative and robust. This mode simply makes the optimizer
take smaller steps for a specified number of iterations.
Creep mode is very helpful when the problem diverges. It can also
prevent the DMO optimizer from making aggressive moves that
cause singularities when models are taken into regions where the
equations are not well defined.
To use creep mode:
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the DMO Basic form to display its input sheets.
3 On the DMO Basic sheet, select the run mode for which you
want to change the parameter settings.
– or –
Select Default to change the parameter settings for all run
modes.
4 Enable creep mode and specify the parameters.
Creep Step Parameters Description
On/Off switch Enables (On) and disables (Off) Creep
mode. The default is Off.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-37

 Creep Step Parameters Description
Iterations The number of iterations to perform
creep steps. The default is 10.
Step size The step size, as a fraction of the full
step size when in creep mode. The
default is 0.1.
Viewing Iteration By default DMO displays iteration summary information in the
Summary Information Control Panel. Use the Report sheet of the EO Convergence
Basic DMO form to determine the amount of information
displayed in the Control Panel.
To change DMO solver report options:
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the DMO Basic form to display its input sheets.
3 On the DMO Report sheet, select the run mode for which you
want to change the parameter settings.
– or –
Select Default to change the parameter settings for all run
modes.
4 Change the report parameters, as desired.
Report Description
Parameters
Print level The diagnostic printing level for reporting
variables and residuals, where:
Brief prints the ten worst residuals (default)
Full prints all variables and residuals

Note: Full print can result in a very large amount

of output.
Iteration frequency The diagnostic printing frequency for variables
and residuals, where variables and residuals are
printed at every nth iteration. The default is 1.
Output device The output device for the iteration log, where:
Terminal prints to the Control Panel.
File prints to the EO Solver Report.
File output shows more significant figures.

17-38 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 This is a sample of the Control Panel output:
Residual Objective Objective Overall Model
Convergence Convergence Function Nonlinearity Nonlinearity Worst
Iteration Function Function Value Ratio Ratio Model
--------- ----------- ----------- ---------- ------------ ------------ -------
0 5.781D-06 4.782D-03 -2.779D+00 9.950D-01 -4.485D+00 C2S
1 1.640D-04 2.774D-02 -2.792D+00 5.528D-01 -2.011D+01 C2S
2 5.560D-03 4.533D-03 -2.870D+00 9.020D-01 9.269D-01 C2S
3 1.247D-04 1.109D-03 -2.857D+00 7.547D-01 9.498D-01 C2S
4 9.993D-06 2.506D-05 -2.853D+00 9.233D-01 9.510D-01 C2S
5 2.751D-07 7.327D-06 -2.853D+00 9.504D-01 8.874D-01 C2S
6 4.162D-08 1.637D-05 -2.853D+00 5.642D-01 -3.939D+00 C2S
7 6.724D-07 7.624D-05 -2.853D+00 5.956D-01 -1.281D+00 C2S
8 9.962D-07 4.329D-05 -2.854D+00 9.176D-01 8.254D-01 C2S
9 2.691D-07 3.344D-06 -2.854D+00 7.505D-01 6.581D-01 C2S
10 1.324D-07 4.748D-06 -2.854D+00 8.463D-01 6.907D-01 C2S
11 4.804D-08 1.700D-06 -2.854D+00 9.487D-01 8.925D-01 C2S
12 1.395D-08 4.722D-07 -2.854D+00
*******************************************************************************
Successful solution.
Optimization Timing Statistics Time Percent
================================ ======== =======
MODEL computations 2.38 secs 40.88 %
DMO computations 0.72 secs 12.40 %
Miscellaneous 2.72 secs 46.72 %
-------------------------------- --------- -------
Total Optimization Time 5.83 secs 100.00 %

Here, the Objective Convergence Function refers to the Jacobian of

the objective function. The Nonlinear Ratio is a measure of the
nonlinearity of the problem. The closer the value is to one, the
more linear the problem. A negative value indicates that the
problem behaved in the opposite of what was expected. Near the
solution, as the step sizes become small, this value becomes close
to one.
The last section of the output shows the execution times for the
various parts of the problem.
In this example, we can see that convergence was achieved when
the residual and objective convergence functions were less than
their respective tolerances at iteration 12.
From this output, we also see that there have been no line searches.
Thus the step size for each iteration is one. When a line search is
performed for an iteration, a message similar to this appears:
<Line Search ACTIVE> ==> Step taken 3.26D-01

Specifying Active Set The active set is the set of variable bounds that hold with equality
Initialization at any feasible point. The active set initialization procedure in
Parameters DMO provides both efficiency and robustness. It produces a
"warm" start, based on the existing information of a successful
execution. This is very important for applications with a large
number of degrees of freedom (above 100). For such applications,
up to 50% improvement in execution speed has been reported in
addition to improved robustness.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-39

 To specify the active set initialization parameters,
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the DMO Adv form to display its input sheets.
3 On the QP2 sheet, specify the parameters.
Active Set Description
Initialization
Parameters
Save active set When set to Yes, writes to the <prob>.set file every time a QP subproblem
successfully converges in Optimization and Reconciliation run mode. The file
contains information on which variables were active at bounds. When the
"restore active set" parameter is set to Yes, the information in the file can be
used to initialize the active set of another run.
Restore When set to Yes, the information in the <prob>.set file is used to initialize the
active set as an initial guess of the active set.
Using Micro- This option pertains to the situation where a problem may become
Infeasibility Handling infeasible due to very small errors in one or more constraints. This
often happens in optimization cases as a result of round-off or
machine precision errors, or loose convergence tolerance.
Employing this option leads to far fewer cases of solver failure due
to infeasible problems, thus improving robustness and enhancing
usability.
To use the micro-infeasibility handling parameters,
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the DMO Adv form to display its input sheets.
3 On the QP1 sheet, enable micro-infeasibility handling and
specify the mode.
Micro-Infeasibility Description
Handling
Parameters
On/Off switch Enables (On) and disables (Off) Micro Infeasibility handling in the QP. The
default is Off.
Bound relaxation The absolute relaxation of an infeasible bound in the QP while micro-
tolerance infeasibility handling is enabled.
Maximum The maximum number of micro-infeasibility handling attempts that can be
corrections performed in one DMO iteration.
Applying a Trust The application of a trust region limits the optimization moves for
Region the optimized variables only. The optimized variables are allowed
to move within an initial range for a fixed number of iterations.
The size of the trust region is specified as a fraction of the original
variable bound range. Following the fixed iterations, the size of the
trust region is gradually increased until it reaches the original
variable bound range.

17-40 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 These options provide better reliability and execution efficiency to
a number of problem classes such as parameter reconciliation
(typically found in refinery optimization) and design optimization.
In some cases, up to 80% improvement of execution time has been
reported.
To apply a trust region,
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the DMO Adv form to display its input sheets.
3 On the Search sheet, enable the application of a trust region
and specify these parameters.
Trust Region Parameters Description
On/Off switch Enables (On) or disables (Off) the application of a trust region that limits
the optimization moves for the Optimized variables only. The default is
Off.
Fixed Iterations The number of iterations that the trust region will be applied with a fixed
size. The default is 2.
Ramp Iterations The number of iterations, following the fixed iterations, over which the
size of the trust region is gradually increased until it reaches the original
variable bound range. The default is 2.
Initial size The range that the optimized variables are initially allowed to move for
all of the fixed iterations, expressed as a fraction of the original variable
bound range. The default is 0.1.

Viewing DMO Solver Report

Information
DMO outputs information to two report files:
• EO Solver Report File (*.atslv)
• DMO Active Bounds Report (*.atact)
The DMO Active Bounds Report (*.atact) and EO Solver Report
(*.atslv) report files are similar. However, the Active Bounds
report lists all of the problem variables and independent variables;
whereas the Solver Report does not.
To display either report:
• Select View | Solver Reports and click the report your want to
view.
The following sections describe contents of the EO Solver report
for the DMO solver:
• Problem information
• Basic iteration information
• Largest unscaled residuals

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-41

 • Constrained variables and shadow price
• General iteration information
• Nonlinearity ratios
Problem Information The EO Solver report begins with a summary of the problem. This
shows the size of the problem and the values of some important
parameters.
Model or plant name C2S
Solution case OPTIMIZE
Number of variables 1024
Number of equality constraints 1004
Number of fixed variables 18
Actual degrees of freedom 2
Number of lower bounded variables 1024
Number of upper bounded variables 1024
Total number of constraints 3052
Maximum number of iterations 50
Printing frequency -1
Objective function tolerance 1.0D-06
Residual convergence tolerance 1.0D-06
Derivative perturbation size 1.0D-06
Solution mode NORMAL
Maximum number of models 4000
Maximum number of soft bounds 1500
Time of run 15:46:44
Date of run 13-AUG-00

Basic Iteration At each iteration, the following header is printed, showing the
Information iteration number and the value of the objective function:
+----------------+
| Iteration 0 |
+----------------+

Objective Function => -2.779

Largest Unscaled This section of the EO Solver report shows the largest unscaled
Residuals residuals. A similar section shows the largest scaled residuals. This
section is particularly helpful when the solver has trouble closing
all the residuals, because it points to the largest residual.
Shadow
Index Most Violated UNSCALED Residuals Residual Price
====== ======================================= ============ =============
975 MSMT.T2.BLKEQN_OFFSET -5.06330D-03 3.17244D-03
974 MSMT.T1.BLKEQN_OFFSET -8.05215D-04 5.21167D-04
575 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_81_C2H4 1.72885D-05 8.55130D-03
568 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_80_C2H4 1.72406D-05 7.37848D-03
561 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_79_C2H4 1.63227D-05 6.39407D-03
582 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_82_C2H4 1.61711D-05 9.91235D-03
554 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_78_C2H4 1.49203D-05 5.59494D-03
589 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_83_C2H4 1.38826D-05 1.14612D-02
547 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_77_C2H4 1.33611D-05 4.97392D-03
540 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_76_C2H4 1.18602D-05 4.52121D-03

Constrained This section of the EO Solver report shows the variables that lie
Variables and on their bounds and reports the variable number, which bound is
Shadow Price active, the variable name, the current value and the shadow price.
The shadow price is also known as the Lagrange multiplier. This is

17-42 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 the derivative of the objective function with respect to the value of
the constraint and represents the cost for the constraint.
Projected Active Constraints Shadow
Index for the Next Iteration Bound Price
====== ======================================= ============ =============
949 Upper Bnd C2SDDEF.SPC.MOLEFR.C2H6 2.00000D-04 -4.32924D+02

The shadow price is based on the value of the objective function

that is seen by DMO. That means the shadow price is in SI units,
such as $/sec, and is affected by any scaling. This is true even if
you declare the units to be something other than SI (such as $/HR).
Consider this example. We have a tower with a composition
constraint, expressed as a mole fraction of a component. The
following table shows the results of two optimization runs at two
different values of the composition constraint:
Value Objective Shadow Price
0.0002 2.853 432.924
0.0003 2.893 258.664
The large change in the shadow price indicates that the effect of
the composition on the objective function is very nonlinear. We
can manually estimate the average shadow price in this region by a
finite difference method:
Price = ∆Obj/∆x = ( 2.893-2.853 ) / ( 0.0003 - 0.0002 ) = 400.00
$/sec/mole fraction
This value lies between the two prices.
If the objective function had a scale factor of 100., we would get
the following:
Value Objective Shadow Price
0.0002 285.4 43290.7
0.0003 289.3 25860.2
We would have to remember to unscale the shadow price by
dividing by 100.
General Iteration This section of the EO Solver report appears after the residual
Information output:
Iteration status => Normal
Degrees of freedom => 2
Constrained variables => 0
Current degrees of freedom => 2
Number of function evaluations => 0
Number of Jacobian evaluations => 1
Objective function convergence function => 4.78209D-03
Residual function convergence function => 5.78057D-06
LU decomposition time (seconds) => 2.77D-01
Search direction time (seconds) => 3.91D-01

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-43

Reported Item Description
Iteration status The exit condition of that iteration, where:
• Normal indicates a normal successful iteration.
• Warning indicates a successful iteration despite some solver
difficulties.
• Error indicates a failure.
• Solved indicates the final iteration of a successfully solved
problem.
Degrees of freedom The number of declared independent variables in the problem
Constrained variables Those variables at bounds in the QP subproblem
Current degrees of The degrees of freedom less the constrained variables. This is the true
freedom degrees of freedom for the problem. A highly constrained solution is one that
has very few current degrees of freedom.
Number of function An accumulative count of function evaluations, which generally matches the
evaluations number of iterations
Number of Jacobian An accumulative count of Jacobian evaluations, which generally matches the
evaluations number of iterations
Objective function The norm of the Jacobian for the objective function. At the solution, this
convergence function value should be near zero.
Residual function The sum of the scaled residuals. At the solution, this value should be near
convergence function zero.
Nonlinearity Ratios This section of the EO Solver report shows the nonlinearity ratio of
the worst block, the objective function, and the worst equations.
The criterion is the accuracy of the predicted change in the
equation. If the function is linear, then the new value would match
the predicted value and the nonlinearity ratio would be one. A
value of the ratio other than one indicates some degree of
nonlinearity. A negative value indicates that the function value
moved in the opposite of the expected direction. Large negative
values could indicate a discontinuity or bad derivative.
This section also shows the step size for the iteration.
Model nonlinearity ratios =>
----------------------------

C2S = 0.69071

Model nonlinearity ratios of 6 model(s) between 0.99 and 1.01

Objective function nonlinearity ratio => 1.0000

Non-Linearity Report for Iteration 11 : Step Fraction = 1.00000D+00

17-44 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Index Worst Equation Non-Linearity Ratios Ratio Deviation
===== ======================================== ============ ============
484 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_68_C2H4 1.53058D+00 5.30578D-01
491 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_69_C2H4 1.48206D+00 4.82055D-01
498 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_70_C2H4 1.43615D+00 4.36148D-01
499 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_70_C2H6 1.43222D+00 4.32219D-01
505 C2S.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_71_C2H4 1.39245D+00 3.92447D-01

Guidelines for Using the DMO Solver

In this section, we describe some ideas to improve the performance
of the DMO solver and to help diagnose common problems,
including:
• Scaling
• Handling infeasible solutions
• Handling singularities
• Variable bounding
• Run-time intervention
Scaling Generally, it is not necessary to scale your equations or variables
beyond what is done by default in the models. However, it may be
more efficient to scale your objective function.
The scaling of the objective function plays an important role, since
it affects the overall convergence behavior. This is particularly
important in cases where there is a large change between the
original value of the objective and the expected optimum.
A good rule of thumb is to scale the objective function so that its
value is on the order of 10 to 1000.
To change the scale of an objective function:
1 Choose Data | EO Configuration | Objective from the menu
bar.
2 In the Object Manager, use the scroll bar to display the Scale
column and change the scale value for the desired objective
function.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-45

 For example:

Handling Infeasible Infeasible solutions often occur during optimization cases where it
Solutions is not possible to simultaneously solve all the equations while
respecting all the variable bounds. This does not happen in
simulation cases, because DMO ignores bounds in simulation
cases.
If you solve a simulation case that violates a bound, then the
optimization case will start at an infeasible point. In this case, the
following is reported in the EO Solver report:
Information => QP step for variable 1157: C2SDDEF.SPC.MOLEFR.C2H6
was adjusted to satisfy its UPPER bound = 2.0000000E-04
The size of QP step violation was = 2.5673465E-04

Here, the value of the variable had to be adjusted to respect the

bound. When the optimization proceeds and there is no feasible
solution for the equality constraints, the screen output might look
like this:
Residual Objective Objective Overall Model
Convergence Convergence Function Nonlinearity Nonlinearity Worst
Iteration Function Function Value Ratio Ratio Model
--------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------- ------
Warning ... QP slack variable = 2.29070D-01
0 9.312D-04 4.809D-03 -2.779D+00 9.968D-01 -2.834D-01 C2S
Warning ... QP slack variable = 1.80624D-01
1 5.244D-04 4.667D-02 -2.792D+00 2.900D-01 -1.846D+02 C2S
Warning ... QP slack variable = 1.44771D-01
2 1.552D-02 5.479D-02 -2.922D+00 -7.475D-01 -1.540D+01 C2S
Warning ... QP slack variable = 6.09502D-01
3 3.853D-02 2.379D-03 -3.083D+00 9.908D-01 9.914D-01 C2S
Warning ... QP slack variable = 1.87163D-01
4 1.496D-02 1.040D-02 -3.075D+00 8.346D-01 6.012D-01 C2S
Warning ... QP slack variable = 3.18508D-01

17-46 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 +---------------------- ERROR ----------------------+
Error return from [DMO] system subroutine DMOQPS
because the problem has NO FEASIBLE SOLUTION.
Action : Check the bounds that are set on variables
to insure consistency. Check the .atact file
for information on initial
infeasibilities.
+---------------------------------------------------+
Error return, [DMO] System Status Information = 5
Optimization Timing Statistics Time Percent
================================ ======== =======
MODEL computations 1.32 secs 31.10 %
DMO computations 0.91 secs 21.28 %
Miscellaneous 2.03 secs 47.61 %
-------------------------------- --------- -------
Total Optimization Time 4.26 secs 100.00 %
Updating Plex
Problem failed to converge

Note the messages from the QP indicating an invalid value for a

slack variable.
To solve this problem, you need to be aware of the initial message,
indicating that the initial value of a variable violated its bound. In
this case, C2S.SPC.REFL_RATIO_MASS is causing the problems.
Unfortunately, the EO Solver report does not list this variable as
constrained, since it could never solve the QP successfully.
Micro infeasibility handling parameters are located on the DMO
ADV QP1 sheet.
Handling Singularities often occur when a library model is moved into a
Singularities region where the equations are not well defined. The most
common example of this is when a stream flow becomes too small.
If singularities exist, they are usually detected at the start of the
problem. In this case, some information is written to the EO Solver
report file (*.atslv), which can help locate the cause of the
problem. In general, you should prevent stream flows from going
near zero by placing nonzero lower bounds on the flow (e.g., 10
kg/hr). This is especially important on streams from flow splitters
or feed streams whose total flow is being manipulated. In the case
of a singularity the following message is displayed:
+-------------------- WARNING ----------------------+
A NUMERICALLY SINGULAR matrix is detected during
the ANALYSIS phase of LU decomposition.
The number of dependent equation set(s) detected = 1
Check the output file for more information.
+---------------------------------------------------+

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-47

 The EO Solver report includes information on the possible cause of
the singularity similar to the following:
+-------------------- WARNING ----------------------+
A NUMERICALLY SINGULAR matrix is detected during
ANALYZE phase of LU decomposition.
WARNING: The dependent equation set is NOT unique.
It depends on the options for performing
LU decomposition.
==> Dependent equation set: 1
The partial derivatives of the following
equations with respect to variable
1: Strm 1 moles lbmol/h
in the reduced matrix are zero.
Equation -> 10: Enthalpy balance M Btu/lbmol
is a function of the following variables:
1: Strm 1 moles lbmol/h = 0.00000D+00 -> Calc
4: Strm 1 enth M Btu/lbmol = -7.45977D+01 -> Const
12: Strm 2 moles lbmol/h = 0.00000D+00 -> Const
15: Strm 2 enth M Btu/lbmol = -7.45977D+01 -> Const
23: Heat loss MM Btu/h = 0.00000D+00 -> Const
25: Prod moles lbmol/h = 8.93760D-07 -> Calc
28: Prod enth M Btu/lbmol = -7.45977D+01 -> Calc
Equation -> 9: Prod C9H20_1 mf
is a function of the following variables:
1: Strm 1 moles lbmol/h = 0.00000D+00 -> Calc
10: Strm 1 C9H20_1 mf = 4.52017D-01 -> Const
12: Strm 2 moles lbmol/h = 0.00000D+00 -> Const
21: Strm 2 C9H20_1 mf = 4.52017D-01 -> Const
25: Prod moles lbmol/h = 8.93760D-07 -> Calc
34: Prod C9H20_1 mf = 4.52017D-01 -> Calc

Sometimes, singularities are simply caused by the optimization

being too aggressive. This moves the models into a region where
the equations are not well defined. To make the optimization more
robust, DMO has a creep mode. This mode simply causes smaller
steps to be taken for a specified number of iterations.
When the creep mode is enabled, the following message is
displayed at each iteration:
<Line Search Creep Mode ACTIVE> ==> Step taken 1.00D-01

By default, this will operate for 10 iterations with a step size of 0.1.
You can use the creep mode Iterations and Step size parameters to
change these values.
The Basic sheet of the EO Convergence DMO Basic form
contains the creep mode parameters.
Variable Bounding By default DMO does not respect bounds during the solution of an
EO Simulation or Parameter-Estimation case. However, you can
impose bounds in a square case by using a different line search
parameter. This is recommended only in cases where there are
truly multiple solutions to a model (e.g. the cubic equation) and
you want to use a bound to eliminate an unwanted solution.

17-48 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To use this mode, change the algorithm line search parameter to
square. This parameter is on the Convergence | EO Conv Options
| DMO Basic DMO | Search sheet.
In general, it is not recommended to heavily bound an optimization
problem for reasons that are both practical and algorithmic.
Bounds on independent variables are recommended in order to
avoid unbounded problems. All other bounds should be used only
if they are absolutely necessary. Finally, redundant bounds should
be avoided.
Run-Time During long runs, it is possible to change the behavior of the DMO
Intervention solver. In the Control Panel, the Interrupt DMO Solver frame
contains a set of buttons:

Click this button To

Close Residuals Fix all of the independent variables at their
current values and close the residuals.
No Creep Take DMO out of creep mode.
Abort Stop the DMO solver.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-49

 About the LSSQP Solver
LSSQP (Large-scale Sparse Successive Quadratic Programming
algorithm) implements a variant of a class of successive quadratic
programming (SQP) algorithms, for large-scale optimization. It
performs the optimization by solving a sequence of quadratic
programming subproblems. The general optimization problem that
LSSQP solves can be expressed as follows:
Minimize f(x)
Subject to c(x) = 0
xmin ≤ x ≤ xmax
Where:

x∈ R
n Vector of unknown variables

R1 Objective function

Rm Vector of constraint equations

Rn Vector of lower bounds on x

xmax ∈ R
n Vector of upper bounds on x

A simplified description of the LSSQP algorithm is outlined as

follows:
1 Given an initial estimate of the solution vector, x0
2 Set iteration counter, k = 0
3 Evaluate derivative of the objective function, gradient, and the
derivative of the constraints, Jacobian.
4 Initialize or update an approximation of the second derivative
matrix, or Hessian, of the Lagrange function.
The Lagrange function, f(x) + ∑ λici, accounts for constraints
through weighting factors λi , often called Lagrange multipliers
or shadow prices.
5 Solve a quadratic programming subproblem to determine a
search direction, dk. In the quadratic programming subproblem,
the objective function is replaced by a quadratic
approximation, constraints are linearized, and bounds are
included.
6 Check for convergence or failure. If the optimization
convergence criteria are satisfied or if the maximum number of
allowed iterations is reached, then skip to step 10.
Convergence is achieved when:

17-50 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Kuhn-Tucker error (KTE) ≤ relative optimization
convergence tolerance * max(0.01,| f |), and
• Relative change in X ≤ 0.001, and
• Scaled or unscaled constraint residual ≤ 0.001.
The KTE is the sum of predicted improvement to the objective
function and the sum of constraint violations converted to
objective function units through λi-like factors.
7 Perform a one-dimensional search to determine a search step
αk so that xk+αkdk is a better approximation of the solution as
measured by a line search or merit function. The reduction of
merit function requirement is sometimes relaxed to achieve a
full correction step.
8 Perform up to the maximum feasibility correction steps
allowed at each SQP iteration if constraint violation is greater
than the specified tolerance on iteration constraint violations.
9 Update iteration counter, k = k + 1, and loop back to step 3.
10 Perform up to the maximum number of feasibility corrections
allowed to try to reduce constraint violations below the
tolerance on final constraint violations after the optimization
calculation is terminated if the constraint violation is greater
than the tolerance on final restraint violations.
You can change the following LSSQP solver parameters referred
to in steps 6, 8, and 10:
• Relative convergence tolerance and maximum number of SQP
iterations allowed
• Maximum feasibility corrections steps allowed at each SQP
iteration and for the final constraint violations
• Tolerances for iteration and final constraint violations

Changing LSSQP Solver Parameters

These forms contain the LSSQP solver parameters that you can
change:
• LSSQP Basic
• LSSQP Adv(anced)
You can change a parameter setting for use in all run modes or
limit the change to a particular run mode.
Note: We recommend that you start your equation-oriented
strategy with the default parameter settings in the LSSQP Adv
sheets.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-51

 How you change the LSSQP solver parameters determines the
effect the change has in a specified run mode.
• Any change you make to a parameter setting in Default run
mode changes the default value of that parameter for all run
modes.
• Any change you make to a parameter setting for a specific run
mode is valid only for that run mode.
If you change any Default run mode parameter setting, a
checkmark appears to the left of "Default."
Use the Basic sheet of the EO Convergence LSSQP Basic form
to change these parameters for the solver:
• Convergence tolerance
• Iteration limits and maximum feasibility corrections
To change basic LSSQP parameters,
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the LSSQP Basic form to display its input sheets.
3 On the DMO Basic sheet, select the run mode for which you
want to change the parameter settings.
– or –
Select Default to change the parameter settings for all run
modes.
4 Change convergence tolerance, as desired.
Convergence Tolerance Description
Parameters
Relative convergence The relative optimization convergence tolerance (RELEPS) used in the
tolerance Kuhn-Tucker error criterion,
KTE <= RELEPS * max(0.01, | f |)
where f is the objective function value.
The default is 0.0001.
Iteration constraint The tolerance on iteration constraint violations, the limit above which
violation tol feasibility correction will be applied after every iteration. The default is
0.01.
Final constraint violation The tolerance on final constraint violations, the limit above which
tol feasibility correction will be applied at the end of the optimization
calculation. The default is 1E-06.
5 Change iteration limits parameters, as desired.
Iteration Limits Description
Parameters
Max iterations The maximum number of successive quadratic programming (SQP)
iterations allowed. The default is 50.
Min iterations The minimum number SQP iterations allowed. The default is 0.

17-52 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Iteration Limits Description
Parameters
Max iter with line search The maximum number of consecutive SQP iterations with line search
failure failure before terminating LSSQP. The default is 5.
Max iter with QP failure The maximum number of consecutive SQP iterations with QP failure
before terminating LSSQP. The default is 10.
Max feasibility The maximum number of feasibility corrections allowed at each SQP
corrections, Iteration iteration to try to keep constraint violations below the Iterative Constraint
constraint violations Violation Tolerance. The default is 2.
Max feasibility The maximum number of feasibility corrections allowed to try to reduce
corrections, Final constraint violations below the specified Final Constraint Violation
constraint violations Tolerance after the optimization calculation is terminated. The default is 5
Viewing Iteration By default LSSQP displays iteration summary information in the
Summary Information Control Panel. Use the Report sheet of the EO Convergence
Basic LSSQP form to determine the amount of information
displayed in the Control Panel and written to the EO Solver
Report.
To change the LSSQP solver report options displayed in the
Control Panel:
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the LSSQP Basic form to display its input sheets.
3 On the LSSQP Report sheet, select the run mode for which
you want to change the parameter settings.
– or –
Select Default to change the parameter settings for all run
modes.
4 Change the report parameters, as desired.
Report Parameters Description
Control panel print level The diagnostic printing level:
1, 2, and 3 prints minimal information
4 (default)
5 prints all information
Note: Other standard diagnostic print level values are accepted.
Print frequency var/constr Controls the frequency of printing full variable/constraint vectors in the
EO Solver Report file. The first and last vectors are always printed when
requested by the KPLLEV parameter, which can be set from the
Command Line in the Control Panel. The default is 1.
Top entries to print Controls the number of top entries to print in top entry outputs in the EO
Solver Report file. The default is 10

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-53

 This is a sample of the default level 4 output as it appears on the
Control Panel:
ITER OBJECTIVE CVGFV CVGXV KTE STEP
------ -------------- ----------- ------------ ------------ ----------
0 -3.4257645E+06 5.106924E+00 7.347808E-01 2.148703E+06 1.000000
1 -3.4257645E+06 4.872122E-03 8.110961E-02 1.069679E+05 1.000000
2 -2.1849028E+06 4.312783E-06 1.306456E+00 8.275901E+05 0.404257
3 -2.4741712E+06 4.260273E-02 5.436194E-01 4.624763E+05 1.000000
4 -2.8521446E+06 1.936678E-03 1.071219E-01 1.365544E+04 1.000000
5 -2.8630787E+06 2.120101E-08 4.970143E-03 1.433122E+04 1.000000
6 -2.8774099E+06 5.166505E-08 2.468234E-02 7.162204E+04 1.000000
7 -2.9490319E+06 2.764360E-15 1.204388E-01 3.581098E+05 1.000000
8 -3.3071418E+06 3.675410E-16 5.374625E-01 1.790549E+06 1.000000
9 -5.0976910E+06 7.561621E-16 2.000000E+00 1.799832E+05 1.000000

ITER OBJECTIVE CVGFV CVGXV KTE STEP

------ -------------- ----------- ------------ ------------ ----------
10 -5.2808468E+06 7.203597E-03 3.054726E-03 3.486644E+03 1.000000
11 -5.2803351E+06 1.396656E-14 1.622406E-11 7.063055E-06 1.000000

--- Exit: Optimal Solution Found At Iteration 11 -5.280335E+06

--- Kuhn-Tucker Error = 7.0630546E-06

Column Description
ITER Iteration number
OBJECTIVE Value of the objective function (sign flipped for maximization).
CVGFV Minimum of maximum scaled and maximum unscaled constraint violations.
CVGXV Relative change to the solution vector.
KTE Kuhn-Tucker error. This is the sum of predicted improvements to the objective
function and the sum of the constraint violations. Convergence is achieved when the
KTE is smaller than the relative optimization convergence tolerance *
max(0.01,|OBJECTIVE|).
STEP Line search step size. A value of 1.0 means the full QP step is accepted by the SQP
algorithm.
In the previous example, the optimization case took full steps
except at iteration 2. Convergence was achieved at iteration 11,
when the reported KTE/STEP was less than the convergence
tolerance.
Here is another output example of a simulation case:
ITER OBJECTIVE CVGFV CVGXV KTE STEP
---- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------
0 1.0000000E+00 2.178502E+02 2.103637E+01 2.133547E+03 0.500000
Sum of residuals, original: 1225. after trunc corr: 178.5
Sum of residuals, original: 733.0 after trunc corr: 29.39
Sum of residuals, original: 408.7 after trunc corr: 8.791
1 1.0000000E+00 4.159885E+01 4.918471E+00 4.087358E+02 0.500000
Sum of residuals, original: 201.1 after trunc corr: 11.90
Sum of residuals, original: 123.3 after trunc corr: 4.323
2 1.0000000E+00 5.205981E+00 1.769934E+00 7.658213E+01 0.500000
3 1.0000000E+00 6.515141E-01 1.163140E+00 1.072216E+01 0.500000
4 1.0000000E+00 1.953012E-01 7.133331E-02 1.387447E+00 1.000000
5 1.0000000E+00 1.597505E-05 6.530054E-02 1.304687E-03 1.000000
6 1.0000000E+00 2.040595E-10 1.084146E-08 6.420894E-10 1.000000

17-54 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 --- Exit: Optimal Solution Found At Iteration 6 1.00000
--- Kuhn-Tucker Error = 6.4208940E-10

In this case, the message indicates that a truncation correction has

occurred (trunc corr). This message displays the sum of the
residuals before and after the correction. Usually, the residuals
after the correction will be less than before.
A truncation correction occurs when the QP subproblem results in
variable values that violate their bounds. The correction moves the
search direction so the bounds are not violated. In the example, this
occurred because the initial variable values were far from the
solution.

Viewing LSSQP Solver Report

Information
LSSQP outputs information to the EO Solver Report file (*.atslv).
To view the EO Solver Report:
• Choose View | Solver Reports |EO Solver Report from the
menu bar.
The following sections describe contents of the EO Solver report
for the LSSQP solver:
• Basic iteration information
• Independent variables
• constrained variables
• Largest scaled variables changes
• Inactive equations
• Largest scaled residuals
• Largest block RMS residuals
• Line search information
• Objective and worst merit function contributors
Basic Iteration For each iteration, the following header is printed in the EO Solver
Information report:
At iteration 0 objective function is -143376.7
The Kuhn-Tucker convergence error is 218.6529
The objective convergence function is 0.1525023E-02
The relative variable change is 0.6969386
The residual convergence function is 0.4115772
The number of constrained variables is 4
The number of inactive constraints is 1

In this section of the report:

• The Kuhn-Tucker convergence error is the sum of predicted
improvements to the objective function and the sum of the

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-55

 constraint violations. Convergence is achieved when the Kuhn-
Tucker error is smaller than the relative optimization
convergence tolerance * max(0.01,|objective function|).
• The objective convergence function is the Kuhn-Tucker error
divided by max(1,|objective function|).
• The residual convergence function is the minimum of
maximum scaled residuals and maximum unscaled residuals.
At the solution, this value should be near zero.
• Constrained variables are those at bounds in the QP
subproblem.
• Inactive constraints are near dependent constraints that are
ignored. If there are inactive constraints at the solution that
have nonzero values, the solution will be infeasible. This is
usually caused by bounds on variables that are too restrictive.
Independent This section of the EO Solver report lists the independent variables
Variables in the problem, if any. For each independent variable, it reports:
• Variable name
• Current value
• Predicted change
• Engineering units
For example:
Current Predicted Unit
Variable Value Change Label
============================ =========== =========== =====
E3-H.SE3OUT.STR.ENTH -2.76045D+8 -5.17799D-6 J/KMOL
RE152UA.BLK.FUA 6.18498D+6 3.79210D+4
E133UA.BLK.AREA 7.17081D+2 5.12329D+1
E152ABUA.BLK.FUA 5.33938D+6 -1.77228D+1
USPYF1.BLK.SEV_CONV 8.70210D+1 1.23832D-1
USPYF12.F12HCIN.STR.ENTH -6.74940D+7 -9.44669D+4 J/KMOL
F12CGH.F12CGHOT.STR.ENTH -5.25177D-1 -1.36958D+5 J/KMOL
F12CGH.F12CGH-1.STR.ENTH 2.75749D+7 -1.40134D+5 J/KMOL
SFURNPRO.F2PRO.STR.FLOW 1.45123D-1 1.17838D-2 KMOL/SEC
C20F6.BLK.FWFLOW 3.20429D+1 2.17914D-1 KMOL/SEC
S71.D18WAT1.STR.ENTH -2.85193D+8 2.33215D+3 J/KMOL

Constrained This section of the EO Solver report lists the variables that lie on
Variables their bounds. It also includes any independent variables that are on
their bounds. The number of independent variables minus the
number of constrained variables gives the true degrees of freedom
of the problem.
This section reports:
• Variable name
• Current value
• Shadow price
• Which bound is active

17-56 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Engineering units
For example:
Current Shadow Unit
Variable Value Price ST Label
============================== =========== ========== == =======
E132UA.BLK.T_APPR_VARY_HOT_OUT 2.46022D+0 6.97669D+1 LB
USPYF2.BLK.STM2HC 3.13771D-1 5.02803D-5 UB
E72.BLK.C3H6.FLIQ 6.9686D-22 1.03365D10 LB KMOL/SEC
C20F7.C20V7.STR.C11.FLOW 1.32479D-7 2.55533D+8 LB KMOL/SEC

The shadow price is also known as the Lagrange multiplier. This

is the derivative of the objective function with respect to the value
of the constraint and represents the cost for the constraint.
The shadow price is based on the value of the objective function
that is seen by LSSQP. The shadow price is in SI units (such as
$/sec) and is affected by any scaling. This is true even if you
declare the units to be something other than SI (such as $/HR).
For example, consider a tower with a composition constraint,
expressed as a mole fraction of a component. The following table
shows the results of two optimization runs at two different values
of the composition constraint:
Value Objective Shadow Price
0.0002 2.85371 432.898
0.0003 2.89270 258.600
The large change in the shadow price indicates that the effect of
the composition on the objective function is very nonlinear.
We can manually estimate the average shadow price in this region
by a finite difference method:
Price = ∆Obj/∆x = ( 2.89270-2.85371 ) / ( 0.0003 - 0.0002 ) = 389.90 $/sec/mole
fraction
This value lies between the two prices.
If the objective function had a scale factor of 100., the results
would be:
Value Objective Shadow Price
0.0002 285.371 43289.8
0.0003 289.270 25860.0
We would have to remember to unscale the shadow price by
dividing by 100.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-57

 Largest Scaled This section of the EO Solver report lists the largest changes in the
Variable Changes scaled variable values. For example:
Scaled Unscaled Unit
Variable Change Change Label
========================== ========== ========== ======
C20F1.BLK.C12+.RPDF 7.04324D+1 7.04324D+1 UNITLESS
C20F1.BLK.C11.RPDF 6.77703D+1 6.77703D+1 UNITLESS
OILSP.SPC.E1CIN.MASS_FLOW 6.74310D+1 2.42751D+5 KG/HR
C20F1.BLK.C10.RPDF 5.28199D+1 5.28199D+1 UNITLESS
QOSP.SPC.HQOIL.MASS_FLOW 5.20639D+1 1.87430D+5 KG/HR
E52UA.BLK.AREA 4.08393D+1 4.08393D+3
C20F7.BLK.H2.KVAL -2.89008D+1 -2.89008D+1 UNITLESS
NOZ.BLK.H2O.KVAL -2.83628D+1 -2.83628D+1 UNITLESS
BOTFL.BLK.H2O.KVAL -2.83628D+1 -2.83628D+1 UNITLESS
RE152UA.BLK.AREA 2.22672D+1 2.22672D+3

Inactive Equations This section of the EO Solver report lists the equations that are
being ignored by the LSSQP solver. Equations can be dropped if
the solver detects a singularity that indicates a redundant equation.
The section reports:
• Equation name
• Both the scaled and unscaled residuals
• Shadow price
For example:
Scaled Unscaled Shadow
Equation Residual Residual Price
=========================== ========== ========== =====
C-152.BLKEQN_PHSEQBL_1_C2H4 1.1358D-21 1.1102D-16 0.0

Largest Scaled This section of the EO Solver report lists the largest scaled
Residuals residuals. The information is particularly helpful when the solver
has trouble closing all the residuals, because it will point to the
largest.
For example:
Scaled Unscaled Shadow
Equation Residual Residual Price
========================== =========== ========== ==========
S75S76.STREQN.PRES_STARFCC -4.11577D-1 -4.11577D-1 0.0
C-152.BLKEQN_TVAPBAL_2 2.26102D-5 2.26102D-5 -2.75083D+1
C-152.BLKEQN_TLIQBAL_1 1.74271D-5 1.74271D-5 -1.51055D-7
C-152.SPCEQN_REFLXFL_MOLE 1.74271D-5 1.74271D-5 -1.51055D-7
C-52.BLKEQN_TVAPBAL_12 1.13277D-5 1.13277D-5 -1.95647D+3
C-52.SPCEQN_TOTVAPF_12 1.13277D-5 1.13277D-5 -1.36513D-7
C-152.BLKEQN_TVAPBAL_3 9.63191D-6 9.63191D-6 -3.56231D+1
C-152.BLKEQN_TVAPBAL_4 7.07905D-6 7.07905D-6 -4.31158D+1
C-52.BLKEQN_TVAPBAL_2 6.66457D-6 6.66457D-6 -2.03781D+2
C-52.SPCEQN_TOTVAPF_2 6.66457D-6 6.66457D-6 6.21243D-8

A similar section shows the largest unscaled residuals.

Largest Block RMS This section of the EO Solver report lists the blocks in the problem
Residuals with the largest root mean square (RMS) error. The RMS is
computed by summing the square of the block residuals, dividing
by the number of residuals and then taking the square root. This

17-58 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 information is helpful for locating the blocks with which the solver
is having the most difficulty.
For example:
Unscaled RMS Scaled RMS
Block Residual Residual
======== ============ ============
S75S76 3.609771D-2 3.609771D-2
C2PURITY 2.059359D-5 1.453351D-6
STOWELL 1.943364D-5 1.370308D-6
E152X 2.578084D-6 1.818588D-6
C-152 1.626889D-6 1.500459D-6
C-52 1.037275D-6 1.004139D-6
E153 8.232714D-7 5.936894D-7
E153C 1.224158D-7 8.974070D-9
TK50ASV 2.562687D-9 5.20943D-12
TK50BSV 1.781939D-9 2.58536D-12

Line Search When a line search is performed, the EO Solver report includes the
Information following information:
SPGDEL: -206.3993 SUMVLA: 24.52433 DFLSA: -230.9237
FLSA: -143352.2 FLAGA: -143382.7 FOBJ: -143376.7
L.S. 1 ALPHA: 1.000000 FLSN: -132870.4 FOBJ: -143583.1
L.S. SUMVL: 10712.68 LAGF: -143646.8 DFLS: 10481.76

The reported quantities are:

SPGDEL Predicted change to the minimization objective
function.
SUMVLA Sum of constraint violations at the base point in
objective function unit.
DFSLA Predicted change to the merit function.
FLSA Value of line search (merit) function at the base
point.
FLAGA Value of the Lagrange function at the base point.
FOBJ Value of objective function.
ALPHA Current line search step.
FSLN Line search merit function at the new trial point.
SUMVL Sum of constraint violations at the trial point.
LAGF Value of Lagrange function at the trial point.
DFLS Actual change to the line search merit function. In
the default mode, a line search step is accepted if
DFLS ≤ DELTLS*DFLSA with DELTLS=0.1.
Use this information to decide whether a given line search step
should be accepted or a smaller search step should be tried. Step
size parameters are located on the Search sheet of the EO Conv
Options LSSQP Basic form.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-59

 Objective and Worst This section of the EO Solver report lists the equations with which
Merit Function the LSSQP solver is having the most difficulty.
Contributors The penalty difference is the product of penalty parameter (which
is related to the shadow price or Lagrange multiplier) and the
deviation from predicted value. The criterion is the accuracy of
the predicted change in the equation.
If the constraint or function is linear, then the new value would
match the predicted value and the penalty difference would be
zero. A penalty-difference with large values can indicate a model
error, such as a bad derivative or a discontinuous function
The objective function is always included in this section.
For example:
Penalty Old New Predicted
Equation Difference Value Value Value
=========================== ========== =========== =========== ============
Objective function 0.0 -1.43377D+5 -1.43583D+5 -1.43583D+5
C20F7.BLKEQN.RPDFRES_C9 1.95491D+3 1.5543D-15 1.54495D-3 3.7869D-15
C20F7.BLKEQN.VPHSEQL_C9 1.28099D+3 -1.3878D-17 4.38797D-4 -4.3368D-19
C20F7.BLKEQN.LPHSEQL_C9 8.88920D+2 7.7716D-16 3.04019D-4 1.6324D-15
C10.BLKEQN_CMASSBL_5_C9 5.93981D+2 8.6736D-19 2.03331D-4 6.0715D-18
C10.BLKEQN_CMASSBL_5_C10 5.36714D+2 -2.7756D-17 8.39660D-4 1.0408D-17
C20F6.BLKEQN.RPDFRES_C9 4.16714D+2 -1.5543D-15 1.18137D-3 7.7438D-15
C20F6.BLKEQN.LPHSEQL_C9 2.82947D+2 -2.3592D-16 9.68612D-5 9.3502D-16
USPYF2.BLKEQN_FURNACE_DUTY 2.12369D+2 0.0 -1.94803D-2 4.08101-8

Guidelines for Using the LSSQP

Solver
In this section, we describe some ideas to improve the performance
of the DMO solver and to help diagnose common problems,
including:
• Scaling
• Handling infeasible solutions
• Handling singularities
• Handling infeasible QPs
• Variable bounding
Scaling Generally, it is not necessary to scale your equations or variables
beyond what is done by default in the models. However, it may be
more efficient to scale your objective function. A good rule of
thumb is to scale the objective function so that its value is on the
order of 1000.
To change the scale of an objective function:
1 Choose Data | EO Configuration | Objective from the menu
bar.

17-60 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 In the Object Manager, use the scroll bar to display the Scale
column and change the scale value for the desired objective
function.
Some improvement in efficiency can also be gained by changing
the initial Hessian scaling factor. Try experimenting with different
values for a particular case.
To change the initial Hessian scaling factor:
1 Choose Data | Convergence | EO Conv Options in the menu
bar.
2 In the Data Browser, open the LSSQP Adv form.
3 In the Hessian 1 sheet, change the Initial Hessian scaling
factor parameter value.
You may also want to experiment with the lines search scaling
option. The default value is 4. You may get some improvement by
changing the value to 3, which scales the variables by their initial
value.
To change the search scaling option:
1 Choose Data | Convergence | EO Conv Options in the menu
bar.
2 In the Data Browser, open the LSSQP Adv form.
3 In the Search 1 sheet, change the scaling option parameter to
3.
Handling Infeasible Infeasible solutions often occur during simulation cases where it is
Solutions not possible to simultaneously solve all the equations while
respecting all the variable bounds. When this happens, the solver
normally computes many truncation corrections.
The output in the Control Panel looks like this:
ITER OBJECTIVE CVGFV CVGXV KTE STEP
---- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ --------
0 1.0000000E+00 1.453799E-01 2.982288E+00 3.441815E-01 1.000000
1 1.0000000E+00 1.755033E-03 1.481445E-01 5.962440E-02 1.000000
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8489E-02 after trunc corr: 2.1627E-03
Sum of residuals, original: 2.6725E-02 after trunc corr: 2.0242E-02
2 1.0000000E+00 2.951699E-03 1.139164E-01 2.672484E-02 0.361724
Sum of residuals, original: 2.7633E-02 after trunc corr: 2.1639E-02
Sum of residuals, original: 2.7633E-02 after trunc corr: 2.3761E-02
3 1.0000000E+00 9.202641E-03 9.079848E-02 2.763303E-02 0.389011
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8873E-02 after trunc corr: 2.4775E-02
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8873E-02 after trunc corr: 2.5970E-02
4 1.0000000E+00 1.486325E-02 6.671752E-02 2.887299E-02 1.000000
Sum of residuals, original: 3.3207E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8020E-02
Sum of residuals, original: 3.0125E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8168E-02
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8408E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8147E-02
5 1.0000000E+00 2.816730E-02 1.256638E-04 2.840781E-02 0.504517
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8274E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8145E-02
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8149E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8143E-02
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8144E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8143E-02

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-61

 6 1.0000000E+00 2.814340E-02 3.802187E-07 2.814364E-02 0.500004
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8144E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8143E-02
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8143E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8143E-02
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8143E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8143E-02

Note that the residual error before and after the truncation
correction is the same. This means that no matter how much the
solver cuts back, the residual error still persists.
To solve this problem, review the LS-SQP report and note which
variables are causing the truncation corrections. For example, the
following report excerpt is related to the residual error problem:
Line search in 1 trials, ALPHA is 1.00000
Adjust D(C2S.SPC.REFL_RATIO_MASS) from 0.11488 to 0.00000E+00
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8143E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8143E-02
Adjust D(C2S.SPC.REFL_RATIO_MASS) from 0.11488 to 0.00000E+00
Sum of residuals, original: 2.8143E-02 after trunc corr: 2.8143E-02

This shows that variable C2S.SPC.REFL_RATIO_MASS is causing the

problem, which is, in fact, the case. Unfortunately, this variable
does not show up in the Constrained Variables section of the EO
Solver Report. So, you must interpret the truncation correction
messages.
Handling Singularities often occur when a library model is moved into a
Singularities region where the equations are not well defined. The most
common example of this is when a stream flow becomes too small.
If singularities exist, they are usually detected at the start of the
problem. In this case, some information is written to the EO Solver
report, which can help locate the cause of the problem.
In general, you should prevent stream flows from going near zero
by placing nonzero lower bounds on the flow (e.g., 10 kg/hr). This
is especially important on streams from flow splitters or feed
streams whose total flow is being manipulated.
Handling Infeasible Sometimes, the QP subproblem can become infeasible. This may
QPs be caused by restrictive bounds on the problem. Often, however, it
is simply caused by too aggressive a move by the solver. Try
reducing the step size of the line search.
To reduce the line search step size:
1 Choose Data | Convergence | EO Conv Options in the menu
bar.
2 In the Data Browser, open the LSSQP Basic form.
3 In the Search sheet, change the values of these line search
parameters:
Line Search Parameter Value
Number of bounded 10
iterations
Initial step size limit -0.25

17-62 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 These settings force the solver to limit its step size to 0.25 for the
first 10 iterations. The negative value for the Initial step size limit
implies an absolute step size limit. A positive value indicates a
relative step size limit.
Variable Bounding As stated previously, a judicious use of variable bounds can help
avoid a lot of problems. However, many bounds on a problem can
reduce solution efficiency.
One way to check if innocuous bounds are causing problems is to
examine the EO Solver Report (*.atslv) for truncation corrections
or active constraints during all the iterations. Many times, variable
bounds will become active that may actually inhibit the path to the
solution. In the worst case, an unimportant bound is active at the
solution of an optimization problem.
Consider removing the following:
• Component mole flow lower bounds
• Stream splitter split fraction bounds
• Redundant bounds
Redundant bounds can cause serious problems for the solver.
These arise when you have the same effective bound on two
different variables that are related.

About the NSOLVE Solver

The NSOLVE solver implements a variant of the Newton-based
algorithm to solve small or large-scale systems of nonlinear
equations. NSOLVE can only solve square problems (problems
with no degrees of freedom). Hence, it can be used only for
simulation and parameter estimation problems, and not for
optimization runs.
NSOLVE can stabilize the calculations by using either a one-
dimensional line search or Powell’s dogleg strategy. NSOLVE
offers options for controlling the line search and trust regions to
improve efficiency and robustness, particularly for large problems.
The general simulation problem that NSOLVE solves can be
expressed as follows:
f(x) = 0
xmin < x < xmax
Where:
x = Vector of unknown variables
f = Vector of function values or residuals

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-63

 xmin = Vector of lower bounds on x
xmax = Vector of upper bounds on x
A simplified description of the NSOLVE algorithm is outlined as
follows:
1 Given an initial estimate of the solution vector, x0:
2 Set the iteration counter, k = 0.
3 Evaluate residuals or functions.
4 Evaluate the derivative of the residual vector (called the
Jacobian).
5 Compute the Newton step-change in variables.
6 Compute the two-norm of the residual and variable step
vectors. Convergence is met when these two values are less
than the specified tolerances. Scaling is applied as specified.
7 If convergence is not met, modify the Newton step in variables
based on the stabilization strategy used, line search or dogleg.
8 Update the iteration counter, k = k + 1, and loop back to step 3.
You can change the following NSOLVE solver parameters.
• Maximum number of allowed iterations to reach convergence
• Convergence tolerances for both residuals and variable steps
• Choice of stabilization methods, line-search or dogleg

Changing NSOLVE Solver

Parameters
These forms contain the NSOLVE solver parameters that you can
change:
• NSOLVE Basic
• NSOLVE Adv(anced)
You can change a parameter setting for use in all run modes or
limit the change to a particular run mode.
Note: We recommend that you start your equation-oriented
strategy with the default parameter settings in the NSOLVE sheets.
How you change the NSOLVE solver parameters determines the
effect the change has in a specified run mode.
• Any change you make to a parameter setting in Default run
mode changes the default value of that parameter for all run
modes.

17-64 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Any change you make to a parameter setting for a specific run
mode is valid only for that run mode.
If you change any Default run mode parameter setting, a
checkmark appears to the left of Default.
Use the Basic sheet of the EO Convergence | NSOLVE | Basic
form to change these parameters for the solver:
• Convergence tolerance
• Iteration limits and maximum feasibility corrections
To change basic NSOLVE parameters,
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the NSOLVE Basic or NSOLVE Adv form to display
its input sheets.
3 On the NSOLVE Basic or NSOLVE Adv sheets, select the
run mode for which you want to change the parameter settings.
OR
Select Default to change the parameter settings for all run
modes.
4 Change convergence parameters as desired

Viewing NSOLVE Iteration Summary

Information
By default NSOLVE displays iteration summary information in the
Control Panel. Use the Report sheet of the EO Convergence |
NSOLVE Adv | Miscellaneous form to determine the amount of
information displayed in the Control Panel and written to the EO
Solver Report.
To change the NSOLVE solver report options displayed in the
Control Panel:
1 From the menu bar, click Data | Convergence | EO Conv.
2 Select the NSOLVE Adv form to display its input sheets.
3 On the Miscellaneous sheet, select the run mode for which you
want to change the parameter settings. ORSelect Default to
change the parameter settings for all run modes.
4 Change the diagnostic level, as desired
NSOLVE outputs information to the EO Solver Report file
(*.atslv).

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Convergence • 17-65

 To view the EO Solver Report:
• Choose View | Solver Reports | EO Solver Report from the
menu bar.

17-66 • Convergence Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 18

Accessing Flowsheet Variables

This chapter contains information about:

• Accessing sequential-modular variables
• Equation-oriented variables
• Accessing equation-oriented variables
• EO aliases
• EO ports

Accessing SM Variables
You access or manipulate flowsheet variables when using the
following Aspen Plus features:
• Design specifications
• Calculator blocks
• Optimization problems
• Data-Fit problems
• Sensitivity blocks
• Case study
For help on flowsheet variables, see one of the following topics:
• Accessing flowsheet variables
• Types of accessible flowsheet variables
• Choosing input and parameter variables
• The layout (or structure) of the vector variable types

Accessing Flowsheet Variables

When you run a simulation in Aspen Plus, you often need to record
or modify the value of quantities in the simulation, such as the

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-1

 temperature of a flash block or the mass flow of a stream.
References to flowsheet quantities are made by "accessing" these
variables.
For example, to study the effect of a column reflux ratio on the
mole fraction of a component in the distillate, two flowsheet
quantities (variables) would need to be accessed: the reflux ratio of
the column and the mole fraction of the component in the distillate.
Several features in Aspen Plus require you to access variables,
such as design specifications, Calculator blocks, optimization
problems, data-fit problems, and sensitivity blocks.
Most accessed variables have a user-specified name associated.
However, variables that are to be varied by a design-spec, a
sensitivity block, or optimization do not have a name associated.
There are two kinds of variables in a simulation:
Type of Variable Information
Those which you enter You can manipulate directly any variables that you enter.
These variables may be either read or written.
Those calculated by These variables should not be overwritten or varied directly,
Aspen Plus as this would lead to inconsistent results.
These variables should only be read.
Accessed variables can be either scalar or vector. An example of a
scalar variable is the pressure for a specific stage in a RadFrac
block. The pressure profile for a column is an example of a vector
variable. For more information, see Types of Accessed Flowsheet
Variables.
It is important to make sure the correct variable is accessed. Look
at the prompt at the bottom of the form when you select a variable
from a drop-down list.

Types of Accessed Flowsheet

Variables
:Values for accessed scalar variables are in the units specified in
the Units field (on the Data Browser toolbar). For example, you
might define a variable as a stream temperature on the Design Spec
Define sheet. If the Units field for the sheet says ENG, the
accessed temperature value is in degrees Fahrenheit. Vector
variables are in SI units, regardless of the Units specified.
There is only one set of units for an object. All accessed variables
(both defined and varied) for an object are in the same set of units.
You can access flowsheet variables for these variable types

18-2 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Block variables
• Stream variables
• Other variables
• Property parameters
Block Variables Variable type Description
Block-Var Unit operation block variable
Block-Vec Unit operation block vector

Stream Variables Variable type Description

Stream-Var Non-component-dependent stream variable
Stream-Vec Stream vector
Substream-Vec Substream variable
Mole-Flow Component mole flow in a stream
Mole-Frac Component mole fraction in a stream
Mass-Flow Component mass flow in a stream
Mass-Frac Component mass fraction in a stream
Stdvol-Flow Component standard liquid volume flow in a
stream
Stdvol-Frac Component standard liquid volume fraction in a
stream
Heat-Duty Heat stream duty
Work-Power Work stream power
Stream-Prop Stream property defined by a property set
Compattr-Var Component attribute element
Compattr-Vec Component attribute vector
PSD-Var Substream Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
element
PSD-Vec Substream Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
vector
The following stream variables can be accessed only as results. You cannot
change or set them:
MOLE-ENTHALPY, MASS-ENTHALPY, MOLE-ENTROPY, MASS-ENTROPY,
MOLE-DENSITY, MASS-DENSITY, LFRAC
Variables of types Mole-Frac, Mass-Frac, Stdvol-Frac, and Stream-Prop can be
accessed only as results. You cannot change or set them.
Other Variables Variable type Description
Balance-Var Balance block variable
Chem-Var Chemistry variable
Presr-Var Pressure relief variable
React-Var Reactions variable
Parameter User-defined parameter. See Using Parameter
Variables

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-3

 Property Parameters Accessed property parameters are always in SI units.
Variable type Description
Unary-Param Scalar unary property parameter
Unary-Cor-El Temperature-dependent unary property
parameter coefficient element
Un-Cpr-Vec Temperature-dependent unary property
parameter coefficient vector. For more
information, see Accessing Property Parameter
Vectors
Bi-Param Scalar binary property parameter
Bi-Cor-El Temperature-dependent binary property
parameter coefficient element
Bi-Cor-Vec Temperature-dependent binary property
parameter coefficient vector.
NC-Param Nonconventional component parameter

Variable Definition Dialog Box

When completing a Define sheet, such as on a Calculator, Design
specification or Sensitivity form, specify the variables on the
Variable Definition dialog box. The Define sheet shows a concise
summary of all the accessed variables, but you cannot modify the
variables on the Define sheet.
When on any Define Sheet:
1 To create a new variable, click the New button.
– or –
To edit an existing variable, select a variable and click the Edit
button.
2 Type the name of the variable in the Variable Name field.
3 In the Category frame, use the option button to select the
variable category.
4 In the Reference frame, select the variable type from the list in
the Type field.
Aspen Plus displays the other fields necessary to complete the
variable definition.
5 Click Close to return to the Define sheet.
Example for Calculating The mass flow rate of a make-up stream (MAKEUP) is determined
Make-up Flow Rate by the difference between the mass flow rate of the recycle stream
(RECYCLE) and 120 lb/hr, using a Fortran Calculator block.
Aspen Plus writes the make-up flow rate to the Control Panel.

18-4 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 On the Calculator Define sheet, Fortran variables FMAKE and
FRECYC are defined for the two stream mass flow rates. The
Variable Definition dialog box is used to define the variables.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-5

 On the Calculator Calculator sheet, these Fortran statements are
included:
F FMAKE=120.0-FRECYC
C If no makeup is required, set
C the makeup to a small value
C to avoid losing the makeup
C stream composition
IF(FMAKE.LE.0.0) FMAKE=0.0001
WRITE(NTERM,10) FMAKE
10 FORMAT(1X,'MAKEUP FLOW RATE=', F10.2)

Choosing Input or Results Variables

It is sometimes important to distinguish between input and results
when accessing:
• Block variables
• Pressure relief variables
For example, suppose you are sampling the calculated duty of a
Heater block that has temperature and vapor fraction specified.
You must access the results variable QCALC, not the input
variable DUTY. DUTY will not have a value.
To determine whether a variable is an input or results variable:
1 In the Variable Definition dialog box where you are accessing
the variable, click the arrow in the Variable field, and select the
variable from the list.
2 Check the prompt. If the prompt begins with Calculated, the
variable is a results variable. Otherwise it is an input variable.

18-6 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Guidelines for Follow these guidelines for choosing input or results variables:
Choosing Input or • Choose input variables when setting or manipulating input
Results Variables specifications.
• Choose results variables for use in design specification
expressions, optimization objective functions, constraint
expressions, and sensitivity tabulations,.
• See Types of Flowsheet Variables for special considerations
when accessing variables in a Data-Fit block.
• If a result is available in an outlet stream of a block, access the
stream variable. For example, to access the temperature
calculated by a Heater block, access the temperature of the
outlet stream.
• If a result is not available in an outlet stream of a block, choose
a block variable with a prompt that begins with Calculated. For
example, the prompt for the variable QCALC (the duty
calculated by a Heater block) is Calculated heat duty.
• MASS-FRAC, MOLE-FRAC and STDVOL-FRAC are results
variables and cannot be changed.

Using Parameter Variables

A parameter variable is a user-defined global variable you can use
for temporary storage of quantities not defined in Aspen Plus. For
example, the temperature difference between two blocks can be a
parameter variable. You identify parameter variables by variable
number. (The same parameter with the same shared value can be
identified by different names in different blocks.) There can be any
number of parameter variables in a simulation.
A local parameter (variable type Local-Param) is similar to a
parameter variable, but the value is not shared with any other
block. The value is retained between executions of the block. If
you need a parameter in a block which is being used in a template
which appear multiple times in a simulation, and it needs to be a
separate value for each instance of the template, use a local
parameter.
When you define a parameter or local parameter variable, you can
also define the physical type, units, and initial value of the
parameter.
Example of Using a A design specification manipulates a user-defined variable
Parameter Variable for (Parameter 1), which represents the temperature difference
Temperature Difference between two heaters. A Fortran Calculator block retrieves the
parameter (DELT) and the temperature of the first heater (T1), and
uses these variables to set the temperature of the second heater

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-7

 (T2). The Variable Definition dialog box is used to define the
variables on the Calculator Define sheet.
On the Design Spec form:

On the Calculator form:

18-8 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-9
 Accessing Vectors
You can use the vector variable types to access an entire block
profile, stream or substream at once. Aspen Plus interprets the
Fortran variable you assign to the vector as an array variable. You
do not need to dimension it.
This table shows the vector variables:
Variable type Description
Block-Vec Unit operation block vector (see Accessing
Block Vectors )

18-10 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Variable type Description
Stream-Vec Stream vector (see Accessing Stream and
Substream Vectors)
Substream-Vec Substream variable(see Accessing Stream and
Substream Vectors)
Compattr-Vec Component attribute vector (see Component
Attributes and PSD)
PSD-Vec Substream Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
vector (see Component Attributes and PSD)
Un-Cor-Vec Temperature-dependent unary property
parameter vector (see Accessing Property
Parameter Vectors)
Bi-Cor-Vec Temperature-dependent binary property
parameter vector (see Accessing Property
Parameter Vectors)
Aspen Plus generates a variable by adding the letter L to the
beginning of the Fortran variable name which you assign to the
vector. The value of this variable is the length of the vector. You
can use the variable in Fortran statements, but you cannot change
its value.
In Excel Calculator blocks, Aspen Plus assigns the data to a
column, beginning in the cell with the specified name.

Accessing Stream and Substream

Vectors
You can use the Stream-Vec and Substrm-Vec variable types to
access an entire stream or substream at once. Aspen Plus interprets
the Fortran variable you assign to the stream as an array variable.
You do not need to dimension it.
A stream vector contains all the substream vectors for that stream
class. The order of the substreams is defined on the Define Stream
Class dialog box (click the Define Stream Class button on the
Setup StreamClass Flowsheet sheet).
The variables in a stream or substream vector are always in SI
units.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-11

 Substream MIXED This is the layout of the substream vector for substream MIXED
and Stream Class and for Stream-Vec, when accessing the default stream class
CONVEN CONVEN:
Array Index Description
1, . . . , NCC Component mole flows (kg-moles/sec)
NCC + 1 Total mole flow (kg-moles/sec)
NCC + 2 Temperature (K)
NCC + 3 Pressure (N/m2)
NCC + 4 Mass enthalpy (J/kg)
NCC + 5 Molar vapor fraction
NCC + 6 Molar liquid fraction
NCC + 7 Mass entropy (J/kg-K)
NCC + 8 Mass density (kg/m3)
NCC + 9 Molecular weight (kg/kg-mole)
NCC is the number of conventional components specified on the
Components Specifications Selection sheet. The order of the
component mole flows is the same as the order of components on
that sheet. All values are in SI units, regardless of the Units
specification on the Define sheet.
Aspen Plus generates a variable by adding the letter L to the
beginning of the Fortran variable name, which you assign to the
substream or stream vector. The value of this variable is the length
of the vector (NCC + 9). You can use the variable in Fortran
statements, but you cannot change its value.
In Excel Calculator blocks, Aspen Plus assigns the data to a
column, beginning in the cell with the specified name.

18-12 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example for Accessing a A Fortran Calculator block is used to write the mole fractions of
Stream Vector stream HX1-OUT to the terminal. On the Define sheet of the
Calculator block, Fortran variable SOUT, of the type Stream-Vec,
is defined.

On the Calculator Calculator sheet, these Calculator statements are

included:
NCOMP=LSOUT-9
WRITE(NTERM,30)
DO 10 I=1, NCOMP
X(I)=SOUT(I)/SOUT(NCOMP+1)
WRITE(NTERM, 20) I, X(I)
10 CONTINUE
20 FORMAT (10X, I3, 2X, F10.4)
30 FORMAT ('STREAM HX1-OUT MOLE FRACTIONS')

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-13

 On the Declarations dialog box, the following statement allows for
up to 20 components:
DIMENSION X(29)
Substream CISOLID The layout of a substream vector for a CISOLID substream is the
same as for a MIXED substream, with one exception. If the
CISOLID substream has a PSD, an array of values for the PSD is
appended to the vector. NCC is the number of conventional
components. Space for all conventional components is reserved in
both the MIXED and CISOLID substreams. The component order
is the same as on the Components Specifications Selection sheet.
All values are in SI units, regardless of the Units specification.
In the following table, n represents the number of intervals in the
particle size distribution. For CISOLID substreams, vapor and
liquid fractions have the value 0.0. This is the layout of a
substream vector for a CISOLID substream:
Array Index Description
1, . . . , NCC Conventional component mole flows (kg-moles/sec)
NCC + 1 Total mole flow (kg-moles/sec)
NCC + 2 Temperature (K)
NCC + 3 Pressure (N/m2)
NCC + 4 Mass enthalpy (J/kg)
NCC + 5 Molar vapor fraction (0.0)
NCC + 6 Molar liquid fraction (0.0)
NCC + 7 Mass entropy (J/kg-K)
NCC + 8 Mass density (kg/m3)
NCC + 9 Molecular weight (kg/kg-mole)
NCC + 10 frac 
. . 
M  PSD values (if a PSD attribute is defined for the substream)
. .
. . fracn

NCC + 9 + n
Aspen Plus generates a variable by adding the letter L to the
beginning of the Fortran variable name which you assigned to the
substream or stream vector. The value of this variable is the length
of the vector (NCC + 9 + n). You can use the variable in Fortran
statements, but you cannot change its value.
In Excel Calculator blocks, Aspen Plus assigns the data to a
column, beginning in the cell with the specified name.
Substream NC A substream vector for an NC substream contains:
• Component flows
• Stream conditions
• Component attributes

18-14 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • An array of values for the PSD (if the substream has a PSD)
NNCC is the number of nonconventional components.
The component order Is the same as on
for
Component flows Components Specifications Selection sheet
Component attributes Properties Advanced NC-Props Property
Methods sheet
Attributes for each component appear in the order specified on the
Properties Advanced NC-Props Property Methods sheet for that
component. All values are in SI units, regardless of the units
specification.
This is the layout of a substream vector for an NC substream:
Array Index Description
1, . . . , NNCC Component mass flows (kg/sec)
NNCC + 1 Total mass flow (kg/sec)
NNCC + 2 Temperature (K)
NNCC + 3 Pressure (N/m2)
NNCC + 4 Mass enthalpy (J/kg)
NNCC + 5 Vapor fraction (0.0)
NNCC + 6 Liquid fraction (0.0)
NNCC + 7 Mass entropy (J/kg-K)
NNCC + 8 Mass density (kg/m3)
NNCC + 9 1.0
NINCC + 10 value1 

. . . 
.  Values for component attribute 1 of component 1
. . . 

. . value k 
value1 

. 
.  Values for component attribute 2 of component 1
. 

value l 
value1 

. 
.  Values for component attribute 1 of component 2
. 

value m 
frac1 

. 
.  PSD values (if a PSD attribute is defined for the substream)
. 

frac n 

Component You can use the Compattr-Vec and PSD-Vec variable types to
Attributes and PSD access component attribute vectors and PSD vectors of streams.
The layout of the vector is the list of elements for the attribute. See

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-15

 Substream CISOLID and Substream NC for the layout for
substream PSD. See About Component Attributes in chapter 6 for
a description of the elements for each component attribute. You
can also obtain information for the attribute from the Components
Attr-Comps Selection sheet and Properties Advanced NC-Props
Property Methods sheet.

Accessing Block Vectors

You can use the Block-Vec variable type to access column profiles
for the following multi-stage separation models:
In this model Variables depend on
RadFrac Stage and composition
MultiFrac Stage, section, and composition
Extract Stage
PetroFrac Stage, composition, and stripper number
RateFracTM Segment, composition, and accumulator number
BatchFracTM Stage, composition, and operation step
SCFrac Section and composition
You can also use Block-Vec to access the following block result
profiles:
• MHeatX zone analysis
• RBatch time profiles
• RPlug length profiles
Aspen Plus automatically:
• Interprets the Fortran variable you assign to the profile as an
array variable
• Dimensions the variable
Aspen Plus generates a variable by adding the letter L to the
beginning of the Fortran variable name which you assigned to the
block vector. The value of this variable is the length of the array.
You can use the variable in Fortran statements, but you cannot
change its value.
The order of values in the Fortran array depends on which variable
you select. All values are in SI units, regardless of the Units
specifications on the Define sheet.
In Excel Calculator blocks, Aspen Plus assigns the data to a
column, beginning in the cell with the specified name.

18-16 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Variables Dependent The layout for vector variables is dependent on stage, section or
on Stage Number or segment number follows.
Segment Number Array Index Value for
1 Stage or segment 1
2 Stage or segment 2
.
.
N Last stage or segment
N denotes the number of stages or segments in the column.
Examples of variables dependent on stage number are temperature
and flow profiles in RadFrac, MultiFrac Extract, PetroFrac, or
BatchFrac. Examples of vector variables dependent on segment
number are temperature and flow profiles for RateFrac.
Example for Accessing a The temperature profile of a RadFrac block is written to the
Temperature Profile Control Panel, using a Fortran Calculator block.
On the Define sheet of the Calculator block, Fortran variable
TPROF of the type Block-Vec is defined using the Variable
Definition dialog box.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-17

 On the Calculator Calculator sheet, these Fortran statements are
included:
WRITE(NTERM,20)
C* LTPROF IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY Aspen Plus *
DO 10 I = 1, LTPROF
WRITE(NTERM,30) I, TPROF(I)
10 CONTINUE
20 FORMAT (' *** TEMPERATURE PROFILE ***')
30 FORMAT (10X, I3, 2X, F10.2)
Variables Dependent Examples of vector variables dependent on section number are
on Section Number fractionation index and duty results for SCfrac, and the
sizing/rating results for trays and packings. The layout, where Nsec
denotes the number of sections in the column, is:
Array Index Value for
1 Section 1
2 Section 2
.
.
Nsec Last section
Variables Dependent Examples of vector variables dependent on operation step number
on Operation Step are distillate and reflux ratio results for BatchFrac. The layout,
Number where Nopstep denotes the number of operation steps, is:
Array Index Value for
1 Operation step 1
2 Operation step 2
.
.
Nopstep Last operation step

18-18 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Variables Dependent Examples of vector variables dependent on component number are
on Component RadFrac thermosyphon reboiler compositions. The layout follows,
Number where NCC denotes the number of components entered on the
Components Specifications Selection sheet. The component order
is the same as on that sheet.
Array Index Value for
1 Component 1
2 Component 2
.
.
.
NCC Last component
Variables Dependent Examples of vector variables dependent on component number and
on Component stage number are liquid and vapor composition profiles in
Number and Stage or RadFrac, MultiFrac, Extract, PetroFrac, or BatchFrac. Examples of
Segment Number vector variables dependent on component number and segment
number are liquid and vapor composition profiles for RateFrac.
The values are stored as one-dimensional arrays. All component
values for stage or segment 1 are at the beginning, followed by all
of the component values for stage or segment 2, and so on. The
number of components and the component order are the same as
on the Components Specifications Selection sheet.
For a column with three components and five stages, the liquid
composition profile is stored as follows:
Array Index Value for
1 Component 1, stage or segment 1
2 Component 2, stage or segment 1
3 Component 3, stage or segment 1
4 Component 1, stage or segment 2
.
.
.
15 Component 3, stage or segment 5
Example for Accessing a The entire liquid mole fraction profile of a RadFrac column with
Mole Fraction Profile three components is accessed. The value for the second component
on the fifth stage is written to the Control Panel, using a Fortran
Calculator block.
On the Define sheet of the Calculator block, Fortran variable
XPROF of the type Block-Vec is defined using the Variable
Definition dialog box.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-19

 On the Calculator Calculator sheet, include these Fortran
statements:
WRITE(NTERM,10)
C* TOTAL NUMBER OF COMPONENTS IS 3 *
NCOMP = 3
C* COMPONENT TO BE ACCESSED IS 2 *
ICOMP = 2
C* STAGE TO BE ACCESSED IS 5 *
ISTAGE = 5
C* CALCULATE INDEX INTO XPROF *
II = NCOMP*(ISTAGE-1) + ICOMP
WRITE(NTERM,20) XPROF(II)
10 FORMAT(' * MOLE FRACTION OF 2ND COMPONENT ON 5TH STAGE *')
20 FORMAT(10X,F10.2)

18-20 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Variables Dependent Examples of vector variables dependent on stage number and
on Stage Number and section number are the profile results of tray rating calculations.
Section Number The values are stored as one-dimensional arrays. All stage values
for section 1 are at the beginning, followed by all stage values for
section 2, and so on. The number of components and the
component order are the same as on the Components
Specifications Selection sheet.
For a column with five stages and three sections, the flooding
approach profile is stored as follows:
Array Index Value for
1 Stage 1, section 1
2 Stage 2, section 1
3 Stage 3, section 1
4 Stage 4, section 1
5 Stage 5, section 1
6 Stage 1, section 2
.
.
.
15 Stage 5, section 3
Variables Dependent Examples of vector variables dependent on stage number and
on Stage Number and operation step number are temperature and flow profiles for
Operation Step BatchFrac. The values are stored as one-dimensional arrays. All
Number stage values for operation step 1 are at the beginning, followed by
all stage values for operation step 2, and so on.
For a BatchFrac block with four stages and three operation steps,
the temperature profile is stored as follows:
Array Index Value for
1 Stage 1, operation step 1
2 Stage 2, operation step 1
3 Stage 3, operation step 1
4 Stage 4, operation step 1
5 Stage 1, operation step 2
.
.
.
12 Stage 4, operation step 3

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-21

 Variables Dependent Examples of vector variables dependent on component number,
on Component stage number, and stripper number are the stripper composition
Number, Stage profiles for PetroFrac. The values are stored as one-dimensional
Number, and Stripper arrays. All component values for stage 1 of stripper 1 are at the
Number beginning, followed by all component values for stage 2 of stripper
1, and so on. When Nstot is reached for stripper 1, the component
and stage values for stripper 2 begin, and so on. Nstot denotes the
total number of stages for that stripper.
For a PetroFrac block with three components, six stripper stages,
and three strippers, the liquid composition profile is stored as
follows:
Array Index Value For
1 Component 1, stage 1, stripper 1
2 Component 2, stage 1, stripper 1
3 Component 3, stage 1, stripper 1
4 Component 1, stage 2, stripper 1
.
.
18 Component 3, Nstot, stripper 1
19 Component 1, stage 1, stripper 2
.
.
54 Component 3, Nstot, stripper 3
Variables Dependent Examples of vector variables dependent on component number,
on Component stage number, and operation step number (opstep) are the
Number, Stage composition profiles for BatchFrac. The values are stored as
Number, and one-dimensional arrays. All component values for stage 1 of
Operation Step opstep 1 are at the beginning, followed by all component values for
Number stage 2 of opstep 1, and so on. When Nstage is reached for opstep
1, the component and stage values for opstep 2 begin, and so on.
Nstage denotes the number of stages in the column.
For a BatchFrac block with two components, three stages, and four
opsteps, the liquid composition profile is stored as follows:
Array Index Value for
1 Component 1, stage 1, opstep 1
2 Component 2, stage 1, opstep 1
3 Component 1, stage 2, opstep 1
.
.
6 Component 2, Nstage , opstep 1
7 Component 1, stage 1, opstep 2
.

18-22 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Array Index Value for
.
24 Component 2, Nstage, opstep 3
Variables Dependent The accumulator composition profile in BatchFrac is the only
on Component vector variable dependent on component number, accumulator
Number, Accumulator number, and operation step number (opstep). The values are stored
Number, and as a one-dimensional array. All component values for accumulator
Operation Step 1 of opstep 1 are at the beginning, followed by all the component
Number values for accumulator 2 of opstep 1, and so on. Naccum denotes
the total number of accumulators in the column. When Naccum is
reached for opstep 1, the component and accumulator values for
opstep 2 begin, and so on.
For a BatchFrac block with two components, three accumulators,
and four opsteps, the accumulator composition profile is stored as
follows:
Array Index Value for
1 Component 1, accumulator 1, opstep 1
2 Component 2, accumulator 1, opstep 1
3 Component 1, accumulator 2, opstep 1
.
.
6 Component 2, Naccum, opstep 1
7 Component 1, accumulator 1, opstep 2
.
.
24 Component 2, Naccum, opstep 4
MHeatX Profiles You can use the Block-Vec variable type to access the temperature
difference between the hot side and cold side of an MHeatX block:
Variable Description
DT Temperature approach profile,
including points added for phase change points
and points for streams entering and leaving the exchanger
DTBASE Temperature approach profile for base points only.
The length of the vector is the Number of Zones + 1.
The Number of Zones is specified on the MHeatX Input
ZoneAnalysis sheet.
Reactor Profiles You can use the Block-Vec variable type to access RBatch time
profiles and RPlug length profiles for variables such as calculated
temperature and pressure. Values are stored at each output point.
The length of the vector is the number of output points +1.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-23

 For example, the temperature profile for an RBatch reactor that
runs for 10 hours with output points each hour would be stored as
follows:
Array Index Temperature at
1 Initial conditions
2 1 hour
3 2 hours
.
.
.
11 10 hours
The output intervals are determined as follows:
Model Output Interval
RPlug Number of Profile Points along the reactor length,
specified on the RPlug Report Profiles sheet
RBatch Time Interval Between Profile Points, specified on
the RBatch Setup Operation Times sheet.

Accessing Property Parameter

Vectors
You can access the vector of coefficients of temperature-dependent
property parameters.
Variable type Description
Un-Cor-Vec Temperature-dependent pure component property
parameter vector
Bi-Cor-Vec Temperature-dependent binary property parameter
vector
Aspen Plus automatically:
• Interprets the Fortran variable you assign to the profile as an
array variable
• Dimensions the variable
Aspen Plus generates a variable by adding the letter L to the
beginning of the Fortran variable name you assigned to the vector.
The value of this variable is the length of the vector.
In Excel Calculator blocks, Aspen Plus assigns the data to a
column, beginning in the cell with the specified name.
Accessed property parameter vectors are always in SI units.

18-24 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example for Accessing On the following Define sheet all references are to dataset 1.
Property Parameters This variable Accesses the
TC Critical temperature of component TOLUENE
HVAP Heat of vaporization of component TOLUENE.
Heat of vaporization is the first element of the
temperature-dependent Watson parameter
DHVLWT.
ANTOIN Antoine vapor pressure coefficients parameter
PLXANT as a vector.
REN12 NRTL parameter vector for the TOLUENE-
PHENOL binary
REN21 NRTL parameter vector for the PHENOL-
TOLUENE binary

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-25

18-26 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 EO Variables
Variables are the primary entity in the equation-oriented (EO),
problem-solving strategy.
EO variables consist of attributes, whose values are set by the
model. Often referred to as "open" variables, you can change most
of their attribute values.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-27

 EO Variable Naming Conventions
Every equation-oriented (EO) model generates variables and
equations that conform to the following general naming format:
blockid.variableid.description
Where:
blockid is the block name, including hierarchy names, if
appropriate.
variableid is normally BLK, indicating a variable within the
block.
description further specifies the variable (stage location,
component reference, etc.).
Variable and equation names use the names of the blocks, streams,
and components in their names.
Mole Fraction-Based By default, all models are mole fraction-based models. Model
Models variables are divided into these two categories:
• Block variables
• Stream variables (only present in RadFrac blocks)
The general format of block variable names is:
blockid.BLK.description_qualifier
The general format of stream variable names is:
blockid.streamid.STR.qualifier
Where:
blockid is the block name, including hierarchy names, if
appropriate.
streamid is the stream name.
description specifies the variable (stage-location, component
reference, etc.).
qualifier is a description of the variable physical type (flow-
rate, temperature, composition, etc.).
Equations The general format for equation names in the mole fraction-based
models is
blockid.BLK.description_qualifier
Where:
blockid is the block name, including hierarchy names, if
appropriate.
description specifies the equation (stage location, component
stream name, etc.).
qualifier is a description of the function of the equation (mass
balance, energy balance, etc.).

18-28 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The general format for equation names in the mole flow-based
models is
blockid.type.description_qualifier
Where:
blockid is the block name, including hierarchy names, if
appropriate.
Type is one of the following types of equation:
BLKEQN (block)
SPC (specification)
STREQN (stream)
PROPEQN (property)
description is a general description of the function of the
equation (mass balance, energy balance, etc.).
qualifier further specifies the equation (stage location,
component stream name, etc.).
Mole Fraction By default, all models use streams based on component mole
Streams fractions. These streams contain the following variables:
• Total molar flow
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Molar enthalpy
• Molar volume
• Component mole fractions
These variables are named as follows:
blockid.BLK.streamid_qualifier
Where qualifier is one of the following:
FLOW Total molar flow, kmol/sec
TEMP Stream temperature, K
PRES Stream pressure, Pa
ENTH Stream enthalpy, Joule/kmol
MVOL Stream molar volume, M3/kmol
compid Component mole fraction, unitless
These variables can also be accessed as a collection named:
blockid.streamid.STR
Feed streams have an additional set of variables which hold the
specifications from the Stream form, plus additional variables
calculated about the stream. These variables are named as follows:
streamid.BLK.description_qualifier

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-29

 streamid is the stream name, including hierarchy block names,
if appropriate.
description specifies the variable
qualifier is a description of the variable physical type (flow
rate, temperature, composition, etc.).
For example, a stream named D with components C2H4 and C2H6
is fed to a Heater model named C2S. The variables associated with
this stream would be named as follows:
C2S.BLK.D_MOLES
C2S.BLK.D_TEMP
C2S.BLK.D_PRES
C2S.BLK.D_ENTH
C2S.BLK.D_MVOL
C2S.BLK.D_C2H4
C2S.BLK.D_C2H6
The collection of these variables is named:
C2S.D.STR

EO Variable Attributes
These are the attributes of an EO variable:
Attribute Description
Index The absolute index of the variable in the full variable list.
Variable The name of the variable, prefixed with the name of any hierarchy blocks. This
is set by the models and cannot be changed.
For more information on EO variable names, see EO Variable Naming
Conventions.
Value The current value of the variable, which is initially determined from the
sequential-modular (SM) run.
Initial The initial value of the variable. This attribute is set just before the solution
begins in the selected run mode.
Change The change in the value of the variable. This attribute is computed just after
the completion of the solution process.
Change = Value – Initial
Units Units of measure (standard Aspen Plus units), based on the physical type of the
variable. Internally, all values are stored in SI units.
Physical type The physical quantity that the variable represents, for example, mole flow,
temperature, or pressure. These types correspond to the standard Aspen Plus
types.

18-30 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Attribute Description
Specification The specification of the variable, which determines how the variable is treated
in a particular run mode:
Constant
Calculated
Measured
Parameterized
Optimized
Reconciled
Independent
During the run in any particular mode, only the specification for that mode is
known.
For more information, see EO Run Modes.
Lower bound The minimum allowable value of the variable.
For more information, see Variable Bounds.
Upper bound The maximum allowable value of the variable.
For more information, see Variable Bounds.
Step bound The step bound of the variable, which is used with the initial value, lower
bound, and upper bound attributes to compute the actual bounds used in the
EO run.
For more information, see Variable Bounds.
Bound type The type of bounds of the variable, which can be hard, soft, or relaxed.
For more information, see Variable Bounds.
Soft bound weight Soft-bound weight.
For more information, see Variable Bounds.
Internal Scale Variable scale factor. This is a scale factor used internally during the EO
solution phase. This is set by the models and cannot be changed.
Solver Scale Scale factor used by the solver.
Shadow Price Shadow price, which represents the sensitivity of the objective function to the
variable's active bound, if any. This is determined by the solution engine and
cannot be changed.
For more information, see EO Sensitivity
Marked When checked, you can specify an arbitrary subset of variables to sort. The
sorted subset is placed at the top of the list.
Modified When checked, indicates that the variable has been changed.
Variable Bounds EO strategy allows you to bound any variable in the problem as
follows:
xl ≤ x ≤ xu
The bounds xl and xu are computed from the lower bound, upper
bound, step bound, and initial value of the variable.
Three bound types determine how these bounds are treated:
• Hard

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-31

 • Relaxed
• Soft
By default, all bounds are treated as Hard.
The DMO solver always enforces the variable bounds during the
Optimization and Reconciliation modes, but does not, by default,
enforce any variables bounds during the Simulation and Parameter
Estimation modes.
The LSSQP solver always enforces Hard bounds, regardless of the
run mode.
When bounds are enforced for a Simulation or Parameter
Estimation mode, an infeasible solution can result if the bounds
and the problem equations cannot be satisfied simultaneously.
Note: Bounds on fixed variables are not ignored.
Hard Bounds Hard bounds allow user-specified lower and upper bounds to be
honored absolutely. The value of the variable will never violate
these limits.
Given a variable with hard bounds and an initial value x, let
xlower, xupper and xstep denote user-specified lower, upper, and
step bounds for this variable. The actual lower and upper bounds,
xl and xy , are:
xl = max( x - |xstep |, xlower)
xy = min(x + |xstep |, xupper )
A problem becomes infeasible if a variable violates one of its hard
bounds by more than the step bound. When the bounds on the
variables are too restrictive, hard bounds can lead to infeasible
solutions. In this case, a script parameter is available to ignore step
bounds, in which case , |xstep| is replaced by infinity in the
formula.
The following script command controls the use of step bounds:
SET STEP_BOUND = status
where status is TRUE by default. To ignore step bounds, set the
status to FALSE.

To change this parameter, enter the command in the Command

Line of the EO Run Setting frame on the Control Panel or use the
EO Configuration Script form.
Relaxed Bounds Relaxed bounds are used to prevent initial infeasibilities by
moving the violated bound. If a variable is initially outside either
the specified lower or upper bound, the violated bound is relaxed
as follows:
xl = x - |x| Rtol if x < xlower

18-32 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 xy = x +|x| Rtol if x > xupper
The relaxed bound tolerance, Rtol, is an adjustable parameter with
a default value of zero. Relaxed bounds are important because they
allow for feasible solutions when a variable is initially outside its
bounds.
The following script command sets the value of the relaxed bound
tolerance:
SET RELAX_TOL = expression
where expression is a positive real number. The relaxed bound
tolerance is zero by default.
To change this parameter, enter the command in the Command
Line of the EO Run Setting frame on the Control Panel or use the
EO Configuration Script form.
Soft Bounds The soft bound option allows any violated bounds to be added as a
penalty term to the objective function. The contribution to the
objective function is determined by the soft bound weight attribute
of the variable. This only applies to the Reconciliation and
Optimization run modes
This option creates another model named SFTBND, which creates
additional variables and equations for each violated variable
bound. These are only for internal use and do not appear in any
report file.
The following script command controls the use of soft bounds:
SET SOFT_BOUND = status
where status is FALSE by default. It should always be FALSE for
Simulation and Parameter Estimation cases, but may be TRUE for
Reconciliation and Optimization cases.
To change this parameter, enter the command in the Command
Line of the EO Run Setting frame on the Control Panel or use the
EO Configuration Script form.

Accessing EO Variables
Before you can access EO variables, you must:
1 Complete a simulation run, using the sequential-modular (SM)
strategy.
2 Synchronize the SM solution of the model to its corresponding
equation-oriented (EO) strategy.
Once the synchronization is complete, you can access EO variables
from the:
• EO Variables form

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-33

 • EO Variables dialog box

Synchronizing the Model

When you change the solution strategy to Equation Oriented (EO),
a synchronization occurs, based on the Sequential Modular (SM)
solution. This synchronization:
• Builds the EO flowsheet
• Initializes all of the EO variable values
To synchronize the EO flowsheet and variables:
1 Choose View | Control Panel in the menu bar.
2 In the Control Panel, click to display the EO controls.
3 In the Control Panel, change the solution strategy to Equation
Oriented.

For example:

When complete, a "Synchronized" status in the Equation Oriented

Synchronization Status area of the EO controls indicates a
successful synchronization.
Now you can access the EO variables.

Using the EO Variables Form

Once you synchronize the model for the Equation Oriented (EO)
solution strategy, you can access the model's EO variables from the
EO Variables form. This form lists all of the EO variables and their
attributes.
These variables are also available at the block and stream level.
However, when you display the EO Variables for a block or a
stream, only those EO variables associated with that block or
stream are listed. When viewing variables at the block or stream
level, the block name (blockid) is not displayed.
To display all of the EO variables:

18-34 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Menu bar Choose Data | EO Configuration | EO
Variables.
EO Shortcuts toolbar Click the key variables button.
Control Panel toolbar Click the key variables button.
These variables are also available at the block and stream level.
However, when you display the EO Variables for a block or a
stream, only those EO variables associated with that block or
stream are listed.
To copy variables from the EO Variables form to other sheets:
1 Right-click the variable name you want to copy, and choose
copy from the shortcut menu.
2 In the sheet you are completing, right-click in the variable
name field, and choose paste from the shortcut menu.
Sorting the Variables You can sort the variable list by any attribute in ascending and
List descending order.
• To sort the list of variables by attribute, double-click the
desired attribute column header.
• To sort a subset of the variable list, check the variable in the
Marked column and double-click the Marked column header.
Customizing the You can determine which attributes are displayed in the EO
Variables List Display Variables form, as well as the left-to-right order of the attributes.
To customize the EO variables form display:
1 In the EO Variables form, right-click on one of the attribute
column headers and choose More from the shortcut menu.
The following dialog box appears:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-35

 2 Use this dialog box to customize the display. You cannot
change the Index or Variable attributes.
To specify Do this
Which attributes are Select the attribute and click Show or Hide.
displayed or
Click the checkbox next to the attribute.
The left-right position of the Select the attribute and click Move Up (to the left) or Move Down (to
attribute column the right).
Note: The first three attributes at the top of the list (below Index and
Variable) also appear on the Column short-cut menu.
Width of an attribute Change the number of pixels.
column
Note: You cannot change the order of the Index or Variable
attributes.
You can also use the Column short-cut menu to control the display
of the first three attributes to the right of the Index and Variable
name. Right-click on an attribute column header to display the
short-cut menu and click the desired column header to show or
hide it.

Using the EO Variables Dialog Box

Anytime you need to specify an EO variable, the field includes a
button, which when clicked, displays the EO variables dialog
box. Use this dialog box to find the variables you want.
Note: This feature is available once you synchronize the model for
the Equation Oriented solution strategy.
To use the EO Variables dialog box to access variables:
1 In a Variable field of any EO-related sheet, click .

The EO Variables dialog box appears.

2 Use the toolbar options to locate and display the EO variables.
This toolbar Lets you
option
Go up one level of the hierarchical view.
Display a hierarchical view of the EO variables.
Display a list of EO variables names

18-36 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 This toolbar Lets you
option
Display a detailed list of EO variables that includes
the variable name, its current and initial values,
change in value, units, physical type, specification,
lower and upper bounds, step bound, internal and
solver scales, soft bound weight, bound type,
shadow price, and whether its marked or modified.
You can customize this view.
Display grid lines.
Highlight entire row of selected variable.
3 Select the variables you want.
Tip Use the standard Windows Shift-click and Ctrl-click
features to select multiple variables from the displayed list.

Click a column header to sort its contents in ascending or

descending order.
4 Click Select.
The selected variable automatically appears in the sheet.
Customizing the EO You can rearrange and resize the columns in the details view of the
Variables Display EO variables, using standard Windows techniques:
• To rearrange a column, drag the column header left or right to
change the position of the column in the table.
• To resize a column, Drag the right-side column divider of the
column header you want to resize.

Using the Query Dialog Box

Use this dialog box to query the EO variables database and display
the results in the EO Variables dialog box.
You can build your query, using these test conditions:
• Match variable, comparison operator, value condition (default).
• Match variables with a specified modified attribute.
• Match variables in a specified objective function.
Combine simple test conditions with logical operators (AND, OR,
NOT) and brackets to build compound queries.
Example: Building a simple query
To find the EO variables associated with the stream ID4:
1 Click the first test condition and specify:
Variable = *.ID4.STR.*

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-37

 2 Click Add Condition.
The test condition appears in the text box, for example:

NAME = *.ID4.STR.*
3 Click OK.
Any EO variable matching the test conditions now appears in the
EO Variables dialog box. A status message at the bottom of the
box specifies the total number of pattern matches.
Guidelines for Building When building queries in the Query dialog box, consider the
Queries following:
• Use the logical operators AND and OR to build compound
queries. For example:

VALUE < 10
AND
NAME = *.ID2*
• To change the sense of a test condition, precede the condition
with the logical operator NOT. For example:

VALUE < 10
AND
NOT NAME = *.ID2*
• Right-click in the text box to use the standard editing
commands.
• If you select a block in the EO Variables dialog box, the
pattern-matching is constrained to the variables of that block.

EO Aliases
Aliases are user-defined alternate names for EO variables. They
offer a convenient way to refer to an EO variable. The alias has a
40-character limit.
To create an alias for an EO variable:
1 Choose Data | EO Configuration | Aliases from the menu bar.
2 In the Aliases Setup sheet, specify the alias name.
3 In the Open Variable field, click to display the EO
Variables dialog box.
Note: This feature is available once you synchronize the model for
the Equation Oriented solution strategy.
4 Use the EO Variables dialog box to select the EO variable the
alias represents.

18-38 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 EO Ports
A port is any collection of variables associated with a block. They
are similar to, but not the same as, streams. A stream is a collection
of variables that represents the flow from one block to the next. All
streams are attached to a port on the block. Not all ports have
streams attached to them.
Ports are useful for defining connections of many variables. They
allow the connection definition to be made with a single command
that refers to the port.
There are five types of ports:
• Material stream (fraction basis) — a mole fraction stream
consisting of the variables for component mole fractions, total
molar flow, temperature, pressure, specific enthalpy and molar
volume. All of the models use the fraction basis for their
material streams.
• Material stream (flow basis) — a mole flow stream consisting
of the variables for component mole flows, total molar flow,
pressure and specific enthalpy
• Heat stream – an information stream consisting solely of the
heat variable
• Work stream – an information stream consisting solely of the
work variable
• Generic collection — a user-defined port of arbitrary variables
You can define your own ports, using any of the five types.
The generic collection may be used for many purposes. For
example, you might create a port that contains the kinetic
parameters for a set of reactions. You could then connect several
copies of this reactor together and perform data reconciliation on
them, while assuring that all used the same kinetics.
Creating a Port You use the Object manager to create ports. Each port has its own
Setup and Advanced sheets, which you use to define the port.
To create and define a port:
1 Choose Data | EO Configuration | Ports from the menu bar.
2 In the Object manager, click New.
3 In the Create new ID dialog box, enter an ID name and click
OK.
4 In the Setup sheet, specify the basic EO port attributes:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Accessing Flowsheet Variables • 18-39

Attribute Description
Open Variable The name of the EO variable.
Clicking displays the EO Variable dialog box, which you can use to select the
open variable. You can also copy and paste variables from any EO Variables form.
Through When checked, the port includes the set of consecutive variables starting from the
variable in this row and ending on the variable in the next row. This checkbox is
convenient for including blocks of variables, such as components.
Initial value The initial value of the EO variable. This value is set just before the command is
made to solve the problem.
Physical type The physical quantity that the variable represents. These types correspond to the
standard Aspen Plus types.
Units Units of measure, based on physical type, which correspond to the standard Aspen
Plus units. Internally, all values are stored in SI units.
5 In the Advanced sheet, specify these EO port attributes, as
appropriate:

Attribute Description
Port type The type of port:
• Material stream (flow basis) — a stream made up of total molar flow,
pressure, specific enthalpy, and component mole flows.
• Material stream (fraction basis) — a stream made up of total molar flow,
temperature, pressure, specific enthalpy, molar volume and component
mole fractions.
• Heat stream — an energy stream.
• Work stream — a power stream.
• Generic collection — a collection of arbitrary variables.
Components Lets you specify the component group for a material stream port. This component
group should contain all the components with non-zero flow rates.
The default is to use the global component group containing all components.
Phase The phase of the material stream port:
• Vapor only
• Liquid only
• Vapor-Liquid (flash required)
• Vapor-Liquid-FreeWater (flash with free water required)
This is used for connection processing when connecting a mole-based stream to a
mole fraction-based stream to determine if a flash is necessary.
Vapor-Liquid and Vapor-Liquid-Free Water may require that a flash be performed
when connecting a mole flow stream to a mole fraction stream.
If unspecified, the phase will be obtained from the upstream conditions.

18-40 • Accessing Flowsheet Variables Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 19

Calculator Blocks and In-Line

Fortran

The Aspen Plus Calculator block lets you insert your own Fortran
statements or Excel 97 spreadsheet calculations into flowsheet
computations. This section describes:
• Calculator blocks
• Using Fortran in Aspen Plus
• Using Fortran in Calculator blocks
• Using Excel in Calculator blocks
• Identifying flowsheet variables
• Entering Fortran statements or Excel formulas
• Specifying when to execute a Calculator block
• Rules for writing Fortran statements
• Writing to the screen and Aspen Plus files
• Interactive data input
• Retaining variables between iterations and blocks
• EO Usage Notes

About Calculator Blocks

Calculator blocks let you insert Fortran statements or Excel 97
spreadsheets into flowsheet computations to perform user-defined
tasks.
Since Aspen Plus is a sequential modular simulator that executes
one unit operation at a time, you must specify where in the
sequence of unit operations each Calculator block is to be
executed. You can do this by specifying one of these:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-1
 • Which flowsheet variables are Imported from and Exported to
Aspen Plus by the Calculator block
• The position of the Calculator block in the list of unit operation
blocks
Define a Calculator block by:
1 Creating the Calculator block.
2 Identifying the flowsheet variables that the block samples or
manipulates.
3 Entering the Excel formulas or Fortran statements.
4 Specifying when the Calculator block is executed.

Using Fortran in Aspen Plus

You can use Fortran in Aspen Plus to perform any task that can be
written as valid Fortran expressions.
You can input Fortran expressions in a number of ways in
Aspen Plus:
• In Fortran Calculator blocks
• On the Fortran sheets of other blocks, such as design
specifications, sensitivity or optimization problems
• In external Fortran subroutines
Fortran Calculator blocks:
• Contain Fortran expressions used to perform user-defined tasks
• Can read and/or write flowsheet variables
• Are executed at a specific point in the simulation
Aspen Plus checks your Fortran code interactively as you enter it
so most syntax errors are detected before a run. If the status
indicator on a Fortran sheet is , use Next to find out what is
incomplete.
You can write external User Fortran subroutines when the models
provided by Aspen Plus do not meet your needs. After you compile
these subroutines, they are dynamically linked when the simulation
is run. Aspen Plus allows extensive customization of the models
through the use of these external user subroutines. For more
information on external user subroutines, see Aspen Plus User
Models.
Aspen Plus can interpret most in-line Fortran. Fortran that cannot
be interpreted is compiled and dynamically linked to the
Aspen Plus module. Because dynamic linking is used, the
overhead for in-line Fortran requiring compilation is small.

19-2 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Note: If the Fortran cannot be interpreted, a Fortran compiler is
needed. For the recommended compiler for a given platform, see
the relevant Aspen Plus installation guide.

Using Fortran in Calculator Blocks

Calculator blocks let you insert Fortran statements into flowsheet
computations to perform user-defined tasks, such as:
• Calculating and setting input variables before they are used
(feedforward control)
• Writing information to the Control Panel
• Reading input from a file
• Writing results to the Aspen Plus report or to any external file
• Calling external subroutines
• Writing your own user models
Define a Fortran Calculator block by:
1 Creating the Calculator block.
2 Identifying the flowsheet variables that the block samples or
manipulates.
3 Entering the Fortran statements on the Calculate sheet.
4 Specifying when the Calculator block is executed.
Creating a Calculator To create a Fortran Calculator block:
Block Using Fortran 1 From the Data menu, point to Flowsheeting Options, then
Calculator.
2 In the Calculator Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default, and click OK.
4 On the Calculate sheet, select Fortran (default).
Now identify the flowsheet variables.

Using Excel in Calculator Blocks

Calculator Blocks let you insert Excel 97 Spreadsheets into
flowsheet computations to perform user-defined flowsheet
manipulations.
Note: Excel 97 is required to use this feature.
If you want to use Excel to simulate a unit operation block, use the
Excel interface of the User2 block instead of the Excel Calculator.
See Aspen Plus User Models, chapter 5.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-3
 Define an Excel Calculator block by:
1 Creating the Calculator block.
2 Identifying the flowsheet variables that the block samples or
manipulates.
3 Entering the Excel formulas on the Calculate sheet.
4 Specifying when the Calculator block is executed.
Since the Excel spreadsheet is connected to Aspen Plus through the
user interface, the user interface must be running in order to run an
Aspen Plus simulation containing an Excel Calculator block.
Creating a Calculator To create an Excel Calculator Block:
Block Using Excel 1 From the Data menu, point to Flowsheeting Options, then
Calculator.
2 In the Excel Calculator Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default, and click OK.
4 On the Calculate sheet, select Excel.
Now identify the flowsheet variables.

Identifying Flowsheet Variables

You must identify the flowsheet variables used in a Calculator
block and assign them variable names. A variable name identifies a
flowsheet variable on other Calculator block sheets.
Using the Define Sheet to Use the Define sheet to identify a flowsheet variable and assign it a
Identify Flowsheet variable name. When completing a Define sheet, specify the
Variables variables on the Variable Definition dialog box. The Define sheet
shows a concise summary of all the accessed variables, but you
cannot modify the variables on the Define sheet.
1 To create a new variable, click the New button on the Define
sheet.
– or –
To edit an existing variable, select a variable and click the Edit
button on the Define sheet.
– or –
To create or edit the variable from Excel, on the Calculate
sheet, click the Open Excel Spreadsheet button. In Excel, select
the cell and click the Define button on the Aspen Plus toolbar.
2 Type the name of the variable in the Variable Name field.
A Fortran variable name must:
• Be six characters or less for a scalar variable

19-4 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • Be five characters or less for a vector variable
• Start with an alphabetic character (A – Z)
• Have subsequent alphanumeric characters (A – Z, 0 – 9)
• Not begin with IZ or ZZ
In Excel Calculator blocks, variable names must:
• Follow the above limitations on Fortran variable names
• Not be a cell reference, such as A1 or R1C1.
Variable names are not case-sensitive in either Fortran or
Excel. For instance, FLOW and Flow refer to the same
variable.
In Fortran, the first letter of the variable name does not affect
its type (integer or real). The type is determined by the type of
the value being referenced.
3 In the Category frame, use the option button to select the
variable category.
4 In the Reference frame, select the variable type from the list in
the Type field.
Aspen Plus displays the other fields necessary to complete the
variable definition.
5 In the Information Flow frame, select whether the variable is to
be imported from Aspen Plus or exported to Aspen Plus from
the Calculator block. For more information, see Import and
Export Variables.
Export variables in recycle loops may instead be marked as tear
variables to indicate that they should be torn for solving the
loops. For more information, see Converging Loops Introduced
by Calculator Blocks.
6 In Calculator blocks, you can specify additional options used in
EO calculations:
• You can specify the EO variable which is connected to this
calculator variable. If you do not specify this name, it will
be filled in automatically, if possible, when you switch to
the EO solution strategy. See EO Usage Notes for
Calculator.
• You can specify the description of the EO variable in the
calculator block. The EO variable names of calculator
block variables will be blkid.BLK.description, where blkid
is the name of the calculator block and description is the
description provided. If you do not provide a description,
Aspen Plus will assign a unique name to the variable based
on its type.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-5
 • If you choose a variable in the parameter category, you can
specify the physical type, units, and initial value of the
variable.
7 Click Close to return to the Define sheet.
For more information on accessing variables, see chapter 18.
Tip: Use the Delete button to quickly delete a variable and all of
the fields used to define it. Use the Edit button to modify the
definition of a variable in the Variable Definition dialog box.

Specifying Calculations
The Calculate sheet lets you enter the calculations to be performed.
Select either Excel or Fortran for specifying these calculations.
Entering Fortran You can enter Fortran statements:
Statements and • On the Calculate sheet
Declarations
• In your text editor (for example, Notepad), and then copy and
paste them onto the Calculate sheet
Click the Fortran Declarations button to enter Fortran declarations
in the Declarations dialog box, in the same way you enter
executable Fortran statements on Calculate sheet.
You can include any Fortran declarations in a Calculator block,
such as:
• Include statements
• COMMON definitions
• DIMENSION definitions
• Data type definitions (INTEGER and REAL)
If a Fortran variable meets one of these criteria, you should place it
in a COMMON:
• It is also used by another block.
• Its value must be retained from one iteration of a Calculator
block to another.
Fortran variables that you defined on the Define sheet should not
be declared in the Declarations dialog box.
Using the Calculate To enter executable Fortran statements on the Calculate sheet:
Sheet to Enter Fortran
1 Click the Calculate tab on the Calculator Input form.
Statements
To review rules and restrictions for in-line Fortran, see Rules
for In-Line Fortran Statements.
2 Enter your Fortran statements.

19-6 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 3 To ensure that you enter accurate variable names, click the
right mouse button. In the popup menu, click Variable List.
The Defined Variable List window appears. You can drag and
drop the variables from the Defined Variable List to the
Calculate sheet.
Entering Excel Use the Excel option on the Calculate sheet to create an Excel
Formulas spreadsheet embedded in your simulation to hold Excel calculation
formulas.
Cells corresponding to defined variables will be outlined in a
colored box. Import variables will be outlined in green, Export
variables will be outlined in blue, and Tear variables will be
outlined in red. If you define any variables on the Define sheet, be
sure to assign those names to cells in Excel.
Do not enter formulas in cells referenced by Import variables;
these cells will be overwritten by the values imported from Aspen
Plus. In other cells on your spreadsheet, enter the formulas
necessary to calculate your results and place them into the cells
assigned to Export variables.
You may use VBA macros to perform some of your calculations or
other tasks, if you wish. Aspen Plus will only read and write values
on the first sheet, and only initiate calculations there, but you may
use additional sheets to store data, or to perform more involved
calculations.

Specifying When the Calculator

Block is Executed
You must specify when a Calculator block will be executed during
calculations. To do this:
1 On the Calculator Input form, click the Sequence sheet.
2 In the Import Variables field, specify which variables are used
but not changed. In the Export Variables field, specify which
variables are changed. You may have already made these
specifications when you defined the variables, but you may
change them here.
– or –
In the Execute field on the Sequence sheet, specify when to
execute the block.
Option When Executed
First At the beginning of a simulation
Before Before a block. Specify the block type and name.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-7
 Option When Executed
After After a block. Specify the block type and name.
Last At the end of a simulation
Report While the report is being generated
Based on order in As specified on the Convergence Sequence
sequence Specification sheet
Use Import/Export Aspen Plus uses import and export variables to
Variables automatically sequence the Calculator block.
Import and Export Import Variables and Export Variables are used to establish which
Variables of the variables appearing on the Define sheet are only sampled
variables, and which are changed by the Calculator block.
• Import Variables establish information flow from the block or
stream containing a sampled (read-only) variable to the
Calculator block.
• Export Variables establish information flow from the
Calculator block to Aspen Plus.
• If you specify a variable as a Tear Variable on the Variable
Definition dialog box, that variable is also treated as an Export
Variable.
If the automatic sequencing logic using Import Variables and
Export Variables does not appear to work properly, use the
Execute statement to specify explicitly when the block is executed.
In Excel Calculator blocks, all variables must be specified as
Import or Export Variables.
In equation-oriented mode, Aspen Plus examines user Fortran
statements to determine whether unspecified variables are assigned
a value. Variables assigned a value are treated as export variables,
and other variables are treated as import variables. Aspen Plus also
performs this check in SM if you have specified only Import
Variables or only Export Variables.
You can specify Import Variables and Export Variables in addition
to specifying the execute time on the Sequence sheet. The execute-
time specification will take precedence for sequencing the block in
SM. The Import and Export Variable specifications will apply
when the block is run in EO. Only Calculator blocks with at least
one variable specified as an Import Variable or Export Variable are
run in EO.

19-8 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Converging Loops Introduced by
Calculator Blocks
A Calculator block can introduce loops that must be solved
iteratively.
For example, a Calculator block can change an upstream variable
based on the value of a downstream variable. This could occur if
the Calculator block was being used to set a makeup stream based
on the product flowrates.
When you define Excel Calculator blocks, you must specify each
variable as an Import or Export variable. Aspen Plus uses these
specifications to automatically solve any loops introduced by the
block.
In Fortran Calculator blocks that create loops, you must specify
Import Variables and Export Variables for Aspen Plus to detect the
loops and produce correct simulation results.
Aspen Plus automatically solves any loops introduced by the
Calculator block, if you:
• Check the Tear Calculator Export Variables on the
Convergence Conv-Options Defaults Sequencing sheet
• Specify Import Variables and Export Variables on the
Calculator block Variable Definition dialog boxes or Sequence
sheet.
When a Calculator block creates a loop, variables entered as
Export Variables can be torn for convergence in the same way as
recycle streams. Aspen Plus can do this automatically, or you can
specify tear variables.
Specifying Export When a Calculator block creates a loop, variables entered as
Variables as Tear Export Variables can be torn for convergence in the same way as
Variables recycle streams. Aspen Plus can do this automatically, or you can
specify tear variables
To specify an Export Variable as a tear variable:
1 On the Calculator form, click the Tears tab.
2 In the Tear Variable Name field, select a variable you entered
in the Export Variable field on the Sequence sheet.
3 Enter lower and upper bounds for the tear variable in the
Lower Bound and Upper Bound fields.
You may also specify a variable as a tear variable when defining it
in the Variable Definition dialog box.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-9
 The tear variable will be solved along with recycle tears to
converge the flowsheet. See Convergence, for more information on
flowsheet convergence.
Example of Calculating The mass flow rate of make-up stream MAKEUP is determined by
Make-Up Flow Rate the amount of benzene in the outlet streams from the flowsheet.
The variables are selected using the Variable Definition dialog
box. In order for the simulation to converge correctly, the Tear
Fortran Export Variables needs to be selected on the Convergence
Conv-Options Defaults Sequencing sheet.

Using the specifications above, all five variables are defined as in

the example below:

19-10 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 On the Calculate sheet, Fortran is selected, and these statements
are entered:
F BMAKE = BZIPA + BZH2O + BZVAP
F MAKEUP = BMAKE / BFRAC
On the Declarations dialog box, this declaration is entered:
F REAL*8 BMAKE
On the Sequence sheet, Use import/export variables is selected for
the execution seqeunce. Also, BZIPA, BZH2O, and BZVAP are
specified as Import variables, and MAKEUP is specified as an
Export variable.
On the Convergence Conv-Options Defaults Sequencing sheet,
Tear Calculator Export Variables is selected.
Example of Feedforward A Fortran block is used to set the feedrate of stream HX2 to equal
Control of Stream 75% of the stream HX1.
Feedrate

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-11
 On the Calculate sheet, Fortran is selected, and this statement is
entered:
F2 = 0.75 * F1
On the Sequence sheet, Use import/export variables is selected for
the execution sequence. Also, F1 is specified as an Import variable,
and F2 is specified as an Export variable.

Rules for In-Line Fortran Statements

To achieve successful compilation of your Fortran statements,
follow these rules:
• By default, variables beginning with A through H, or O
through Z, are double precision real. Variables beginning with
I through N are integer. Use double precision functions (for
example, DSQRT) and double precision constants (for
example, 1D0).
• Do not use variable names beginning with IZ or ZZ.
• Because Fortran is column-sensitive, this table shows how to
do certain things:
To do this Use
Indicate comments Column one for C and leave column two
blank
Enter statement labels Only columns three, four, and five
Begin executable statements Column seven or beyond
• You can call your own subroutines or functions. You can use
labeled or blank (unlabeled) COMMON blocks.
• Fortran variables you define on the Specification sheet cannot
be placed in a COMMON.
• Do not use IMPLICIT, SUBROUTINE, ENTRY, RETURN,
END statements, nor arithmetic statement functions.
Disabling Syntax By default, Aspen Plus interactively checks your Fortran
Checking statements. You can turn off interactive syntax checking. You
might need to do this, for example, if you are using a compiler that
accepts nonstandard Fortran extensions, or if the syntax checker
incorrectly flags correct Fortran as incomplete.
To turn off Fortran syntax checking:
1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 Ensure the Check Inline Fortran for Syntax Errors checkbox is
clear.

19-12 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Writing to the Screen and Aspen Plus
Files
In Fortran WRITE statements, you can use the following
predefined variables for the unit number:
Unit Destination
NTERM Control Panel (if running from the user interface)
Terminal (if running interactively outside of the user interface), or
Log file (if running batch)
NRPT Aspen Plus report
NHSTRY Simulation history
Examples:
For writing to the Control Panel, enter:
WRITE(NTERM, *) A, B, C, X
For writing to the report file, enter:
WRITE(NRPT, *) A, B, C, X
If writing to the Aspen Plus report from a Fortran Calculator block,
select Report in the Execute field on the Sequence Sheet. Output
written to the report file will appear in the Flowsheet section of the
Calculator block report.
When writing to a user-defined file, use a Fortran unit number
between 50 and 100.
Excel Calculator blocks do not have the ability to write to the
Control Panel or Aspen Plus report or history files, but you may
use VBA macros to display information in dialog boxes.

Interactive Read Statements

In Fortran READ statements you can use the predefined variable
NTERM for the unit number for interactive input.
This table shows what the predefined variable does:
If you are running Then READ (NTERM)
interactively
From the user interface Displays a dialog box accepting up to one line
of input
Outside the user interface Pauses for input from the terminal
In Excel Calculator blocks, use a VBA macro to create a dialog
box for interactive input.
Do not read from NTERM when running batch.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-13
 Example of Interactive A Fortran Calculator block pauses for user input of the temperature
READ from a Fortran for block HX1 before executing the block.
Calculator block The following form defines the variable HX1TEM as the
temperature input specification for block HX1:

These Fortran statements read HX1TEM from interactive screen

input, and echo the value to the control panel:
READ(NTERM,*) HX1TEM
WRITE(NTERM,*) 'TEMPERATURE ENTERED',
1' FOR BLOCK HX1 WAS ',HX1TEM,' F'
The Sequence sheet specifies that HX1TEM is a write variable, so
that Aspen Plus can sequence the Calculator block, and Use
import/export variables is selected.

Retaining Variables Between

Iterations and Blocks
Place a Fortran variable in a COMMON (on the Declarations
sheet) if you want to do one of the following:
• Retain the value of the variable from one calculation pass to
another
• Use the same variable in more than one block
The COMMON statement must appear in each block where the
variable is used.
In Excel Calculator blocks, all data in the Workbook at the end of
one calculation pass is present when the block is next started,
except that the Import variables will be overwritten by new values
from Aspen Plus.

19-14 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 About the Interpreter
By default, Aspen Plus will interpret in-line Fortran if it is
possible. Fortran that cannot be interpreted is compiled and linked
into a shared library or dynamic link library (DLL). A Fortran
compiler is needed for compiling the code. It is possible to
compile all of the Fortran by selecting Write Inline Fortran to a
Subroutine to be Compiled and Dynamically Linked on the Setup
SimulationOptions System sheet.
The following Fortran can be interpreted:
• All declarations besides COMMON statements
• Arithmetic expressions and assignment statements
• IF statements
• GOTO statements, except assigned GOTO
• WRITE statements that use the built-in unit number variables
NTERM, NRPT, or NHSTRY
• FORMAT statements
• CONTINUE statements
• DO loops
• Calls to these built-in Fortran functions:
DABS DERF DMIN1 IDINT
DACOS DEXP DMOD MAX0
DASIN DFLOAT DSIN MIN0
DATAN DGAMMA DSINH MOD
DATAN2 DLGAMA DSQRT
DCOS DLOG DTAN
DCOSH DLOG10 DTANH
DCOTAN DMAX1 IABS
You can use the equivalent single precision or generic function
names in your Fortran statements. However, Aspen Plus always
performs double precision calculations, and using the other names
will require compilation.
If you use the following statements, you must enter them on the
Declaration sheet:
• REAL or INTEGER statements
• DOUBLE PRECISION statements
• DIMENSION statements
• COMMON statements

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-15
 The following statements require compilation:
CALL ENTRY PRINT
CHARACTER EQUIVALENCE RETURN
COMMON IMPLICIT READ
COMPLEX LOGICAL STOP
DATA PARAMETER SUBROUTINE

About External Fortran Subroutines

External user Fortran is an open and extensive customization
capability in Aspen Plus. An Aspen Plus user model consists of
one or more Fortran subroutines that you write yourself when the
models provided by Aspen Plus do not meet your needs. A proper
argument list is needed in the subroutine to interface your user
model to Aspen Plus.
You can write the following kinds of user models for use in
Aspen Plus:
External Fortran Application Use
Types
User Unit Operation Models Units not represented by Aspen Plus unit operation models
Kinetic Models Reactors, Reactive Distillation, Pressure Relief
Physical Property Models Pure and mixture, activity models, KLL, user equations-of-state
Stream Properties Special properties to be calculated for a stream
Unit Operation Customization Reactor heat transfer, column hydraulics, LMTD correction, pressure
drop, liquid-liquid distribution coefficients
Customized Reports User-defined stream report, user block reports, applications based on
the Summary File Toolkit
Sizing and Costing User cost blocks
Templates that include the argument list and other useful code for
starting a user model are provided in the Templates directories
where Aspen Plus is installed. For more information on how to
write a user model, see Aspen Plus User Models.

EO Usage Notes for Calculator

The Calculator block runs in EO mode only via the Perturbation
Layer. In addition, there are the following restrictions:
• Calculator blocks using the Excel interface are not supported in
EO.
• Vector variable specifications are not supported in EO.

19-16 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • Only Calculator blocks which specify at least one variable as
an import variable or export variable are run in EO.
• Calculator block flash specifications are ignored in EO.
• Calculator blocks used in EO mode should not manipulate
outlet stream variables of blocks, or modify accessed variables
(such as in Fortran statements like T=T+10). This type of
manipulation is only appropriate for tear streams in SM
calculations. The variables you are manipulating should have
Constant specifications before the Calculator block is applied.
Execute-time specifications only have meaning for SM
sequencing, and are ignored in EO.
To specify that a calculator block should only be used for SM
initialization calculations, on the EO Options sheet, click
Additional Options, then select Neither; ignore block during EO
solution in the Solution method field.

Connecting Calculator Variables in EO Mode

Defined variable specifications are converted into EO connection
equations between accessed variables and the Calculator block
variables whenever possible. Each accessed variable must be either
read from (import) or written to (export), but not both. The EO
variables for import variables will have specification Constant. The
EO variables for export variables and internal variables will have
specification Calculated. Usually the Constant or Calculated
specification corresponds to whether the variable was specified in
the SM model, though operations such as Spec Groups can change
this.
Also note that the EO model has separate variables for each basis
for values that can be specified in different bases. All these
variables are available to be read, but you can only write values to
one set of these variables, ones with Constant specifications. For
example, suppose you set the total mass flow of a stream in the
Calculator block. In order for this to work in EO, you must have
specified the mass flow of the stream in SM, or else use a Spec
Group to make the total mass flow variable Constant.
Aspen Plus can now automatically convert all SM block and
stream variables to corresponding EO variables for features that
exist in the EO formulation. Aspen Plus automatically generates
the connection equations for these variables; you do not have to
create them yourself. If you have created such connections as user
connections in Aspen Plus 11.1, you should delete them now.
Otherwise, your system will have inactive connections and will not
run.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran • 19-17
 For import variables, the calculator variable will be the destination
and the block variable will be the source in the EO Connection.
For export variables, the block variable will be the destination and
the calculator variable will be the source.

19-18 • Calculator Blocks and In-Line Fortran Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 20

Sensitivity

This chapter contains information about:

• Sensitivity analysis
• Sequential-modular sensitivity
• Equation-oriented sensitivity

About Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis is a tool for determining how a process reacts
to varying key operating and design variables. You can use it to
vary one or more flowsheet variables and study the effect of that
variation on other flowsheet variables. It is a valuable tool for
performing "what if" studies. The flowsheet variables that are
varied must be inputs to the flowsheet. They can not be variables
that are calculated during the simulation.
You can use sensitivity analysis to verify if the solution to a design
specification lies within the range of the manipulated variable. You
can also use it to perform simple process optimization.
Both sequential-modular (SM) and equation-oriented (EO)
strategies support sensitivity analysis. Use the Sensitivity block
under Model Analysis Tools in the Data Browser for SM, and use
the EO Sensitivity block under EO Configuration in EO.

SM Sensitivity
This section explains how to use sequential-modular (SM)
sensitivity analysis to examine the sensitivity of a process to key
variables, including:
• Defining a sensitivity block
• Specifying sampled and manipulated variables

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Sensitivity • 20-1

 • Defining tabulated variables
• Optional Fortran statements
• Examples
About Sensitivity You can use sequential-modular (SM) sensitivity blocks to
Blocks generate tables and/or plots of simulation results as functions of
feed stream, block input, or other input variables. Sensitivity
analysis results are reported in a table on the Sensitivity Results
Summary sheet. The first n columns of the table list the values of
the variables that are varied, where n is the number of varied
flowsheet variables entered on the Sensitivity Input Vary sheet.
The remaining columns in the table contain the values of variables
that you tabulated on the Tabulate sheet. The tabulated results can
be any flowsheet variable or any valid Fortran expression that may
depend on flowsheet variables that are either input or calculated.
The results can be plotted using the Plot Wizard to easily visualize
the relationships between different variables.
Sensitivity blocks provide additional information to base-case
results, but have no effect on the base-case simulation. The
simulation runs independently of the sensitivity study.
Sensitivity blocks with more than one varied variable generate a
row in the sensitivity table for each combination of values. If you
are interested in the sensitivity to more than one variable with each
varied independently, use a separate sensitivity block for each
varied variable.
Sensitivity blocks create loops that must be evaluated once for
each row of the sensitivity table. Aspen Plus sequences sensitivity
blocks automatically. Or, you can sequence a sensitivity block
using the Convergence Sequence Specifications sheet.
Accessed scalar flowsheet variables are in the units set selected for
the sensitivity block. You cannot modify the units individually for
different variables in the sensitivity. You can either change the unit
set for the sensitivity block (on the toolbar of the Data Browser), or
enter an expression on the tabulate sheet to convert the variable.
Accessed vector variables are always in SI units.
This SM sensitivity block does not affect equation-oriented (EO)
runs. To do sensitivity analysis in EO, use an EO sensitivity block.

Defining a Sensitivity Block

Define a sensitivity block by:
1 Creating the sensitivity block
2 Identifying the sampled flowsheet variables

20-2 • Sensitivity Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 Identifying the input variables to manipulate to generate the
table
4 Defining what you want Aspen Plus to tabulate
5 Entering optional Fortran statements
Creating a Sensitivity To create a sensitivity block:
Block 1 From the Data menu, click Model Analysis Tools, then
Sensitivity.
2 On the Sensitivity Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default, and click OK.
Identifying the For each sensitivity block you must identify the flowsheet
Sampled Flowsheet variables and assign them variable names. You can either tabulate
Variables these variables or use them in Fortran expressions to compute
tabulated results. The variable name identifies the flowsheet
variable on other sensitivity sheets.
Use the Define sheet to identify a flowsheet variable and assign it a
variable name. When completing a Define sheet, specify the
variables on the Variable Definition dialog box. The Define sheet
shows a concise summary of all the accessed variables, but you
cannot modify the variables on the Define sheet.
On the Define sheet:
1 To create a new variable, click the New button.
– or –
To edit an existing variable, select a variable and click the Edit
button.
2 Type the name of the variable in the Variable Name field.
If you are editing an existing variable and want to change the
variable name, click the right mouse button on the Variable
Name field. On the popup menu, click Rename. A variable
name must:
• Be six characters or less for a scalar variable
• Be five characters or less for a vector variable
• Start with an alphabetic character (A – Z)
• Have subsequent alphanumeric characters (A – Z, 0 – 9)
• Not begin with IZ or ZZ
3 In the Category frame, use the option button to select the
variable category.
4 In the Reference frame, select the variable type from the list in
the Type field.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Sensitivity • 20-3

 Aspen Plus displays the other fields necessary to complete the
variable definition.
5 Click Close to return to the Define sheet.
For more information on accessing variables, see chapter 18.
Tip: Use the Delete button to quickly delete a variable and all of
the fields used to define it.
Use the Edit button to modify the definition of a variable in the
Variable Definition dialog box.
Identifying Use the Vary sheet to identify the flowsheet variables to vary in
Manipulated generating a table. You can only vary block input variables,
Flowsheet Variables process feed stream variables, and other input variables. You must
specify values, or a range of values, for the varied variables.
You can manipulate integer variables, such as the feed location of
a distillation column. You can specify up to five manipulated
variables.
To identify manipulated variables and specify values:
1 On the Sensitivity Input form, click the Vary sheet.
2 In the Variable Type field, select a variable type.
Aspen Plus takes you to the remaining fields necessary to
uniquely identify the flowsheet variable.
3 Specify a list or range of values for the manipulated variable.
You can enter one of the following:
• List of values
• Lower limit, Upper limit, and number of equally spaced
points (# Points)
• Lower limit, Upper limit, and increment between points
(Incr)
You can enter either a constant or a Fortran expression.
4 You have the option of labeling the varied variables for the
report and the Results Summary sheet. Use the Line1 through
Line4 fields to define these labels.
5 To identify additional variables, select New from the list in the
Variable Number field. Repeat Steps 2 through 5.
Aspen Plus generates one row of the table for each combination of
varied variable values. The number of possible combinations can
be large, resulting in excessive computer time and storage
requirements. For example, 10 points for each of the maximum of
five variables would result in 100,000 evaluations of the sensitivity
block loop.
Each manipulated variable must already have been entered as an
input specification, or it must have a default value.

20-4 • Sensitivity Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Defining Tabulated Use the Tabulate sheet for defining the results you want
Variables Aspen Plus to tabulate, and supplying column headings.
To define tabulated variables:
1 On the Sensitivity Input form, click the Tabulate sheet.
2 In the Column Number field, enter a column number.
3 In the Tabulated Variable or Expression field, enter a variable
name or Fortran expression.
Aspen Plus tabulates the variable, or the result of the
expression, for each combination of manipulated variables.
To ensure that you enter accurate variable names, click the
right mouse button. In the popup menu, click Variable List.
The Defined Variable List window appears. You can drag and
drop the variables from the Defined Variable List to the Fortran
sheet.
4 To enter optional labels, click the Table Format button. In the
first four rows, supply column labels for any or all of the
columns of tabulated results.
5 Use the two Unit Labels rows to enter units labels for the
tabulated results.
6 If the tabulated results expression is entered as a single variable
name on the Specification sheet, Aspen Plus generates unit
labels automatically.
7 Click Close to close the Table Format dialog box.
8 Repeat Steps 2 through 6 until you define all the results you
want to tabulate. There is no limit.
Reinitializing Blocks By default, Aspen Plus begins the calculations for a new row using
and Streams the results of the previous row. If blocks or recycle loops fail to
converge for some rows, you can specify that the calculations are
to be reinitialized for each row.
Reinitializing Blocks To reinitialize blocks:
1 On the Sensitivity Input form, select the Optional tab.
2 In the Blocks to be Reinitialized field, select either Include
Specified Blocks or Reinitialize All Blocks.
3 If you choose Include Specified Blocks, select the unit
operation blocks and/or the convergence blocks to be
reinitialized.
Reinitializing Streams To reinitialize streams:
1 On the Sensitivity Input form, select the Optional tab.
2 On the Streams To Be Reinitialized field select either Include
Specified Streams or Reinitialize All Streams.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Sensitivity • 20-5

 3 If you choose Include Specified Streams, select the streams to
be reinitialized.
Entering Optional You have the option of entering Fortran statements to compute
Fortran Statements tabulated results and the varied variable range. Any variable
computed by a Fortran statement can be used in expressions on the
Tabulate and Vary sheets. Fortran statements are needed only if
functions are too complex to enter on these sheets.
You can enter Fortran statements:
• On the Fortran sheet
• In your text editor (for example, Notepad), and then copy and
paste them onto the Fortran sheet
Using the Sensitivity To enter executable Fortran statements on the Fortran sheet:
Input Fortran Sheet
1 On the Sensitivity Input form, click the Fortran sheet.
2 Review the rules and restrictions for in-line Fortran
3 Enter your Fortran statements.
To ensure that you enter accurate variable names, click the
right mouse button. In the popup menu, click Variable List.
The Defined Variable List window appears. You can drag and
drop the variables from the Defined Variable List to the Fortran
sheet.

Fortran Declarations
Enter Fortran declarations in the same way as executable Fortran
statements, using the Declarations sheet instead of the Fortran
sheet.
You can include any Fortran declaration in a Sensitivity block,
including:
• COMMON definitions
• DIMENSION definitions
• Data type definitions (INTEGER and REAL)
If a Fortran variable meets one of these criteria, you should place it
in a COMMON:
• It is also used by another block.
• Its value must be retained from one iteration of a sensitivity
block to another.
Fortran variables that you defined on the Define sheet should not
be declared on the Declarations sheet.

20-6 • Sensitivity Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example for Tabulating Tabulate the effect of temperature in RGibbs block REACT on the
Reaction Selectivity selectivity of component ESTER versus ETOH in the reactor
versus Reactor outlet. Assume that an initial specification for the temperature of
Temperature block REACT has been entered on the RGibbs Setup
Specifications sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Sensitivity • 20-7

20-8 • Sensitivity Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 The selectivity which is the ratio of FESTER to FALC can be
entered as a Fortran expression FESTER/FALC on the Tabulate
sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Sensitivity • 20-9

 EO Sensitivity
Like sequential-modular (SM) sensitivity, equation-oriented (EO)
sensitivity provides a mechanism for analyzing flowsheet behavior.
The equation-oriented strategy computes the sensitivity between a
set of independent and dependent variables. The resulting
sensitivity is the derivative or gain between the variables.
With SM sensitivity it is necessary to reconverge the entire
flowsheet for each point on the sensitivity plot. EO sensitivity
gives only the derivatives of the dependent variables with respect
to the independent variables. This is the slope of the curve at the
current operating point.
For example, you could use an EO sensitivity block to find how
much additional duty and what the change in composition would
be if there were a change in the reflux flow of a column. If the
problem were set up such that the reflux flow is either fixed or a
degree of freedom, then this would be the independent variable.
The duty variables and composition variables would be calculated
and then listed as dependent variables. The results would be four
derivatives or gains. The gains would have units of delta-
dependent variable units/ delta-independent variable units. In this
example, the gain for the duty with respect to reflux flow may have
units of (MMBtu/hr) / (lb/hr), that is, (MMBtu/lb. The UOM
defined for each dependent and independent variable determines
the units of the gains.

20-10 • Sensitivity Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To perform an EO sensitivity analysis:
1 Create an EO sensitivity object.
2 Specify the independent and dependent EO variables.
3 Select optional specifications, such as:
• An objective function
• Evaluate the Jacobian
• Force variable specifications
4 Calculate the sensitivity between the variables and view the
results.
Creating an EO To create an EO sensitivity object:
Sensitivity Object 1 From the menu bar, click Data | EO Configuration | EO
Sensitivity.
2 In the Object manager, click New.
3 In the Create new ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default, and click OK.
Configuring the Set of EO To perform EO sensitivity, you must specify a set of independent
Variables and dependent equation-oriented (EO) variables, whose
relationships in the flowsheet you are studying. For example, the
variables could be controller inputs and outputs for validating
controller gains or degree-of-freedom variables to see their impact
on the objective function.
Use the Configuration sheet to specify the set of independent and
dependent EO variables.
Note: Before you can access EO variables, you must synchronize
the model for the Equation Oriented (EO) solution strategy.
To specify the set of EO variables on the EO Sensitivity
Configuration sheet:
• Click anywhere in the Independent or Dependent variable field
and click . Use the EO Variables dialog box to select the
desired variables.
• Copy and paste variable names from any EO variables form.
• Type the EO variable name in the field.
Selecting an Objective Specifying an objective function can be useful for observing the
Function economic impact of your independent variables. For an
independent variable at a bound, the sensitivity of the objective
function with respect to the independent variable is equal to the
shadow price of the variable, which may be observed in the EO
Variable grid at the optimization solution.
To select an objective function for the EO sensitivity analysis:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Sensitivity • 20-11

 • On the EO Sensitivity Configure sheet, select the objective
function from the list or create a new objective function for the
analysis.
Evaluating the Jacobian EO sensitivity uses the current value of the Jacobian (derivative
matrix) to calculate the sensitivity. It does not need to recompute
the model solution. However, you may want the system to evaluate
the Jacobian each time the sensitivity analysis is performed. This
insures that the Jacobian is up-to-date when the sensitivity analysis
is performed.
For very large problems, this may be too time consuming, but you
must insure that a Jacobian is available, either from a previous EO
solution or from manually evaluating the Jacobian matrix by
entering EVALUATE JACOBIAN at the command line in the
Control Panel.
To evaluate the Jacobian before sensitivity analysis is performed:
• On the EO Sensitivity Configure sheet, click the checkbox next
to "Evaluate Jacobian."
Forcing Variable Optionally, you can force the variable specifications for the
Specifications selected set of EO variables. You would need to do this if the
problem is not specified the way you want to perform the
sensitivity.
For example, the problem is set to calculate the outlet temperature
of a block at a fixed vapor fraction, but you want the derivative of
the vapor fraction with respect the temperature. In this case, select
the temperature as the independent variable and the vapor fraction
as dependent and check the "Force variable specifications"
checkbox. This swaps the specifications for these variables before
the sensitivity analysis is performed.
It is important that you understand what is going on with these
specification swaps since the system does not trap errors in these
spec swaps. You can always set up spec groups to do the spec
swaps and only enable them when you need sensitivities. This will
ensure that all swaps are valid and square.
To force variable specifications:
• On the EO Sensitivity Configure sheet, click the checkbox next
to "Force variable specifications."
Calculating EO After you specify the set of independent and dependent equation-
Sensitivity and oriented variables and select any optional specifications, calculate
Viewing Results the sensitivity between the variables and view the results.
To calculate EO sensitivity and view the results:
1 On the Control Panel, make sure the solution strategy is
Equation Oriented.

20-12 • Sensitivity Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 Click the Execute Sensitivity Analysis button and select
the Sensitivity object you want to evaluate.
3 On the EO Sensitivity form of the selected object, display the
Results sheet and click the Calculate Sensitivity button.
4 The results of the sensitivity analysis are displayed on the
Results sheet.
For example:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Sensitivity • 20-13

20-14 • Sensitivity Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 21

Design Specifications: Feedback

Control

This chapter provides information about:

• Sequential-modular design specifications
• Equation-oriented specification groups

SM Design Specs
Use design specifications as feedback controllers in your
simulation. This section describes:
• What are design specifications?
• Creating design specifications
• Specifying targeted variables
• Specifying manipulated variables
• Optional Fortran statements

About Design Specifications

A design specification sets the value of a variable that Aspen Plus
would otherwise calculate. For example, you may want to specify a
product stream purity or the permissible amount of an impurity in a
recycle stream. For each design specification, you identify a block
input variable, process feed stream variable, or other simulation
input to be manipulated (adjusted) to meet the specification. For
example, you might manipulate a purge rate to control the level of
impurities in a recycle stream. Design specifications can be used to
simulate the steady state effect of a feedback controller.
When you use a design specification, you specify a desired value
for a flowsheet variable or some function of flowsheet variables.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-1
 The flowsheet variables used in a design specification are called
sampled variables. For each design specification, you must also
select a block input variable or process feed stream variable to be
adjusted to satisfy the design specification. This variable is called
the manipulated variable.
The design specification achieves its objective by manipulating an
input variable specified by the user. Quantities that are calculated
during the simulation should not be varied directly. For example,
the stream flow rate of a recycle stream cannot be varied; however,
the split fraction of an FSplit block where the recycle stream is an
outlet can be varied. A design specification can only manipulate
the value of one input variable.
Design specifications create loops that must be solved iteratively.
By default Aspen Plus generates and sequences a convergence
block for each design specification. You can override the default
by entering your own convergence specifications.
The value of the manipulated variable that is provided in the
Stream or Block input is used as the initial estimate. Providing a
good estimate for the manipulated variable will help the design
specification converge in fewer iterations. This is especially
important for large flowsheets with several interrelated design
specifications.
The objective of the specification is that it equals the calculated
value (Specified Value - Calculated Value = 0). The specification
can be any valid Fortran expression involving one or more
flowsheet quantities. Specifications must also have a tolerance
within which the objective function relation must be satisfied.
Therefore, the actual equation that must be satisfied is
| Specified Value - Calculated Value | < Tolerance
There are no results associated directly with a specification other
than whether the objective function equation was satisfied or not.
The final value of the manipulated an/or sampled variables can be
viewed directly on the appropriate Stream or Block results sheets.
The summary and iteration history of the Convergence block can
be found by selecting the Results sheet of the appropriate
Convergence block.

Defining a Design Specification

There are five steps involved in defining a design specification:
1 Creating the design specification
2 Identifying the sampled flowsheet variables used in the
specification.

21-2 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 3 Specifying the target value for a sampled variable or some
function of sampled variables and a tolerance.
4 Identifying a simulation input variable to be adjusted to
achieve the target value, and specifying the limits within which
it can be adjusted.
5 Entering optional Fortran statements.
Creating a Design To create a design specification:
Specification 1 From the Data menu, point to Flowsheeting Options, then
Design Specs.
In the Design Specification Object Manager, click New.
2 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default, and click OK.
Click the Browse buttons and complete the required sheets.
Identifying Sampled Use the Flowsheeting Options Design Spec Define sheet to
Flowsheet Variables identify the flowsheet variables used in the design specification
and assign them variable names. The variable name identifies the
flowsheet variable on other design specification sheets.
Use the Define sheet to identify a flowsheet variable and assign it a
variable name. When completing a Define sheet, specify the
variables on the Variable Definition dialog box. The Define sheet
shows a concise summary of all the accessed variables, but you
cannot modify the variables on the Define sheet.
On the Define sheet:
1 To create a new variable, click the New button.
or
To edit an existing variable, select a variable and click the Edit
button.
2 Type the name of the variable in the Variable Name field. If
you are editing an existing variable and want to change the
variable name, click the right mouse button on the Variable
Name field. On the popup menu, click Rename. A variable
name must:
• Be six characters or less for a scalar variable
• Be five characters or less for a vector variable
• Start with an alphabetic character (A – Z)
• Have subsequent alphanumeric characters (A – Z, 0 – 9)
• Not begin with IZ or ZZ
3 In the Category frame, use the option button to select the
variable category.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-3
 4 In the Reference frame, select the variable type from the list in
the Type field.
Aspen Plus displays the other fields necessary to complete the
variable definition.
5 In Design Specs, you can specify additional options used in EO
calculations:
• You can specify the EO variable which is connected to this
calculator variable. If you do not specify this name, it will
be filled in automatically, if possible, when you switch to
the EO solution strategy. See EO Usage Notes for Design
Spec.
• You can specify the description of the EO variable in the
calculator block. The EO variable names of design spec
block variables will be blkid.BLK.description, where blkid
is the name of the design spec block and description is the
description provided. If you do not provide a description,
Aspen Plus will assign a unique name to the variable based
on its type.
6 Click Close to return to the Define sheet.
See Accessing Flowsheet Variables for more information on
accessing variables.
Tip: Use the Delete button to quickly delete a variable and all of
the fields used to define it.
Use the Edit button to modify the definition of a variable in the
Variable Definition dialog box.
Entering the Design To enter the design specification:
Specification 1 On the Design Spec form, click the Spec sheet.
2 In the Spec field, enter the target variable or Fortran
expression.
3 In the Target field, specify the target value as a constant or
Fortran expression.
4 In the Tolerance field, enter the specification tolerance as a
constant or Fortran expression.
The design specification is:
Spec expression = Target expression
The design specification is converged when:
– Tolerance < Spec expression – Target expression < Tolerance
If you need to enter more complex Fortran than can be handled in a
single expression, you can enter additional Fortran statements. See
Entering Optional Fortran Statements.

21-4 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Tip: To ensure that you enter accurate variable names, click the
right mouse button on the Spec, Target, or Tolerance field. In the
popup menu, click Variable List. The Defined Variable List
window appears. You can drag and drop the variables from the
Defined Variable List to the Spec sheet.
Identifying the Use the Vary sheet to identify the manipulated variable and specify
Manipulated Variable its limits. The limits for manipulated variables can be constants or
functions of flowsheet variables.
To identify the manipulated variable and specify limits:
1 On the Design Spec form, click the Vary sheet
2 In the Type field, select a variable type.
Aspen Plus takes you to the remaining fields necessary to
uniquely identify the flowsheet variable.
3 In the Lower field, enter a constant or Fortran expression as the
lower limit for the manipulated variable.
4 In the Upper field, enter a constant or Fortran expression as the
upper limit for the manipulated variable.
You must have already entered the manipulated variable as an
input specification, or it must have a default value. The initial
guess used for the manipulated variable is this specification or the
default. You cannot manipulate integer block input variables, such
as the feed location of a distillation column.
If the design specification cannot be met because the solution is
outside the limit range, Aspen Plus chooses the limit that most
closely meets the specification.
You can also specify an EO variable name and description which
is connected to this calculator variable. If you do not specify this
name, it will be filled in automatically, if possible, when you
switch to the EO solution strategy. See EO Usage Notes for Design
Spec.
Entering Optional You have the option of entering any Fortran statements needed to
Fortran Statements compute the design specification terms or manipulated variable
limits. Any variable that is computed by the Fortran statements can
be used in the expressions on the Spec and Vary sheets. Fortran
statements are needed only if the functions involved are too
complex to enter on the Spec and Vary sheets.
You can enter Fortran statements:
• On the Fortran sheet
• In your text editor (for example, Notepad), and then copy and
paste them onto the Fortran sheet

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-5
 Enter Fortran declarations in the same way as executable Fortran
statements, using the Declarations sheet instead of the Fortran
sheet.
You can include any Fortran declarations in a Design Spec block,
such as:
• Include statements
• COMMON definitions
• DIMENSION definitions
• Data type definitions (INTEGER and REAL)
If a Fortran variable meets one of these criteria, you should place it
in a COMMON:
• It is also used by another block.
• Its value must be retained from one iteration of a block to
another.
Fortran variables that you defined on the Specification sheet
should not be declared on the Declarations sheet.
Using the Fortran To enter executable Fortran statements on the Fortran sheet:
Sheet 1 On the Design Spec form, click the Fortran sheet.
2 Use Help to review rules and restrictions for in-line Fortran.
3 Enter your Fortran statements.
To ensure that you enter accurate variable names, click the
right mouse button. In the popup menu, click Variable List.
The Defined Variable List window appears. You can drag and
drop the variables from the Defined Variable List to the Fortran
sheet.

Troubleshooting Design
Specifications
If the objective function was not satisfied, there are a number of
options to consider:
• Check to see that the manipulated variable is not at its lower or
upper bound.
• Verify that a solution exists within the bounds specified for the
manipulated variable, perhaps by performing a sensitivity
analysis.
• Check to ensure that the manipulated variable does indeed
affect the value of the sampled variable.
• Try providing a better starting estimate for the value of the
manipulated variable.

21-6 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • Narrowing the bounds of the manipulated variable or loosening
the tolerance on the objective function might help convergence.
• Try changing the characteristics of the Convergence block
associated with the design specification (step size, number of
iterations, etc.)
• Make sure that the objective function does not have a flat
region within the range of the manipulated variable.
Example for Feedback Manipulate the temperature of RGibbs block REACT to control
Control of Reactor the selectivity of component ESTER versus ETOH at a value of
Selectivity 2.50 ± 0.01. This example assumes that temperature was specified
for block REACT on the RGibbs Setup Specification sheet. The
RGibbs specification becomes the initial estimate for the design
specification.
• The molar flow rate of ESTER and of ETOH in stream PROD
are the sample variables. These variables are called FESTER
and FALC, respectively.
• The design specification is FESTER/FALC = 2.50.
• The design specification is satisfied when |FESTER/FALC -
2.50| < 0.01.
• Fortran expressions such as FESTER/FALC can be used in any
part of the specification expression: the spec, the target or the
tolerance.
• The reactor temperature is the manipulated variable. The
design specification convergence block will find the reactor
temperature that makes FESTER/FALC=2.5.
• The temperature is specified in the reactor block just as if there
were no design specification. The specified value is the initial
estimate used by the design specification convergence block.
• The design specification convergence block will not try a
temperature less than 50F or greater than 150F, even if the
solution to the objective function lies outside this range. The
limits become alternative specifications if the design
specification cannot be achieved. The initial estimate entered in
the reactor block lies within these limits.
• You do not have to specify convergence of the design
specification. Aspen Plus will automatically generate a
convergence block to converge the specification.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-7
21-8 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-9
 Example for Design A design specification designates that the inlet and outlet entropies
Specification with of a Heater block HX1 are equal. The temperature of HX1 is
Variable Tolerance and chosen as the manipulated variable. Temperature limits cannot be
Limits set a priori, but it is known that the isentropic temperature will be
within 75oF of the inlet temperature. The tolerance for the
specification is a function of the entropy.
• The inlet and outlet entropy and the inlet temperature of the
block HX1 are the sample variables. The entropy of the inlet
stream HX1-IN is called SIN. The outlet entropy of the outlet
stream HX1-OUT is called SOUT. The temperature of stream
HX1-IN is called TIN.
• The design specification sets the inlet entropy SOUT equal to
the inlet entropy SIN.
• The tolerance is specified as the variable TOL. TOL is
specified as 0.0001 times the absolute value of the entropy of
the inlet stream SIN on the Design Spec Fortran sheet.
• The design specification is satisfied when |SOUT - SIN| <
TOL.
• The temperature is specified in the Heater block just as if there
were no design specification. The specified value is the initial
estimate used by the design specification convergence block.
• The design specification convergence block will not try a
temperature less than the inlet temperature TIN - 75F or greater
than TIN + 75F, even if the solution to the objective function
lies outside this range. The limits become alternative
specifications if the design specification cannot be achieved.
The initial estimate entered in the reactor block lies within
these limits.

21-10 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • You do not have to specify convergence of the design
specification. Aspen Plus will automatically generate a
convergence block to converge the specification.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-11
21-12 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-13
 Example for Adjusting the The heat of reaction for the hydrogenation of ethylene is known to
Standard Enthalpy of be -32700 cal/mol at 298 K. Aspen Plus predicts a value of -32570.
Formation to Achieve a Since it is possible to access physical property parameters (see
Desired Heat of Reaction Chapter 19, Accessing Variables), a design specification is used to
adjust the Standard Enthalpy of Formation to achieve the desired
heat of reaction.
In Aspen Plus, the heat of reaction is calculated as the difference in
enthalpy of the pure components. Since the Standard Enthalpy of
Formation (pure component parameter DHFORM) is used to
calculate vapor and liquid enthalpies, adjusting DHFORM will
similarly adjust the heat of reaction.

21-14 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-15
 EO Usage Notes for Design Spec
Design Specs run in EO mode only via the Perturbation layer. By
default, Design-Specs are enabled in EO. To disable a Design-Spec
in EO, on its Input | EO Options sheet set the Solution method to
Ignore block during EO solution. You can also disable them
globally by setting Solution method for Design-Spec to Neither;
ignore block during EO solution on the EO Configuration | EO
Options | Model Type sheet, but the specification for an
individual block takes precedence.
Vector variable specifications in Design-Specs are not supported in
EO.

Connecting Design Spec Variables in EO Mode

Defined variable specifications are converted into EO connection
equations between accessed variables and the Design Spec
variables. The EO variables for variables defined on the Define
sheet will have specification Constant. The EO variables for
variables manipulated on the Vary sheet and internal variables will
have specification Calculated. Usually the Constant or Calculated
specification corresponds to whether the variable was specified in
the SM model, though operations such as Spec Groups can change
this.
Also note that the EO model has separate variables for each basis
for values that can be specified in different bases. All these
variables are available to be read, but you can only write values to
one set of these variables, ones with Constant specifications. For
example, suppose you vary the total mass flow of a stream in the

21-16 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Design Spec. In order for this to work in EO, you must have
specified the mass flow of the stream in SM, or else use a Spec
Group to make the total mass flow variable Constant.
Aspen Plus can now automatically convert all SM block and
stream variables to corresponding EO variables for features that
exist in the EO formulation. Aspen Plus automatically generates
the connection equations for these variables; you do not have to
create them yourself. If you have created such connections as user
connections in Aspen Plus 11.1, you should delete them now.
Otherwise, your system will have inactive connections and will not
run.
For defined variables, the Design Spec variable will be the
destination and the block variable will be the source in the EO
Connection. For manipulated variables, the block variable will be
the destination and the Design Spec variable will be the source.

Adjusting Design-Spec Targets in EO

Sometimes you may want to adjust the target value of a Design-
Spec during a simulation. In order to do this in EO, you should
define a local parameter variable and specify it as the Target,
instead of a constant value. Set the initial value of this variable to
the value used for SM, then modify the value of this variable to
adjust the target of the Design-Spec in EO.

EO Spec Groups
EO spec groups are essential features in equation-oriented
modeling. A Spec Group allows the user to change the
specification of the problem to answer the question that the
simulation is designed to solve. It is analogous to the spec and vary
of a Design Spec in SM simulation. The main difference is that
while an SM spec and vary requires an additional convergence
loop to solve (guess the value of the vary; calculate the spec; refine
the guess of the vary; repeat), a spec group changes the
specification of variables directly and the solver uses this
specification instead of the original specification to solve.

Examples
An SM flowsheet might change specifications for a distillation
column from "rating mode" to "design mode". That is, spec the top
and bottom composition and vary the reflux and distillate. To do
this in EO, set up a spec group that frees the reflux and distillate
(change the specification to "Calculated") and fixes the top and

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-17
 bottom composition (Changes the specifications to Constant,
Optimized, or Independent).
Another example that is more difficult to do in SM would be to fix
the outlet conditions of a flowsheet and calculate the required feed.
For example you may know (or be controlling) the outlet pressure
of a stream and want to calculate the pressure of the feed. There
may be compressors, flash drums, distillation columns and valves
along the way that would make it difficult to predict the pressure
drops along the way. In EO, you start with an SM specification that
predicts the outlet pressure of each unit operation as a function of
the inlet pressure and the operating conditions of the equipment.
Then you build a spec group that fixes the outlet pressure (makes it
constant) and frees the inlet pressure (makes it calculated). You are
then free to change the outlet pressure to any value that does not
cause impossible operation on any of the equipment in between.
Choosing Variables The important things to consider when making a spec group are:
for a Spec Group • The specifications of the variables
• The physical (mathematical) relationship between the variables
In a typical spec group you will make one calculated variable
constant and one constant variable calculated. This is important
(and required) to keep the math well specified. (It is possible to
make more complex spec groups since you can also add degrees of
freedom.)
It is also important that the variables in a spec group have a
significant relationship between them. If, for example, changing
the temperature of a stream has no effect on the pressure, you can
not arbitrarily fix the pressure and calculate the temperature.
One way of ensuring that variables are related is to perform EO
sensitivity on the variable pairs. If you solve a base case (in EO)
and then specify the variables you want to be calculated (but are
now constant) as independent variables and the variables you wish
to make constant (but are now calculated) as dependent variables
in the EO sensitivity, you can directly see the relationship between
the variables.
If the derivative (gain) of a pair is zero or very small, then there is
little relationship between the variables. If you were to make a spec
group between variables with a zero gain, the EO system of
equations would become singular and the solver would not
converge to a useful answer. If the gain were small but not zero,
then after the spec group was applied, small changes in the
constant variable would cause large changes in the calculated
variable.

21-18 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 For example, consider a nearly pure component in a flash at
constant pressure. Changing the vapor fraction has little effect on
the temperature. Fixing the temperature and calculating the vapor
fraction would allow small errors in the temperature to cause large
changes in the vapor fraction.
Creating a Spec To create a spec group:
Group 1 Enter a name for the spec group on the Spec Groups form.
2 Select the spec group and click Edit.
3 In the Define Spec Groups dialog box, enter a description for
the spec group, select the variables, and select their
specifications.
4 Click Close to close the dialog box.
You can use the Spec Groups form in the top-level EO
Configuration form (for spec groups which can span across an
entire flowsheet), the form in a Hierarchy block (for spec groups
limited to variables of that Hierarchy block or blocks and streams
under it), or the form in a single block (for spec groups limited to
variables of that block).
Spec groups are processed in the order that they appear on each
Spec Groups form. Spec Groups within blocks are processed
before Spec Groups in the hierarchy blocks containing them, and
those are processed before the top level EO Configuration form.
When the same variable appears in more than one Spec Group, the
last specification processed for that variable overrides others.
On the Spec Groups form, the Enabled checkbox for each spec
group determines whether that spec group will be applied when
you run the problem. Clear this checkbox to temporarily remove a
Spec Group from your problem.
Modifying a Spec Group To modify a Spec Group, select it on the Spec Groups form and
click Edit. Add a variable to the spec group by specifying its name
in the Variable field of an empty row. To remove a variable from a
spec group, select it in the Define Spec Groups dialog box, click
the right mouse button, then click Delete Row.
Defining Specifications To define specifications for variables in a spec group, choose a
for Variables specification in the User spec field on the Define Spec Groups
dialog box.

Examples
A controller controls the outlet temperature of a reactor by
adjusting the flow of cooling water (using a valve that is not
modeled in the simulation). In the SM flowsheet, the cooling water

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Design Specifications: Feedback Control • 21-19
 flow rate is fixed and the reactor outlet temperature is calculated.
This is a "rating mode" type of specification.
To simulate the control system, make a spec group to calculate the
required cooling water flow for a fixed temperature. In the spec
group, fix the outlet temperature by making its specification
Constant.
If this temperature setpoint is important to the economics of the
plant, you may want to optimize it in an EO optimization run. To
do so, set its specification to Optimized.
If there is some error in the measurement, to use the redundancy of
several measurements to determine the most likely actual
operation, perform an EO reconciliation run. To include this
temperature in the data reconciliation problem, make the
specification Reconciled.
If this temperature were to fall into both the category of a
Reconciled variable as well as an Optimized variable, use the
specification Independent. In this case the variable would be a
degree of freedom in both the Reconciliation mode and the
Optimization mode.
Specifying Values for After you have set the specifications for the variables in a spec
Fixed Variables group, any variables that are now Fixed need specified values.
Specify these values on the on the EO Input forms at the level of
the block, hierarchy, or plant. You can specify the variables on any
EO Input form where they are accessible, but usually they should
be specified at the same level as the spec group.
EO Input forms within blocks are processed before the forms in the
hierarchy blocks containing them, and those are processed before
the top level EO Configuration form. When the same variable
appears in more than one EO Input form, the last value set for that
variable overrides others.
In an online application, variables may get new values from the on-
line database. This is configured in Aspen Plus OnLine.

21-20 • Design Specifications: Feedback Control Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 22

Equation-Oriented Simulation

EO works well when all variables are "near" the solution.

However, EO is not suited to solving a simulation without good
estimates for all variables. Thus, before you solve your flowsheet
in EO, you must initialize it in SM.
SM initialization does not require a completely converged SM
solution. The minimum requirement is that each block be solved
once. How tightly the SM flowsheet must be solved to ensure a
robust EO formulation is problem-dependent.
This section contains information about the following topics:
• The Four Equation-Oriented (EO) Run Modes
• Fixed, free, and degree-of-freedom variables
• Net specification
• EO variable specifications
• EO objective functions
• Selecting degree-of-freedom variables
• Other EO Variable Attributes
• Parameter Estimation Versus Reconciliation
• EO Flashes
• Measurements
• Configuring Specifications for Measurements
• Measurements that Pass Information to the Model
• Measurements that Report Information from the Model
• Measurements that Pass Information Differently in Different
Modes
• Troubleshooting

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-1

 The Four Equation-Oriented (EO) Run
Modes
Aspen Plus EO run modes enable users to rapidly develop plant
models using open-form model equations. Open-form (equation-
oriented) plant models permit the same model to be used for
several different types of applications:
• EO Simulation calculates plant operation for a given set of
specifications. For example, for a given feed (or product) and
operating parameters, compute the products (or a feed).
• EO Parameter Estimation computes values of the model
parameters for given operating conditions. For instance,
computation of heat transfer coefficients in a heat exchanger
train is an example of parameter estimation. The solution to the
parameter estimation mode problem is typically the starting
point for the reconciliation or optimization mode.
• EO Reconciliation performs data reconciliation to determine
those values of the model variables that minimize deviations
between plant measurements and the values determined by the
model equations. The objective function in this mode is usually
a least squares minimization. This mode may have many
degrees of freedom.
• EO Optimization manipulates a subset of simulation variables
related to plant operating conditions to maximize profit. This
mode has degrees of freedom where an objective function such
as cost or profit is being minimized or maximized.
Both the EO Optimization and EO Reconciliation modes have
independent variables or degrees of freedom that are manipulated
by the solution engine to minimize or maximize an objective
function.
EO Simulation Run This mode has no degrees of freedom. It can be set up as a rating
Mode or design mode. If fact, model specifications are much more
flexible in EO than they are in SM. The Simulation mode is
usually set up as a square version of the Optimization mode. That
is, it will solve the problem for fixed values of the degree-of-
freedom variables without the need for an objective function to
drive the solution.
The first step in developing a general plant model is to prepare and
solve (or partly solve) a conventional SM model using the standard
SM strategy. After solving the problem with an SM simulation,
switch to the EO strategy and solve the problem in the Simulation
mode. The SM simulation provides an initial starting point for the
EO calculations and eliminates the need to provide initial guesses
for the open-form model.

22-2 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 EO Optimization Run The EO Optimization run mode is used when an objective function
Mode such as profit is being maximized or when an objective function
such as cost is being minimized. Because this mode involves the
manipulation of plant operating conditions to optimize an objective
function, it has degrees of freedom. Parameters determined during
an EO Parameter Estimation mode or an EO Reconciliation mode
are fixed.
EO Parameter As in the EO Simulation mode, the EO Parameter Estimation run
Estimation Run Mode mode is a square problem. But in the EO Parameter Estimation
mode, inputs and certain outputs are fixed and model parameters
are computed. The EO Parameter Estimation mode is a model
tuning mode. The solution to an EO Parameter Estimation problem
is typically the starting point for EO Reconciliation or EO
Optimization problem.
EO Reconciliation The EO Reconciliation mode is used for model tuning, so that the
Run Mode model will more closely resemble real-world conditions by making
the model specifications more closely correspond to actual plant
measurements.
The EO Reconciliation mode typically minimizes a least-squares
objective function representing the deviation between model
predictions and plant measurements. This mode may have many
degrees of freedom.

Fixed, Free, and DOF Variables

Each EO variable is always in one of three states: Fixed, Free, or
Degree of Freedom. The state is based on the variable specification
and the Run Mode.
Status Description
Fixed The solver cannot adjust the variable value. It is a
fixed input.
Free The solver calculates the variable value. Any value
you enter before the solution begins is used as a
starting guess.
Degree of Freedom The solver is free to move the variable to adjust the
(DOF) objective function.
The degrees of freedom in a problem are defined as:
DOF = NVAR − NFIX − NEQN
Where:
DOF = Degrees of freedom
NVAR = Number of variables
NFIX = Number of fixed variables
NEQN = Number of equations

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-3

 If a problem has zero degrees of freedom, then the problem is
square and there is, in general, only one solution. If the problem
has more than zero degrees of freedom, then the problem has many
solutions. In this case, the degrees of freedom may be used to
minimize an objective function.
If the problem has less than zero degrees of freedom, then the
problem is overspecified and there is no solution.

Net Specification
The net specification of a problem is defined as:
NSPEC = NVAR − NEQN − NFIX – NDOF
Where:
NSPEC Net specification
NVAR Number of variables
NEQN Number of equations
NFIX Number of fixed variables
NDOF Number of degree-of-freedom variables
If the net specification is zero and there are no degree-of-freedom
variables, then the problem is square, and solution can be
attempted by nonlinear equation solvers. If there are degree-of-
freedom variables, they may be used to minimize or maximize an
objective function.
When Aspen Plus initializes EO from an SM simulation, the
problem from SM is square and all the variable specifications are
either Constant or Calculated. The variables that are Constant are
determined by the quantities specified in the input forms.
In both SM and EO, it is often desirable to change which variables
are Constant and which are Calculated. In SM, this is often done
with a Design-Spec. Adding a Design-Spec often introduces an
additional convergence loop to the SM simulation.
In EO, the variable specifications can be changed directly on the
input forms. This is done through Spec Groups. Spec Groups
require that the net specification remains unchanged within the
Spec Group to ensure that the problem remains well defined.
Degrees of freedom for optimization may be created by making a
Constant variable Reconciled, Optimized, or Independent. These
specifications will create degrees of freedom in the Reconciliation
or Optimization modes. The Simulation and Parameter Estimation
modes are square.

22-4 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 If the net specification is greater than zero, then the problem is
underspecified and has many solutions. If the net specification is
less than zero, then the problem is overspecified and there is no
solution. If an attempt is made to solve an EO simulation that is
underspecified (if using DMO) or overspecified, Aspen Plus will
issue an error message to the Control Panel, and will not attempt to
solve the simulation. Since EO simulations are square when they
are initialized from SM, the underspecification or overspecification
must have been caused by user changes to variable specifications.
Note: LSSQP can solve underspecified problems.

EO Variable Specifications
The fundamental difference between the run modes is how the
variables are treated. Variables may be fixed, free or degree of
freedom.
This is referred to as the variable specification. You select how a
variable is to be treated for each mode by changing the variable
specification from among the seven possible specifications. The
variable specification is an attribute of the variable.
The Aspen Plus models define default specifications for all
variables, so you need to enter specifications only for the variables
you wish to change.
Specifications cannot be set arbitrarily, but must obey rules
imposed by degrees of freedom. The specification is a one-word
description of the variable's status in each mode. A summary of the
allowable specifications follows:
Variable Mode
Specification

Simulation Parameter Reconciliation Optimization

Estimation
Calculated Free Free Free Free
Constant Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed
Measured Free Fixed Fixed Free
Parameterized Fixed Free Free Fixed
Optimized Fixed Fixed Fixed Degree of Freedom
Reconciled Fixed Fixed Degree of FreedomFixed
Independent Fixed Fixed Degree of FreedomDegree of Freedom

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-5

 EO Objective Functions
The objective function is an equation that is used in EO
reconciliation and optimization modes to determine how to
manipulate the degrees of freedom in a problem. You may have
more than one objective function in a problem, but only one is
used by the engine during the solution. Aspen Plus has three
different kinds of EO objective functions.
Use this type To create this type of objective function
Custom A user-defined objective function. For example,
variable1 * 0.5 {$/kg} – sqrt(variable2) * 0.1{$/kg}
Linear The sum of variable values times costs.
Sum-of-squares The sum of squared weighted variable deviations.
Define the objective function on the EO Configuration Objective
sheet.
The objective function has the following attributes:
Attribute Description
Name The name of the objective function, 8 characters
maximum
Direction Direction for the optimization. This is either
MAXIMIZE or MINIMIZE and is set by the user.
Normally, profit objective functions are maximized
and reconciliation objective functions are
minimized.
Value The value of the objective function.
Initial Value The initial value of the objective function. This
value is set just before the command is made to
solve the problem.
Scale Objective function scale factor. This is a scale factor
used internally by Aspen Plus during the solution
phase.
Units Units of measure; 20 characters maximum.
Defining an EO 1 From the Data Browser, select the EO Configuration folder,
Objective Function and then select the Objective folder.
The EO Configuration Objective Object Manager appears:
2 On the Objective Object Manager click Add to add a new
objective function.
The Create new ID dialog box appears.
3 Specify a name and choose one of the three types of objective
function.

22-6 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 4 In the Select type field, click and select the type of
objective function (Custom, Linear, or Sum of Squares) you
wish to use.
The Create new ID dialog box is complete.
5 Click OK.
The EO Configuration Objective Setup sheet for the new
objective function appears.
6 Choose whether the objective function should be minimized or
maximized. You may also specify units and a scale factor for
the objective function.
The other specifications are different for each type of objective
function.
• For a Custom objective function, enter an expression that
defines the objective function, in terms of EO variable names
or aliases and standard mathematical operators and functions.
• For a Linear objective function, for each term enter a name; an
EO variable name, alias, or objective function; a cost factor;
and optionally units for the cost.
• For a Sum-of-squares objective function, for each term enter a
name; an EO variable name, alias, or objective function; the
mean value of the term; and the standard deviation of the
offset. Optionally, enter a physical type and units for the term.
For Linear and Sum-of-squares objective functions, you can clear
the Enabled checkbox for any term to remove it from the
calculation of the objective function without removing it from the
form.
To specify variable names in Linear and Sum-of-squares objective
functions, you can click to use the EO Variables dialog box to
choose a variable, or copy and paste variable names from any EO
variables form.
Setting an EO From the Data Browser, select the Objective folder to open the
Objective Function Objective Object Manager.
for a Run
In the Optimization field, click and select the id of the
objective function. This will set the objective function used by the
solver when the problem is run in Reconciliation or Optimization
mode.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-7

 Selecting Degree-of-Freedom
Variables
You can define the variables that will be degrees of freedom
during Reconciliation and Optimization mode runs.
Set the Variable to To be Degree of Freedom in
Optimized Optimization mode
Reconciled Reconciliation mode
Independent Reconciliation and Optimization
modes

Other EO Variable Attributes

In addition to the specification, variables have other attributes that
may be set through the EO input forms:
From the Data Browser, select the EO Configuration folder, then
select EO Input.
The EO Configuration EO Input sheet appears.
You may specify values for the attributes of the variables as listed
below:
Attribute Description
Value The initial value of the variable. If the variable is free during the select mode, the
solution engine may change the value.
Lower Bound The minimum allowable value of the variable.
Upper Bound The maximum allowable value of the variable.
Step Bound A rate of change limit on the variable. This represents the maximum amount by which
a variable may change during a solution. The solution engine uses the most restrictive
of the Lower, Upper, and Step bounds.
Physical Type The physical type of the variable. This field is required to change the UOM.
UOM The units of measure of the variable. The default UOM is the units selected for the
Aspen simulation. This may be changed to any Aspen Plus unit valid for the
variable's physical type specified by the Physical Type attribute.
Bound Type Bound type for the variable.
Hard (the default):indicates that the bound will be respected at all times.
Relaxed: indicates that the bound may be relaxed, that is, moved to the current
variable value, if violated at the start of the solution.
Soft: indicates that any violation of the bound is multiplied by the soft bound weight
and added to the objective function.
Soft Bound Weighting factor used when the Bound Type is Soft.
Weight
Scale Multiplicative scale factor used by the solver.

22-8 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Although the upper and lower bounds may be specified for all
variables, they are not always enforced. Whether or not the
bounds are enforced (and if so, how they are enforced) depends on
the mode and choice of convergence algorithm. A detailed
discussion of the EO convergence algorithms and their treatment
of bounds in the various modes is beyond the scope of on-line
help. For more information, refer to the Equation Oriented
Modeling Reference Manual.

Parameter Estimation Versus

Reconciliation
The purpose of parameter estimation and reconciliation is to adjust
the model to match the plant data prior to optimization. This helps
to ensure proper modeling of the plant and thus provides more
accurate solutions to the optimization problem.
In parameter estimation, certain measurements are selected to
update the model. As many measurements are used as there are
available model parameters. This problem is normally square and
has no objective function.
In reconciliation, all available measurements are included in the
problem. Degrees of freedom are created that include both
operating conditions and model parameters. Thus, reconciliation
has many degrees of freedom. An objective function is created that
consists of the sum of the squared measurement errors:
2
 plant − model 
∑  σ


where
plant Value of the plant measurement
model Value of the model prediction of the measurement
σ Standard deviation of the measurement
The standard deviation is used to tune the reconciliation. Reliable
measurements are given small standard deviations; unreliable
measurements are given large standard deviations. This allows for
small offsets between the plant and model variables for the reliable
measurements and large offsets for the unreliable measurements.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-9

 EO Flashes
The equation-oriented (EO) strategy creates flashes as necessary
for block outlet streams based upon the block phase declaration as
follows:
Phase(s) EO Flash Type
Vapor-only No flash
Liquid-only No flash
Solid-only Not supported
Vapor-liquid Two-phase
Vapor-liquid-liquid Three-phase
Liquid-freewater Two-phase-free water
Vapor-liquid-freewater Two-phase free water
Note that a phase specification of Liquid-freewater will create a
two-phase-free water flash.
Flashes may also be created for inlet streams under these
circumstances:
• Heater, RStoic, and RYield blocks with more than one inlet
stream
• Non-single-phase Pump and Compr blocks with more than one
inlet stream
The creation of this flash may be controlled with the EO option
Inlet Phase.
The flash consists of a full stream for each phase as well as other
variables. Each stream consists of the following variables:
• Mole flow
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Enthalpy
• Molar volume
• Component mole fractions
Since there is considerable overhead associated with a flash, it is
recommended that the number of flashes be minimized to improve
performance.
EO Options for The following EO options apply to the flash. As with all EO
Flashes options, they may be specified globally, for a specific hierarchy
level, for a specific block type, or for a specific block.
Flash formulation: Specifies the formulation to use for the flash:
• PML: Uses special logic to allow the solver to cross the phase
boundary. The solutions at the dew and bubble points are exact.

22-10 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Does not support three-phase. Default for two-phase and two-
phase-free water flashes.
• Smoothing: Applies special smoothing functions to the phase
fractions. Is not exact near the phase boundaries. Supports two-
phase, two-phase-free water, and three-phase. Default for
three-phase flashes.
Sparsity components: A component group containing all the
components that have composition-dependent equilibrium
calculations. By default, all the components defined within the
range of the light key and heavy key are considered to be
composition dependent. By reducing this set further with this
option, the number of non-zeroes in the Jacobian is reduced, and
calculation efficiency improves. This applies only to a limited set
of physical property methods.
Light-key: The component that is the light key for separation
calculations. Any component lighter than the light key has a zero
composition in the liquid phase, a vapor fugacity of one, and a
liquid fugacity of ten. This option assumes that the components
have been defined in the order of decreasing volatility. The default
is the first component in the component list.
Heavy-key: The component that is the heavy key for separation
calculations. Any component heavier than the heavy key has a zero
composition in the vapor phase, a vapor fugacity of one, and a
liquid fugacity of zero. This option assumes that the components
have been defined in the order of decreasing volatility. The default
is the last component in the component list.
Sparsity: The composition dependency of equilibrium
calculations. Choose one of the following options:
• Equilibrium calculations are dependent on temperature,
pressure, and composition (default).
• Equilibrium calculations are dependent on temperature and
pressure only.
• Equilibrium calculations are dependent on temperature,
pressure, and composition for water only.
Water-only check: Specifies whether a block should check for a
pure water condition. When this condition is found, the component
list for the block is automatically reduced to only water. Free water
flashes are reduced to two-phase in this instance. Default is Yes.
Inlet phase: Condition of the mixed inlet for blocks with multiple
inlet streams. Determines whether the block will flash the inlet
stream.
• Vapor-only: No flash is performed.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-11

 • Liquid-only: No flash is performed.
• Mixed: Flash is performed on the mixed inlet using the block
phase declaration. (Default for Heater, RStoic, and RYield if
there is more than one inlet stream; default for Pump and
Compr if there is more than one inlet stream and the block is
not single-phase.)
L2-comp mode: In three-phase systems, the selection mode for the
L2-comp component (the component that must have a greater
composition in the second liquid than in the first). This improves
the robustness of the problem.
• Auto: Aspen Plus will pick a component automatically.
• None: Disables this feature. No L2-comp is chosen.
• CompID: Uses the component specified as L2-comp.
L2-comp: The component to use as the L2-comp in the EO flash,
if L2-comp mode is Compid.
VFracX-Tol: The smoothing tolerance for the extended vapor
fraction used in two-phase and two-phase-free-water flashes when
the flash formulation is Smoothing. Default value is 1E-5.
VFrac-Tol: The smoothing tolerance for the phase fractions used
when the flash formulation is Smoothing. Default value is 1E-3.
When this value is smaller, the flash is more accurate near the
phase boundaries, but the problem becomes more non-linear.
PML Flash The PML formulation utilizes an extended vapor fraction: if
greater than one, the system is superheated vapor; if less than zero,
the system is subcooled liquid. The magnitude of the value is a
measure of the degree of superheat/subcool. In these cases, the
mole fractions of the missing phase may not sum to unity.
Dew and bubble points may be specified by fixing the vapor
fraction variable at one and zero, respectively.
In systems with free water, a water fraction variable is created.
This may be less than zero, indicating that the water phase is not
present. If there is no water in the system, the water fraction is -
1.0. In systems where the water condenses before the hydrocarbon
phase, the vapor fraction will be greater than one when the
hydrocarbon phase is absent. The water stream created by this
flash has water as the only component.
Because of the structure of this formulation, it is not possible to
create certain specifications while in the single-phase region. For
example, it is not possible to fix the liquid mole flow while in a
superheated vapor condition. In this case, it is better to fix the
vapor fraction than the missing phase flow.

22-12 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 PML Two-Phase Flash Variables
Name Description
VAPOR_FRACTION Vapor fraction
VAP_MOLES Vapor stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
VAP_TEMP Vapor stream temperature (K)
VAP_PRES Vapor stream pressure (Pa)
VAP_ENTH Vapor stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
VAP_MVOL Vapor stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
VAP_compid Vapor stream component mole fractions
VAP_SUM Vapor stream sum of mole fractions
VAP_compid_FUG Vapor stream component vapor fugacities
LIQ_MOLES Liquid stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
LIQ_TEMP Liquid stream temperature (K)
LIQ_PRES Liquid stream pressure (Pa)
LIQ_ENTH Liquid stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
LIQ_MVOL Liquid stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
LIQ_compid Liquid stream component mole fractions
LIQ_SUM Liquid stream sum of mole fractions
LIQ_compid_FUG Liquid stream component liquid fugacities

PML Two-Phase-Free Water Flash Variables

Name Description
VAPOR_FRACTION Vapor fraction
VAP_MOLES Vapor stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
VAP_TEMP Vapor stream temperature (K)
VAP_PRES Vapor stream pressure (Pa)
VAP_ENTH Vapor stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
VAP_MVOL Vapor stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
VAP_compid Vapor stream component mole fractions
VAP_SUM Vapor stream sum of mole fractions
VAP_compid_FUG Vapor stream component vapor fugacities
LIQ_MOLES Liquid stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
LIQ_TEMP Liquid stream temperature (K)
LIQ_PRES Liquid stream pressure (Pa)
LIQ_ENTH Liquid stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
LIQ_MVOL Liquid stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
LIQ_compid Liquid stream component mole fractions
LIQ_SUM Liquid stream sum of mole fractions
LIQ_compid_FUG Liquid stream component liquid fugacities
WAT_MOLES Water stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
WAT_TEMP Water stream temperature (K)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-13

Name Description
WAT_PRES Water stream pressure (Pa)
WAT_ENTH Water stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
WAT_MVOL Water stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
WAT_waterid Water stream water mole fraction
WATER_FRACTION Water fraction
WAT_VAPOR_PRESSURE Water vapor pressure (Pa)
HC_VAPOR_FRACTION Maximum allowable vapor fraction

Smoothing Flash The smoothing formulation utilizes two vapor fractions: one that is
bounded between zero and one, and one that is extended beyond
this range. Only the extended vapor fraction should be fixed. The
solution is not exact near the phase boundaries but accuracy may
be controlled via the EO-option VFrac-Tol.
If the extended vapor fraction is greater than one, the system is
superheated vapor; if less than zero, the system is subcooled liquid.
The magnitude of the value is a measure of the degree of
superheat/subcool. In these cases, the mole fractions of the missing
phase may not sum to unity.
Dew and bubble points may be specified by fixing the extended
vapor fraction variable at one and zero.
In systems with free water, a water fraction variable is created.
This may be less than zero, indicating that the water phase is not
present. If there is no water in the system, the water fraction is -
1.0. The water stream created by this flash has water as the only
component.
In three-phase systems, selection of the L2-comp can improve
robustness. However, there are circumstances where one liquid
phase is missing where the phase behavior cannot be extended
beyond the VLL region. In these cases, the system may fail to
either initialize or converge. Often, the problem will initialize or
converge to a point where both liquid phases are the same and the
problem is singular. Warnings are posted during initialization if
this occurs. At solution time, a closed three-phase flash is executed
to check the EO solution and warnings posted if the EO solution
does not match the closed model solution. If these problems occur,
it is advisable to change the phase declaration from Vapor-liquid-
liquid to Vapor-liquid.

22-14 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Smoothing Two-Phase Flash Variables
Name Description
EXTENDED_VAPOR_FRACTION Extended vapor fraction
VAPOR_FRACTION Vapor fraction
VAP_SLACK Vapor phase slack
LIQ_SLACK Liquid phase slack
VAP_MOLES Vapor stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
VAP_TEMP Vapor stream temperature (K)
VAP_PRES Vapor stream pressure (Pa)
VAP_ENTH Vapor stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
VAP_MVOL Vapor stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
VAP_compid Vapor stream component mole fractions
VAP_SUM Vapor stream sum of mole fractions
VAP_compid_FUG Vapor stream component vapor fugacities
LIQ_MOLES Liquid stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
LIQ_TEMP Liquid stream temperature (K)
LIQ_PRES Liquid stream pressure (Pa)
LIQ_ENTH Liquid stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
LIQ_MVOL Liquid stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
LIQ_compid Liquid stream component mole fractions
LIQ_SUM Liquid stream sum of mole fractions
LIQ_compid_FUG Liquid stream component liquid fugacities

Smoothing Two-Phase-Free Water Flash Variables

Name Description
EXTENDED_VAPOR_FRACTION Extended vapor fraction
VAPOR_FRACTION Vapor fraction
WATER_FRACTION Water fraction
VAP_SLACK Vapor phase slack
LIQ_SLACK Liquid phase slack
WAT_SLACK Water phase slack
VAP_MOLES Vapor stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
VAP_TEMP Vapor stream temperature (K)
VAP_PRES Vapor stream pressure (Pa)
VAP_ENTH Vapor stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
VAP_MVOL Vapor stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
VAP_compid Vapor stream component mole fractions
VAP_SUM Vapor stream sum of mole fractions
VAP_compid_FUG Vapor stream component vapor fugacities
LIQ_MOLES Liquid stream mole flow (Kmol/s)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-15

Name Description
LIQ_TEMP Liquid stream temperature (K)
LIQ_PRES Liquid stream pressure (Pa)
LIQ_ENTH Liquid stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
LIQ_MVOL Liquid stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
LIQ_compid Liquid stream component mole fractions
LIQ_SUM Liquid stream sum of mole fractions
LIQ_compid_FUG Liquid stream component liquid fugacities
WAT_MOLES Water stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
WAT_TEMP Water stream temperature (K)
WAT_PRES Water stream pressure (Pa)
WAT_ENTH Water stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
WAT_MVOL Water stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
WAT_waterid Water stream water mole fraction
WAT_SUM Water stream sum of mole fractions
WAT_waterid_FUG Water stream water fugacity

Smoothing Three-Phase Flash Variables

Name Description
EXTENDED_VAPOR_FRACTION Extended vapor fraction
VAPOR_FRACTION Vapor fraction
LIQ2_FRACTION Second liquid fraction
VAP_SLACK Vapor phase slack
LIQ1_SLACK First liquid phase slack
LIQ2_SLACK Second liquid phase slack
VAP_MOLES Vapor stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
VAP_TEMP Vapor stream temperature (K)
VAP_PRES Vapor stream pressure (Pa)
VAP_ENTH Vapor stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
VAP_MVOL Vapor stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
VAP_compid Vapor stream component mole fractions
VAP_SUM Vapor stream sum of mole fractions
VAP_compid_FUG Vapor stream component vapor fugacities
LIQ1_MOLES First liquid stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
LIQ1_TEMP First liquid stream temperature (K)
LIQ1_PRES First liquid stream pressure (Pa)
LIQ1_ENTH First liquid stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
LIQ1_MVOL First liquid stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
LIQ1_compid First liquid stream component mole fractions
LIQ1_SUM First liquid stream sum of mole fractions
LIQ1_compid_FUG First liquid stream component liquid fugacities

22-16 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Name Description
LIQ2_MOLES Second liquid stream mole flow (Kmol/s)
LIQ2_TEMP Second liquid stream temperature (K)
LIQ2_PRES Second liquid stream pressure (Pa)
LIQ2_ENTH Second liquid stream enthalpy (J/Kmol)
LIQ2_MVOL Second liquid stream molar volume (M3/Mol)
LIQ2_compid Second liquid stream component mole fractions
LIQ2_SUM Second liquid stream sum of mole fractions
LIQ2_compid_FUG Second liquid stream component liquid fugacities

Measurements
Measurements allow the use of process data in a model calculation,
either sequential-modular or equation-oriented. Each measurement
has three variables, whose names include the blockid of the
measurement block and the tag which identifies each
measurement.
• Plant (named blockid.BLK.tag_PLANT)
• Model (named blockid.BLK.tag_MODEL)
• Offset (named blockid.BLK.tag_OFFSET)
These variables are related by an equation: offset = plant – model.
The model variable is related by a connection equation to a unit
operation model open (EO) variable called the source variable. As
a result, the source variable and the model variable always have the
same value. Depending on the mode of operation, either of these
two variables may be used to set the other. A measurement may
also be connected a closed (SM) variable. If this variable is not
specified, the measurement has no effect on the SM solution.
The Measurement model may also be connected to a unit operation
model closed variable. If a closed variable is not specified, the
Measurement model has no effect on the SM solution.
The plant variable is supplied with an initial value from the plant
data, but again depending on the mode of operation, this value may
or may not be retained.
The following figure shows the relationship between the unit
operation model and the measurement model.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-17

 Unit Operation Measurement
Model Model

Source Connection
Variable equation Model Plant

Offset
equation

Offset

When a measurement is configured, a name for the Measurement

block and a name for each measurement tag are provided.
Measurement processing automatically creates the three
aforementioned variables named as follows:
• blockid.BLK.tag_PLANT
• blockid.BLK.tag_MODEL
• blockid.BLK.tag_OFFSET
Measurements are versatile and can be used in several different
ways. These uses fall into three general classes:
• Measurements that pass information from the plant to the
model
• Measurements that report information from the model
• Measurements that do both in different modes

Configuring Specifications for

Measurements
When you define measurements, it is important to set the
specifications for the variables properly. The measurement
contains three variables (plant, model, and offset) and one equation
which is used to calculate one of these variables from the other
two, which are either constant or calculated from some other
source.

22-18 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 One way to set these specifications is to set the Calculate option in
the Measurement block. The options available, and their effects on
the variable specifications are:
Calculation Plant Variable Model Variable Offset
Option Specification Specification Variable
Specification
Calc-Model Constant Calculated Constant
Calc-Offset Constant Constant Calculated
(calculated from
model)
Calc-Plant Calculated Constant Constant
(calculated from
model)
Param-Offset Measured Constant Parameterized
(calculated from
model)
For some types of measurements, you will need to set the
specifications of the measurement block variables in a Spec Group.
A convenient way to think of these specifications is relative to the
specification the source variable would have in the absence of the
measurement. This specification is reflected in the plant and offset
variables as follows:
Initial Specification of Plant Variable Offset Variable
Source Variable Specification Specification
Calculated Measured Parameterized
Constant Constant Constant
Measured Measured Constant
Parameterized Constant Parameterized
Optimized Optimized Constant
Reconciled Constant Reconciled
Independent Optimized Reconciled
When the plant and offset variables are both fixed, the model
variable is calculated from them and the source variable is
calculated from the model variable. When either the plant variable
or the offset variable is calculated, the offset equation is used to
calculate it, and the model variable is calculated from the source
variable. In this case, the source variable is calculated from the rest
of the model.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-19

 Measurements that Pass Information
to the Model
There are three ways to send a value from the plant into the model:
• Send a constant value to the model
• Set the initial value of an optimized variable in the model
• Set the initial value of a reconciled variable in the model
Sending a Constant In this type of measurement, a model variable which would have
Value to the Model been fixed without the measurement is instead calculated based on
the value of the plant measurement.
To create this type of measurement, choose the Calc-Model option
for that measurement. This sets the model variable to be Calculated
and the plant and offset variables to be Constant. The value of the
plant variable is set by the data read from the plant, and the offset
is usually zero. The source variable is then calculated from the
model variable. The net effect is that the value taken from the plant
is used to specify the value of the source variable in the model.
Setting the Initial In this type of measurement, a model variable which would have
Value of an Optimized had an Optimized value has its initial value set by the plant data,
Variable and then that variable is optimized.
To create this type of measurement, choose the Calc-Model option
for that measurement. This calculates the model variable from the
plant variable as in sending a constant value to the model. Then
define a Spec Group and set the plant variable to be Optimized and
the model and source variables to be Calculated. The offset
variable remains constant at zero. The initial value of the plant
variable is taken from the plant data, and in Optimization mode,
the optimizer then adjusts this value based on the objective
function.
This type of specification can be used in combination with
reconciliation of the same model variable (an initial specification
of Independent).
Setting the Initial In this type of measurement, a model variable which would have
Value of a Reconciled had a Reconciled value has its initial value set by the plant data,
Variable and then that variable is reconciled.
To create this type of measurement, choose the Calc-Model option
for that measurement. This calculates the model variable from the
plant variable as in sending a constant value to the model. Then
define a Spec Group and set the offset variable to be Reconciled
and the model and source variables to be Calculated. The value of

22-20 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 the plant variable remains constant at the value taken from the
plant data. In Reconciliation mode, the optimizer then adjusts the
value of the offset variable, and the model variable changes
accordingly. It is usually this offset variable which appears in the
objective function for Reconciliation mode.
This type of specification can be used in combination with
optimization of the same model variable (an initial specification of
Independent).
Setting the Initial In this type of measurement, a variable which is both optimized
Value of an and reconciled has its initial value set by plant data. Without the
Independent Variable measurement, you would set the specification of such a variable to
Independent.
To create this type of measurement, choose the Calc-Model option
for that measurement. This calculates the model variable from the
plant variable as in sending a constant value to the model. Then
define a Spec Group and set the plant variable to be Optimized, the
offset variable to be Reconciled and the model and source variables
to be Calculated. This allows the optimizer to adjust the plant
variable in Optimization mode and the offset variable in
Reconciliation mode.

Measurements that Report

Information from the Model
Measurements of this type are used to calculate offsets during
model tuning and apply them as model configurations are changed.
Usually the source variable is one that is calculated from other
variables in the model.
To create a measurement of this type, choose the Param-Offset
option for that measurement. The plant variable will be Measured
and the offset variable will be Parameterized. In Parameter
Estimation and Reconciliation modes, the offset will be calculated
from the model and the fixed plant variable. In Simulation and
Optimization modes, the plant variable will be calculated from the
model and the fixed offset variable.

Measurements that Pass Information

Differently in Different Modes
When measurements are attached to EO variables which would
have been Measured or Parameterized without the measurement,

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-21

 the plant data may be passed into the model or not, depending on
the run mode.
Measurements on Some measurements are used to calculate parameters in tuning
Measured Variables modes.
To create such a measurement, choose the Calc-Model option for
the measurement. Then create a Spec Group which sets the plant
variable to Measured, and some other variable in the model to
Parameterized.
In Parameter Estimation and Reconciliation modes, the plant and
offset variables will be fixed and the model variable will be
calculated from them, and the parameter you choose will be
calculated. In Simulation and Optimization modes, the parameter is
fixed, the model variable is calculated from the model, and the
plant variable will be calculated from the model and the fixed
offset variable.
Measurements on It is unusual to have measurements on Parameterized variables
Parameterized because it is usually not possible to measure such variables in the
Variables plant.
To create such a measurement, choose the Calc-Model option for
the measurement. Then create a Spec Group which sets the offset
variable to Parameterized, and some other variable in the model to
Measured. The offset will be calculated in Parameter Estimation
and Reconciliation modes, and the measured variable in the model
will be calculated in simulation and optimization modes.

EO Troubleshooting
Case 1: EO problem is not incorporating the results of an SM
design-spec, optimization, or balance block.
Case 2: EO problem is not using data specified on EO Input or EO
Options forms after a reinitialization or change in SM problem
specifications.
EO Troubleshooting: EO problem is not incorporating the results of an SM design-spec,
Case 1 optimization, or balance block.

Cause 1
The SM flowsheet operation is manipulating a stream variable that
is not a feed stream to the process. The specification is overwritten
by the results of another block.

22-22 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Solution 1
Change the specification of the flowsheet operation so it
manipulates a feed stream to the process.
Note: A "feed stream" inside a hierarchy block is not really a feed
stream; the attached stream outside the hierarchy block is feeding
into it. In this case, the variables of the stream inside the hierarchy
block are set to match the values of the corresponding stream
outside the hierarchy block. A manipulation of this stream should
be placed outside the hierarchy block and should manipulate the
stream outside the hierarchy block.

Cause 2
The SM flowsheet operation is manipulating a variable that does
not have a fixed specification in EO.

Solution 2
Either add a spec group to make this variable fixed, or change the
specifications of the SM problem so that the variable manipulated
is specified.

Cause 3
Some input variables cannot be updated by Input Reconciliation,
so the results of the SM flowsheet will not be carried over into EO.
Check the list of Input Reconciliation limitations in online help to
determine whether this is the problem. The variables described
cannot have their input values updated as a result of such
manipulations.

Solution 3
Redesign the flowsheet operation so it does not depending on
manipulating such variables, or set explicit specifications in EO for
the final values of the SM flowsheet manipulation.
EO Troubleshooting: EO problem is not using data specified on EO Input or EO Options
Case 2 forms after a reinitialization or change in SM problem
specifications.
When you perform a reinitialization in an EO problem, you have
four options for the scope of this reinitialization. Some of these
options may not use some EO variable specifications made at the
top level or hierarchy level.

Cause 1
If you choose Reinitialize equation oriented simulation with
changes in configuration, Flowsheet/Hierarchy level EO-Input and

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-23

 EO-Options may not be used during initialization after specifying
sequential-modular input changes at the block level, and you also
have specified equation-oriented variable values or other attributes
on the EO Input or EO Options forms at the top level or at the
level of a hierarchy block, these specifications will be ignored in
this type of initialization. This type of reinitialization may also be
performed implicitly when you change SM block specifications
and rerun the problem in EO.

Solution 1
If you want these specifications to always be invoked, specify
them in the EO Input form or the Block Options EO Options
sheet within the block.

Cause 2
If you choose Rebuild equation oriented simulation and reinitialize
with current EO results after an SM input change resulting in the
rebuild of a block, EO Input variable value statements referencing
the block at the hierarchy or flowsheet levels will be overwritten
by the restored variable value vector.

Solution 2
To do other forms of reinitialization, save the variable values in an
external file prior to performing the SM input changes and then
import the saved variable values after the re-initialization is
complete. Use the export ( ) and import ( ) EO variables
buttons on the control panel to export and import these files.

Using Open Solvers

In addition to the standard solvers available in Aspen Plus, it is
possible to use open solvers that comply with the Aspen Open
Solvers (AOS) interfaces. Two solver types can be used, Nonlinear
Algebraic (NLA) and Nonlinear Programming (NLP). To use an
NLA solver, the problem must be square, while optimization
problems are solved using an NLP solver.
Selecting an Open In order to use an Open solver, you must either have implemented
Solver your own AOS compatible solver (see the AOS help for
information on how to do this), or you can use one of the AOS
solvers provided (see AOS help for a list).
Note: You must be in EO mode to use this facility.

22-24 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Assume you want to use a dll called mysolver.dll that has an AOS
compatible solver implemented. You then issue the following
command from the Command line in the Control Panel:
solver mysolver
This causes the dll to be loaded and sets Aspen Plus to use this
solver for any solve command issued. If the dll fails to load, an
error message will be displayed, such as:
Unable to load solver MYSOLVER in command SOLVER
Viewing the Open To list the parameters for the selected open solver, enter this
Solver Parameters command on the Command line in the Control Panel:
solver settings
The solver parameters and their current values will be displayed in
the Control Panel.
Changing Values of To modify the value of an open solver parameter, enter a command
Open Solver of the form name=value after the solver settings command on the
Parameters Command line of the Control Panel. For instance, if the solver has
a parameter PrintLevel and you want to assign the value of 3 to it,
you would enter this command:
solver settings PrintLevel=3
This value will then be used for subsequent solve commands.
Implementing Open The AOS help provides instructions for implementing new open
Solvers solvers.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Equation-Oriented Simulation • 22-25

22-26 • Equation-Oriented Simulation Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 23

Optimization and Data Fit

This section describes the Optimization and Data Fit features in

sequential-modular Aspen Plus.

Optimization
This section is about SM optimization. For EO optimization, see
EO Run Modes.
For help on optimization, see one of the following topics:
• About Optimization
• Recommended Procedure for Optimization
• Defining an Optimization Problem
• About Constraints
• Entering Optional Fortran Statements
• Fortran Declarations
• Convergence of Optimization Problems
• Troubleshooting Optimization Problems

About Optimization
Use optimization to maximize or minimize a user-specified
objective function by manipulating decision variables (feed stream,
block input, or other input variables).
The objective function can be any valid Fortran expression
involving one or more flowsheet quantities. The tolerance of the
objective function is the tolerance of the convergence block
associated with the optimization problem.
You have the option of imposing equality or inequality constraints
on the optimization. Equality constraints within an optimization

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-1
 are similar to design specifications. The constraints can be any
function of flowsheet variables computed using Fortran
expressions or in-line Fortran statements. You must specify the
tolerance of the constraint.
Tear streams and the optimization problem can be converged
simultaneously or separately. If they are converged
simultaneously, the tear stream is treated as an additional
constraint.
Convergence of Aspen Plus solves optimization problems iteratively. By default
Optimization Aspen Plus generates and sequences a convergence block for the
Problems optimization problem. You can override the convergence defaults,
by entering convergence specifications on Convergence forms. Use
the SQP and Complex methods to converge optimization
problems.
The value of the manipulated variable that is provided in the
Stream or Block input is used as the initial estimate. Providing a
good estimate for the manipulated variable helps the optimization
problem converge in fewer iterations. This is especially important
for optimization problems with a large number of varied variables
and constraints.
There are no results associated directly with an optimization
problem, except the objective function and the convergence status
of the constraints. You can view the final value of the manipulated
and/or sampled variables either directly on the appropriate Stream
or Block results sheets or summarized on the Results Manipulated
Variables sheet of the convergence block. To find the summary
and iteration history of the convergence block, select the Results
form of the appropriate Convergence block.

Recommended Procedure for

Optimization
Optimization problems can be difficult to formulate and converge.
It is important to have a good understanding of the simulation
problem before adding the complexity of optimization.
The recommended procedure for creating an optimization problem
is:
1 Start with a simulation (instead of starting with optimization).
There are a number of reasons for this approach:
• It is easier to detect flowsheet errors in a simulation.
• You can determine reasonable specifications.

23-2 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • You can determine a reasonable range of decision
variables.
• You can get a good estimate for the tear streams.
2 Perform sensitivity analysis before optimization, to find
appropriate decision variables and their ranges.
3 Evaluate the solution using sensitivity analysis, to find out if
the optimum is broad or narrow.

Defining an Optimization Problem

Define an optimization problem by:
1 Creating the optimization problem.
2 Identifying the sampled flowsheet variables used in the
objective function.
3 Specifying the objective function for a sampled variable, or
some function of sampled variables, and identify the
constraints associated with the problem.
4 Identifying the simulation input variables to be adjusted to
maximize or minimize the objective function, and specify the
limits within which they can be adjusted.
5 Entering optional Fortran statements.
6 Defining the constraints for the optimization problem.
Creating an To create an optimization problem:
Optimization Problem 1 From the Data menu, point to Model Analysis Tools, then
Optimization.
2 In the Optimization Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID (or accept the
default ID) and click OK.
Identifying Sampled Use the Model Analysis Optimization Define sheet to identify the
Flowsheet Variables flowsheet variables used in setting up the optimization problem,
and assign them variable names. The variable name identifies the
flowsheet variable that you can use when defining the objective
function, specifying bounds for the manipulated vairables, or
writing Fortran statements.
Use the Define sheet to identify a flowsheet variable and assign it a
variable name. When completing a Define sheet, specify the
variables on the Variable Definition dialog box. The Define sheet
shows a concise summary of all the accessed variables, but you
cannot modify the variables on the Define sheet.
On the Define sheet:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-3
 1 To create a new variable, click the New button.
or
To edit an existing variable, select a variable and click the Edit
button.
2 Type the name of the variable in the Variable Name field. If
you are editing an existing variable and want to change the
variable name, click the right mouse button on the Variable
Name field. On the popup menu, click Rename. A variable
name must:
• Be six characters or less for a scalar variable
• Be five characters or less for a vector variable
• Start with an alphabetic character (A – Z)
• Have subsequent alphanumeric characters (A – Z, 0 – 9)
• Not begin with IZ or ZZ
3 In the Category frame, use the option button to select the
variable category.
4 In the Reference frame, select the variable type from the list in
the Type field.
Aspen Plus displays the other fields necessary to complete the
variable definition.
5 Click Close to return to the Define sheet.
See Accessing Flowsheet Variables for more information on
accessing variables.
Tip: Use the Delete button to quickly delete a variable and all of
the fields used to define it.
Use the Edit button to modify the definition of a variable in the
Variable Definition dialog box.
Entering the If any constraints are associated with the optimization, define them
Objective Function before you specify the Objective function. For more information,
see Defining Constraints.
To enter the objective function for the optimization problem and
identify the constraints:
1 On the Optimization form, click the Objective & Constraints
tab.
2 Select either Maximize or Minimize.
3 In the Objective Function field, enter the targeted variable or
Fortran expression.
To ensure that you enter accurate variable names, click the
right mouse button. In the popup menu, click Variable List.
The Defined Variable List window appears. You can drag and

23-4 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 drop the variables from the Defined Variable List to the
Objective Function field.
4 Select the constraints to be associated with the optimization,
using the arrow buttons to move them from the Available
Constraints list to the Selected Constraints list.
If you need to enter more complex Fortran than can be handled in a
single expression, you can enter additional Fortran statements. For
more information, see Entering Optional Fortran Statements.
Identifying the Use the Vary sheet to identify the manipulated variables and
Manipulated Variable specify their limits. The limits for manipulated variables can be
constants or functions of flowsheet variables.
To identify the manipulated variable and specify limits:
1 On the Optimization form, click the Vary tab.
2 In the Variable Number field, click on the down arrow and
select <new>.
3 In the Type field, select a variable type.
Aspen Plus takes you to the remaining fields necessary to
uniquely identify the flowsheet variable.
4 In the Lower field, enter a constant or Fortran expression as the
lower limit for the manipulated variable.
5 In the Upper field, enter a constant or Fortran expression as the
upper limit for the manipulated variable.
6 You can label the decision variables for the report and the
Results form. Use the Line 1 to Line 4 fields to define these
labels.
7 Repeat steps 2 though 6 until you identify all manipulated
variables.
You must have already entered the manipulated variable as an
input specification, or it must have a default value. The initial
guess used for the manipulated variable is either this specification
or the default. You cannot manipulate integer block input
variables, such as the feed location of a distillation column.

About Constraints
You can choose to specify equality and inequality constraints for
optimization problems. Equality constraints are the same as design
specifications in non-optimization problems. Supply an ID for each
constraint you define. Constraint IDs identify constraints on the
Optimization sheets.
Defining Constraints Define a constraint by:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-5
 1 Creating the constraint.
2 Identifying the sampled flowsheet variables used in the
constraint.
3 Specifying the constraint expression.
4 Ensuring the constraint has been selected on the Optimization
Objective & Constraints sheet.
Creating Constraints To create a constraint problem:
1 From the Data menu, point to Model Analysis Tools, then
Constraint.
2 In the Constraint Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID (or accept the
default ID) and click OK.
Identifying Sampled Use the ModelAnalysis Constraint Define sheet to identify the
Flowsheet Variables flowsheet variables used in the optimization problem and assign
for Constraints them variable names. The variable name identifies the flowsheet
variable that you can use on the Spec and Fortran sheets.
Use the Define sheet to identify a flowsheet variable and assign it a
variable name. When completing a Define sheet, specify the
variables on the Variable Definition dialog box. The Define sheet
shows a concise summary of all the accessed variables, but you
cannot modify the variables on the Define sheet.
On the Define sheet:
1 To create a new variable, click the New button.
or
To edit an existing variable, select a variable and click the Edit
button.
2 Type the name of the variable in the Variable Name field. If
you are editing an existing variable and want to change the
variable name, click the right mouse button on the Variable
Name field. On the popup menu, click Rename. A variable
name must:
• Be six characters or less for a scalar variable
• Be five characters or less for a vector variable
• Start with an alphabetic character (A – Z)
• Have subsequent alphanumeric characters (A – Z, 0 – 9)
• Not begin with IZ or ZZ
3 In the Category frame, use the option button to select the
variable category.
4 In the Reference frame, select the variable type from the list in
the Type field.

23-6 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Aspen Plus displays the other fields necessary to complete the
variable definition.
5 Click Close to return to the Define sheet.
See Accessing Flowsheet Variables for more information on
accessing variables.
Tip: Use the Delete button to quickly delete a variable and all of
the fields used to define it.
Use the Edit button to modify the definition of a variable in the
Variable Definition dialog box.
Specifying the You need to specify the constraint as a function of the sampled
Constraint variable and supply a tolerance on the constraint.
Expression
Constraint functions are defined as follows:
• For equality constraints:
-tolerance < expression1 - expression2 < tolerance
• For less than or equal to inequality constraints:
expression1 - expression2 < tolerance
• For greater than or equal to inequality constraints:
expression1 - expression2 > tolerance
To specify a constraint:
1 On the Constraint form, click the Spec tab.
2 In the two Constraint expression specification fields, enter
expression1 and expression2, as constants or Fortran
expressions.
To ensure that you enter accurate variable names, click the
right mouse button. In the popup menu, click Variable List.
The Defined Variable List window appears. You can drag and
drop the variables from the Defined Variable List to the fields
on the Spec form.
3 Select Equal to, Less than or equal to, or Greater than or equal
to, for the specification.
4 In the Tolerance field, enter the constraint tolerance as a
constant or as a Fortran expression.
5 If the constraint is a vector, check the This is a Vector
Constraint box, and specify the elements of the vector that
should be used.
If you need to enter more complex Fortran than can be handled in a
single expression, you can enter additional Fortran statements on
the Constraint Fortran sheet. See Optional Fortran Statements.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-7
 Entering Optional Fortran Statements
You have the option of entering any Fortran statements needed to
compute the optimization objective function terms or manipulated
variable limits. Any variable computed by the Fortran statements
can be used in the expressions on the following sheets:
• Optimization Objective & Constraint
• Optimization Vary
• Constraint Spec
Fortran statements are needed only if the functions involved are
too complex to enter on these sheets.
You can enter Fortran statements:
• On the Fortran sheet
• In your text editor (for example, Notepad), and then copy and
paste them onto the Fortran sheet.
Using the Fortran To enter executable Fortran statements on the Fortran sheet:
Sheet 1 On the Optimization or Constraint form, click the Fortran tab.
2 Review the rules and restrictions for in-line Fortran
3 Enter your Fortran statements.
To ensure that you enter accurate variable names, click the
right mouse button. In the popup menu, click Variable List.
The Defined Variable List window appears. You can drag and
drop the variables from the Defined Variable List to the Fortran
sheet.

Fortran Declarations
You enter Fortran declarations in the same way as executable
Fortran statements, using the Declarations sheet instead of the
Fortran sheet.
You can include any Fortran declarations in an optimization
problem, including:
• COMMON definitions
• DIMENSION definitions
• Data type definitions (INTEGER and REAL)
If a Fortran variable meets one of these criteria, you should place it
in a COMMON:
• It is also used by another block.
• Its value must be retained from one iteration of an optimization
problem to another.

23-8 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Fortran variables that you defined on the Define sheet should not
be declared on the Declarations sheet.

Convergence of Optimization
Problems
Algorithms for solving process optimization problems can be
divided into two categories:
Path Method Information
Feasible Requires that tear streams and equality
constraints (design specifications), if any, be
converged at each iteration of the optimization.
Infeasible Can converge tear streams, equality constraints,
and inequality constraints simultaneously with
the optimization problem.
Two optimization algorithms are available in Aspen Plus:
• The COMPLEX method
• The SQP method
COMPLEX Method The COMPLEX method uses the well-known Complex algorithm,
a feasible path "black-box" pattern search. The method can handle
inequality constraints and bounds on decision variables. Equality
constraints must be handled as design specifications. You must use
separate convergence blocks to converge any tear streams or
design specifications.
The COMPLEX method frequently takes many iterations to
converge, but does not require numerical derivatives. It has been
widely used for all kinds of optimization applications for many
years, and offers a well-established and reliable option for
optimization convergence.
Sequential Quadratic The SQP method is a state-of-the-art, quasi-Newton nonlinear
Programming (SQP) programming algorithm. It can converge tear streams, equality
Method constraints, and inequality constraints simultaneously with the
optimization problem. The SQP method usually converges in only
a few iterations but requires numerical derivatives for all decision
and tear variables at each iteration.
The SQP method as implemented in Aspen Plus includes a novel
feature: the tear streams can be partially converged using
Wegstein, each optimization iteration and during line searches.
This usually stabilizes convergence, and can reduce the overall
number of iterations.
You can specify the number of Wegstein passes. Choosing a large
value effectively makes SQP a feasible path (but not a black-box)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-9
 method. The Aspen Plus default is to perform three Wegstein
passes.
You can also use the SQP method as a black-box or partial black-
box method, by converging tear streams and design specifications
as an inside loop to the optimization problem (using separate
Convergence blocks). This reduces the number of decision
variables. The trade-off is the number of derivative evaluations,
versus the time required per derivative evaluation. Whether SQP is
the method of choice depends on your optimization problem.
The default optimization convergence procedure in Aspen Plus is
to converge tear streams and the optimization problem
simultaneously, using the SQP method.

Troubleshooting Optimization
Problems
The convergence of an optimization problem can be sensitive to
the initial values of the manipulated variables. The optimization
algorithm only finds local maxima and minima in the objective
function. Although it occurs rarely it is possible to obtain a
different maximum or minimum in the objective function by
starting at a different point in the solution space.
When an objective function is not satisfied, there are a number of
options to consider:
1 Make sure the objective function does not have a flat region
within the range of a manipulated variable. Avoid the use of
objective functions and constraints that contain discontinuities.
2 Linearize the constraints to the extent possible.
3 If the error improves initially, but then levels off, the
derivatives calculated are sensitive to step size. Some things to
try are:
• Tighten tolerances of unit operation and convergence
blocks within the optimization convergence loop. The
optimization tolerance should be equal to the square root of
the block tolerances. For example, if the optimization
tolerance is 10-3, then the block tolerances should be 10-6.
• Adjust the step size for better accuracy. The step size
should be equal to the square root of the inner tolerances.
• Check to see that the manipulated variable is not at its
lower or upper bound.
• Disable the Use Results from Previous Convergence Pass
option on the BlockOptions SimulationOptions sheet for

23-10 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 blocks within the optimization convergence loop. You can
also specify this globally on the Setup SimulationOptions
Calculations sheet
4 Check to ensure that the manipulated variables affect the value
of the objective function and/or the constraints, perhaps by
performing a sensitivity analysis.
5 Provide a better starting estimate for the values of the
manipulated variables.
6 Narrowing the bounds of the manipulated variables or
loosening the tolerance on the objective function might help
convergence.
7 Modify the parameters of the convergence block associated
with the optimization (step size, number of iterations, etc.)
Example for Maximizing The value of a reactor product stream is a function of the flow rate
Product Value of the desired product, P, and the undesired byproduct, G.
Value = P - 30 * G
Optimization is used to find the reaction temperature that
maximizes the product value.
• The molar flow rate of components P and G in stream PROD
are the sampled variables for the optimization. These variables
are called P and G, respectively.
• The optimization objective function is ( P - 30*G ).
• You can use Fortran expressions, such as ( P - 30*G ) in any
part of the optimization problem.
• The reactor temperature is the manipulated variable. The
optimization convergence block finds the reactor temperature
that makes ( P - 30*G ) a maximum.
• The manipulated variable is specified in the reactor block, just
as if there were no optimization. The specified value is the
initial estimate used by the optimization convergence block.
• The optimization convergence block will not try a temperature
less than 300F or greater than 400F, even if the maximum of
the objective function lies outside this range.
• You do not have to specify convergence of the optimization.
Aspen Plus automatically generates a convergence block to
converge the optimization.
• This optimization problem does not have any constraints
associated with it.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-11
23-12 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-13
 Example for Maximizing The value of a process is calculated as the value of the product and
Operating Margin the byproduct, minus the cost of the raw material, and minus the
cost of steam for the reactor. The Fortran sheet is used to calculate
the cost function:
C
C CPROD = PRICE OF PRODUCT, $/LB
CPROD = 1.30
C
C CBYPR = PRICE OF BYPRODUCT, $/LB
CBYPR = 0.11
C
C CFEED = PRICE OF FEED, $/LB
CFEED = .20
C
C CSTEAM = COST OF STEAM, $/MMBTU
CSTEAM = 4.00
C
C COST FUNCTION
CFUNC = CPROD * P + CBYPR * G - CFEED * A - CSTEAM * Q /1D6

There are two constraints:

• Maximum duty for the reactor
• Minimum product purity.
Optimization is used to find the reaction temperature and the feed
flow rate that maximizes the cost function.
• The molar flow rate of P and of G in stream PROD, the molar
flow rate of A in stream FEED and the reactor duty are the
sampled variables for the optimization. These variables are
called P, G, A, and Q, respectively.
• The optimization problem is converged when CFUNC is at a
maximum.
• There are two manipulated variables: the reactor temperature
and the flow rate for the reactant A in the feed. The

23-14 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 optimization convergence block finds the combination of
values that makes CFUNC a maximum subject to the
constraints.
• The Fortran sheet is used to calculate the cost function
CFUNC.
• The manipulated variables are specified in the blocks just as if
there were no optimization. The specified value is the initial
estimate used by the optimization convergence block.
• You do not have to specify convergence of the optimization.
Aspen Plus automatically generates a convergence block to
converge the optimization problem.
• There are two constraints associated with the optimization
problem. They are called DUTY and PURITY.
• The constraint DUTY is satisfied when the reactor duty is less
than or equal to 3 MMbtu/hr.
• The constraint PURITY is satisfied when mole fraction of P in
the stream PROD is greater or equal to than 0.9.
On the Optimization sheets:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-15
23-16 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-17
23-18 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 On the DUTY constraint sheets:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-19
23-20 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 On the PURITY constraint form:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-21
 Fitting a Simulation Model to Data
This section is about SM data fitting. For EO Reconciliation, see
EO Run Modes.
You can fit Aspen Plus simulation models to plant or laboratory
data using Data-Fit. You provide one or more sets of measured
data for input and results variables of a simulation model. Data-Fit
adjusts (or estimates) input parameters to find the best fit of the
model to the data. If you want Data-Fit to reconcile measured data
for input variables to match the fitted model, it can do this
simultaneously.

23-22 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Data-Fit minimizes the weighted sum of squares of the differences
between the measured data and the model prediction. In statistical
terms, Data-Fit performs either ordinary least squares or maximum
likelihood (errors-in-variables) estimation.
For help on fitting a simulation model to Data, see one of the
following topics:
• Types of Data-Fit applications
• Defining a Data-Fit problem
• Creating Point-Data sets
• Creating Profile-Data data sets
• Defining Data-Fit regression cases
• Ensuring well-formulated Data-Fit problems
• Analyzing convergence problems
• Examining results

Types of Data-Fit Applications

Data-Fit applications fall into two main categories.
In the first type of application, Data-Fit determines coefficients for
Aspen Plus user or built-in kinetics models from laboratory
kinetics data. For example, given data for concentration versus
time at one or more temperature, Data-Fit determines coefficients
of the power law kinetics model.
In the second type of application, Data-Fit matches an Aspen Plus
simulation to plant data as the first step in a simulation study. For
example, given one or more sets of distillation column feed and
product measurements, Data-Fit finds the column efficiency that
best fits the measurements. At the same time, Data-Fit can:
• Adjust the measurements to match the fitted model
• Estimate missing feed or product measurements
• Help identify poor measurements
Data-Fit is designed for off-line use in developing an Aspen Plus
simulation model that matches available data. Data-Fit is not
designed for online plant data reconciliation applications.

Defining a Data-Fit Problem

Fitting a simulation model to data involves three major steps:
1 Creating base-case Aspen Plus model.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-23
 For example, to fit concentration versus time kinetics data,
create an RBatch model. The kinetics model coefficients you
enter for RBatch using the Reactions forms become initial
estimates for the Data-Fit problem.
2 Creating one or more Data-Fit data sets.
Use this Data Set To fit
type
POINT-DATA • One or more steady-state experiments or
operating points
• Initial charge and final products of a batch
reactor, but not intermediate time points
• Feeds and products of a plug flow reactor,
but not points along the length of the
reactor
PROFILE-DATA • Time series data for a batch reactor
• Measurements along the length of a plug
flow reactor
3 Defining regression cases. Specify Data-Fit cases and input
parameters to be estimated. See Defining Data-Fit Regression
Cases.

Creating Point-Data Data Sets

To create a Point-Data data set:
1 From the Data menu, point to Model Analysis Tools, then Data
Fit.
2 On the left pane of the Data Browser, select Data-Set
3 In the Data-Set Object Manager, click New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default ID.
5 In the Select Type list, select Point-Data and click on OK.
6 On the Define sheet, identify the flowsheet variables for which
you have measurements (see Identifying Flowsheet Variables).
7 On the Data sheet, enter the measured data (see Entering the
Measured Point-Data).
Identifying Flowsheet You must identify the flowsheet variables for which you have
Variables measurements. Use the Data-Fit Data-Set Define sheet to identify
the flowsheet variables used in the data set and assign them
variable names. The variable name identifies the flowsheet
variable on other data set sheets.

23-24 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Use the Define sheet to identify a flowsheet variable and assign it a
variable name. When completing a Define sheet, specify the
variables on the Variable Definition dialog box. The Define sheet
shows a concise summary of all the accessed variables, but you
cannot modify the variables on the Define sheet.
On the Define sheet:
1 To create a new variable, click the New button.
or
To edit an existing variable, select a variable and click the Edit
button.
2 Type the name of the variable in the Variable Name field. If
you are editing an existing variable and want to change the
variable name, click the right mouse button on the Variable
Name field. On the popup menu, click Rename. A variable
name must:
• Be six characters or less for a scalar variable
• Be five characters or less for a vector variable
• Start with an alphabetic character (A – Z)
• Have subsequent alphanumeric characters (A – Z, 0 – 9)
• Not begin with IZ or ZZ
3 In the Category frame, use the option button to select the
variable category.
4 In the Reference frame, select the variable type from the list in
the Type field.
Aspen Plus displays the other fields necessary to complete the
variable definition.
5 Click Close to return to the Define sheet.
See Accessing Flowsheet Variables for more information on
accessing variables.
Tip: Use the Delete button to quickly delete a variable and all of
the fields used to define it.
Use the Edit button to modify the definition of a variable in the
Variable Definition dialog box.
Types of Flowsheet You must identify the flowsheet variables for which you have
Variables measurements. You can also identify results variables for which
you have no measurements. Aspen Plus will estimate the results
variables and tabulate them for each data point.
In Data-Fit, you cannot access vectors. You must access each
stream variable or each component in a composition vector as a
different scalar variable.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-25
 Always access feed stream compositions as mole, mass, or
standard volume component flows. Do not access them as
fractions. This avoids any problems with normalizing fractions.
You can access both input values and results values for certain
flowsheet variables. For example, the condenser duty of a RadFrac
block can be accessed either as the input variable Q1 or the results
variable COND-DUTY. The reboiler duty can be accessed as the
input variable QN or as the results variable REB-DUTY. Select
either the input or results variable as follows:
Is the measured variable Then select
specified as an input in the base
case simulation?
Yes The input variable
No The results variable
For example, suppose:
• Your base-case model consists of a RadFrac block with Reflux
Ratio and Condenser Duty specified.
• The data you want to fit includes reboiler and condenser duty.
You must select the results variable REB-DUTY for the reboiler
duty, since it is not specified as an input in the base-case model.
You must select the input variable Q1 for the condenser duty, since
it is specified as an input in the base-case model.
If you want to reconcile the measurement for Q1, provide a non-
zero standard deviation. If you do not want to reconcile it, provide
a zero standard deviation.
Entering the Use the Data-Fit Data-Set Data sheet to enter measured data.
Measured Point-Data
For each measured variable:
1 On the Data-Fit Data-Set form, click the Data tab.
2 Specify whether the variable is a simulation Input or Result for
the Data-Fit problem.
Specify these variables As
Measured feed stream Input
Measured product stream Result
Measured variables that were accessed as Input
input variables on the Define sheet
All other measured variables Result
Note: Intermediate stream variables are usually results. However,
when a Data-Fit problem spans only a subset of the flowsheet, you
must specify intermediate streams that are inlets to the Data-Fit
subproblem as inputs.

23-26 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 3 Specify a standard deviation for the measurement in the first
row of the data table.
4 Enter one or more data points (rows in the table). If a
measurement is not available for a Result variable, leave its
Data field blank. Data-Fit will estimate it. You must always
enter a value for an Input variable.
You can introduce a new standard deviation row at any time. It
will apply to subsequent data points.
Standard Deviation The standard deviation is the level of uncertainty in the
measurement. You can enter it as an absolute or percent error
(append a percent sign (%) to the value). Statistically determined
standard deviations are seldom available. It is enough to supply an
approximate "expected error," estimated from experiences or
instrument specifications. Each residual (measurement — model
prediction) term in the sum of squares function is weighted by
1/(standard deviation2).
You must specify a standard deviation greater than zero for each
results variable to be fit. If a zero value is entered for standard
deviation, that results variable is not included in the regression.
For inputs, a standard deviation greater than zero invokes
maximum likelihood (errors-in-variables) estimation:
If the standard deviation Then Aspen Plus
for an input variable is
Zero Treats the measurement as exact and Data-
Fit does not adjust it
Greater than zero Adjusts (reconciles) the measurement, along
with results measurements, to match the
fitted model
Note Reconciling inputs can increase
solution time significantly, since each
reconciled input is treated as a decision
variable by the least squares algorithm

Creating Profile-Data Sets

To create a Profile-Data data set:
1 On the Data menu, select Model Analysis Tools, then Data Fit.
2 On the left pane of the Data Browser, select Data-Set
3 In the Data-Set Object Manager, click New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default ID.
5 In the Select Type list, select Profile-Data and click on OK.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-27
 6 On the Define sheet, identify the flowsheet variables for which
you have measurements (see Identifying Profile Variables).
7 On the Data sheet, enter the measured data (see Entering the
Measured Profile-Data).
8 You can specify the charge (Rbatch) or feed (Rplug) on the
Initial Conditions sheet.
Identifying Profile Profile variables are available for the RBatch and RPlug unit
Variables operation models.
1 On the Data-Set form, click the Define tab.
2 In the Model and Block Name area, select either RBatch or the
RPlug.
3 In the Block field, identify the block where the profiles have
been measured.
4 In the Variable Name field, enter a variable name. A variable
name must:
• Be six characters or less for a scalar variable
• Start with an alphabetic character (A – Z)
• Have subsequent alphanumeric characters (A – Z, 0 – 9)
• Not begin with IZ or ZZ
5 In the Variable list, select a variable. See the prompt for a
description of each variable.
6 For concentration or fraction profile variables, identify the
component being measured in the Component field. You must
identify each component concentration or fraction as a separate
measured variable.
7 Repeat steps 4 through 6 for each measured variable.
You can identify profile variables for which you have no
measurements. Data-Fit will calculate and tabulate them.
Entering the Use the Data-Fit Data-Set Data sheet to enter measured data.
Measured Profile-
For each measured variable:
Data
1 On the Data-Fit Data-Set form, click the Data tab.
2 In the first row of the data table, specify a standard deviation
greater than zero for each measured variable to be fit. If a zero
value is entered for the standard deviation, that results variable
is not included in the regression.
3 Enter the time or length and the measurements for each data
point. Leave missing measurements blank. Aspen Plus will
estimate them.
You can introduce a new standard deviation row at any time. It
will apply to subsequent data points.

23-28 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 4 If you want to specify temperature and pressure values to
replace those in the base-case, enter the value(s) on the Initial
Conditions sheet. Data-Fit does not reconcile (adjust) these
values. It assumes they are exact.
5 If the experiment was carried out with a feed or charge
different than that in the base-case model, specify the
component flows on the Profile-Data Initial Conditions sheet.
Select the basis (Mole/Mass/StdVol) and the units. Enter the
component flows. Aspen Plus assumes the values you enter are
exact and does not adjust them. You can only specify flows for
conventional components. If the feed/charge specified in the
base-case model contains nonconventional components, Data-
Fit will use:
• Base-case specifications for nonconventional components
• Conventional component flows entered on this form as
feed/charge to reactor
The standard deviation is the level of uncertainty in the
measurement. See Standard Deviation for more information.

Defining Data-Fit Regression Cases

You can fit both Point-Data and Profile-Data data sets in the same
regression case. For example, you might have time series data for a
reaction at one temperature (Profile-Data), and overall conversion
data at several temperatures (Point-Data).
A Data-Fit regression case must involve at least one of the
following:
• An estimated parameter
• A reconciled input (with a standard deviation greater than zero)
Aspen Plus adjusts (reconciles) measured input variables when you
specify non-zero standard deviations for the input measurements
on the Data-Set Data sheet. There will be one estimate for a
reconciled measured input for each data point.
For an estimated parameter, you must have already entered a value
for it as an input specification for the base simulation, or it must
have a default value. Data-Fit uses this specification as the initial
guess for the variable.
If the base-case value lies outside the bounds you enter for the
parameter on the Regression Vary sheet or for a reconciled input,
Data-Fit uses the nearest bound as the initial guess.
There is no limit to the number of estimated parameters.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-29
 Data-Fit leaves a variable at its lower or upper limit if violating the
limit would further decrease the sum-of squares function.
Creating Data-Fit To define a Data-Fit regression case:
Regression Cases 1 On the Data menu, select Model Analysis Tools, then Data Fit.
2 On the left pane of the Data Browser, select Regression
3 In the Regression Object Manager, click New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default ID.
5 On the Specifications sheet, identify the data sets to be fit in
the case (see Creating Point-Data Data Sets and Creating
Profile-Data Sets). You can also supply Weights to adjust the
relative weighting of the data sets, but this is usually not
necessary. For more information on Weights see Data-Fit
Numerical Formulation.
6 On the Vary sheet, identify any simulation input parameters
you want to estimate. Data-Fit will adjust the variables to find
the best fit to the Data-Sets listed on the Specifications sheet.
7 On the Convergence sheet, you can select the Initialization
Method when reconciling input measurements.
To initialize the reconciled inputs to Use the initialization method
Base-case values Base Case Values (default)
Measured values Measurements
The default base-case initialization method is robust, but it can
take a few more iterations if the measurements are far off from
the base case.
8 you do not need to change any other defaults on the Regression
Convergence sheet. See Convergence Parameters for more
information.
Convergence The Regression Convergence sheet is used to specify optional
Parameters Data-Fit convergence parameters. In most cases, it is unnecessary
to change these parameters from their default values.
The following parameters are available on the Convergence sheet:
Field Default Used To
Maximum Algorithm 50 Specify the maximum number of optimizer iterations.
Iterations
Maximum Passes 1000 Set the maximum number of flowsheet passes allowed in a Data-Fit run.
Through Flowsheet Included in the count of flowsheet passes are the initial base case, passes
required to compute the residuals, and passes required to compute the
Jacobian matrix through perturbation.

23-30 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Field Default Used To
Bound Factor 10 Lower and Upper bounds for reconciled input variables are computed
using Bound Factor times Standard Deviation for that variable.
See Bound Factor for more information about setting the Bound Factor.
Absolute Function 0.01 Specify the absolute sum-of-squares objective function tolerance.
Tolerance If the optimizer finds a point where the objective function value is less
than the Absolute Function Tolerance, the problem is converged.
Relative Function 0.002 Specify the relative function convergence tolerance.
Tolerance If the current model predicts a maximum possible function reduction of
at most the relative function tolerance times the absolute value of the
function value at the start of the current iteration, and if the last step
attempted achieved no more than twice the predicted function decrease,
then the problem is considered converged.
X Convergence 0.002 Specify the X convergence tolerance.
Tolerance If a step is tried that has a relative change in X less than or equal to the X
Convergence Tolerance and if this step decreases the objective function
by no more than twice the predicted objective function decrease, the
problem is considered converged.
Minimum Step 1e-10 Data-Fit returns with suboptimal solution if a step of scaled length of at
Tolerance most Minimum Step Tolerance is tried but not accepted.
Calculate Covariance checked Calculate covariance and correlation matrices and write correlation
Matrix matrix to report file.
Advanced The Regression Advanced sheet is used to specify additional Data-
Parameters Fit convergence parameters. In most cases, it is unnecessary to
change these parameters from their default values.
The algorithm maintains an estimate of the diameter of a region
about the current estimate of the vector of varied values in which it
can predict the behavior of the least-squares objective function,
that is, a trust region.
The following parameters are available on the Convergence sheet:
Trust region tuning Default Used To
parameters field
Switching Parameter 1.5 Data-Fit algorithm uses a trust-region strategy. Switching Parameter is
used in a test to decide when to switch the model for the trust region.
Adjustment Factor 0.75 If the decrease in the value of the objective function is at least
Adjustment Factor*inner product of the step and the gradient, then the
trust region radius is increased
Reduction Factor 0.5 The factor by which the trust region radius is shrunk if current X leads to
errors in function or Jacobian evaluation.
Minimum Reduction 0.1 The minimum factor by which the trust region radius may be shrunk.
Factor
Minimum Expansion 2 The minimum factor by which the trust region radius is increased if it is
Factor increased at all.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-31
Trust region tuning Default Used To
parameters field
Maximum Expansion 4 The maximum factor by which the trust region radius may be increased
Factor at one time.

Step and tuning Default To

parameters field
Initial Step Size 1 Factor determining the initial step size of the trust region.
The choice of Initial Step Size can profoundly affect the performance of
the algorithm - different values sometimes lead to finding different local
minima. Too small or too large a value of Initial Step Size causes the
algorithm to spend several function evaluations in the first iteration
increasing or decreasing the size of the trust region.
Size Control Parameter 0.0001 For the step to be accepted the actual function reduction must be more
than Size Control Parameter times its predicted value.
Adaptive Scaling 0.6 Tuning factor associated with adaptive scaling strategy in the algorithm
Strategy
Relative Perturbation 0.005 Default perturbation size during Jacobian evaluation for variable X is
Size Relative Perturbation Size times the absolute value of X.
False Convergence 0.1 Helps decide when to check for false convergence and to consider
Check Parameter switching the algorithm model for the current trust region.

Data-Fit Numerical Formulation

Data-Fit solves a problem with the following formulation:

1 Nsets   N exp i 
Min ∑
Xp , Xri 2 i =1
 Wi *  ∑ ( term1 + term2) 
 j =1 

Nri
term1 = ∑ (( Xmri − Xri ) / σ Xmri )
2

l =1
Nrr
term2 = ∑ (( Xmrr − Xrr ) / σ Xmrr )
2

m =1

subject to Xplb = Xp = Xpub

Xrilb = Xri = Xriub
Where:
Nsets = Number of data sets specified on the Regression
Specifications sheet
Nexpi = Number of experiments in data set i
Nri = Number of reconciled input variables
Nrr = Number of measure results variables

23-32 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Wi = Weight for data set I specified on the
Regression Specifications sheet
Xp = Vector or varied parameters
Xmri = Measured values of the reconciled input
variables
Xri = Calculated values of the reconciled input
variables
Xmrr = Measured values of the results variables
Xrr = Calculated values of the results variables
Sigma = Standard deviation specified for the measured
variables
Reconciled input variables are adjusted to minimize the sum of
square of errors for each experiment independently.

Ensuring Well-Formulated Data-Fit

Problems
This topic applies primarily to Point-Data data sets.
Although Data-Fit is extremely flexible, you must ensure that a
Data-Fit problem is well posed. Data-Fit does not check this for
you. There are two basic rules you must follow:
• When Data-Fit evaluates a data point, it merges the current
values of the measured inputs and the estimated parameters
with the base-case specifications. To avoid erroneous results,
the set of measured inputs for a data set must form a complete
input specification for uniquely calculating the measured
results for that data set.
• The base-case simulation model must be formulated to have a
solution, even when the measurements are not in mass or
energy balance.
Example of a Well- Suppose you want to fit column efficiency to operating data for a
Formulated Data-Fit distillation column with one feed and two products. Data are
Problem available for several operating points. Each operating point has:
• A different feed composition, flow rate, and temperature
• Different distillate and bottoms flow rates and temperatures
• The same reflux ratio and feed and column pressures
The feed data consists of component mole flow rates and
temperatures. Product stream data consists only of total flow rates
and temperatures.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-33
 The following table describes a well-posed Data-Fit formulation
for this problem:
This Consists of
The base-case • A feed stream with temperature, pressure, and
simulation component mole flows specified
model
• A RadFrac block with Mole Reflux Ratio,
Mole Distillate to Feed Ratio, and pressure
specified
The data set for Inputs:
the operating • Mole flow rate for each component with a non-
points
zero flow in the base-case feed stream
• Feed stream temperature
• Distillate-to-feed ratio, accessed as the
RadFrac Mole-D:F input variable and entered
as an unmeasured input in the data set
Results:
• Distillate and bottoms temperature
• Distillate and bottoms flow rate
The pressure and Mole Reflux Ratio are fixed specifications for
this problem. Data-Fit overrides the base-case feed component
flow rates, temperature, and column distillate-to-feed ratio
specification for the evaluation of each data point. If any inputs
were omitted from the data set, base-case values would be used for
the data point evaluations, causing incorrect results.
The distillate-to-feed ratio specification must be used so that
RadFrac can solve with most any feed. If the distillate flow
specification were used instead, a measure distillate rate that was
not in good mass balance with the measured feeds could result in
an infeasible column specification that RadFrac could not solve.
Bound Factor When you specify non-zero standard deviations for measured
inputs, Data-Fit uses the following limits for the variable estimates:
Lower Bound = Measured value - (Bound Factor) * (Standard
Deviation)
Upper Bound = Measured value + (Bound Factor) * (Standard
Deviation)
Bound Factor has a default value of 10. You can enter a different
value on the Regression Convergence sheet.
Aspen Plus checks to see whether the lower bound for flows is
negative. If so, a warning is given and the lower bound is set to
zero. Care should be taken in setting the Bound Factor to avoid
zero flow rates.

23-34 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Remember that setting bounds that are too tight or too loose could
cause Data-Fit to move into an infeasible region. For example, if
you are reconciling the reflux rate for a tower and using the reflux
rate as a reconciled input variable, and you allow the lower bound
on the reflux rate to be zero, Data-Fit may drive the reflux rate to
zero during the solution process and cause severe errors in
RadFrac.
Instead of setting very tight bounds on the reconciled input
variables, you should treat them as fixed instead.
Estimating Data-Fit can estimate and tabulate any unmeasured result. Access
Unmeasured the calculated variable as a Result in a data set, enter a nonzero
Variables standard deviation, and leave the data field blank.
Data-Fit can also estimate unmeasured input variables. Access the
variable as an Input in a data set. Enter a reasonable initial guess
and a large standard deviation (for example, 50%) for the variable.
Make sure the standard deviation gives reasonable lower and upper
limits for the estimated variable.

Sequencing Data-Fit
For Data-Fit problems, Aspen Plus will:
1 Run the base-case simulation.
2 Execute the Data-Fit loop until it converges or fails to
converge.
3 Replace the base-case values of fitted parameters with the
regressed values, and rerun the base-case simulation
If any Case-Study or Sensitivity blocks are present, Aspen Plus
uses the fitted parameters to generate the Case-Study and/or
Sensitivity tables. The Data-Fit problem is not re-executed each
time.
The Aspen Plus automatic sequencing algorithm places Data-Fit
loops outside any flowsheet convergence loops.
In most cases, Data-Fit should be run standalone. For example, you
may want to estimate kinetic coefficients in the power-law
expression, using a RCSTR block. Run Data-Fit with RCSTR.
Then use the regressed values as input in a larger flowsheet with
that RCSTR block.
You can sequence the execution manually to suit your needs on the
Convergence Sequence form.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-35
 Using Data-Fit Results
The key Data-Fit results are:
Results On Data-Fit sheet
Chi-Square statistic for the fit Regression Results Summary
Final estimates and standard deviations Regression Results Manipulated
for the estimated parameters Variables
Table of measured values, estimated Regression Results Fitted-Data
values, and normalized residuals for the
data sets
Table of iteration history of the function Regression Results Iteration
results or of the vary results and History
reconciled input
A Chi-Square value greater than the threshold value indicates the
model does not fit the data. This can occur due to errors in the
measured data, or because the model does not represent the data.
You can use the Chi-Square statistic for selecting between models.
If you fit two or more models to the same data set(s), the model
with the lowest Chi-Square value fits the data best.
It is not uncommon for the standard deviations of estimated
parameters to be relatively large. This does not necessarily indicate
a poor fit.
Review the Regression Results Fitted-Data sheet for large
normalized residuals (outliers). A residual value much larger than
the others might indicate a bad data point.
For measured inputs with standard deviations equal to zero, there
are no estimated values or residuals. Data-Fit does not adjust these
measurements.
The Regression Results Fitted-Data sheet allows the plotting of
results. These plots can help you:
• Visualize how well your model fits the data
• Spot poor data points
For information about how to generate plots, see chapter 13,
Working with Plots.

Troubleshooting
If Data-Fit fails to converge, look for:
• Large errors in the values entered for the measurements, such
as data entry errors or incorrect units
• Gross errors in source data

23-36 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Errors may occur in the problem formulation. Check:
• Does the base-case simulation converge?
• Do measured inputs completely determine the measured
results? See Ensuring Well-Formulated Data-Fit Problems.
• Is the base-case simulation formulated to handle measured data
that are not in good mass balance? See Ensuring Well-
Formulated Data-Fit Problems.
• Do the values specified in the base-case simulation provide
good estimates for the estimated parameters?
• Do the estimated parameters affect the measured variables over
the range specified? You can check the sensitivity of the
measured variables to the estimated parameters with a
sensitivity run. A different base-case parameter value or a
smaller parameter range may be needed.
• Do specified bounds allow the decision variables to take the
model into infeasible regions (leading to convergence failures
for unit operation model algorithms or internal convergence
loops)? The recommended action is to tighten the bounds.
• Do the fitted parameters have large differences in order of
magnitude? If so, it may be helpful to scale those values using
a Calculator block.
• Does the model represent the data? If not, either choose
another model or enter new base-case specifications.
Example of Fitting Determine the coefficients of the Aspen Plus power law kinetics
Reaction Kinetics Data model for the liquid phase reaction ALLYL + ACET ! PROD. A
backup file for this problem is included in the Examples library as
datafit1.bkp.
The following data is available:
Initial charge: 0.05 lb ALLYL
0.07 lb ACET
Reaction temperature: 30oC
Mole fractions:
Time ALLYL PROD
600 seconds 0.30149 0.19745
900 seconds 0.25613 Unmeasured
1900 seconds 0.14938 0.45820

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-37
 A base-case simulation is defined with the following
specifications:
Feed Flow Rate
ALLYL 0.05 lb/hr
ACET 0.07 lb/hr

RBatch Specification Value

Reactor Type Constant Temperature
Temperature 30.0oC
Cycle time 1900.0 seconds
Valid phases Liquid-Only

Power Law Kinetics Value

Specifications
ALLYL exponent 1.0
ACET exponent 0.5
Pre-exponential factor 1.5E7
Activation energy 6.5E7
Time series data is entered in a Profile-Data data set.

23-38 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Because data is available at only one temperature, the pre-
exponential factor is fit with the activation energy fixed. The
Regression case is entered as follows:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-39
 After running the Data-Fit problem, the resulting estimate of the
pre-exponential factor appears on the Regression Results
Manipulated Variable sheet:

23-40 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 The Regression Results Fitted-Data sheet displays the original
measured values, along with the final estimated values for these
variables.

These original measured values and the final estimated values can
be plotted against each other to see the fit of the data and identify
any outliers.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-41
 Example for Matching a This example reconciles measurements and fits column Murphree
Column Model to Plant stage efficiency to operating data for a binary distillation column
Data with one feed and two product streams. A backup file for this
problem is in the Examples library as datafit2.bkp.
The following data is available:
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
Feed
Water flow rate, lbmol/hr 55 45 50
Ethanol flow rate, lbmol/hr 45 55 50
Temperature, oF 77 75 80
Distillate
Total flow rate, lbmol/hr 45 55 50
Temperature, oF 175 170 174
Bottoms
Total flow rate, lbmol/hr 45 55 50
Temperature, oF 180 185 183
A base-case simulation is defined with the following
specifications:
Feed Stream Specification Value
Water flow rate, lbmol/hr 50
Ethanol flow rate, lbmol/hr 50
Temperature, oF 77
Pressure, psia 15

23-42 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 RadFrac Specification Value
Number of stages 20
Feed stage 10
Pressure, psia 15
Distillate vapor fraction 0.0
Reflux ratio 3.0
Distillate-to-feed ratio 0.5
Murphree stage efficiencies 0.1
The column specifications (reflux ratio and distillate-to-feed ratio)
ensure that the column can be solved even if the measured feed and
distillate flow rates are not in mass balance.
A Fortran Calculator block is defined to set the stage efficiency of
the column and is executed just before the RadFrac block. This
Calculator block reads a parameter being varied by Data-Fit and
transfers this to the efficiency of the first and last stages of the
column. RadFrac automatically uses this efficiency for all
intermediate stages.
The Point-Data data set is:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-43
 The distillate-to-feed ratio (COLDF) measurement is given an
arbitrary value (0.5) and a large standard deviation (100.0). This
specification tells Data-Fit to vary the distillate-to-feed ratio as
needed for each data point to find the best fit to the measured data.
The initial guess is 0.5. The distillate-to-feed ratio is an
unmeasured input, to be estimated. Distillate and bottoms flow rate
are treated as measured results. This ensures a feasible solution for
the column for each Data-Fit data point.
The measured distillate or bottoms flow rate could have been used
directly as an input (the RadFrac specification). But, RadFrac
would be unable to find a solution if the flow rate measurements
contained significant error and were not in mass balance.
The Data-Fit Regression case is defined as follows:

23-44 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Optimization and Data Fit • 23-45
23-46 • Optimization and Data Fit Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 24

Transferring Information Between

Streams or Blocks

This chapter provides information about:

• Transfer blocks
• Equation-oriented connection equations

Transfer Blocks
Use a transfer block to copy the values of flowsheet variables from
one part of the flowsheet to another. You can copy to any number
of destinations:
• Whole streams
• Stream composition and flow rate
• Any flowsheet variable (for example, block variables)
The most common application is to copy one stream into another.
For help on transferring information between streams and blocks,
see one of the following topics:
• Defining transfer blocks
• Creating transfer blocks
• Copying streams
• Copying flowsheet variables
• Specifying when to execute a transfer block
• Entering flash specifications for destination streams
• Using Transfer blocks in EO runs

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks • 24-1
 Defining a Transfer Block
To define a transfer block:
1 Create the transfer block.
2 Copy either a stream, a stream flow, a substream or a block or
stream variable.
3 Optionally enter flash specifications for destination streams.
By default, Aspen Plus will flash modified streams
automatically, using the values present in the stream and the
flash options established either on the Streams form for process
feeds, or by the source block for other streams.
4 Optionally specify when the transfer block is executed.
By default, Aspen Plus will sequence the block automatically.

Creating a Transfer Block

To create a transfer block:
1 From the Data menu, point to Flowsheeting Options, then click
Transfer.
2 In the Transfer Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID, or accept the
default, and click OK.

Copying Flowsheet Variables

The From and To sheets are used to specify what flowsheet
variables are copied from one place to another.
The following information can be copied:
If you select on Aspen Plus copies
the From sheet
Entire stream An entire stream
Stream flow Only the component flows and total flow of a stream
Substream An entire substream
Block or stream A scalar stream variable or block variable
variable When scalar variables are copied, the variable type
does not have to be the same on each sheet, but each
variable type must have the same physical
dimensions (for example temperature).
Copying Streams To copy a stream:
1 On the Transfer form, click the From tab.

24-2 • Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 2 Click the Entire Stream option and specify the stream in the
Stream Name field. The information for an entire stream
including all substreams will be copied.
3 Click the To tab.
4 Specify any number of destination streams in the Stream field.
Copying Stream Flow To copy component flows of a stream:
1 On the Transfer form, click the From tab.
2 Click the Stream Flow option and specify the stream in the
Stream Name field. The component and total flow rates of a
stream will be copied, but not the conditions (temperature,
pressure, vapor fraction, and other intensive variables).
3 Click the To tab.
4 Specify any number of destination streams in the Stream fields.
Copying Substreams To copy a substream:
1 On the Transfer form, click the From tab.
2 Click the Substream option and specify the stream and
substream in the Stream Name and Substream fields. The
information for one substream of a stream will be copied.
3 Click the To tab.
4 Specify any number of destination streams in the Stream and
Substream fields.
Copying Block or To copy a block, stream, or other flowsheet variable:
Stream Variables 1 On the Transfer form, click the From tab.
2 Select the Block or Stream Variable option.
3 In the Type field, select the type of variable you want to copy.
4 Aspen Plus takes you to the remaining fields necessary to
completely identify the variable.
5 Click the To tab.
6 On the Variable Number field, click the down arrow and select
<new>.
7 In the Type field, select the type of variable for the destination
of the copy.
8 Aspen Plus takes you to the remaining fields necessary to
completely identify the variable.
Repeat steps 6 to 8 for all the variables to which the From
variable is to be copied.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks • 24-3
 Specifying Transfer Block Execution
Use the Transfer Sequence sheet to specify when the transfer block
is executed.
You can do either of the following:
• Use the default, Automatically Sequenced, to let Aspen Plus
sequence the block automatically.
• Specify when the Transfer block is to be executed (Before or
After a block, or at the beginning (First) or end (Last) of a
simulation).
To specify transfer block execution:
1 On the Transfer form, click the Sequence tab.
2 This table shows how to specify when the transfer block is to
be executed:
Specify this in the To
Execute field
Automatically Have the Transfer block sequenced automatically
sequenced
First Have the Transfer block executed at the beginning
of the simulation
Before Have the Transfer block executed before a specified
Block, Convergence, Calculator, Transfer, Balance,
or Pressure Relief
The Block Type and Block Name must be specified.
After Have the Transfer block executed after a specified
Block, Convergence, Calculator, Transfer, Balance,
or Pressure Relief
The Block Type and Block Name must be specified.
Last Have the Transfer block executed at the end of the
simulation
3 If you entered Before or After, select the unit operation block,
convergence block, Calculator block, transfer block, balance
block or pressure relief block before or after which you want
the transfer block to be executed.
4 Use the Diagnostics button on this sheet to set the levels of
diagnostic output.

Entering Flash Specifications for

Destination Streams
When you copy into a stream, Aspen Plus flashes the destination
stream(s) to calculate a new set of stream properties using the
values present in the stream and the flash options established

24-4 • Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 either on the Streams form for process feeds, or by the source
block for other streams.
You can use the optional Stream Flash sheet to specify the
thermodynamic condition and flash options for modified streams.
For example, use it when you copy stream flows and need to
specify the temperature and pressure of the destination stream.
Types of Flash The flash type must be specified. The possible flash types are:
• Temperature & Pressure
• Temperature & Vapor Fraction
• Temperature & Enthalpy
• Pressure & Vapor Fraction
• Pressure & Enthalpy
• Do not Flash Stream
Temperature or pressure estimates can be entered if desired.
Also specify the phases the flash calculation should consider and
optionally the maximum iterations and error tolerance for the flash
calculation.
How to Enter Flash To enter flash specifications for a stream:
Specifications 1 On the Transfer form, click the Stream Flash tab.
2 Specify the stream name in the Stream field.
3 Specify the Flash Type.
4 Specify the flash specifications, estimates and/or convergence
parameters.
Example of a Stream A transfer block is used to copy stream F-STOIC into streams F-
Copied to Two Other CSTR, F-GIBBS, and F-PLUG.
Streams

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks • 24-5
 Example of Stream The transfer block TEMP sets the temperature of block
Conditions Copied to a TRANSFER equal to the temperature in stream LIQUID2.
Block
The stream LIQUID2 is an outlet from a Flash3 where the
properties are being calculated using the UNIF-LL physical
property methods. Downstream from the Flash3, the properties are
being calculated using the NRTL physical property methods.
When two different physical property methods are being used in a
flowsheet, there may be inconsistencies where they meet. Often it
is good practice to add in a Heater block with a temperature and
pressure specification between the two sections with the different
physical property methods. The Heater should use the temperature
and pressure of the inlet stream and the physical property method
of the new section or block to which the outlet from the Heater is
connected. A Transfer block can be used to transfer the
temperature and pressure of the inlet stream to the Heater block.
In this flowsheet, only the temperature is transferred since the
pressures are all ambient. A similar transfer block could be used to
transfer the pressure from the LIQUID2 stream to the TRANSFER
Heater block.

24-6 • Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 EO Usage Notes for Transfer
In a Transfer block, you can transfer stream variables only if you
specified that variable for the stream. For example, you can
transfer a component mass fraction only if you specified mass
fractions for the stream. You can always transfer the whole stream,
and you can transfer any block variables which have corresponding
EO variables.
Also, flash specifications in Transfer blocks are ignored in EO.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks • 24-7
 Equation Oriented Connection
Equations
Equation Oriented Connection Equations are additional equations
that can be added to a system that equate two variables, thus
ensuring that they have the same value at the solution. Connection
processing automatically adjusts the specifications of the variables
involved in order to preserve the net specification of a problem.
Specifying Equation To specify EO connections:
Oriented Connections 1 From the Data Browser, select the EO Configuration folder,
then select Connection.
The EO Configuration Connection Configuration sheet
appears.
2 Enter data in the following fields:
Use this field To
Name Specify the name of the connection
Destination Specify the target variable to be connected
Source Specify the source variable to be connected
Port Connection Select if the destination is a port
Enabled Select if you wish the connection to be included
in the problem. Clear this to disable processing
of the connection in the problem.
Scale Specify the Scale multiplier in the connection
equation.
Bias Specify the Bias term in the connection equation.
Description Enter optional comments (72 characters max) to
associate with the connection equation.
The destination and the source can be any of the following:
• Open variables
• Aliases
• Streams
• Ports
Bias and Scale Equation oriented connections equate two variables. The equation
Factors in Equation is expressed in the form:
Oriented Connections destination = source x scale - bias
The Scale and Bias factors are used to modify the source value
when connected to the destination variable.
You enter Scale and Bias factors on the EO Configuration
Connection Configuration sheet.

24-8 • Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Effects of Equation When you specify equation-oriented Connections, connection
Oriented Connections processing automatically adjusts the specifications of the variables
on Variable involved in order to preserve the net specification of a problem.
Specifications

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks • 24-9
24-10 • Transferring Information Between Streams or Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 25

Balance Blocks

Balance blocks only apply to sequential-modular simulations.

There is no equation-oriented equivalent.
You can use a Balance block to calculate heat and material
balances around an envelope of one or more unit operation blocks.
The Balance block updates stream variables entering or leaving the
envelope with the calculated results. For example, the Balance
block can calculate:
• Flow rate of make-up streams in recycle calculations. (This
eliminates Calculator blocks.)
• Feed stream flow rate and conditions, based on other stream
and block information. (This eliminates design specifications
and convergence loops.)
For help on balance blocks, see one of the following topics:
• Defining a Balance block
• Specifying blocks and streams for balance calculations
• Specifying and updating stream variables
• Sequencing Balance blocks
• Flash specifications
• Material and energy balance equations

Defining a Balance Block

Define a Balance block by:
1 Creating the Balance block.
2 Specifying blocks and streams for balance calculations.
3 Specifying and updating stream variables.
4 Sequencing balance blocks.
5 Optionally, specifying flash conditions.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Balance Blocks • 25-1

 Creating a Balance Block
To create a Balance block:
1 From the Data menu, select Flowsheeting Options, then
Balance.
2 On the Balance Object Manager, click the New button.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
Default ID and click OK.
4 Select the Balance form you want to enter data on from left
pane of the Data Browser.
Form Sheet What is Specified
Setup Mass Blocks or streams to include in each
Balance material balance envelope
Energy Blocks or streams to include in each
Balance energy balance envelope
Equations Material and energy balance
relationships in addition to what is
specified on the Mass Balance and
Energy Balance sheets
Calculate Stream variables to calculate and update
after the mass and energy balance
calculations
Scale Stream scale factors
Advanced Parameters Optional convergence parameters,
including relative tolerance of balance
equation residuals
Sequence Optional execution sequence for the
balance block
Stream Flash Optional flash specifications for
specified streams. This sheet can also be
used to suppress automatic flash
calculations for streams updated by the
Balance block.
Diagnostics Levels of diagnostic output from the
balance block

Specifying Blocks and Streams for

Balance Calculations
Use the Mass Balance and Energy Balance sheets to specify blocks
or streams for a mass and energy balance envelope. The energy
balance equations are overall energy balances.

25-2 • Balance Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The mass balance equations can be any one of these:
• Overall. Do not specify Components, Component Groups, or
Substreams.
• Substream. Do not specify Components or Component Groups.
• Component balances
To specify blocks or streams for mass balance calculations:
1 Select the Mass Balance sheet.
2 On the Mass Balance Number field, click the down arrow and
select <new>.
3 In the New Item dialog box, specify an ID or accept the default
ID. The ID must be an integer.
4 Specify blocks or streams (inlets and outlets) to include in the
material balance envelope.
5 Specify components, component groups, or substreams,
depending on the material balance type.
6 If you want to enter more than one material balance, repeat
steps 2 through 5.
To specify blocks or streams for energy balance calculations:
1 Select the Energy Balance sheet.
2 On the Energy Balance Number field, click the down arrow
and select <new>.
3 In the New Item dialog box, specify an ID or accept the default
ID. The ID must be an integer.
4 Specify the blocks or streams (inlets and outlets) for the energy
balance envelope.
5 If you want to enter more than one energy balance, repeat steps
2 through 4.
Tip: If you want to delete an mass balance or energy balance, click
the right mouse button on the Mass Balance Number or the Energy
Balance Number field. From the popup menu, select Delete.
Use the Equations sheet to set up general molar/mass relationships
among the total or component flows of one or more streams. You
can also specify the mole and mass right hand side of a relation.
See Material and Energy Balance Equations for more information
about the form of the equations.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Balance Blocks • 25-3

 Specifying and Updating Stream
Variables
Use the Calculate sheet to specify which stream variables to
calculate by solving the mass and energy balance relationships.
You can specify to update these variables after they are calculated.
To solve the balance equations, the total number of variables
specified on this form must equal the total number of equations
specified on the Mass Balance and Energy Balance sheets. .
Aspen Plus can calculate these types of flow variables:
• Total flow rate. The stream composition remains the same.
• Substream flow rates. The stream composition remains the
same.
• Component flow rates of all applicable substream/component
combinations
If you do not specify substreams when you specify component
flows, Aspen Plus calculates the component flow rate of the
default substream. The default substream for a specified
component is the first substream containing that component.

Convergence Parameters
Use the Advanced Parameters sheet to:
• Specify Balance block convergence parameters
• Check additional implicit mass balance equations
• Adjust the maximum number of iterations, the relative
tolerance of the balance equation residuals, and the relative
tolerance of calculated variables
The implicit mass balance equations are any mass balance or
mass/mole relationships which do not involve any variables to be
calculated or material balance equations for the energy balance.
The additional mass balance equations are checked by default, and
if they are out of balance, the calculated variables are not updated.
It is possible to update calculated variables even if the equations
are out of balance. You can choose not to check the additional
mass balance equations.

Sequencing Balance Blocks

Use the Advanced Sequence sheet to specify when to execute a
Balance block.:

25-4 • Balance Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 A Balance block can be sequenced automatically or manually. In
automatic sequencing the Balance block executes before any unit
operation block with a feed stream updated by this Balance block.
In some cases, Aspen Plus places the Balance block within a
convergence loop. You can control whether the block executes
only once (for example, for initializing a tear stream) or always
(for example, for makeup calculations).

Flash Specifications
Use the Stream Flash sheet to specify thermodynamic conditions
or suppress automatic flash calculations for streams updated by a
balance block. Aspen Plus automatically flashes an updated stream
unless the only updated variable is the total flow.

Material and Energy Balance

Equations
When the number of variables exceeds the number of equations,
you must enter the unknown variables to be calculated on the
Calculate form. Since the system of equations is linear, Aspen Plus
solves the unknown variables directly. You can specify that the
corresponding stream variables are updated.
Aspen Plus uses the following material and energy balance
equations:
Overall mass balance:
NM

∑S σ F
i =1
i i i =0

Substream mass balance for j=1 to NSS:

NM
∑ S i Fi f ij = 0
i =1

Component mass balance for k=1 to NC, j=1 to NSS:

NM

∑S F f
i =1
i i ij Z ijk = 0

Overall energy balance:

NM NH NW

∑S σ Fh + ∑S σ
i =1
i i i i
j =1
j j H j + ∑ S k σ k Wk = RHS
k =1

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Balance Blocks • 25-5

 Where:
Si = +1 for inlet streams, -1 for outlet streams

σi = Stream scale factor

Fi = Mass flow of stream i

f ij = Mass fraction of substream j in stream i

Z ijk = Mass fraction of component k in substream j of

stream i
NM = Number of combined inlet and outlet material
streams
NH = Number of combined inlet and outlet heat streams
NW = Number of combined inlet and outlet work streams
NSS = Number of substreams within material streams
NC = Number of components specified on the
Components Specifications or Components
Comp-Group forms
hi = Mass enthalpy of stream i

Hj = Heat flow of heat stream j

Wk = Work of work stream k

RHS = Right-hand side of the energy balance equation
On the Equations sheet, you can specify additional material
relationships, which span components in various streams. This is
useful for reactive systems. When you specify additional
relationships, Aspen Plus uses the following mole/mass balance
equations for the component mole/mass balance equation:
NTi

∑C
j =1
ij Fij = RHSi

Where:
Cij = Coefficient of Term j in equation i

Fij = Mole/mass flow Term j in equation i as determined

by Stream, Substream, and Component of the term
RHS i = Right-hand side of mole/mass equation i

NTi = Number of terms in mole/mass equation i

25-6 • Balance Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example of Backward Flow rates of the two outlet streams from HeatX are given. Flow
Calculations Using a rates of the two inlet streams into HeatX need to be calculated.
Balance Block Both the inlet and the outlet streams are specified, but the flow
rates specified for the two inlets are just dummy numbers.
The final values for the calculated variables are found on the
Calculated Variables sheet. In this example, the mass flow of the
two inlet streams, H2OIN and MECHIN are calculated.
Example of Calculating a Use a balance block to calculate the required flow rate of cooling
Coolant Flow Rate water in order to cool a stream of methanol from 150 F to 100 F. A
Balance block will eliminate the need for a Design specification
and a convergence loop.
150 F, 14.7 PSI 100 F, 14.7 PSI
MEOHIN Hot-Side MEOHOUT

H2OOUT Cold-Side H2OIN

Spec = 80 F 50 F, 14.7 PSI

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Balance Blocks • 25-7

25-8 • Balance Blocks Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 26

Case Study

Case Study only applies to sequential-modular simulations. There

is no equation-oriented equivalent.
This section includes information about:
• Using Case Study
• Creating a Case Study
• Identifying Case Study variables
• Specifying values for Case Study variables
• Specifying report options for Case Study

Using Case Study

After you run a base-case simulation, you may want to run several
parametric cases for the same flowsheet. You can use the Case
Study tool to run multiple simulation cases for the same flowsheet
when you make batch runs. Case Study will perform a flowsheet
simulation for each case in a series. The Case Study block does not
affect the base-case simulation or the base-case report.
Aspen Plus generates a report for each case. You can tailor the
case reports to contain only those report sections of interest.
Aspen Plus ignores a Case Study block when you make interactive
runs from the user interface.

Creating a Case Study

To create a Case Study:
1 From the Data menu, point to Model Analysis Tools, then Case
Study.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Case Study • 26-1

 2 On the Case Study Setup Vary sheet, identify the variables you
want to change from case to case. See Identifying Case Study
Variables.
3 On the Case Study Setup Specifications sheet, specify values
for the case study variables for each case. See Specifying
Values for Case Study Variables.
4 If you want to specify report options, use the Case Study
ReportOptions form. See Specifying Report Options for Case
Studies.

Identifying Case Study Variables

Use the Case Study Setup Vary sheet to identify flowsheet
variables you want to change from case to case. You can only
change block input, process feed stream, and other input variables.
Result variables cannot be modified directly.
To identify the variables you want to change from case to case:
1 On the Case Study Setup form, select the Vary tab.
2 On the Variable Number field, click the down arrow and select
<new> from the list.
3 In the Manipulated Variable Type field, select a variable type.
4 Aspen Plus automatically shows the fields necessary to
uniquely identify the flowsheet variables. Complete the fields
to define the variable. See Accessing Flowsheet Variables, for
more information on accessing variables.
5 You have the option of labeling the variables for the report.
Use the Report Labels Line 1 to Line 4 fields to define these
labels.
6 Repeat steps 2-5 until you have identified all case study
variables.

Specifying Values for Case Study

Variables
Use the Case Study Setup Specifications sheet to specify values for
the case study variables.
To specify values for case study variables:
1 On the Case Study Setup form, select the Specifications tab.
2 On the Case Number field, click the down arrow and select
<new> from the list.

26-2 • Case Study Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 In the New Item dialog box, enter an ID or accept the default
ID. The ID must be an integer.
4 In the Values for Manipulated Variable field, enter a value for
each variable. Enter multiple variable values in the same order
as you identified them on the Vary sheet.
5 To enter another case, repeat steps 2 and 3 until you have
defined all the cases you want to run.
On the Case Study Setup Specifications sheet, you can also:
• Reset convergence and unit operation restart flags for blocks
• Restore initial values for tear streams and feed streams
• Enter the case report description
Resetting Initial Use the Case Study Setup Specifications sheet to reset
Values convergence and unit operation reinitialization options for blocks.
You can also restore initial values for tear streams, feed streams
manipulated by design specifications, optimization blocks, and
Calculator blocks. By default, blocks or streams are not
reinitialized. It is usually most efficient to begin the calculation for
a new case with the results of the previous case.
To reinitialize blocks:
1 On the Case Study Setup form, select the Specifications tab.
2 In the Blocks to be Reinitialized field, select either Include
Specified Blocks or Reinitialize All Blocks.
3 If you choose Include Specified Blocks, select the unit
operation blocks and/or the convergence blocks to be
reinitialized.
To reinitialize streams:
1 On the Case Study Setup form, select the Specifications tab.
2 In the Streams to be Reinitialized field, select either Include
Specified Streams or Reinitialize All Streams.
3 If you choose Include Specified Streams, select the streams to
be reinitialized.
Entering a Use the Case Study Setup Specifications sheet to enter the case
Description report description, which will appear as a title in the case report.
To enter a case report description:
1 On the Case Study Setup form, select the Specifications tab.
2 Click the Description button.
3 Enter the description
4 Click Close.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Case Study • 26-3

 Specifying Report Options for Case
Studies
Use the Case Study ReportOptions form to specify which sections
of the report to include or suppress in the case reports. A separate
report is generated for each case and appended to the report file. If
you specified report options for the base case on the Setup
ReportOptions form, and would like the same options for the case
reports, you must re-specify the report options on the Case Study
ReportOptions sheet.
Any options for Block reports which you specified for the base
case on the Setup ReportOptions Block sheet or on the
BlockOptions ReportOptions sheet for the block also applies to the
case reports.
The following table shows what you can specify and where:
To specify ReportOptions
Sheet
Whether to generate a report file and which General
sections of the report to include
Which flowsheet option reports to include in the Flowsheet
report file
Which block reports to include in the report file Block
Which streams to include in the report file and the Stream
format for the streams
Whether to generate additional stream reports, and Supplementary
if so the streams to include in the report file and the Stream
format for the streams

26-4 • Case Study Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 27

Specifying Reactions and

Chemistry

This chapter describes how to define reaction systems in

Aspen Plus including:
• About Reactions and Chemistry
• About Electrolytes Chemistry
• Specifying Electrolytes Chemistry
• Specifying Power Law Reactions for Reactors and Pressure
Relief Systems
• Reactions With Solids
• Specifying LHHW Reactions for Reactors and Pressure Relief
Systems
• Specifying Reactions for Reactive Distillation
• Using a User Kinetic Subroutine

About Reactions and Chemistry

There are two types of reaction systems and Aspen Plus uses
different methods for simulating them:
Type of reaction system Description Use this Data Browser Form
Electrolytes solution chemistry Reactions involving the formation of Chemistry
ionic species
Non-electrolyte reactions Rate-controlled or equilibrium limited. Reactions
For reactors and reactive distillation
modeling.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-1
 Reactions Rate-controlled and non-electrolyte equilibrium reactions are
specified as Reaction IDs that can be referenced in kinetic reactors,
columns, and pressure relief calculations. These reactions can be
used by:
• RadFrac, RateFrac, and BatchFrac for reactive distillation
• RBatch, RCSTR, and RPlug, the kinetics-based reactor models
• Pressure Relief model for pressure relief calculations in
reactive systems
The reaction kinetics of rate-based reactions can be represented
using any of the following expressions:
• Power Law kinetic model
• Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) kinetic
model (not applicable to reactive distillation systems)
• User-defined kinetic model
Chemistry Electrolyte solution chemistry is specified as a Chemistry ID that
can be referenced on the Properties Specification Global sheet and
on the BlockOptions Properties sheets for individual unit operation
blocks. Unlike non-electrolyte reactions which are specified and
executed only within certain unit operation blocks and pressure
relief calculations, electrolyte chemistry definitions become part of
the physical property specifications for a simulation or flowsheet
section. They are used for all calculations (in any stream or unit
operation block ) which use that property specification.

About Electrolytes Chemistry

In electrolyte systems, molecular species dissociate partially or
completely in solution and/or precipitate as salts. Examples include
the following systems:
• Sour water (H2S-NH3-CO2-Water)
• Amines
• Acids (HCl-Water)
• Brine (NaCl-Water)
Electrolyte systems are characterized by their base molecular
components (the apparent components), and by:
• Species resulting from dissociation and/or precipitation, such
as ions and salts
• Compounds formed through chemical reactions among the
species

27-2 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 There are three types of electrolyte reactions:
Type Example
Partial dissociation equilibria † HCl + H2O ↔ H3O+ + Cl-
Salt precipitation equilibria † NaCl (Salt) ↔ Na+ + Cl-
Complete dissociation NaCl (liquid phase) → Na+ + Cl-
† Equilibrium constants are required to model these reactions. They can be
calculated from correlations (as a function of temperature) or from Gibbs free
energy.
Collectively the species and reactions are referred to as the
electrolytes chemistry. Electrolytes chemistry must be modeled
correctly for accurate simulation results. Normally this requires
expert knowledge of the solution chemistry. In most cases,
however, the Aspen Plus Electrolytes Wizard can generate the
species and reactions for you, using a built-in knowledge base of
reactions, equilibrium constant data, and possible ionic species.

Specifying Electrolytes Chemistry

To specify the electrolytes chemistry for a simulation, you must:
1 Define the complete set of components present (including ions,
salts, and other species generated by reaction) on the
Components Specification Selection sheet.
2 Define the stoichiometry and reaction type, using the Reactions
Chemistry Stoichiometry sheet.
3 Specify the concentration basis, the temperature approach to
equilibrium, and coefficients for the equilibrium constant
expression, using the Reactions Chemistry
EquilibriumConstants sheet.
It is recommended that you use the Electrolytes Wizard to define
both the components and reactions. The Electrolytes Wizard:
• Uses a built-in knowledge base to generate the electrolyte
components and reactions
• Accesses the Aspen Plus electrolytes reaction database for
equilibrium constant data
You can define your own electrolyte chemistry, or you can view or
modify the chemistry generated by the Electrolytes Wizard.
To define, view, or modify electrolyte chemistry:
1 From the Data menu, point to Reactions then Chemistry.
2 To create a new Chemistry ID, click New on the Reactions
Chemistry Object Manager. Enter an ID in the Create new ID
dialog box or accept the default ID, and click OK.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-3
 3 To modify an existing Chemistry ID, select its name in the
Object Manager and choose Edit.
4 Follow the instructions in subsequent sections for details on
defining each type of reaction within a Chemistry ID.
The following sections explain how to create new reactions within
an existing Chemistry ID, by specifying stoichiometry and
calculations options for the equilibrium constant. You can specify
any number of reactions within a Chemistry ID.
You also can have any number of Chemistry IDs in your
simulation. Because the Chemistry ID becomes part of the total
Property Method definition, you can specify different Chemistry
IDs anywhere you use different Property Methods, such as
flowsheet sections or individual unit operation blocks.
Defining Equilibrium ionic reactions describe the partial dissociation of
Stoichiometry for weak electrolytes and other liquid phase equilibria. Each
Electrolytes equilibrium ionic reaction within a Chemistry ID is referenced
Chemistry with a reaction number (for example, 1, 2, 3, etc.)
Equilibrium Ionic To define a new reaction number and specify the stoichiometry for
Reactions an ionic equilibrium reaction:
1 On the Reactions Chemistry Stoichiometry sheet for your
Chemistry ID, click New.
2 On the Select Reaction Type dialog box, Equilibrium is the
default reaction type. Enter an ID or accept the default ID and
click OK. The ID must be an integer.
3 On the Equilibrium Reaction Stoichiometry dialog box, enter
the components and stoichiometric coefficients that make up
your reaction. Coefficients should be negative for reactants and
positive for products.
4 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
listed on the Stoichiometry sheet with the information
displayed in equation form.
5 Repeat steps 1-4 for each additional ionic equilibrium reaction.
Salt Precipitation Salt precipitation reactions describe the formation or dissolution of
Reactions salts in equilibrium with the liquid phase. Each salt precipitation
reaction within a Chemistry ID is referenced by the component
name of the salt.
To define the stoichiometry for a new salt precipitation reaction:
1 On the Reactions Chemistry Stoichiometry sheet for your
Chemistry ID, click New.
2 On the Select Reaction Type dialog box, select Salt in the
Choose Reaction Type frame.

27-4 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 3 In the Enter Salt Component ID field, select the name of the
salt for which you are defining the reaction, and click OK.
4 On the Salt Dissolution Stoichiometry dialog box, enter the
components and stoichiometric coefficients for the products
(ions) formed by the dissolution of the salt.
5 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
listed on the Stoichiometry sheet with the information
displayed in equation form.
6 Repeat steps 1-5 for each additional salt precipitation reaction.
Complete Dissociation Complete dissociation reactions describe the complete dissociation
Reactions of strong electrolytes in the liquid phase. These reactions do not
have equilibrium constants. Each complete dissociation reaction
within a Chemistry ID is referenced by the name of the
dissociating component.
To define the stoichiometry for a new complete dissociation
reaction:
1 On the Reactions Chemistry Stoichiometry sheet for your
Chemistry ID, click New.
2 On the Select Reaction Type dialog box, select Dissociation in
the Choose Reaction Type frame.
3 In the Enter Dissociating Electrolyte field, select the name of
the component for which you are defining the reaction, and
click OK.
4 On the Electrolyte Dissociation Stoichiometry dialog box, enter
the components and stoichiometric coefficients for the
dissociation products.
5 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
listed on the Stoichiometry sheet with the information
displayed in equation form.
6 Repeat steps 1-5 for each additional complete dissociation
reaction.
Defining Equilibrium Equilibrium constants are required to model equilibrium ionic
Constants for reactions and salt precipitation reactions. Aspen Plus can calculate
Electrolytes these equilibrium constants from correlations (as a function of
Chemistry temperature) or from reference state Gibbs free energy (available
in the Aspen Plus databanks).
To define how the equilibrium constants will be calculated for the
equilibrium ionic reactions and salt precipitation reactions within
your Chemistry ID:
1 On the Reactions Chemistry form for your Chemistry ID, select
the Equilibrium Constants sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-5
 2 Choose the concentration basis for equilibrium constants in the
Concentration Basis For Keq list. The concentration basis
determines how the equilibrium constant is calculated:
Concentration Basis Equilibrium Constant Definition
Mole-Frac (default) K = Π ( xi γ i )ν i
Molal K = Π (mi γ i )ν i
Where:
K = Equilibrium constant
x = Component mole fraction
m = Molality (gmole/kg-H2O)
γ = Activity coefficient
ν = Stoichiometric coefficient
i = Component index
Π is the product operator.
All properties refer to the liquid phase.
3 You can specify a Temperature Approach to Equilibrium that
applies to all ionic equilibrium and salt precipitation reactions
defined in the Chemistry ID. The temperature approach you
specify is added to the stream or block temperature to compute
the equilibrium constants. If you do not specify a temperature
approach, Aspen Plus uses a default value of 0.
4 Use the Hydrate-Check field to select the method that
Aspen Plus uses to determine which hydrate to precipitate
when you have specified multiple hydrates as precipitation
reactions for a salt.
Hydrate-check Method Information
Rigorous (default) Uses Gibbs free energy minimization to select
the hydrate. Allows Aspen Plus to predict the
formation of the correct hydrate for salts with
multiple hydrates.
Approximate Uses the lowest solubility product value at the
system temperature to select the hydrate.
Requires less computation time than the
rigorous method.
5 Select the appropriate reaction type (Equilibrium Reaction or
Salt), and choose the appropriate reaction from the list.
6 Leave the equilibrium coefficients blank.
– or –
Enter coefficients for the built-in equilibrium constant
expression:
ln (Keq) = A + B / T + C*ln (T) + D*T

27-6 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Where:
Keq = Equilibrium constant
T = Temperature in Kelvin
A, B, C, D = User supplied coefficients
The definition of K depends on the concentration basis
selected.
If coefficients are not entered, Aspen Plus computes the
equilibrium constant from the reference state Gibbs free
energies of formation.
Repeat steps 5 and 6 for all ionic equilibrium reactions and salt
precipitation reactions included in the Chemistry ID. Because
complete dissociation reactions do not have equilibrium constants,
nothing on the Equilibrium Constants sheet applies to reactions of
this type.

Specifying Power Law Reactions for

Reactors and Pressure Relief
Systems
Powerlaw Reaction IDs can represent equilibrium reactions, or
rate-controlled reactions represented by the power law. To use a
Powerlaw Reaction ID in the Aspen Plus reactor models RCSTR,
RPlug, and RBatch, or for the pressure relief calculations in
Pres-Relief, you need to:
• Define the type and stoichiometry of the reactions
• Enter equilibrium or kinetic parameters
RPlug, RBatch, and Pres-Relief can handle rate-controlled
reactions. RCSTR can handle both rate-controlled and equilibrium
reactions.
To create a new Powerlaw Reaction ID:
1 From the Data menu, point to Reactions then Reactions.
2 To create a new Reaction ID, click New in the Reactions
Object Manager.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter a reaction ID in the
Enter ID field, or accept the default ID.
4 Select Powerlaw in the Select Type list, and click OK.
Once the Reaction ID is created, Aspen Plus brings you to the
Stoichiometry sheet where you can begin defining reactions
within the Reaction ID. There are two types of reactions
allowed in a Powerlaw type Reaction ID.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-7
 Type For
Equilibrium Equilibrium reactions
Kinetic Rate-controlled reactions
5 To specify the individual reactions within your reaction ID,
follow the instructions in subsequent sections for the type of
reaction you want to create.
Equilibrium To add equilibrium type reactions to your Powerlaw Reaction ID:
Reactions (for RCSTR 1 Click New on the Reactions Stoichiometry sheet of your
only) Powerlaw Reaction ID.
2 On the Edit Reaction dialog box, select Equilibrium from the
Reaction Type list. The reaction number is entered
automatically.
3 Enter components and stoichiometric coefficients to define the
reaction. Coefficients should be negative for reactants and
positive for products. You should not specify exponents for
equilibrium reactions.
4 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
number, type, and equation displayed on the Stoichiometry
sheet.
5 Repeat steps 1 through 4 for each additional equilibrium
reaction.
6 Select the Equilibrium tab on the Reactions form to open that
sheet.
7 On the Equilibrium sheet, select a reaction from the list at the
top of the sheet.
8 Specify the phase in which the reaction will occur in the
Reacting Phase list. The default is the liquid phase.
9 If the reaction does not actually reach equilibrium, you can
enter a temperature approach to equilibrium in the Temperature
Approach to Equilibrium field. The number of degrees you
enter will be added to the reactor temperature to compute the
equilibrium constant.
10 Choose whether you want to compute Keq from Gibbs energies
or from a built in polynomial expression by selecting the
appropriate option.
If you choose Compute Keq From Gibbs Energies, you do not
need to enter coefficients for the equilibrium constant.
Aspen Plus will compute the Keq from the reference state
Gibbs free energy of the components.
11 If you choose Compute Keq From Built-In Expression, enter
coefficients for the built-in equilibrium constant expression,
and choose a basis for the equilibrium constant:

27-8 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 ln Keq = A + B/T + C*ln(T) + D*T
Where:
Keq = Equilibrium constant
T = Temperature in Kelvin
A, B, C, D = User-supplied coefficients
The definition of Keq depends on the basis you select in the
Keq Basis list.
Keq Basis Equilibrium Constant Definition
Mole gamma (default) Keq = Π (xi γi)υi (liquid only)
Molal gamma Keq = Π (mi γi)υi (electrolytes, liquid only)
Mole fraction Keq = Π (xi)υi
Mass fraction Keq = Π (xim)υi
Molarity Keq = Π (Ci)υi
Molality Keq = Π (mi)υi (liquid only)
Fugacity Keq = Π (fi)υi
Partial pressure Keq = Π (pi)υi (vapor only)
Mass concentration Keq = Π (Cim)υi
Where:
Keq = Equilibrium constant
x = Component mole fraction
xm = Component mass fraction
C = Molarity (kgmole/m3)
m = Molality (gmole/kg-H2O)
γ = Activity coefficient
f = Component fugacity (N/m2)
p = Partial pressure (N/m2)
m
C = Mass concentration (kg/m3)
υ = Stoichiometric coefficient (positive for products, negative for reactants)
i = Component index
Π is the Product operator
12 If solids are present, click the Solids button and select the
appropriate options for calculation of concentration. For more
information, see Reactions With Solids.
13 Repeat steps 7 through 12 for each equilibrium reaction.
Rate-Controlled To add kinetic type reactions to your Powerlaw Reaction ID:
Reactions 1 Click New on the Reactions Stoichiometry sheet of your
Powerlaw Reaction ID.
2 On the Edit Reaction dialog box, Reaction Type defaults to
Kinetic, and the reaction number is entered automatically.
Enter components and stoichiometric coefficients to define the
reaction. Coefficients should be negative for reactants and
positive for products.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-9
 3 Specify power law exponents for the components. These
exponents represent the order of the reaction with respect to
each component. If you do not specify an exponent for a
component, Aspen Plus uses a default value of 0.
4 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
number, type, and equation displayed on the Stoichiometry
sheet.
5 Repeat steps 1 through 4 for each additional kinetic reaction.
6 Select the Kinetic sheet.
7 On the Kinetic sheet, select a reaction from the list at the top of
the sheet.
8 Specify in which phase the reaction will take place in the
Reacting Phase field. The default is the liquid phase.
9 Enter the pre-exponential factor (k), the temperature exponent
(n), and the activation energy (E) in the appropriate fields. The
pre-exponential factor must be in the SI units described later in
this section. The temperature exponent refers to temperature in
Kelvin.
10 In the [Ci] Basis list, select the concentration basis. The
concentration basis determines which form of the power law
expression will be used, as discussed later in this section.
11 If solids are present, click the Solids button and select the
appropriate options for calculation of concentration. For more
information, see Reactions With Solids.
12 Repeat steps 7 through 11 for each kinetic reaction.
The power law expression depends on the concentration basis you
select in the [Ci] Basis list:
[Ci] Basis Power Law Expression Power Law Expression
(To is not specified) (To is specified)
Molarity (default) r = kT n e − E / RT ∏ (Ci ) r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / To ] ∏ (Ci )
αi αi

Molality r = kT ne − E / RT ∏ (mi ) r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / To ] ∏ (mi )

αi αi
(electrolytes only)
Mole fraction r = kT ne − E / RT ∏ ( xi ) r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / To ] ∏ ( xi )
αi αi

Mass fraction
( )α
r = kT ne − E / RT ∏ xim
i
( )α
r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / To ] ∏ xim
i

Partial pressure
(vapor only)
r = kT n e − E / RT ∏ ( pi )α i
r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / To ] ∏ ( pi )
αi

∏ (Cim ) ( )α
Mass concentration αi
n − E / RT
r = kT e r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / To ] ∏ Cim
i

Where:
r = Rate of reaction
k = Pre-exponential factor

27-10 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin
To = Reference temperature in degrees Kelvin
n = Temperature exponent
E = Activation energy
R = Universal gas law constant
x = Mole fraction
xm = Mass fraction
C = Molarity (kgmole/m3)
m = Molality (gmole/kg-H2O)
Cm = Mass concentration (kg/m3)
p = Partial pressure (N/m2)
α = Concentration exponent
i = Component index
Π is the product operator.
The units of the reaction rate and the pre-exponential factor depend
on the:
• Order of the reaction
• Concentration basis selected in the [Ci] Basis list box

Reactions With Solids

When modeling reactive systems containing solids, there are many
ways to account for the effect of these solids in your simulation.
Aspen Plus provides calculation options to appropriately model the
effect of your solids on the reaction stoichiometry, the reaction
rate, and volume basis for concentrations. The information in this
section is designed to help you specify Reaction IDs that most
accurately reflect your reactions.
Stoichiometry and When specifying a reaction on the Edit Reaction dialog box:
Reaction Rate For Solids that Specify
Participate in reactions and Both stoichiometric coefficients and
control the reaction rate. exponents.
Participate in reactions without Only the stoichiometric coefficients for these
controlling the reaction rate. solids, without entering exponents.
Act as catalysts by controlling Only the exponents for these solids, without
reaction rates without entering stoichiometric coefficients.
participating in the reactions.
Are inert. Neither stoichiometric coefficients nor
exponents.
Volume Basis for When specifying information for the calculation of an equilibrium
Concentrations constant for equilibrium reactions, or a reaction rate for kinetic
reactions, solid components can either be included or ignored in
the denominator term of concentrations. To control how these
calculations are performed, use the Solids button on Equilibrium
sheet or the Kinetic sheet of your Reaction ID.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-11
 The Solids dialog box allows the following specifications with
regard to the denominator term of component concentrations:
• For liquid and vapor component concentrations, you can
include the reacting phase only, or the reacting phase and the
solid phase, by clicking the appropriate option in the For
Liquid or Vapor Component frame. The default is to include
only the reacting phase.
• For solid component concentrations, you can include the solid
phase only, or the solid and total liquid phases, by clicking the
appropriate option in the For Solid Component frame. The
default is to include only the solid phase.
• For wolid component concentrations, you can also include
solid components in all substreams, or only those in the
substream of the reacting solid, by click the appropriate option.
The default is to include solids in all substreams.

Specifying LHHW Reactions for

Reactors and Pressure Relief
Systems
To specify Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW)
kinetics for the reactor models RCSTR, RPlug, and RBatch, or for
the pressure relief calculations in Pres-Relief, you need to:
• Define the type and stoichiometry of the reactions
• Enter equilibrium or kinetic parameters
• Specify optional adsorption expressions
To specify LHHW reactions:
1 From the Data menu, point to Reactions, then Reactions.
2 On the Reactions Object Manager, click New to create a new
Reaction ID.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter a reaction name in the
Enter ID field, or accept the default ID.
4 Select LHHW in the Select Type list, and click OK.
Once the Reaction ID is created, you can begin defining
reactions within the Reaction ID. There are two types of
reactions allowed in a LHHW type Reaction ID.
Type For
Equilibrium Equilibrium reactions
Kinetic Rate-controlled reactions

27-12 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 To specify the individual reactions within your LHHW Reaction
ID, follow the instructions in subsequent sections for the type of
reaction you want to create.
Equilibrium Specify equilibrium reactions for LHHW the same way as for
Reactions for LHHW Powerlaw reactions. See Specifying Power Law Reactions for
(for RCSTR only) Reactors and Pressure Relief Systems
Rate-Controlled For rate-controlled reactions, the LHHW rate expression can be
Reactions for LHHW written as:
( kinetic factor)(driving force expression )
γ =
(adsorption expression)
Where:
Kinetic factor (if To is = T 
n

specified) k   e (− Ea / R )[1 / T −1 / To ]
 To 
Kinetic factor (if To is = kT n e − Ea / RT
not specified)
Driving force expression = ( )
K1 ∏ Civi − K 2 ∏ C j j ( v
)
Adsorption expression = {ΣK (∏ C )}
i
vj
j
m

Where:
r = Rate of reaction
k = Pre-exponential factor
T = Temperature in Kelvin
To = Reference temperature in Kelvin
n = Temperature exponent
Ea = Activation energy
R = Universal gas law constant
C = Component concentration
m = Adsorption expression exponent
K1 , K 2 , K i = Equilibrium constants

υ = Concentration exponent
i, j = Component index
Π is the product operator, and Σ is the summation operator.
The concentration terms Ci and Cj depend on the concentration
basis you select:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-13
 [Ci] basis Concentration term C
Molarity Component molar concentration (kgmole/m3)
Molality Component molality (gmole/kg H2O)
Mole fraction Component mole fraction
Mass fraction Component mass fraction
Partial pressure Component partial pressure (N/m2)
Mass concentration Component mass concentration (kg/m3)
To add kinetic type reactions to your LHHW Reaction ID:
1 Click New on the Reactions Stoichiometry sheet of your
LHHW Reaction ID.
2 On the Edit Reaction dialog box, Reaction Type defaults to
Kinetic, and the reaction number is entered automatically.
Enter components and stoichiometric coefficients to define the
reaction. Coefficients should be negative for reactants and
positive for products.
3 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
number, type, and equation displayed on the Stoichiometry
sheet.
4 Repeat steps 1 through 3 for each additional kinetic reaction.
5 Select the Kinetic sheet.
6 On the Kinetic sheet, select a reaction from the list at the top of
the sheet.
7 Specify in which phase the reaction will take place using the
Reacting Phase list. The default is the liquid phase.
8 Enter the pre-exponential factor (k), the temperature exponent
(n), and the activation energy (E) in the appropriate fields of
the Kinetic Factor frame. The pre-exponential factor must be in
the SI units described in Specifying Power Law Reactions for
Reactors and Pressure Relief Systems. The temperature
exponent refers to temperature in Kelvin.
9 If solids are present, click the Solids button and select the
appropriate options for calculation of concentration. For more
information, see Reactions With Solids.
10 Click the Driving Force button.
11 On the Driving Force Expression dialog box, select the
concentration basis in the [Ci] Basis list. See Specifying Power
Law Reactions for Reactors and Pressure Relief Systems for
the definitions of the concentration basis options.
12 With the Enter Term value at the default of Term 1, enter the
concentration exponents for reactants and products, and the

27-14 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 coefficients for the driving force constant (A, B, C, and D) for
term 1 of the driving force.
13 Select Term 2 in the Enter Term list.
14 Enter the concentration exponents for reactants and products,
and the coefficients for the driving force constant (A, B, C, and
D) for term 2 of the driving force expression.
15 Click Close when finished with both terms.
16 To specify optional adsorption expressions, click the
Adsorption button.
17 On the Adsorption Expression dialog box, enter the overall
exponent for the adsorption term in the Adsorption Expression
Exponent field.
18 Specify concentration exponents by selecting components and
entering an exponent for each term in the adsorption
expression.
19 Specify adsorption constants by entering the Term No. and
specifying the coefficients.
The coefficients are for the following correlation:
ln Ki = Ai + Bi/T + Ci * ln(T) + Di * T
Where:
Ki = Equilibrium constant
T = Temperature in Kelvin
Ai, Bi, Ci, Di= User-supplied coefficients
20 Repeat steps 6 through 19 for each additional LHHW kinetic
reaction.

Specifying Reactions for Reactive

Distillation
To specify reactions for reactive distillation in the distillation
models, RadFrac, BatchFrac, and RateFrac, use the Reactions
REAC-DIST forms to:
• Define reaction stoichiometry
• Enter equilibrium or kinetic parameters
• Specify parameters for user-defined kinetics
For RadFrac and RateFrac, you can also use the Reactions User
forms to specify user-defined kinetics (see Using a User-Kinetics
Subroutine, ). The Reactions User forms is preferred because you
can use the same user-defined kinetics in reactor or pressure relief
calculations.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-15
 To create a new distillation reaction ID:
1 From the Data menu, point to Reactions then Reactions.
2 On the Reactions Object Manager, click New to create a new
Reaction ID.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter a reaction name in the
Enter ID field, or accept the default ID.
4 Select REAC-DIST in the Select Type list, and click OK.
Once the Reaction ID is created, you can begin defining
reactions within the Reaction ID. There are four types of
reactions allowed in a Reac-Dist Reaction ID.
Type For
Equilibrium Equilibrium reactions
Kinetic Rate-controlled reaction
Conversion Fractional conversion reaction (RadFrac only)
Salt Electrolyte salt precipitation (RadFrac only)
5 To specify the individual reactions within your Reac-Dist
reaction ID, follow the instructions in subsequent sections for
the type of reactions listed in the previous table.
Equilibrium To add equilibrium type reactions to your Reaction ID:
Reactions 1 Click New on the Reactions Stoichiometry sheet of your Reac-
Dist Reaction ID.
2 In the Select Reaction Type dialog box,
Kinetic/Equilibrium/Conversion is the default reaction type.
Accept the default Reaction No. displayed or enter a new
Reaction No. Click OK.
3 On the Edit Reaction dialog box, Reaction Type defaults to
Equilibrium. Enter components and stoichiometric coefficients
to define the reaction. Coefficients should be negative for
reactants and positive for products. You should not specify
exponents for equilibrium reactions.
4 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
number, type, and equation displayed on the Stoichiometry
sheet.
5 Repeat steps 1 through 4 for each additional equilibrium
reaction.
6 Click the Equilibrium sheet.
7 On the Equilibrium sheet, select a reaction from the list at the
top of the sheet.
8 Specify the phase in which the reaction will occur in the
Reacting Phase list. The default is the liquid phase.

27-16 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 9 Specify a calculation basis for the equilibrium constant by
selecting an option in the Keq Basis list. The basis you choose
defines how the equilibrium constant will be calculated, as
discussed later in this section.
10 If the reaction does not actually reach equilibrium, you can
specify Temperature Approach to Equilibrium. The
temperature approach you enter will be added to the stage
temperature to compute the equilibrium constant.
11 Choose whether you want to compute Keq from Gibbs energies
or from a built in polynomial expression by selecting the
appropriate radio button.
If you choose Compute Keq From Gibbs Energies, you do not
need to enter coefficients for the equilibrium constant.
Aspen Plus will compute Keq from the reference state Gibbs
free energy of the components. You can skip to step 12.
12 If you choose Compute Keq From Built-In Expression, you
must enter coefficients for the built-in equilibrium constant
expression:
ln Keq = A + B/T + C*ln(T) + D*T
Where:
Keq = Equilibrium constant
T = Temperature in Kelvin
A, B, C, D = User-supplied coefficients
The definition of Keq depends on the basis you select in the
Keq Basis list box.
Kbasis Equilibrium Constant Definition
Mole gamma K = ∏ ( xiγ i )υ i
(default) (liquid only)
Molal gamma K = ∏ (miγ i )υ i
(electrolytes, liquid only)
Mole fraction K = ∏ ( xi )υ i
Mass fraction K = ∏ ( xim )υ i
Molarity K = ∏ (Ci )υ i
Molality K = ∏ (mi )υ i
(liquid only)
Fugacity K = ∏ ( fi ) υi

Partial pressure K = ∏ ( pi )υ i
(vapor only)
Mass concentration K =
∏ (Cim )υ i

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-17
 Where:
K = Equilibrium constant
x = Component mole fraction
xm = Component mass fraction
C = Molarity (kgmole/m3)
m = Molality (gmole/kg-H2O)
γ = Activity coefficient
f = Component fugacity (N/m2)
p = Partial pressure (N/m2)
m
C = Mass concentration (kg/m3)
υ = Stoichiometric coefficient (positive for products, negative for reactants)
i = Component index
Π = Product operator
All properties refer to the phase selected in the Reacting Phase field.
13 Repeat steps 7 through 12 for each equilibrium reaction.
Rate Controlled Reactive distillation kinetics can be represented with a built-in
Reactions Power Law expression, or a user kinetics subroutine. The
following procedure shows how to use either method.
To add kinetic type reactions to your Reaction ID:
1 Click New on the Reactions Stoichiometry sheet of your Reac-
Dist Reaction ID.
2 In the Select Reaction Type dialog box,
Kinetic/Equilibrium/Conversion is the default reaction type.
Accept the default Reaction No. displayed or enter a new
Reaction No. Click OK.
3 On the Edit Reaction dialog box, select Kinetic from the
Reaction Type list.
4 Enter components and stoichiometric coefficients to define the
reaction. Coefficients should be negative for reactants and
positive for products.
5 Specify Power Law exponents for each component. These
exponents represent the order of the reaction with respect to
each component. If you wish to specify a user kinetics
subroutine to compute the reaction rates, do not enter
exponents on this sheet.
6 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
number, type, and equation displayed on the Stoichiometry
sheet.
7 Repeat steps 1 through 6 for each additional kinetic reaction.
8 Select the Kinetic sheet.
9 On the Kinetic sheet, select the appropriate option to use the
built-in Power Law expression, or a user kinetic subroutine to
represent the kinetics for the current Reaction ID.

27-18 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 10 Select a reaction from the list and specify in which phase the
reaction will take place using the Reacting Phase list. The
default reacting phase is liquid.
11 To use a user kinetics subroutine, you do not need to enter any
further information on this sheet. Select the Subroutine tab of
the reaction form, and specify the subroutine name in the Name
field.
For RadFrac and RateFrac, you can also specify user-defined
kinetics on the Reactions User forms (see Using a User-
Kinetics Subroutine). The Reactions User forms is preferred
because you can use the same user-defined kinetics in reactor
or pressure relief calculations. For more information on using
and writing user kinetics models, see Aspen Plus User Models.
The rest of this procedure assumes you are using the built in
Power Law.
12 To use the built-in Power Law expression, enter the pre-
exponential factor (k), the temperature exponent (n), and the
activation energy (E) on the Kinetic sheet of the Reactions
form. The pre-exponential factor must be in the SI units
described later in this section. The temperature exponent refers
to temperature in Kelvin.
13 In the [Ci] Basis list, select the concentration basis. The
concentration basis determines which form of the power law
expression will be used, as discussed later in this section.
14 Repeat steps 10 through 13 for each kinetic reaction.
The power law expression depends on the concentration basis you
select in the [Ci] Basis list box:
[Ci] Basis Power Law Expression Power Law Expression
(To is not specified) (To is specified)
Molarity r = kT n e − E / RT ∏ (Ci )
αi
r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / T
(default)
Molality r = kT ne − E / RT ∏ (mi )
αi
r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / T
(electrolytes
only)
Mole fraction r = kT ne − E / RT ∏ ( xi )
αi
r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / T
Mass fraction
r = kT ne − E / RT ∏ xim( )α i
r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / T
Partial pressure r = kT n e − E / RT
(vapor only) ∏ ( pi )α i
r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / T

∏ (Cim )
Mass αi
concentration
r = kT n e − E / RT r = k (T / To ) n e( − E / R )[1 / T −1 / T

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-19
 The units of the reaction rate and the pre-exponential factor depend
on the:
• Order of the reaction
• Holdup basis used by the distillation block
• Concentration basis selected in the [Ci] Basis list box
The units for the pre-exponential factor are as follows:
When [Ci] Units are: Units are:
Basis is (To is not specified) (To is specified)
Molarity kgmole - K -n kgmole
sec − (holdup unit) sec − (holdup unit)
∑ αi ∑ αi
 kgmole   kgmole 
   
 m3   m3 
Molality kgmole - K -n kgmole
sec − (holdup unit) sec − (holdup unit)
∑ αi ∑ αi
 gmole   gmole 
   
 kg H 2 O   kg H 2 O 
Mole fraction kgmole - K -n kgmole
or Mass
sec − (holdup unit) sec − (holdup unit)
fraction
Partial pressure kgmole - K -n kgmole
sec − (holdup unit) sec − (holdup unit)
∑ αi ∑ αi
 N   N 
 2  2
m  m 
Mass kgmole - K -n kgmole
concentration
sec − (holdup unit) sec − (holdup unit)
∑ αi ∑ αi
 kg   kg 
 3  3
m  m 

Where holdup When this is specified in the distillation block that

unit is uses the reactions
kgmole Mole holdup or residence time
kg Mass holdup
m3 Volume holdup
Fractional Another way to define reactions in a distillation column is to
Conversion calculate a conversion based on a built-in, temperature-dependent
Reactions (for correlation.
RadFrac only)

27-20 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 To add conversion type reactions to your Reac-Dist Reaction ID:
1 Click New on the Reactions Stoichiometry sheet of your Reac-
Dist Reaction ID.
2 In the Select Reaction Type dialog box,
Kinetic/Equilibrium/Conversion is the default reaction type.
Accept the default Reaction No. displayed or enter a new
Reaction No. Click OK.
3 On the Edit Reaction dialog box, select Conversion from the
Reaction Type list.
4 Enter components and stoichiometric coefficients to define the
reaction. Coefficients should be negative for reactants and
positive for products. You should not specify exponents for
conversion reactions.
5 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
number, type, and equation displayed on the Stoichiometry
sheet.
6 Repeat steps 1 through 5 for each additional conversion
reaction.
7 Select the Conversion sheet.
8 If you have multiple conversion reactions within your Reaction
ID, specify whether you want the conversion reactions to be
computed simultaneously, or in series. By default, conversion
reactions are assumed to occur simultaneously. If you want the
conversions to be calculated in series, check the Reactions
Occur in Series box. You must specify the same type for all
conversion reactions. Series reactions take place in the order
they are entered.
9 Select a reaction from the list.
10 In the Conversion Expression frame, select the component on
which you will base the conversion of the selected reaction, in
the Key Component list. Conversion is defined as the fractional
conversion of the key component.
11 Enter the coefficients (A, B, C and D) for the fractional
conversion correlation:
Conv = A + B/T + C*ln(T) + D*T
You can also enter the conversion on the RadFrac Reactions
Conversion sheet, to override the value computed from the
conversion correlation.
Salt Precipitation In addition to liquid and vapor phase reactions, you also can
Reactions (for specify salt precipitation reactions. These reactions are liquid/solid
RadFrac only) phase equilibrium reactions, where the solid phase consists of a
single salt.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-21
 To add salt precipitation type reactions to your Reac-Dist Reaction
ID:
1 Click New on the Reactions Stoichiometry sheet of your Reac-
Dist Reaction ID.
2 On the Select Reaction Type dialog box, select Salt
Precipitation in the Choose Reaction Type frame.
3 Select the component name of the salt in the Precipitating Salt
list, and click OK.
4 On the Edit Salt dialog box, enter components and
stoichiometric coefficients for the salt dissociation products.
5 Click Close when finished. You should see the new reaction
displayed on the Stoichiometry sheet referenced by the
component name of the salt.
6 Repeat steps 1 through 5 for each additional salt precipitation
reaction.
7 Select the Salt sheet.
8 On the Salt sheet, select a salt from the Salt list.
9 If the reaction does not actually reach equilibrium, you can
specify the Temperature Approach to Equilibrium. The
temperature approach you enter will be added to the stage
temperature to compute the equilibrium constant.
10 Choose whether you want to compute the equilibrium constant
(solubility product) from Gibbs energies or from a built in
polynomial expression by selecting the appropriate radio
button.
If you choose Compute Keq From Gibbs Energies, you do not
need to enter coefficients for the equilibrium constant.
Aspen Plus will compute Keq from the reference state Gibbs
free energies of the components.
11 If you choose Compute Keq From Built-In Expression, you
need to enter coefficients for the built-in equilibrium constant
expression, and choose a concentration basis for the
equilibrium constant in the Keq Basis field.

The expression and equilibrium constant definitions are the

same as for fluid phase equilibrium reactions. For more
information, see Equilibrium Reactions.
If no rate-controlled or fractional conversion fluid-phase reactions
are present, it is recommended that you specify salt precipitation
reactions as electrolyte chemistry reactions. The advantages are
that Electrolyte Chemistry:
• Can be generated automatically by the Electrolytes Wizard

27-22 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • Accesses the Aspen Plus electrolytes reaction database for
equilibrium constant data
See Specifying Electrolytes Chemistry.

Using a User-Kinetics Subroutine

To use a user-supplied kinetics subroutine to calculate reaction
rates, you need to specify the Fortran subroutine name. Use the
Reactions User forms to specify user-defined kinetics for:
• Reactor models (RCSTR, RPlug, and RBatch)
• Distillation models (RadFrac and RateFrac)
• Pressure relief calculations in Pres-Relief
For RadFrac and RateFrac, you can also use the Reactions
Reac-Dist forms to specify user-defined kinetics (see Specifying
Reactions for Reactive Distillation). You can define equilibrium
reactions to be solved simultaneously with rate-controlled
reactions. Only RCSTR, RadFrac and RateFrac can handle
equilibrium reactions.
To specify a user Fortran subroutine for reaction rates:
1 From the Data menu, point to Reactions then Reactions.
2 On the Reactions Object Manager, click New to create a new
Reaction ID.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter a reaction name in the
Enter ID field, or accept the default ID.
4 Select User in the Select Type list, and click OK.
5 On the Reactions Stoichiometry sheet click New.
6 On the Edit Reaction dialog box, the default reaction type is
Kinetic, and the reaction number is entered automatically.
Enter components and stoichiometric coefficients to define the
reaction. Coefficients should be negative for reactants and
positive for products.
7 Click Close when finished. You should see your new reaction
displayed on the Stoichiometry sheet.
8 Repeat steps 7 through 9 for each additional user kinetic
reaction.
9 Select the Kinetic sheet.
10 On the Kinetic sheet, select a reaction from the list and specify
in which phase the reaction will take place using the Reacting
Phase list. The default is the liquid phase.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Specifying Reactions and Chemistry • 27-23
 11 If solids are present, click the Solids button and select the
appropriate options for calculation of concentration. See
Reactions With Solids for details.
12 Select the Subroutine sheet.
13 On the Subroutine sheet, enter the name of the user subroutine,
in the Name field. For more information on using and writing
user kinetics models, see Aspen Plus User Models.
For any equilibrium reactions within a User type Reaction ID,
specify them as you would for equilibrium reactions within a
Powerlaw Reaction ID. For details, see Specifying Power Law
Reactions for Reactors and Pressure Relief Systems.

27-24 • Specifying Reactions and Chemistry Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 28

Property Sets

For help on property sets, see one of the following topics:

• About Property Sets
• How to specify a new or existing property set
• How to specify user properties for use in property sets

About Property Sets

A property set is a collection of thermodynamic, transport, and
other properties that you can use in:
• Stream reports
• Physical property tables and Analysis
• Unit operation model heating/cooling curve reports
• Distillation column stage property reports and performance
specifications
• Reactor profiles
• Design specifications and constraints
• Calculator and sensitivity blocks
• Optimization and Data-Fit blocks
Aspen Plus has several built-in property sets that are sufficient for
many applications. The list of built-in property sets is determined
by the Template you choose when creating a new run. For more
information on Templates, see About the Templates in chapter
2.You can use a built-in property set and modify it to fit your
needs, or you can create your own property sets. To see the built-in
sets available or select one, use the drop-down list on any property
set list box. The list prompts describe the contents of each built-in
property set.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Property Sets • 28-1

 Defining a Property Set
To define a property set:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 Double-click on the Prop-Sets folder in the left pane of the
Data Browser.
3 To create a new property set, click New. In the Create New ID
dialog box, enter a new property set ID or accept the default
ID, and click OK.
4 Once the new property set has been created, to modify it (or
any existing property set), select the name from the Object
Manager and click Edit.
5 On the Properties sheet of the Prop-Sets form, you can select
properties from the drop-down list in the Physical Properties
field. Choose one or more properties to be included in your
property set. When you make a selection, a prompt appears for
each property.
Tip: Use the Search button to find the properties you want
included in the property set. For information on using the search
dialog box see Using the Search Dialog Box.
6 Select one or more units for the property, using the Units
fields.
If you select multiple units the property is reported in each of
the units selected.
7 On the Prop-Sets Qualifiers sheet, specify the following
qualifiers for the properties to be calculated:
• Phase (total mixture, total liquid, vapor, 1st or 2nd liquid,
and solid)
• Components
• 2nd liquid key components (key component to identify the
2nd liquid phase)
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Percent distilled(points on petroleum distillation curves)
• Water basis (wet or dry)
Some qualifiers, such as temperature and pressure, are
optional. For more information, see Physical Property Data,
Chapter 4.
When you select multiple units and qualifiers, Aspen Plus
computes the properties for each units specification and each valid
combination of qualifiers.

28-2 • Property Sets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Using the Search If you want to search for a property by its common name, click the
Dialog Box Search button on the Prop-Sets Properties sheet. A dialog box
appears where you can type the name or a fragment of the name of
the property you want. To add a property to your property set,
select the property you desire and click Add. Once you have added
all the properties you want, click OK to return to the Prop-Sets
form.
Example of Using Search Searching for the word "viscosity" shows a number of properties.
to Find Properties Kinematic viscosity has been selected and added to the property
set.

Specifying Phase The default for phase is Total. If a property cannot accept Total
Qualifiers phase as a qualifier, you must enter an appropriate alternative
(Liquid, Vapor, 1st liquid, 2nd liquid, or Solid).
The phases you select should be consistent with the type of
calculation desired. For example, if you request 1st and 2nd liquid
phase properties for a heating/cooling curve for a Heater block, the
block should perform either rigorous three-phase or free-water
calculations.
Specifying By default, Aspen Plus calculates properties at the stream
Temperature and conditions. Alternatively, you can specify the temperature and
Pressure Qualifiers pressure for property calculations in the Temperature and Pressure
fields of the Prop-Sets Qualifiers sheet. These specifications do not

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Property Sets • 28-3

 affect the composition of vapor and liquid phases, which are
determined at the stream temperature and pressure. Aspen Plus
determines the units for the Temperature and Pressure
specifications from the Units-Set you specify.
Example of Property Set Define a property set consisting of the pure component liquid and
for Reporting Enthalpy vapor enthalpies (H) of components C1, C2, and C3, as well as the
mixture enthalpies (HMX) for the vapor and liquid phases. HMX
is calculated on both a mole and mass basis.

Example of Property Set Define a property set consisting of the activity coefficients for
for Activity Coefficients components C1 and C2 in the liquid phase. The activity
Over a Temperature coefficients are evaluated at 100, 200, and 300°F.
Range

28-4 • Property Sets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The units for the temperatures entered will be the temperature units
of the ENG Units-Set, °F.

Limitations on Calculating Distillation

Curves
When you specify distillation curves such as D86 or TBP in a
property set, Aspen Plus automatically suppresses the calculation
of the distillation curve for streams that are too light. There are
three checks performed. Distillation curves are not calculated for
any stream that meets any of these conditions:
• The stream consists of more than 99% (by mole) light ends,
defined as having a boiling point less than 100 °F.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Property Sets • 28-5

 • The stream has fewer than 4 components with compositions
greater than 1% by mole.
• The stream has more than 1% (by mole) hydrogen.
If you set the simulation diagnostics to 5 or higher, you will get a
message explaining why distillation curve calculation was
bypassed for any given stream.

User-Defined Properties
You can define your own properties for use in property sets. You
must supply a Fortran subroutine to calculate each property. See
Aspen Plus User Models for more information about user
subroutines.
To define an additional property for use in property sets:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 Open the Advanced folder by double-clicking on it in the left
pane of the Data Browser.
3 Select UserProperties.
4 On the UserProperties Object Manager, click New.
5 Enter a user property ID or accept the default ID, and click OK
6 On the Specifications sheet, select whether your user property
will be a standard property or an Assay curve property.
7 For standard properties, enter the name of the subroutine to be
used for calculating the property, in the User Subroutine Name
field.
8 Use the remaining fields on the Specifications sheet to enter
information about the property.
9 On the Units sheet, specify whether you want any units
conversion to be performed automatically by Aspen Plus, or
within your user subroutine.

28-6 • Property Sets Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 29

Analyzing Properties

After you complete property specifications, you should analyze the

properties predicted by your model to ensure correct results. You
can do this using the Aspen Plus Property Analysis feature.
Property Analysis generates tables of physical property values,
which can be plotted to visualize and better understand the
behavior of properties as predicted by your property specifications.
You can access Property Analysis via the following methods:
• Many commonly used tables and plots can be generated
quickly and easily through an interactive method accessed from
the Tools menu.
• Alternatively, generating Property Analyses from the
Properties Analysis folder in the Data Browser Menu provides
the most flexibility.
You can also use Aspen Split™ (a separately-licensed product of
the Aspen Engineering Suite) to perform azeotrope searches and to
construct ternary maps.
This section discusses using the Property Analysis features.
Topics include:
• About Property Analysis
• Generating Property Analyses Interactively
• Generating Property Analyses Using Forms
• Property Method Specifications for Property Analysis
• Examining Analysis Results
• Using Aspen Split

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-1

 About Property Analysis
The Property Analysis feature generates tables of properties from
variations in:
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Vapor fraction
• Heat duty
• Composition
The tables include property values that are defined using Property
Sets, and can consist of thermodynamic, transport, and other
derived properties.
You can use Property Analysis:
• On a standalone basis
• In a Flowsheet run
• In a Data Regression run
To use Property Analysis on a standalone basis, specify Property
Analysis in the Run Type list on the Setup Specifications Global
sheet. Or if you are creating a new run, specify Property Analysis
in the Run Type list of the New dialog box.

Generating Property Analyses

Interactively
This topic describes how to generate many common analyses
interactively, using the Analysis commands from the Tools menu.
This method automates many of the steps required to generate a
Property Analysis, and defines built-in plots that provide quick and
easy access to commonly used information.
If the information you require can be generated from the
interactive Analysis commands, this is always quicker and easier
than creating the Analysis using forms.
If you require property information that is not available from the
interactive Analysis commands, you should create the Analysis
manually using forms.
You can use the interactive Analysis commands at any time after
you complete the properties specifications.
The interactive Analysis commands can generate:
• Pure component properties

29-2 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Properties for binary systems
• Residue maps for ternary systems
• Stream properties. To generate stream properties, you must
define at least one material stream.
Pure Component Use the interactive Analysis Pure commands to calculate and
Properties display pure component properties as a function of temperature to:
• Check pure component data and parameter values
• Compare properties for components that belong to the same
family. Family plots can reveal incorrect trends.
• Determine whether the property is extrapolated correctly when
temperatures are outside correlation limits
To generate pure component properties as a function of
temperature, using the interactive Analysis Pure commands:
1 Ensure your Setup, Components, and Properties specifications
are complete.
2 From the Tools menu, click Analysis, then Property, then Pure.
On the Pure Component Properties Analysis dialog box, most
of the required information is set to defaults, including:
Item Information
Property Method The global property method is used, as specified on the Properties Specifications
Global sheet. You can select any Property Method that appears on the Properties
Specifications form.
Temperature The default is a temperature range from 0 to 25°C. You can enter a new range by
modifying the lower and upper temperatures, or you can change from a temperature
range to a temperature list, and specify a list of discreet temperature values.
Number of points to The default is 41 points. You can change the number of points, or enter a temperature
be tabulated increment
Pressure The default is 1 atm. You must change the default for vapor properties, for liquid
properties near the critical point., and properties generated from EOS property
methods
3 From the Property list box, select the property to be tabulated.
The Property list box displays the properties of the type shown
in the Property Type list box.
To focus your search for a property, you can change the
property type to Thermodynamic or Transport. To see a list of
all available properties, change the property type to All.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-3

 This table shows the available thermodynamic properties:
Availability Free energy
Constant pressure heat capacity Enthalpy
Heat capacity ratio Fugacity coefficient
Constant volume heat capacity Fugacity coefficient pressure
correction
Free energy departure Vapor pressure †
Free energy departure pressure Density
correction
Enthalpy departure Entropy
Enthalpy departure pressure Volume
correction
Enthalpy of vaporization † Sonic velocity
Entropy departure
† Ideal and activity coefficient property methods only
This table shows the available transport properties:
Thermal conductivity Surface tension
Viscosity
Optionally you can specify the units for the selected property in
the Units list. If you do not specify the units, they will be
determined by the output results Units-set specified on the
Setup Specifications Global sheet.
4 Select the phase(s) for which you want the property to be
reported, by clicking one or more of the Phase check boxes:
Vapor, Liquid or Solid. Liquid is the default. Not all phases are
valid for all properties. For a list of valid phases for each
property, see the Physical Property Data Reference, Chapter 4.
5 Choose components by selecting one or more from the
Available Components list, and clicking the right arrow button
to move them to the Selected Components list.
6 When finished, click Go to generate the results.

– or –

Click Save As Form to save the interactive Property Analysis

you have created to forms within the Properties Analysis
section of the Data Browser menu. Saving an interactive
Property Analysis as forms, allows you to preserve the input
and results of this Property Analysis to view or modify at a
later time. For more information on using forms to create
Property Analyses, see Creating A Property Analysis Using
Forms.

29-4 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Aspen Plus calculates the property at the temperature values
you specify. Results appear in a form window and a plot. The
plot displays results for all components you select.
Note: Pure component property analysis uses the property method
you specify to calculate properties for the components you specify
in the phases you specify at the conditions you specify, even if
those conditions are unrealistic, for example, liquid at temperatures
far above the boiling point.
Example of Examining Calculate and display the vapor pressures of CCL4, CH2CL2, and
Component Vapor CHCL3, between 50 and 200°F, using the IDEAL Property
Pressures Method. To do this:
1 From the Tools menu, point to Analysis, then Property, then
Pure.
2 The Pure Component Properties Analysis dialog box appears.

3 When you have finished choosing your components, click Go

to generate the results.
Tabular results form:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-5

 Plotted Results:

Properties for Binary You can generate common phase diagrams for binary systems to:
Systems • Check the validity of data and parameter values
• Assess the degree of nonideality
• Check for existence of azeotropes
• Check for existence of two liquid phases
• Check quality of extrapolation of the model

29-6 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To generate properties for binary systems use the Analysis Binary
commands. To do this:
1 Ensure your Setup, Components, and Properties specifications
are complete.
2 From the Tools menu, click Analysis, then Property, then
Binary.
3 On the Binary Analysis dialog box, choose the type of Analysis
in the Analysis Type list box:
Use analysis type To tabulate
Txy Temperature (T) versus liquid (x) and vapor (y)
compositions at given pressures
Pxy Pressure (P) versus liquid (x) and vapor (y)
compositions at given temperatures
Gibbs energy of mixing Gibbs energy of mixing versus liquid
compositions at given temperatures and
pressures. Used to detect the formation of two
liquid phases.
For all three types of Binary Analysis, you can accept the
default settings or specify the following information:
Item Information
Components Two are required. Use the Component 1 and Component 2 lists to choose the pair
of components you wish to study. Only conventional components that are not
solids or ions are allowed. Defaults are the first two conventional components
listed on the Components Specifications Selection sheet.
Composition basis - The default is mole fraction.
Mole fraction or mass
fraction
Composition This designates which component's composition is varied to generate the results.
component The default is the component selected as Component 1.
Composition - range or To determine at what compositions Aspen Plus will perform its calculations, you
list can specify a composition range or a composition list. The default is the full
composition range between pure component 1 and pure component 2. You can
either modify the default composition range, or change to a composition list, and
specify a list of discreet compositions.
Number of points to The default is 41 points. You can modify the number of points, or specify an
generate increment of composition. Note that this only applies when using a composition
range.
Property Method, Defaults are obtained from the Properties Specifications Global sheet. For
Henry Components, electrolyte systems, you should use the apparent components approach.
Chemistry ID, and
simulation approach
The remaining specifications for an interactive Binary Analysis
depend on the Analysis type.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-7

 Completing the To complete the specifications for a Txy type Binary Analysis, you
Specifications for Txy can either modify the following specifications or accept the
Binary Analysis defaults.
For You can specify The default
is
Valid Phases Rigorous Vapor-Liquid, Vapor-Liquid- Vapor-Liquid
Liquid, or Vapor-Liquid-FreeWater
calculations
Pressure(s) You may specify a single pressure, or A single
multiple pressures by entering a list of pressure of 1
values, or by giving a range of values. If atm
you choose to specify a range of values,
you must enter number of points or an
increment size.
When finished, you can simply click the Go button to generate the
Txy diagram, or you can first click the Save As Form button to
save the interactive Property Analysis you have created, to forms
within the Properties Analysis section of the Data Browser menu.
Saving an interactive Property Analysis as forms allows you to
preserve the input and results of this Property Analysis to view or
modify at a later time. For more information on using forms to
create Property Analyses, see Generating Property Analyses Using
Forms, later this chapter.
Aspen Plus displays the results in tabular form in a form window
and as a plot. If you specify more than one pressure, Txy diagrams
for all the pressures appear on a single plot. In addition to the Txy
diagram, you can display other plots from the Txy analysis results
using the Plot Wizard. The following plots are available:
Type of Plot Description
TXY Temperature versus liquid and vapor composition
TX Temperature versus liquid composition
YX Vapor versus liquid composition
Gamma Liquid activity coefficients of both components versus
liquid composition
KVL K-values of both components versus liquid composition
Displaying Txy Plots To display these plots:
1 On the Binary Analysis Results window containing the tabular
data, click the Plot Wizard button.
2 On the Plot Wizard Step 1 window, click Next.
3 On the Plot Wizard Step 2 window, click the plot type you
want.

29-8 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 4 To accept default plot settings, click Finish to generate the plot.
Otherwise, click Next to enter additional settings and follow
the remaining steps.
5 On the Plot Wizard Step 3 window, in the Component to Plot
list box choose a component for which compositions will be
displayed. If applicable, specify units for the plot variables.
6 Click Finish to accept defaults for the remaining plot settings
and generate the plot.
– or –
Click Next to enter additional settings.
7 On the Plot Wizard Step 4 window, you can modify the
defaults for plot title, axis titles, display options, grid or line
type.
8 Click Finish to generate the plot.
Example of Generating Generate Txy curves at 1 atm and 2 atm for a mixture of HNO3
Txy Curves and water, using the ELECNRTL property method and GLOBAL
solution chemistry.

Tabular results form:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-9

 Plotted results:

Completing the To complete the specifications for a Pxy type Binary Analysis, you
Specifications for Pxy can either modify the following specifications or accept the
Binary Analysis defaults:
For You can specify The default
is
Valid Phases Rigorous Vapor-Liquid, Vapor-Liquid- Vapor-Liquid
Liquid, or Vapor-Liquid-FreeWater
calculations

29-10 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 For You can specify The default
is
Temperature(s) More than one temperature by entering a A single
list of values, or by giving a range of temperature
values. of 25°C
If you choose to specify a range of values,
you must enter number of points or an
increment size.
When finished, click Go to generate the Pxy diagram, or click Save
As Form to save the interactive Property Analysis to forms within
the Data Browser.
Saving an interactive Property Analysis as forms enables you to
preserve the input and results of this Property Analysis to view or
modify at a later time.
For more information on using forms to create Property Analyses,
see Generating Property Analyses Using Forms.
Aspen Plus displays the results in tabular form in a form window
and as a plot. If you specify more than one temperature, Pxy
diagrams for all the temperatures appear on a single plot.
In addition to the Pxy diagram, you can display other plots from
the Pxy analysis results using the Plot Wizard. The following plots
are available:
Type of Plot Description
PXY Pressure versus liquid and vapor composition
PX Pressure versus liquid composition
YX Vapor versus liquid composition
Gamma Liquid activity coefficients of both components versus
liquid composition
KVL K-values of both components versus liquid composition
Displaying Pxy Plots To display Pxy plots:
1 On the Binary Analysis Results window containing the tabular
data, click the Plot Wizard button. The results window is
behind the plot window.
2 On the Plot Wizard Step 1 window, click Next.
3 On the Plot Wizard Step 2 window, click the plot type you
want.
4 To accept default plot settings, click Finish to generate the plot.
Otherwise, click Next to enter additional settings.
5 On the Plot Wizard window, in the Component to Plot list box
choose a component for which compositions will be displayed.
If applicable, specify units for the resulting plot.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-11

 6 Click Finish to accept defaults for the remaining plot settings
and generate the plot.
– or –
Click Next to enter additional settings.
7 On the Plot Wizard Step 4 window, you can modify the
defaults for plot title, axis titles, display options, grid type or
marker size. You can also specify whether you want the plot to
be automatically updated when new results are available.
8 Click Finish to generate the plot.

Completing the To complete the specifications for a Gibbs Energy of Mixing type
Specifications for Gibbs Binary Analysis, you can either modify the following
Energy of Mixing specifications or accept the defaults.
Item Information
Units of Gibbs energy If you do not specify the units, they will be
determined by the Units-set specified on the
Setup Specifications Global sheet.
Pressure The default is 1 atm
Temperature(s) The default is 25°C. You can specify more than
one temperature, by entering a list of
temperatures, or you can specify a range of
temperatures and a number of points or an
increment size.
When finished, click Go to generate the Gibbs energy of mixing
versus x diagram, or click Save As Form to save your interactive
Property Analysis to forms within the Data Browser.
Saving an interactive Property Analysis as forms enables you to
preserve the input and results of this Property Analysis to view or
modify at a later time.
For more information on using forms to create Property Analyses,
see Generating Property Analyses Using Forms.
Aspen Plus displays the results in tabular form in a form window
and as a plot. If you specify more than one temperature, Gibbs
energy of mixing diagrams for all the temperatures appear on a
single plot.

29-12 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example of Generating Generate a Gibbs Energy of Mixing diagram for methanol-
Gibbs Energy of Mixing cyclohexane at 25°C, using the UNIF-LL property method.

Tabular results form:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-13

 Plotted results:

Residue Curves Residue Curves (or maps) plot the composition trajectories of a
ternary mixture undergoing distillation at total reflux. You can use
them to visualize the presence of azeotropes and the constraints
azeotropes impose on the degree of separation.
Use Residue Curves to predict feasible splits, select entrainers, and
analyze potential column operability problems.
Use Residue Curves with nonideal chemical systems, and property
methods that represent such systems. Examples are activity-
coefficient-based property methods, such as NRTL, Wilson,
UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC. Do not use electrolyte property
methods.
Generating Residue To generate Residue Curves using the interactive Analysis Residue
Curves commands:
1 Make sure your Setup, Components, and Properties
specifications are complete.
2 From the Tools menu, point to Analysis, then Property, then
Residue.

29-14 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 On the Residue Curves dialog box, Aspen Plus fills in defaults
for all the required information. You can accept the defaults, or
make changes to any of the following information:
Item Information
Components Three are required. Use the Component 1,
Component 2, and Component 3 lists to choose
the three components you wish to study. Only
conventional components that are not solids or
ions are allowed. Defaults are the first three
conventional components listed on the
Components Specifications Selection sheet.
Pressure The default is 1 atm
Valid Phases You can specify rigorous two phase (Vapor-
Liquid) or three phase (Vapor-Liquid-Liquid)
calculations. The default is Vapor-Liquid.
Number of curves You can select 3-5 Curves, 10-15 Curves, or 15-20
Curves.
Property options Defaults are obtained from the Properties
Specifications Global sheet. For electrolyte
systems, Aspen Plus uses the apparent
components approach.
4 When finished, click Go to generate the residue curves, or first
click the Save As Form button to save your interactive Property
Analysis to forms within the Data Browser.
Saving an interactive Property Analysis as forms enables you
to preserve the input and results of this Property Analysis to
view or modify at a later time.
Aspen Plus displays the results in tabular form, in a form
window and as a triangular plot.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-15

 Example of Generating a Generate a residue map for the ternary system ethanol-water-ethyl
Residue Map acetate, at 1 atm, using the NRTL property method.

Tabular results form:

29-16 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Plotted results:

Stream Properties You can calculate and display stream properties interactively as
you create your simulation model. You do not have to complete the
flowsheet definition or input specifications first. For example, to
check your Property Method, you can analyze a feed stream as
soon as you define it. As you develop a flowsheet model
interactively, you can check the phase behavior of intermediate
streams to help you determine feasible specifications.
The following table shows the types of stream analyses you can
perform:
Type Description
Point Stream properties for the total stream and each of the phases present. Properties
include temperature, pressure, phase fractions, flow rates, and many
thermodynamic and transport properties.
Component Flow Component flow rates for the total stream and each of the phases present. Mole,
mass, and standard liquid volume fractions are available.
Composition Component fractions for the total stream and each of the phases present. Mole,
mass, and standard liquid volume fractions are available. Partial pressure is also
available.
Petroleum Point properties, plus API gravity, specific gravity, Watson K factor, and kinematic
viscosity
Dist-Curve † Petroleum distillation curves (TBP, D86, D160, and vacuum)
Bubble/Dew †† Bubble point temperature and dew point temperature versus pressure curves
PV Curve †† Vapor fraction versus pressure curves at stream temperature
TV Curve †† Vapor fraction versus temperature curves at stream pressure

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-17

Type Description
PT-Envelope †† Pressure-temperature envelope curves (For more information, see Pressure-
Temperature Envelopes.)
† Plots can be generated from this analysis.
†† These analyses automatically display plots of the curves.
Calculating and To calculate and display stream properties interactively:
Displaying Stream
1 Ensure that Setup, Components, and Physical Properties
Properties
specifications are complete.
2 Ensure the Stream Specifications sheet for the stream is
complete or the stream has results that were calculated in the
current session.
3 Click the stream on the flowsheet diagram to select it.
4 From the Tools menu, point to Analysis, then Stream, then the
type of stream analysis you want to perform. The Stream
Analysis types will be inactive if the conditions in steps 1,2 and
3 are not satisfied.
5 Make any selections and specifications in the dialog box for
selecting options, and click OK. Each stream analysis type has
defaults for required input, except temperature range for TV
curves.
Stream analysis results appear in a form window. For some
analysis types, a plot of the results also appears. Print or view these
results and plots as you would with simulation results.
With the exception of the PT-Envelope type stream analysis, when
you close the resulting forms and plots, the results are not saved.
On the Ptenvelope dialog box, you are given the option to Save as
Form, which will save the stream Property Analysis you have
created interactively, to forms within the Properties Analysis
section of the Data Browser menu. In all other types of stream
analysis, you must redo the calculations if you want to look at
them again, once you close the results forms.
Saving an interactive Property Analysis as forms allows you to
preserve the input and results of this Property Analysis to view or
modify at a later time. For more information on using forms to
create Property Analyses, see Generating Property Analyses Using
Forms.
Example of Generating a The screens below show an example for generating a Bubble/Dew
Bubble/Dew Point Curve type stream analysis for a stream containing an equimolar mixture
From Stream Analysis of ethane and n-heptane. The PENG-ROB property method is
used.

29-18 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Tabular results form:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-19

 Plotted results:

Generating Property Analyses Using

Forms
In addition to the many tables and plots available through
interactive Property Analysis, generating Property Analyses using
forms provides the most flexibility because it:
• Generates tables of physical property values using
specifications you enter on the Properties Analysis forms
• Allows you to report and study any property that you define in
Property Sets
In general, you should only use manual Property Analysis when
you need functionality that is not available within the simpler
interactive Analysis commands.
The following Property Analyses types are available using forms:
Property Analysis For
Type
Pure Evaluation of pure component properties as a
function of temperature and pressure
Binary Generating common phase diagrams for binary
systems, such as Txy, Pxy, or Gibbs energy of
mixing curves

29-20 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Property Analysis For
Type
Generic Property evaluations for multi-phase mixtures from
flash calculations, or single-phase mixtures without
flash calculations
PT-Envelope Pressure-temperature envelopes and properties along
a constant vapor fraction line
Residue Generating residue curve maps which plot the
composition trajectories of a ternary mixture
undergoing distillation at total reflux
You cannot create Pure and Binary analyses using forms. You
must use the interactive Analysis commands for these analysis
types because the appropriate property sets are defined
automatically. You can modify these analysis types using forms,
but you should not modify the prop-sets created by the interactive
Analysis because the Plot Wizard may not produce the correct
plots.
Unlike the interactive method for using Property Analysis, when
generating Analyses from forms, you must run the simulation to
generate results. You can run the Property Analyses:
• On a standalone basis (Property Analysis run type)
• In a Flowsheet run
• In a Data Regression run
To use Property Analysis on a standalone basis, specify Property
Analysis in the Run Type list on the Setup Specifications Global
sheet (or the New dialog box when creating a new run).
Creating A Property To manually create a Property Analysis using forms:
Analysis Using 1 Make sure your Setup, Components, and Properties
Forms specifications are complete.
2 From the Data menu, click Properties.
3 From the left pane of the Data Browser menu, click the
Analysis folder.
4 On the Properties Analysis Object Manager, click New.
5 On the Create New ID dialog box, select the type of Analysis
you want to create in the Select Type list.
When creating Property Analyses on forms, there are three
types:
Property For
Analysis Type
Generic Property evaluations for multi-phase mixtures from
flash calculations, or single-phase mixtures without
flash calculations

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-21

 Property For
Analysis Type
PT-Envelope Pressure-temperature envelopes and properties along
a constant vapor fraction line
Residue Generating residue curve maps which plot the
composition trajectories of a ternary mixture
undergoing distillation at total reflux
6 Enter an ID for the new Analysis, or accept the default ID.
7 Click OK.
The remaining specifications for using forms to generate a
Property Analysis depend on the Analysis type. The following
sections provide instructions for specifying each type of
Analysis.
Pure You must use the interactive Analysis commands to define your
analysis, save the specifications as forms using the Save As Form
button, then edit the form to add additional specifications. Use
forms to modify pure component Property Analyses only when
you need flexibility not afforded by the simpler interactive
Analysis commands (for example results at multiple pressures).
Note: Pure component property analysis uses the property method
you specify to calculate properties for the components you specify
in the phases you specify at the conditions you specify, even if
those conditions are unrealistic, for example, liquid at temperatures
far above the boiling point.
Binary You must use the interactive Analysis commands to define your
analysis, save the specifications as forms using the Save As Form
button, then edit the form to add additional specifications.
Generic Use the Property Analysis Generic form to generate tables of
properties of either:
• Multi-phase mixtures (for example, vapor and liquid) resulting
from flash calculations
• Single-phase mixtures without flash calculations
The generic type of Property Analysis is the most flexible.
To generate a generic Property Analysis using forms:
1 On the System sheet of the Properties Analysis Generic Input
form, click one of the options in the Generate frame to specify
whether you want to generate properties at points along a flash
curve for a multi-phase mixture resulting from flash
calculations, or at points for single-phase mixtures without
flash calculations.

29-22 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Click either Points Along a Flash Curve or Point(s) Without
Flash.
2 In the System section, choose either to Specify Component
Flow or Reference Flowsheet Stream. If you choose to specify
component flow, enter the flowrates of your system. If you
choose to reference a flowsheet stream, enter the Stream ID.
3 If you choose to specify component flow when generating
points along a flash curve, specify the valid phases for flash
calculations in the Valid Phases list. Choices are Vapor-Liquid,
Vapor-Liquid-Liquid, or Vapor-Liquid-FreeWater. The default
is Vapor-Liquid.
4 If you choose to reference a flowsheet stream when generating
points along a flash curve, you can optionally specify the type
of flash for the flowsheet stream, in the Flash Type list (see
Notes in step 6.)
5 Click the Variable sheet.
6 On the Variable sheet, specify the Adjusted Variables and their
values to be used in calculations.
Notes:
If a stream is referenced on the System sheet, you must either:
• Vary two of temperature, pressure, vapor fraction, and duty
– or –
• Specify Flash Type on the System sheet
If Flash Type is specified, any varied state variable must be
consistent with that specification. Unspecified state variables
default to the stream values. The number of valid phases is
determined by the type of calculation performed to generate the
referenced stream.
If a stream is not referenced, you must either vary or specify on
this form two of temperature, pressure, and vapor fraction.
You can define values for a varied variable by specifying
either:
• A list of values
– or –
• Upper and lower limits for the variable and either the
number of points or the increment size.
7 Click the Tabulate sheet.

On the Tabulate sheet, specify the Property Set(s) that contain

properties you want to tabulate. To add a Property Set to the
Selected Prop-Sets list, select it from the Available Prop-Sets
list, and click the right arrow button. To select all available
Property Sets, click the double right arrow button. Use the left

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-23

 arrow buttons to remove items from the Selected Prop-Sets list.
Optionally you can click the Table Specifications button to
enter a heading, change the precision of the results, or specify
the width of the tables generated in the report file.

Further optional specifications include:

• Using the Properties sheet to change default property
methods used to generate the generic Property Analysis.
• Using the Diagnostics sheet to set how much information
you receive about warnings and errors from calculations.
Results for the generic Analysis can be viewed on the Properties
Analysis Generic Results form. For more information on Analysis
results see Examining Property Analysis Results this chapter.
Example of Using Forms Generate a table of properties at four pressures, using rigorous
to Create a Generic isothermal three-phase flash calculations. Tabulate vapor fraction,
Property Analysis to liquid-liquid ratio (beta), component mass fractions, and
Study Rigorous 3-Phase component flows for each of the three phases separately, and for
Flash Behavior
the combined liquid phases.

29-24 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-25
 The following two screens shows the property set, LIST-4, that
defines the properties to be tabulated.

29-26 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Tabular results:

To generate a plot of these results, select the variable on the

Results sheet, then use Plot from the main menu bar to specify the
x-axis or y-axis variable. Select Display Plot to view the plot.
Pressure- Use the PT-Envelope Property Analysis type to generate
Temperature pressure-temperature envelopes. These tables are parametric,
Envelopes consisting of one curve for each vapor fraction, through the critical
point, and its complementary vapor fraction. For example, the
complementary branch for a vapor fraction of 0.75 is 0.25.
The interactive PT-Envelope Analysis command for streams also
provides a complete facility for generating PT-Envelopes. Use the
Property Analysis forms only if you want to tabulate properties in
addition to temperature, pressure, and vapor fraction, or if you do
not want to reference a stream.
You can generate PT-Envelopes from any property method except
electrolyte property methods (for example, ELECNRTL).
However, PT-Envelopes generated from activity coefficient-based
and other non-equation-of-state property methods will not pass
through the critical point. Instead there will be separate curves for
each vapor fraction and its complementary branch.
To generate a PT-Envelope using forms:
1 On the System sheet of the Properties Analysis PTEnvelope
Input form, choose either to Specify Component Flow or
Reference Flowsheet Stream. If you choose to specify
component flow, enter the flow rates of your system. If you
choose to reference a flowsheet stream, enter the Stream ID.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-27

 2 Click the Envelope sheet. By default this sheet is already
complete.
3 On the Envelope sheet, specify the vapor fractions for which
tables will be generated. By default, Aspen Plus generates the
dew and bubble point curves (vapor fraction = 1 and 0,
respectively.) You can specify additional vapor fractions.
Aspen Plus generates one curve for each vapor fraction,
through the critical point, and its complementary vapor
fraction. For example, if you specify a vapor fraction of 0.25,
Aspen Plus will generate one curve for the 0.25 and 0.75 vapor
fraction branches.

You can also specify these options:

• Temperature or pressure of the first point
• Maximum number of points
• Termination point
Further optional specifications include:
• Using the Tabulate sheet to specify properties to calculate in
addition to the default temperature and pressure tabulations.
Specify any additional properties by adding Property Set IDs to
the Selected Prop-Sets list (see Chapter 28). You can also click
the Table Specifications button to enter a heading, change the
precision of the results, or specify the width of the tables
generated in the Report file.
• Using the Properties sheet to change default property methods
used to generate the PT envelope.
• Using the Diagnostics sheet to set how much information you
receive about warnings and errors from calculations.
Results for the PT-Envelope can be viewed on the Properties
Analysis PT-Envelope Results form. For more information on
Analysis results see Examining Property Analysis Results this
chapter.

29-28 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example of Using Forms Generate a PT-Envelope for an equimolar mixture of ethane and
to Generate a Pressure- n-heptane using the PENG-ROB property method. Generate the
Temperature Envelope phase envelope for vapor fractions of 1, 0.5, and 0. Tabulate the
mole fractions of the vapor and liquid phases, in addition to the
default temperature and pressure.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-29

 This is the property set, LIST-3, that defines the additional
properties (mole fraction) to be tabulated:

29-30 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Tabular Results:

To generate a plot of these results, choose Plot Wizard from the

Plot menu of the main menu bar, while viewing the above results
form. This is the resulting PT-Envelope plot, generated by
accepting all the default settings of the Plot Wizard:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-31

 Residue Curves Residue Curves (or maps) plot the composition trajectories of a
ternary mixture undergoing distillation at total reflux. You can use
them to visualize the presence of azeotropes and the constraints
azeotropes impose on the degree of separation. Use Residue
Curves to predict feasible splits, select entrainers, and analyze
potential column operability problems (Doherty, 1978 and
Wahnschaft, 1992).
Use Residue Curves with nonideal chemical systems, and Property
Methods that represent such systems. Examples are activity-
coefficient-based Property Methods, such as NRTL, Wilson,
UNIQUAC, and UNIFAC.
To generate a Residue Curve using forms:
• On the System sheet of the Properties Analysis Residue Input
form, specify:
− Components for the ternary mixture you want to analyze,
using the Component 1, Component 2, and Component 3
list boxes.
− System pressure using the Pressure field. The default is 1
atm.
− Whether you want Aspen Plus to perform rigorous two-
phase or three-phase calculations. Choose either Vapor-
Liquid or Vapor-Liquid-Liquid in the Valid Phases list. The
default is Vapor-Liquid.
− Number of curves to be generated. Choose either 3-5
Curves, 10-15 Curves, or 15-20 Curves. Note that more

29-32 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 curves require more calculation time. The default is 10-15
curves.
Optional specifications include:
• Using the Properties sheet to change default property methods
used to generate the Residue Curve.
• Using the Diagnostics sheet to set how much information you
receive about warnings and errors from calculations.
Results for the Residue Curve can be viewed on the Properties
Analysis Residue Results form. For more information on Analysis
results see Examining Property Analysis Results this chapter.

References
Doherty, M.F. and Perins, J.D., Chem. Eng. Sci., (1978), Vol. 33,
p. 281
Wahnschaft, O., "The Product Composition Regions of Single-feed
Azeotropic Distillation Columns," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., (1992),
Vol. 31, pp. 2345-2362.

Property Methods Specifications for

Property Analysis
Property Analyses use default property methods. Aspen Plus
determines these defaults based on whether a flowsheet stream is
referenced on the Property Analysis System form.
Flowsheet stream Default property methods are
referenced?
No Specified on the Properties Specifications
Global sheet.
Yes The same as those used to calculate stream
properties in the flowsheet simulation
You can override the default property specifications on the
Properties Analysis Properties sheet.

Examining Property Analysis Results

To examine Property Analysis results:
1 From the Data menu, select Properties.
2 From the left pane of the Data Browser menu, double-click the
Analysis folder.
3 Double-click the folder for the Property Analysis you wish to
examine.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-33

 4 Click the Results folder.
You can plot the results using the Plot Wizard from the Plot menu
of the main menu bar.

Using Aspen Split

If Aspen Split™ (a separately-licensed product in the Aspen
Engineering Suite) is installed, you may call it directly from Aspen
Plus to perform azeotrope searches and to construct ternary maps.
Aspen Split is AspenTech's state-of-the-art software for the
synthesis and conceptual design of distillation processes. A new
analysis component in Aspen Split enables the user to:
• Locate all the azeotropes (homogeneous and heterogeneous)
present in any multicomponent mixture
• Automatically compute distillation boundaries and residue
curve maps for ternary mixtures
• Compute multiple liquid phase envelopes (liquid-liquid and
vapor-liquid-liquid) for ternary mixtures
The Aspen Split component has been fully integrated with Aspen
Plus so that these powerful analyses can be performed directly in
the flowsheeting environment. The results can then be used to:
• Access separation feasibility in azeotropic mixtures
• Synthesize feasible separation sequences for achieving a
desired separation
• Develop strategies for retrofit of existing separation sequences
• Identify potential operating problems for distillation columns
and strategies for correcting them
To perform these Aspen Split analyses, in the Aspen Plus click the
Tools menu, then point to Aspen Split, then select either Azeotrope
Search or Ternary Maps.
If you select Azeotrope Search, the Azeotrope Analysis dialog box
appears. The Input sheet is open, and the components and property
specifications from the simulation are automatically loaded into
Aspen Split. Select the checkboxes beside the components you
want Aspen Split to consider in its azeotrope search. You may also
change the property specifications. Then click the Azeotropes
output sheet in the pane on the left. Aspen Split will display a list
of the azeotropes found.
If you select Ternary Maps, the Ternary Maps dialog box appears.
As in the azeotrope search, the Input sheet is initially filled in with
data from the simulation. Select the components you want to map,

29-34 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 and select the options at the bottom of the sheet for the
clalculations you want to perform, and click the Ternary Plot sheet
in the pane at the left to see the resulting plot.
See the Aspen Split documentation for more information about the
capabilities of these features.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Analyzing Properties • 29-35

29-36 • Analyzing Properties Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 30

Estimating Property Parameters

This chapter is about estimating property parameters. In the

equation-oriented environment there is a more general parameter
estimation feature, the parameter estimation run mode. For more
information on this mode, see EO Run Modes.
Aspen Plus stores physical property parameters in databanks for a
large number of components. If a required parameter is not in any
Aspen Plus databank, it can be:
• Entered directly
• Estimated using Property Estimation
• Regressed from experimental data using Data Regression

About Property Estimation

You can use Property Estimation in the following two ways:
• On a standalone basis
• In a Flowsheet, Property Analysis, PROPERTIES PLUS, or
Data Regression run
This topic includes the following information about estimating
parameters using Property Estimation:
• Property parameters Aspen Plus can estimate
• Defining molecular structure
• Estimating parameters
• Using experimental data to improve estimated parameters
• Comparing estimated parameters for components
• Examining parameter estimation results
Property Estimation Property Estimation estimates all missing parameters listed in the
on a Standalone tables in What Property Parameters can Aspen Plus Estimate.
Basis

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-1

 To create a standalone estimation run, do one of the following:
• Select the Property Estimation Run Type when creating a new
run.
• From the Data menu select Setup, then select the Specifications
form. On the Global sheet, select Property Estimation in the
Run Type list box.
Property Estimation Property Estimation estimates all missing parameters listed in these
in a Flowsheet, tables that are required in the run.
Property Analysis,
When using Property Estimation in Flowsheet, Property Analysis,
PROPERTIES PLUS,
Data Regression, or Properties Plus run types, it is important
or Data Regression
understand which parameters will be used if a parameter is
Run
available from multiple sources.
If you select Estimate All Missing Parameters on the Estimation
Input form, Aspen Plus will estimate and use all missing
parameters that are required in the run. Parameters that are
estimated, but are not missing, will not be used in the run.
If you selectively specify the estimation of an individual parameter
that is required by the simulation, this estimated parameter will be
used regardless of whether another value is available in a databank,
or on a Properties Parameters input form.

What Property Parameters Can

Aspen Plus Estimate?
Property Estimation in Aspen Plus can estimate many of the
property parameters required by physical property models,
including:
• Pure component thermodynamic and transport property model
parameters
• Binary parameters for the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC
activity coefficient models
The following tables list the property parameters Aspen Plus can
estimate.

30-2 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Property Names and Estimation Methods for Pure Component
Constants
Description Parameter Method Information Required
Molecular weight MW FORMULA Structure
Normal boiling point TB JOBACK Structure
OGATA- Structure
TSUCHIDA Structure
GANI TC, PC, Vapor pressure data
MANI
Critical temperature TC JOBACK Structure, TB
LYDERSEN Structure, TB
FEDORS Structure
AMBROSE Structure, TB
SIMPLE MW, TB
GANI Structure
MANI TC, PC, Vapor pressure data
Critical pressure PC JOBACK Structure
LYDERSEN Structure, MW
AMBROSE Structure, MW
GANI Structure
Critical volume VC JOBACK Structure
LYDERSEN Structure
AMBROSE Structure
RIEDEL TB, TC, PC
FEDORS Structure
GANI Structure
Critical compressibility ZC DEFINITION TC, PC, VC
factor
Standard heat of DHFORM BENSON Structure
formation JOBACK Structure
BENSONR8 Structure
GANI Structure
Standard Gibbs free DGFORM JOBACK Structure
energy of formation BENSON Structure
GANI Structure
Acentric factor OMEGA DEFINITION TC, PC, PL
LEE-KESLER TB, TC, PC
Solubility parameter DELTA DEFINITION TB, TC, PC, DHVL, VL
UNIQUAC R UNIQUAC R BONDI Structure
UNIQUAC Q UNIQUAC Q BONDI Structure
Parachor PARC PARACHOR Structure
Solid enthalpy of DHSFRM MOSTAFA Structure
formation at 25 C
Solid Gibbs energy of DGSFRM MOSTAFA Structure
formation at 25 C

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-3

Description Parameter Method Information Required
Aqueous infinite dilution DGAQHG AQU-DATA DGAQFM
Gibbs energy of THERMO DGAQFM, S025C
formation for the AQU-EST1 DGAQFM
Helgeson model AQU-EST2 S025C
Aqueous infinite dilution DHAQHG AQU-DATA DGAQFM
enthalpy of formation for THERMO DGAQFM, S025C
the Helgeson model AQU-EST1 DGAQFM
AQU-EST2 S025C
Entropy at 25 C for the S25HG AQU-DATA S025C
Helgeson model THERMO DGAQFM, DHAQFM
AQU-EST1 DGAQFM
AQU-EST2 DHAQFM
Helgeson OMEGA heat OMEGHG HELGESON S25HG, CHARGE
capacity coefficient

Property Names and Estimation Methods for Temperature-

Dependent Properties
Description Parameter Method Information Required
Ideal gas heat capacity CPIG DATA Ideal gas heat capacity data
BENSON Structure
JOBACK Structure
BENSONR8 Structure
Vapor pressure PL DATA Vapor pressure data
RIEDEL TB, TC, PC
LI-MA Structure, TB
MANI TC, PC, Vapor pressure data
Enthalpy of vaporization DHVL DATA Heat of vaporization data
DEFINITION TC, PC, PL
VETERE MW, TB
GANI Structure
DUCROS Structure
LI-MA Structure, TB
Liquid molar volume VL DATA Liquid molar volume data
GUNN- TC, PC, OMEGA
YAMADA Structure
LEBAS
Liquid viscosity MUL DATA Liquid viscosity data
ORRICK- Structure, MW, VL, TC, PC
ERBAR MW, TC, PC, OMEGA
LETSOU-STIEL
Vapor viscosity MUV DATA Vapor viscosity data
REICHENBERG Structure, MW, TC, PC
Liquid thermal KL DATA Liquid thermal conductivity data
conductivity SATO-RIEDEL MW, TB, TC
Vapor thermal KV DATA Vapor thermal conductivity data
conductivity

30-4 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Description Parameter Method Information Required
Surface tension SIGMA DATA Surface tension data
BROCK-BIRD TB, TC, PC
MCLEOD- TB, TC, PC, VL, PARC
SUGDEN
Solid heat capacity CPS DATA Solid heat capacity data
MOSTAFA Structure
Helgeson C heat capacity CHGPAR HG-AQU OMEGHG, CPAQ0
coefficient HG-CRIS OMEGHG, S25HG, CHARGE, IONTYP
HG-EST OMEGHG, S25HG
Liquid heat capacity CPL DATA Liquid heat capacity data
RUZICKA Structure
In Flowsheet, Property Analysis, Properties PLUS, or Data
Regression runs, Aspen Plus estimates missing binary parameters
only if you request them on the Properties Estimation Input Binary
sheet. If infinite dilution activity coefficients are estimated or
supplied on the Properties Data Mixture form at only one
temperature, then the parameters in brackets [ ] are set to zero.

Property Names and Estimation Methods for Binary

Parameters
Description Parameter Method Information Required
Wilson parameters WILSON/2 DATA Data
[WILSON/1] UNIFAC Structure
UNIF-LL Structure
UNIF- LBY Structure
UNIF- DMD Structure
NRTL parameters NRTL/2 DATA Data
[NRTL/1] UNIFAC Structure
UNIF-LL Structure
UNIF- LBY Structure
UNIF- DMD Structure
UNIQUAC parameters UNIQ/2 DATA Data
[UNIQ/1] UNIFAC Structure, GMUQR, GMUQQ
UNIF-LL Structure, GMUQR, GMUQQ
UNIF- LBY Structure, GMUQR, GMUQQ
UNIF- DMD Structure, GMUQR, GMUQQ
SRK, SRKKD parameters SRKKIJ/1 DATA Data
[SRKKIJ/2] UNIFAC Structure
UNIF-LL Structure
UNIF-LBY Structure
UNIF-DMD Structure
ASPEN Vc, and only light gases and hydrocarbons are
present in system

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-5

 Property Names and Estimation Methods for UNIFAC Group
Parameters
Description Parameter Method Information Required
UNIFAC R UNIFACR BONDI Structure
UNIFAC Q UNIFACQ BONDI Structure
Lyngby UNIFAC R UNIFLR BONDI Structure
Lyngby UNIFAC Q UNIFLQ BONDI Structure
Dortmund UNIFAC R UNIFDR BONDI Structure
Dortmund UNIFAC Q UNIFDQ BONDI Structure
Structure indicates that molecular structure must be defined using the Properties Molecular Structure forms. Data
indicates that correlation parameters are determined directly from experimental data you enter on Properties Data
forms. When another parameter is required, such as TB, it can come from a databank or from another estimation
method. Or you can enter it on a Properties Parameters form.

Required Information for Parameter

Estimation
The minimum information required for parameter estimation is:
• Normal boiling point temperature (TB)
• Molecular weight (MW)
• Molecular structure, preferably entered using the General
method
Property Estimation uses normal boiling point and molecular
weight to estimate many parameters. You can greatly reduce the
propagation of errors in estimating other parameters by using the
experimental value of TB. If you do not supply TB and MW but
you enter the general molecular structure, Property Estimation can
estimate TB and MW.
To obtain the best possible estimates for all parameters, enter all
the experimental data that is available.

Defining Molecular Structure Using

the General Method
When you use the general method to describe the atoms and bonds
in a compound, Aspen Plus automatically generates the required
functional groups for the estimation methods used in a particular
run.
To use the general method:
1 Sketch the structure of the molecule on paper.

30-6 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 Assign a number to each atom, omitting hydrogen. The
numbers must be consecutive, starting from 1.
3 From the Data menu, click Properties.
4 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click Molecular Structure.
5 From the Molecular Structure Object Manager, select a
component ID for which you want to specify the molecular
structure, then click Edit.

On the General sheet, define the molecule by its connectivity,

one pair of atoms at a time.
In this field Enter
Number Unique number identifying an atom in the molecule.
This should be the atom number that you assigned in
your preliminary drawing.
Type Atom type (for example, carbon or oxygen)
Bond type Type of bond that connects a pair of atoms (for
example, single or double)
Atom numbers and atom types appear on the correspondence
list at the bottom of the form.

Atoms Numbers and When you enter an existing atom number, Aspen Plus displays the
Types atom type (except for the first pair of atoms). You can omit
specifying values in the Number and Type fields for the first atom
of a pair. Aspen Plus will automatically use the atom number and
type of the second atom for the previously entered pair. Enter a
number for the second atom of the current pair.
You can use the following bond types to simplify the task of
entering the structure of common ring compounds and saturated
hydrocarbons:
Special Bond Type Description
Benzene ring Benzene ring
Sat. 5-member ring Saturated 5-member ring
Sat. 6-member ring Saturated 6-member ring
Sat. 7-member ring Saturated 7-member ring
Sat. hydrocarbon chain Saturated hydrocarbon chain
When you use these special bond types, the atom numbers
assigned to the members of the carbon ring or carbon chain must
be consecutive.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-7

 Example of Defining Define the molecular structure of isobutyl alcohol (C4H10O) using
Molecular Structure the general method.
Using the General CH 3
Method
CH CH 2 OH

CH 3

Assign a number to each atom, omitting hydrogen.

Defining Molecular Structure Using

Method-Specific Functional Groups
Use the Properties Molecular Structure Functional Group sheet to
enter method-specific functional groups. For each
group-contribution method, specify:
• Functional groups
• Number of times each group occurs in the compound
Functional groups are defined and numbered differently for each
method. For functional group definitions, browse through the
Group Number list.
You can enter any number of pairs for group numbers and number
of occurrences, with one exception. For the UNIFAC, UNIF-LL,
UNIF-DMD, and UNIF-LBY methods the limit is 12.
To specify method specific functional groups:
1 Sketch the structure of the molecule on paper.

30-8 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 From the Data menu, click Properties.
3 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click Molecular Structure.
4 From the Molecular Structure Object Manager, select a
component ID for which you want to specify the molecular
structure, then click Edit.
5 Click the Functional Group sheet.
6 On the Functional Group sheet, select the estimation method
from the Method list box.
7 In the Group Number list, select a functional group for the
method, that represents a functional group contained in your
molecule. The prompt area displays a description of the
functional group.
8 Count the number of times this group occurs in the molecule
and enter that number in the Number of Occurrences field. The
default is one.
9 Repeat steps 7 and 8 until all functional groups in your
molecule are represented with the appropriate number of
occurrences.
Example of Defining The structure of isobutyl alcohol is defined using the Lydersen
Molecular Structure method. The Lydersen functional groups are -CH3, >CH2, >CH-,
Using Method-Specific and -OH. The corresponding group numbers are 100, 101, 102, and
Functional Groups 121, respectively.
CH 3

CH CH 2 OH

CH 3

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-9

 Identifying Parameters to be
Estimated
In a standalone Property Estimation run, Aspen Plus estimates all
missing parameters listed in the tables in What Property
Parameters Can Aspen Plus Estimate, using default methods.You
can use the Properties Estimation Input form to request parameter
estimation and to:
• Specify the properties and components for which parameters
are to be estimated
• Select estimation methods
• Request estimation for parameters that are not missing
In a Flowsheet, Data Regression, or Property Analysis run, you
must request estimation of missing parameters. Aspen Plus
estimates all missing required parameters using default methods,
unless you specify otherwise on the Input form..
To request parameter estimation:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser Menu, select Estimation
then Input.
3 On the Setup sheet, specify one of the following Estimation
options.
Option Estimates
Do not estimate any Nothing. This is the default.
parameters
Estimate all missing All missing required parameters and any
parameters parameters you request on the Pure Component,
T-Dependent, Binary, and UNIFAC Group
sheets
Estimate only the Only the types of parameters you specify on the
selected parameters Setup sheet. Specific estimations must be
specified on the sheets identified by your
parameter types selection on this sheet.
The Estimate All Missing Parameters option is strongly
recommended unless you:
• Know exactly what parameters are missing and want to
estimate only those parameters
• Want to evaluate the estimation methods only for certain
parameters
4 If you selected Estimate Only the Selected Parameters, specify
the type(s) of parameters to estimate by checking the

30-10 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 appropriate checkboxes. Go to the appropriate sheet to specify
the desired parameters and methods.
You must supply all information required to estimate the
parameters.
5 If you selected Estimate All Missing Parameters, you can
override default estimation methods. Go to the appropriate
sheet to specify parameters and methods for the different types
of parameters.
Use these sheets to select parameters and methods:
Form What is Specified
Pure Component Parameter names and estimation methods for
pure component constants
T-Dependent Parameter names and estimation methods for
temperature-dependent parameters
Binary Parameter names and estimation methods for
binary parameters
UNIFAC Group Parameter names for UNIFAC group parameters
When using Property Estimation in Flowsheet, Property Analysis,
Data Regression, or Properties Plus run types, if you manually
request the estimation of specific parameters using the sheets in the
table above, these estimated values are used preferentially over any
values available in a databank or on a Properties Parameters form.
You can specify more than one estimation method for a parameter.
This allows you to compare the estimates predicted by different
methods.
When you specify multiple estimation methods for a parameter
required in a Flowsheet, Property Analysis, Data Regression, or
Properties Plus run type, the simulation uses the value estimated by
the first estimation method selected.
The tables list the estimation methods Aspen Plus provides for
each parameter. For details on the accuracy and applicability of
each estimation method, see chapter 8 of Physical Property
Methods and Models.
Estimating Pure Use the Estimation Input Pure Component sheet to request
Component estimation of pure component constants, such as critical
Parameters temperature (TC).
To request estimation of a pure component constant:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser Menu, select Estimation,
then Input.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-11

 3 On the Setup sheet, choose estimation options. For more
information, see Identifying Parameters to be Estimated.
4 Click the Pure Component sheet.
5 On the Pure Component sheet, select a parameter you want to
estimate using the Parameter list box.
6 In the Component list box, select the component for which you
want to estimate the selected parameter. If you want to estimate
the chosen parameter for multiple components, you may
continue to select additional components individually, or you
may select All to estimate the parameter for all components.
7 In the Method list box for each selected component, choose the
estimation method you want to use. You can specify more than
one method.
8 To request estimation of additional pure component
parameters, select a different parameter in the Parameter list
box, and repeat steps 6 and 7.
If you specify more than one method, only the value estimated by
the first method is used. Results for all the methods specified are
displayed on the Estimation Results form. See Examining
Parameter Estimation Results .
The only reason for specifying more than one method is to
evaluate the accuracy of methods used in estimating a given
parameter. See Comparing Estimated Parameters to Experimental
Data .

30-12 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Example for Estimating This estimation problem is set up to evaluate the accuracy of three
Critical Temperature methods (Joback, Lydersen, and Ambrose) for estimating TC for
isobutyl alcohol:

Estimating Use the Estimation Input T-Dependent sheet to request estimation

Temperature- of correlation parameters for temperature-dependent properties
Dependent Properties (such as parameters for the extended-Antoine vapor pressure).
Property Estimation uses estimation methods based on group
contributions and corresponding-states theory. In addition,
Property Estimation accepts experimental property versus
temperature data and uses them to determine the correlation
parameters by regression.
To request estimates of temperature-dependent properties:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Estimation
subfolder.
3 On the Setup sheet, choose estimation options. For more
information, see Identifying Parameters to be Estimated.
4 Click the T-Dependent sheet.
5 On the T-Dependent sheet, specify the property you want to
estimate in the Property list box.
6 In the Component list box, select the component for which you
want to estimate the selected property. If you want to estimate
the chosen property for multiple components, you may
continue to select additional components individually, or you
may select All to estimate the property for all components.
7 In the Method list box for each selected component, choose the
estimation method you want to use. You can specify more than

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-13

 one method for each property. To do this, list the component
again, and choose a different method.
8 To request estimation of additional temperature dependent
properties, select a different property in the Property list box,
and repeat steps 6 and 7.
If you specify more than one method for a component, only the
estimated value of the first method is used. Results for all the
methods specified are displayed on the Results form. See
Examining Parameter Estimation Results .
The only reason for specifying more than one method is to
evaluate the accuracy of methods used in estimating a given
property. See Comparing Estimated Parameters to
Experimental Data .
9 If you want to restrict estimation to a temperature range, enter
the lower temperature limit in the Lower Temp. field, and enter
the upper temperature limit in the Upper Temp. field.
10 If you have experimental property versus temperature data,
enter them on the Properties Data Pure-Comp form.
When you select Then Aspen Plus
DATA in the Method Uses the experimental data you enter on the Properties Data Pure-Comp form to
field determine the correlation parameters by regression
DATA in the Method Uses only the experimental data within the temperature ranges you specify
field, and Upper Temp.
and Lower Temp.
A method other than Uses the specified method to estimate the property over a range of temperatures
DATA (Upper Temp. and Lower Temp.). Aspen Plus determines the correlation
parameters that best fit the estimated data
A method other than Combines the experimental data you enter on the Properties Data Pure-Comp
DATA and you check form with the estimated values using the method you specified to determine the
the Use Data check box best correlation parameters
If you combine the experimental data and estimated values (by
selecting the Use Data check box), you can assign a weight to
the experimental data in the Weight field. The weight is
relative to 1.0 for estimated values.
Estimating Binary Use the Estimation Binary Input sheet to request estimates of
Parameters binary parameters, such as WILSON/1 and WILSON/2 for the
Wilson model. Aspen Plus estimates binary parameters using
infinite-dilution activity coefficient data.
To request estimates of binary parameters:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser Menu, click Estimation
then Input.

30-14 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 On the Setup sheet, choose estimation options. For more
information, see Identifying Parameters to be Estimated.
4 Click the Binary sheet.
5 On the Binary sheet, click New then specify the parameter you
want to estimate in the Parameter list box.
6 In the Method list box, choose the estimation method you want
to use. You can specify more than one method for each
parameter.
When Method is Then Aspen Plus uses
DATA The infinite dilution activity coefficient data you
enter on the Properties Data Mixture form. For
more information see Using Infinite Dilution
Activity Coefficient Data.
A method other than The method to estimate infinite dilution activity
DATA coefficients
7 In the Component i and Component j list boxes, specify two
components for which you want to estimate interaction
parameters. If you want to estimate the chosen parameter for
multiple component pairs, you may continue to select
additional component pairs individually, or you may select All
to estimate the parameters for all component pairs.
8 In the Temp field, you can specify the temperature(s) of the
infinite-dilution activity coefficient data. The default
temperature is 25 C. If you select DATA in the Method field,
the default is all the data you entered on the Properties Data
Mixture form.
When you Aspen Plus estimates
Enter no temperature value, or enter Only the second element of the
only one temperature value parameter (for example, WILSON/2
for Wilson)
Enter more than one temperature Elements one and two of the
value parameter (for example,
WILSON/1, WILSON/2)
9 To request estimation of additional binary parameters, select a
different parameter in the Parameter list box, and repeat steps
6, 7 and 8.
Example for Estimating Estimate Wilson binary parameters from infinite-dilution activity
Binary Parameters coefficients generated by UNIFAC. Estimate the infinite-dilution
activity coefficients at 30 and 40°C for component pair C1-C2; and
at 30°C for component pair C2-C3. For C1-C2, the WILSON/1
and WILSON/2 binary parameters are estimated because two
temperatures are requested. For C2-C3, only the WILSON/2
parameter is estimated because only one temperature is requested.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-15

 Estimating UNIFAC Use the Properties Estimation UNIFAC Group sheet to request
Group Parameters parameter estimation for UNIFAC functional groups. Group
parameters for all UNIFAC groups are built into Aspen Plus. You
do not need to estimate them.
If you define a new UNIFAC group on the Components UNIFAC-
Groups form:
Use this sheet To
Properties Molecular Structure Define the structure of the UNIFAC
Functional Group group using the Bondi method
Properties Estimation Input Estimate group parameters
UNIFAC Group
To request parameter estimation for UNIFAC functional groups:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser Menu, select Estimation
then Input.
3 On the Setup sheet, choose estimation options. For more
information, see Identifying Parameters to be Estimated.
4 Click the UNIFAC Group sheet.
5 In the Parameter list box, specify the UNIFAC group parameter
you want to estimate .
6 In the Group ID fields, enter the UNIFAC Group IDs for which
you want to estimate parameters.
UNIFAC group IDs must have been defined on the
Components UNIFAC-Groups form.

30-16 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Using Experimental You can use any experimental property data available to improve
Data to Improve the quality of your parameter estimation. Whenever possible,
Estimated supply experimental data to minimize the propagation of errors due
Parameters to the uncertainty of estimated values.
Temperature-dependent property data (such as vapor pressure
versus temperature data) can be used directly to determine
correlation parameters by regression. Infinite-dilution activity
coefficient data are used to estimate binary parameters.
Use this form To enter this type of property data
Properties Parameters Pure Scalar property constants, such as normal
Component Scalar boiling point (TB) or critical temperature
(TC)
Properties Parameters Pure Temperature-dependent correlation
Component T-Dependent parameters, such as PLXANT for the
extended Antoine vapor pressure model
Properties Data PURE- Temperature-dependent property data, such
COMP as vapor pressure versus temperature points
)
Properties Data MIXTURE Infinite dilution activity coefficient data
versus temperature for binary systems
Using Temperature- Use the Properties Data PURE-COMP form to enter temperature-
Dependent Property Data dependent property data.

Enter the data as pairs of temperature and property values.

To enter temperature-dependent property data: listed in the table :
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Data subfolder.
3 To create a new Data ID, on the Data Object Manager, click
New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID for the data, or
accept the default ID. Choose PURE-COMP from the Select
Type list box, and click OK.
5 To modify an existing Data ID, select the ID from the Data
Object Manager, and click Edit.
6 On the Setup sheet, select the category For Estimation, then
specify the property for which you have data, in the Property
list box.
7 Select the component for which you have data, in the
Component list box.
8 If your data was measured at a constant temperature or
pressure, you can enter this value in the Constant Temperature
or Pressure frame.
9 Click the Data sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-17

 10 On the Data sheet, enter the experimental data in the
appropriate columns. The first column in the data table, Usage,
will be filled in automatically when you begin entering your
data points.
The first row of the data table is filled in with default values of
standard deviation. These standard deviations are not
considered in Property Estimation however. They are only used
in Data Regression.
To combine the experimental pure component data to estimate
temperature-dependent property parameters:
1 Select the Properties Estimation Input T-Dependent sheet.
2 Select the property you wish to estimate in the Property list
box.
3 Specify the component then select DATA in the Method list
box.
You can combine experimental temperature-dependent property
data with estimated data. For example, you can combine
experimental vapor pressure data with values estimated by the
Riedel method. The combined data are then used to determine the
best set of PLXANT parameters. You can use this feature to
extrapolate limited experimental data. For more information, see
Estimating Temperature-Dependent Properties.
The experimental data you enter can be used in three ways:
• By Data Regression, to obtain correlation parameters by
regression.
• By Property Estimation, to obtain correlation parameters by
regression.
• By Property Estimation, together with other estimated values,
to obtain correlation parameters.
Using Property Estimation is similar to using Data Regression to
regress pure component temperature-dependent property data or
infinite-dilution activity coefficient data. However, with Data
Regression you can:
• Mix VLE and pure component data
• Regress any parameter, such as an equation-of-state parameter
• Control which parameters in a correlation to regress
• Provide standard deviations (weightings) for individual
variables and data points
Using Infinite Dilution Use the Properties Data MIXTURE form to enter infinite-dilution
Activity Coefficient Data activity coefficient (gamma infinity) data for binary systems.
To enter infinite-dilution activity coefficient data:

30-18 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser Menu, select the Data
subfolder.
3 To create a new Data ID, on the Data Object Manager, click
New. On the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID for the
data, or accept the default ID. Choose MIXTURE from the
Select Type list box, and click OK.
4 To modify an existing Data ID, select the ID from the Data
Object Manager, and click Edit.
5 On the Setup sheet, select the category For Estimation in the
category list box, then GAMINF in the Data Type list box.
6 Select the components for which you have data from the
Available Components list, and use the right arrow button to
move the two components of interest to the Selected
Components list.
7 Click the Data sheet.
8 On the Data sheet, enter the experimental data in the
appropriate fields as described in the table below. The first
column in the data table, Usage, will be filled in automatically
when you begin entering your data points.
The first row of the data table is filled in with default values of
standard deviation. These standard deviations are not
considered in Property Estimation however. They are only used
in Data Regression.
Field Enter
TEMP1 Temperature corresponding to the infinite-dilution activity
coefficient of component 1 (GAMINF1)
GAMINF1 Infinite-dilution activity coefficient of component 1
TEMP2 Temperature corresponding to the infinite-dilution activity
coefficient of component 2 (GAMINF2)
GAMINF2 Infinite-dilution activity coefficient of component 2
If one infinite-dilution activity coefficient value is missing,
leave both the TEMP and GAMINF fields blank.
To use the experimental infinite-dilution activity coefficient data to
estimate binary parameters:
1 Select the Properties Estimation Input Binary sheet.
2 Select the parameter you want to estimate in the Parameter list
box.
3 Select DATA in the Methods list box.
4 In the Component i and Component j fields, specify the two
components for which you have entered infinite-dilution
activity coefficient data.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-19

 Comparing Estimated Use the Properties Estimation Compare form to compare estimated
Parameters to parameters to experimental data. You can also compare the
Experimental Data estimated values of components to results for other components.
This feature can help you select the best method for estimating
parameters for a nondatabank component when only limited
experimental data is available.
To evaluate the accuracy of estimation methods used for a
parameter and to select the best methods for estimating parameters
for a nondatabank component:
1 Identify databank components that are similar to the
nondatabank component in terms of molecular structure or
functional groups.
2 Request parameter estimation for these databank components
using all methods available on the Estimation Input form.
3 Use the Estimation Compare form to compare the estimated
parameters to the experimental data.
From the comparison you can determine the best method for each
parameter. The best methods for the databank components should
also be best for the nondatabank component.
To compare estimated parameters to experimental data:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser Menu, double-click the
Estimation subfolder.
3 Select the Compare form.
4 On the Compare Setup sheet, use the Components and
UNIFAC Group IDs list boxes to enter components or groups
to be compared with experimental data.
Examining Parameter To examine parameter estimation results:
Estimation Results 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser Menu, double-click the
Estimation subfolder.
3 Select the Results or the Compare Results form.
The Estimation Results form displays the estimated properties and
parameters that you requested on the Estimation Input form.
Estimated parameters are also placed on appropriate Properties
Parameters forms. The Compare Results form displays
comparisons between estimated and experimental data , as
requested on the Estimation Compare form. Comparisons between
components are not displayed on the Compare Results form, they
are contained in the reports.

30-20 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To view comparisons between components, from the View menu,
click Reports.
Example of Pure This example shows the estimated values of TC for isobutyl
Component Estimation alcohol using three methods (Joback, Lydersen, and Ambrose).
Results

Using Estimated Parameters

If you estimate parameters, you can choose whether the results are
automatically written to Properties Parameters input forms or not.
If you estimate parameters in a standalone Property Estimation run,
and then want to use them in a Flowsheet, Property Analysis, Data
Regression, or Properties Plus run:
• On the Setup Specifications Global sheet, change the Run
Type.
When using Property Estimation in Flowsheet, Property Analysis,
Data Regression, or Properties Plus runs, if you select Estimate All
Missing Parameters, Aspen Plus estimates and uses all missing
parameters that are required in the run. Aspen Plus does not
estimate any parameters that are not missing.
If you specifically request the estimation of an individual
parameter, this estimated parameter will be used preferentially
over any databank value, or any value entered on Properties
Parameters forms.
Saving Estimation If you estimate parameters, by default the results are automatically
Results Automatically written to Properties Parameters input forms.
This means that when you are satisfied with your estimation
results, you can turn off Property Estimation because the estimated

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Estimating Property Parameters • 30-21

 parameters have been preserved on the Parameters forms for use in
subsequent simulation runs.
To turn off Property Estimation:
• On the Setup sheet of the Properties Estimation Input form,
check Do Not Estimate Any Parameters.
Not Saving If you do not want the estimation results to be written to the
Estimation Results Parameters forms automatically:
Automatically 1 From the Tools menu, click Options.
2 Click the Component Data tab.
3 Clear the Copy Regression and Estimation Results onto
Parameters Forms checkbox.

30-22 • Estimating Property Parameters Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 31

Regressing Property Data

You can use experimental property data to determine the physical

property model parameters you need for an Aspen Plus simulation.
The Aspen Plus Data Regression System fits parameters of
physical property models to measured data for pure component or
multicomponent systems. You can enter almost any kind of
experimental property data, such as:
• Vapor-liquid equilibrium
• Liquid-liquid equilibrium
• Density
• Heat capacity
• Activity coefficients
You can use Data Regression for all property models in
Aspen Plus, including electrolyte and user models.
This section includes the following information about Data
Regression:
• Setting up a regression
• Entering pure component, phase equilibrium, and mixture data
• Plotting experimental data
• Formulating a regression case
• Evaluating the accuracy of known model parameters
• Examining and plotting regression results
• Comparing results from several cases
• Using the Dortmund Databank (DDB) interface
• Data regression example

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-1

 Setting Up a Regression
To set up a Data Regression:
1 Start Aspen Plus and create a new run from a Template.
2 On the New dialog box, select Data Regression in the Run
Type list box.
3 Define components on the Components Specifications
Selection sheet.
4 Select a property method on the Properties Specifications
Global sheet.
5 Enter or estimate any supplemental property parameters on the
Properties Parameters and Properties Estimation forms.
6 Enter experimental data on the Properties Data forms.
7 Specify the regression case on the Properties Regression form.
See Formulating a Regression Case.
Use Next to guide you through these steps.

Selecting a Property Method

You must select a property method that uses the property model
for which you want to determine parameters.
For example, to fit UNIQUAC binary parameters, choose one of
the following property methods:
• UNIQUAC
• UNIQ-HOC
• UNIQ-NTH
• UNIQ-RK
Choose the same property method you will use for simulation runs
using the fitted parameters. For example, if you want to use
UNIQUAC with the Hayden-O'Connell vapor phase association
property method (UNIQ-HOC) in a simulation run, you must also
use the UNIQ-HOC property method in your Data Regression run.
There is one important exception. Do not use property methods
ending in -2 in Data Regression, even when fitting LLE data. For
example, to determine parameters to use with the UNIQ-2 property
method, use the UNIQUAC property method in the Data
Regression run. In the simulation run, use the UNIQ-2 property
method. The binary parameters you determined in the Data
Regression run will be available on the Properties Parameters
Binary Interaction form.

31-2 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Entering Supplemental Parameters
If any component being regressed is not in the Aspen Plus
databank, do one of the following:
• Enter the required parameters on Properties Parameters forms
• Estimate the parameters using the Properties Estimation forms
For example, suppose you are regressing binary VLE data using
the WILSON property method and a component is not in the
databank. You must enter or estimate the following parameters:
MW, TC, PC, ZC, DHVLWT, PLXANT, and CPIG.
You can also enter values of the parameters to be determined on a
Properties Parameters form. Data Regression will use these values
as initial guesses.

Fitting Pure Component Data

To fit pure component temperature-dependent property data, such
as vapor pressure data:
1 Use the Properties Data PURE-COMP form to enter the
experimental data as a function of temperature.
2 Use the Properties Regression Input form to specify the
property method, experimental data, and parameters to be
regressed.

Entering Pure Component Data

Use the Properties Data PURE-COMP form to enter experimental
data for pure component properties as a function of temperature.
For example, you can enter vapor pressure versus temperature
data.
To enter pure component data:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Data folder.
3 To create a new Data ID, click New on the Data Object
Manager.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID or accept the
default. Choose PURE-COMP in the Select Type list box, and
click OK.
5 To edit an existing ID, select the Data ID from the Object
Manger, and click Edit.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-3

 6 On the Setup sheet, select the type of property data in the
Property list box. Prompts describe each property. You can
limit the types of property data under the Property list box, by
selecting a property category in the Category list box. The
default category is All.
7 In the Component list box, specify the component for which
you have experimental data.
8 In the Temperature and Pressure fields, if active, specify a
constant temperature or pressure. A value entered in these
fields applies to all data points, and simplifies the entering of
isothermal or isobaric data.
9 Click the Data sheet.
10 On the Data sheet, enter the experimental data in the
appropriate columns.
11 Enter standard deviation values for the property data or accept
the system defaults
If you want Aspen Plus to ignore some data or standard deviations
that have already been entered, go to the Usage field, click on the
row, and select Ignore. Aspen Plus will not use the data point in
any subsequent regressions.

Fitting Phase Equilibrium and Mixture

Data
To fit phase equilibrium and mixture data, such as vapor-liquid
equilibrium and mixture density data:
1 Use the Properties Data MIXTURE form to enter experimental
data. See the following section.
2 Use the Properties Regression Input form to specify the
property method, experimental data, and the binary or pair
parameters to be regressed. See Formulating a Regression
Case.

Entering Phase Equilibrium and

Mixture Data
Use the Properties Data MIXTURE form to enter experimental
data for phase equilibrium and mixture properties as a function of
temperature, pressure, and composition. For example, you can
enter Txy vapor-liquid equilibrium data for two components.

31-4 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 To enter phase equilibrium and mixture data:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Data folder.
3 To create a new Data ID, click New on the Data Object
Manager. In the Create New ID dialog box, enter and ID or
accept the default. Choose MIXTURE in the Select Type list
box, and click OK.
4 To edit an existing ID, select the Data ID from the Object
Manger, and click Edit.
5 On the Setup sheet, choose the type of property data in the
Data Type list box, from the choices in Tables 31.1 and 31.2.
You can limit the types of property data under the Property list
box, by selecting a property category in the Category list box.
The default category is All.
6 Select the components from the Available Components list,
and use the right arrow button to move them to the Selected
Components list.
7 In the Temperature and Pressure fields, if active, specify a
constant temperature or pressure. A value entered in these
fields applies to all data points.
8 In the Composition Basis list box, specify the basis of the
composition data. You can enter composition data as mole
fraction, mass fraction, mole percent, or mass percent. Mole
fraction is the default.
9 Click the Data sheet.
10 On the Data sheet, enter the experimental data in the
appropriate columns.
11 Enter standard deviations for the property data or accept the
system defaults.
If you want Aspen Plus to ignore some data or standard deviations
that have already been entered, go to the Usage field, click on the
row, and select Ignore. Aspen Plus will not use the data point in
any subsequent regressions.
Data Types
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data
Select For this data
TXY Isobaric VLE
PXY Isothermal VLE
TPXY T-P-x-y VLE
ALPHA Relative volatility. Defined with respect to the first
component listed on the form.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-5

 Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium Data
Select For this data
TXX T-x-x
PXX P-x-x
TPXX T-P-x-x
TPXXY T-P-x-x-y
Use with NRTL or UNIQUAC-based property methods; the ELECNRTL
property method; or SR-POLAR, PRWS, PRMHV2, RKSWS, RKSMHV2, and
PSRK equation-of-state property methods.
TPXXY is Vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium data

Mixture Property Data

Select For this data
CPLMX Liquid heat capacity
CPVMX Vapor heat capacity
CPSMX Solid heat capacity
GLXS Excess liquid Gibbs free energy
HLMX Liquid enthalpy
HLXS Excess liquid enthalpy
HVMX Vapor enthalpy
HSMX Solid enthalpy
KLMX Liquid thermal conductivity
KVMX Vapor thermal conductivity
KSMX Solid thermal conductivity
MULMX Liquid viscosity
MUVMX Vapor viscosity
RHOLMX Liquid mass density
RHOVMX Vapor mass density
RHOSMX Solid mass density
SIGLMX Liquid surface tension
USER-X User property versus x
USER-Y User property versus y
VLMX Liquid molar volume
VVMX Vapor molar volume
VSMX Solid molar volume

Partial Property Data (Data for Components in a Mixture)

Select For this data
DLMX Liquid diffusion coefficients
DVMX Vapor diffusion coefficients
GAMMA Liquid activity coefficients
GAMMAS Solid activity coefficients

31-6 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Select For this data
HENRY Henry's constants
KLL Liquid-liquid distribution coefficients
KVL Vapor-liquid K-values
USERI-X User partial property versus x
USERI-Y User partial property versus y

Data Types for Electrolyte Systems

Select For this type of data To
GAMMAM Mean ionic activity Determine parameters for the electrolyte activity coefficient
coefficient model
HLMX Liquid molar enthalpy Determine the temperature dependency of binary or pair
parameters for the activity coefficient model
OSMOT Osmotic coefficient Determine parameters for the electrolyte activity coefficient
model
PH pH Determine chemical equilibrium constants (use only the apparent
component approach)
TPX or TX Salt solubility Regress parameters for the electrolyte activity coefficient model
and chemical equilibrium constants for precipitating salts.
Obtain electrolyte-electrolyte pair parameters for the electrolyte
NRTL model
TXY, PXY, or Vapor liquid Regress electrolyte activity coefficient model parameters,
TPXY equilibrium Henry's constants, and chemical equilibrium constants
TXX, TPXX, Liquid liquid Regress electrolyte activity coefficient model parameters and
or TPXXY equilibrium chemical equilibrium constants
VLMX Liquid molar volume Determine parameters for the Clarke density model
You can enter only the molality scale mean ionic activity coefficient data of single electrolyte systems.
Use data at several temperatures to ensure accurate representation of heat of mixing.
Enter at saturation, for single or mixed electrolyte solutions. You must specify the salt precipitation reactions on the
Reactions Chemistry form.

Regressing Electrolyte Parameters

Equilibrium constants for electrolyte chemistry are often regressed
from these types of data:
• Vapor-liquid equilibrium data (TXY, PXY, or TPXY)
• Liquid-liquid equilibrium data (TXX, PXX, or TPXX)
• Liquid molar enthalpy data (HLMX)
• Osmotic coefficient data (OSMOT)
• Mean ionic activity coefficient data (GAMMA)
• Salt solubility data (TPX or TX)
• Liquid molar volume data (VLMX)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-7

 • pH data (PH)
Enter this data on the Properties | Data form.
On the Properties | Regression | Input | Setup sheet, specify the
Chemistry ID for the reaction set (specified on the Reactions |
Chemistry form) for which equilibrium constants are to be
regressed.
On the Properties | Regression | Input | Parameters sheet,
specify the parameters to be regressed. For each parameter, select:
• The Type Chemistry,
• The Name K-SALT (for salt precipitation reactions) or K-
STOIC (for equilibrium ionic reactions),
• The Element number (1 through 4, corresponding to
parameters A through D from the Reactions | Chemistry |
Equilibrium Constants sheet), and
• The salt component or equilibrium reaction number for which
the the equilibrium constant is being regressed.

Generating Binary VLE and LLE Data

You can generate VLE and LLE data for a two-component system,
using a specified property method. Aspen Plus can then use the
generated data to regress parameters for another property method.
With this feature you can convert parameters between different
property models.
For example, you can generate VLE data using the UNIFAC
predictive property method and use the generated data to determine
the binary parameters for the WILSON property method.
To specify generation of binary VLE and LLE data:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Data folder. The
Data object manager appears.
3 To create a new Data ID, click New. In the Create New ID
dialog box, enter an ID or accept the default. Choose
MIXTURE in the Select Type list box, and click OK.
To edit an existing ID, select the Data ID from the object
manager, and click Edit.

31-8 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 4 On the Setup sheet, choose the type of property data in the
Data Type list box:
Select To generate this data
TXY, PXY, or TPXY VLE
TXX or TPXX LLE
Do not select the GEN-TPXY or GEN-TPXX data type
5 Select the components from the Available Components list
and click the right arrow button to move them to the Selected
Components list.
6 In the Temperature and Pressure fields, if active, specify a
constant temperature or pressure at which the data will be
generated.
7 Click the Data sheet.
8 On the Data sheet, click the Generate Data button.
9 In the Generate Binary VLE or LLE Data dialog box, select
a property method, and a Henry's Components ID and
Chemistry ID, if applicable.
10 Click the Generate button.
The Data sheet displays the liquid phase compositions for
which data are to be generated for the regression. When you
run the regression, these parameters will be generated and
displayed on the Regression | Results | Profiles sheet.

Entering Standard Deviations of

Measurements
The standard deviation of a measurement variable is an estimate of
the magnitude of random error. Data Regression assigns
reasonable default values for standard deviations, based on the
property or data type you select. If you know the standard
deviations of your data, enter them on the Properties Data Data
sheet.
Data Regression assigns the following default standard deviation
values:
For Value
Temperature 0.1 degrees
For Txx or TPxx data, the default is 0.01 degrees
Pressure 0.1%
Liquid compositions 0.1%
Vapor compositions 1.0%
Properties 1.0%

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-9

 You can assign a set of standard deviation values to:
• A single data point
• Several data points
• All data points in a data group
To enter a standard deviation row on a Properties Data Data sheet,
go to the Usage field, and select Std-Dev. The values you enter
will apply to all subsequent data points until another Std-Dev row
is encountered. Enter the standard deviation in percent or as an
absolute value. Data Regression does not require precise values of
standard deviations. Usually you only need to determine the
appropriate order of magnitude and ratios.
A variable that has a standard deviation value of zero is treated as
error-freeOnly state variables with little or no random error can
have standard deviations of zero. Properties such as vapor pressure
or density cannot. You cannot enter all standard deviation values
as zero.
For phase equilibrium data, such as TPXY data, the number of
non-zero standard deviations must be greater than or equal to the
number of phase equilibrium constraints (or equivalently, the
number of components in the mixture that participate in phase
equilibrium). For example, for TPXY data of two components, you
can assign a standard deviation of zero to only two variables.
Either T or P, and either X(1) or Y(1) can have zero standard
deviations. An exception is TPX data. You can set the standard
deviation of X and either T or P to zero.
Unrealistically small standard deviations for "noisy" measurement
variables cause convergence problems.

Plotting Experimental Data

You can display a plot of the experimental data you entered using
the Plot Wizard from the plot menu.
Depending on the type of data you entered, the Plot Wizard allows
the following types:
Plot Typet Description
T-xy T-xy plot for isobaric VLE data
P-xy P-xy plot for isothermal VLE data
T-x T-x plot for isobaric VLE data
P-x P-x plot for isothermal VLE data
y-x y-x plot for VLE data
T-xx T-xx plot for LLE data

31-10 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Plot Typet Description
P-xx P-xx plot for LLE data
Prop-x Property vs. Composition
Prop-T Property vs. Temperature
Triangular Triangular diagram for ternary LLE data

Formulating a Regression Case

Use the Properties Regression forms to formulate a regression
case.
A regression case requires:
• Experimental data
• Parameters for regression
To formulate a regression case:
1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Regression
folder.
3 To create a new Regression ID, click New on the Regression
Object Manager. In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID
or accept the default, and click OK.
4 To edit an existing ID, select the Regression ID from the
Object Manger, and click Edit.
5 In the Property Options frame of the Regression Input Setup
sheet, specify property method, Henry Components ID,
Chemistry ID, and electrolyte calculation method. The global
properties specifications you entered on the Properties
Specifications Global sheet are the default. You can select any
property method already entered on the Properties
Specifications form.
6 At the bottom of the Setup sheet, use the Data Set list boxes to
enter the Data set IDs for the experimental data to be regressed.
To assign more weight to data sets, enter a value greater than 1
in the Weight field.
7 For each Binary VLE Data set referenced, you can choose
whether you want a thermodynamic consistency test
performed, using the Perform Test check box. If you choose to
perform a consistency test, you can use the Test Method list
box to choose the type of consistency test. Also select whether
you want to reject data sets that fail the consistency test, using
the Reject check box.
8 Click the Parameters sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-11

 9 Enter the Parameters to be regressed, according to the
procedure in the following section, Specifying Parameters to be
Regressed.
In many cases Aspen Plus will automatically complete the
Regression Input form based on the property method and Data sets
you have specified. For example, suppose you select the NRTL
property method and enter Txy data for a binary system.
Aspen Plus completes the Regression Input form by:
• Filling in the Data ID field
• Specifying that the NRTL binary parameters are to be
regressed
• Choosing the default objective function and algorithm options

Specifying In cases where the parameters to be regressed are not specified

Parameters to be automatically, or when you want to modify the default parameters
Regressed or add additional parameters, you can use the Regression Input
Parameters sheet.
To specify parameters to be regressed:
1 In the Type field of the Regression Input Parameters sheet,
select one:
Option For
Parameter Pure component parameter
Binary parameter Binary parameter
Group parameter UNIFAC group parameter
Group binary parameter UNIFAC group binary parameter
Pair parameter Electrolyte NRTL model pair parameter
Chemistry Equilibrium constants for electrolyte chemistry
2 In the Name/Element list box, select the parameter names. The
prompt identifies parameters.
3 Enter the element number of the parameter in the field just to
the right of the parameter name. For group interaction
parameters for the Lyngby-modified UNIFAC and the
Dortmund-modified UNIFAC models, only the first element
can be regressed.
4 Enter the component(s) or UNIFAC group IDs in the
Component/Group list boxes.

31-12 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 5 For each parameter, use the Usage list box to:
Specify If you want the parameter to be
Regress † Used in the current regression case
Exclude Excluded from the current regression case. ††
The value in the Initial Value field is ignored.
Fix Set to the fixed value given in the Initial Value
field †††
† Regress is the default.
†† If the parameter is in the databank or has been entered on the Properties
Parameters forms, Aspen Plus uses this value in the property calculation during
the regression.
††† You can fix a parameter to a given value in one case, then set it to another
value in another case to study the effect on the fit. For example, you can fix the
third element of the NRTL binary parameter (the nonrandomness factor) in a
case study to see which value gives the best results
6 You can enter Initial Value, Lower Bound, Upper Bound, and
Scale Factor for the parameter. Scale factors are used to
normalize the parameters being regressed if they are of very
different magnitudes. The scale factors should be set
approximately inversely proportional to the values of the
parameters.
Regression Algorithm The Regression | Input | Algorithm sheet provides several
Options options for the manner in which the regression is calculated,
including several different types of objective function.
The default objective function is the Maximum likelihood objective
function. Maximum likelihood is a generalization of the least-
squares method. In least-squares, the independent variables are
assumed to be error-free. Errors in the dependent parameters are
minimized by adjusting one or more model parameters.
Real-life problems are often not as neat as this. For example, in an
experiment measuring phase equilibrium, the governing equation
is:
Φ iv y i P = γ i xi f i *,l
T, P, x, and y are all measured and there can be measurement
errors in all variables. In the maximum likelihood objective
function, errors in all variables are considered. For the phase
equilibrium example, the maximum likelihood objective function
is:
NDG  T − T
NP
2
  Pe ,i − Pm ,i
2
 NC −1 xe ,i , j − x m,i , j 
2
NC −1 y − y m ,i , j 
2

Q = ∑ wn ∑   +  + ∑  + ∑  e ,i , j  
e ,i m ,i

i =1  σ T ,i   σ   σ   σ y ,i , j  
n =1
   P ,i  j =1  x ,i , j  j =1   

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-13

 Where:
Q = The objective function to be minimized by data
regression
NDG = The number of data groups in the regression
case
wn = The weight of data group n
NP = The number of points in data group n
NC = The number of components present in the data
group
T, P, x, y = Temperature, pressure, liquid and vapor mole
fractions
e = Estimated data
m = Measured data
i = Data for data point i
j = Fraction data for component j
σ = Standard deviation of the indicated data. Note
that if σ=0, the point is not included in the
objective function, and the estimated value is set
equal to the measured value. Different data
points can have different standard deviation
values.
The objective function is minimized by manipulating the physical
property parameters identified in the regression case and
manipulating the estimated value corresponding to each
measurement. Minimization of Q is subject to the constraints of
phase equilibrium:
Φ iv y i P − γ i xi f i *,l = 0 Actual constraint, one per
component at this data point.
γ i = γ i (T , P, x) Implicit constraint, will never be
violated.
Φ iv = Φ iv (T , P, y ) Implicit constraint, will never be
violated.
f i *,l = f i *,l (T , P) Implicit constraint, will never be
violated.
Liquid mole fractions sum Implicit constraint, will never be
to 1 violated.
Vapor mole fractions sum Implicit constraint, will never be
to 1 violated.

31-14 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Occasionally, data regression will converge, but will report that the
phase equilibrium constraints are not tightly converged. (The
convergence tolerance can be adjusted on the Algorithm sheet.)
Actual constraint values can be reported to the history file by
setting the simulation diagnostic level to 6 or higher on the
Diagnostics sheet or on the top-level Setup | Specifications |
Diagnostics form. If the absolute constraint values are on the order
−5
of 10 or smaller, the results should be acceptable. Higher
constraint values indicate that the regression results should not be
trusted. Taking one or more of the following actions may lead to a
better regression result:
• Setting different initial guesses and limits for the regressed
parameters
• Evaluating the data for inconsistencies in data points with high
constraint values
• Confirming that the standard deviations are appropriate for data
points with high constraint values
• Adding additional parameters to be regressed
Other objective functions are available for different purposes:
This objective Is formed by
function
Maximum likelihood All measured variables
Ordinary least squares Pressure and vapor compositions for
isothermal VLE data. Temperature and vapor
compositions for isobaric VLE data
Barker's method Pressure only
Modified Barker Pressure and vapor compositions
Activity coefficients Activity coefficients
Equilibrium constants Equilibrium constants (K-values)
Relative volatility Relative volatility defined relative to the first
component

Thermodynamic Consistency Test for

VLE Data
Aspen Plus tests the binary VLE data you enter on the Data
Mixture form for thermodynamic consistency when you supply
both of the following:
• Composition data for both the liquid and vapor phases
• At least five data points, not counting pure component data
points (x=0.0 and x=1.0)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-15

 Aspen Plus provides two methods for testing consistency:
• The area test of Redlich-Kister
• The point test of Van Ness and Fredenslund
Both methods use the Gibbs-Duhem equation. For detailed
information on both tests, see J. Gmehling and U. Onken, Vapor-
Liquid Equilibrium Data Collection, DECHEMA Chemistry Data
Series, Vol. I, Part 1, ed. Dieter Behrens and Reiner Eckermann
(Frankfurt/Main: DECHEMA, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur
Chemisches Apparatewesen, 1977).
By default, Aspen Plus performs the area test. To select another
test method or to change the test tolerance, use the Regression
Input Setup sheet. On the Setup sheet you can also specify whether
you want to use or reject the data sets that fail the consistency tests.
The Consistency Tests sheet on the Regression Results form
indicates whether your data passes or fails the consistency test.
Failed data can cause accuracy and convergence problems in your
simulation. The test can fail because:
• The data contains errors, either in the original data or occurring
during data entry
• The vapor phase equation-of-state model does not
appropriately account for the vapor phase nonideality
• You do not have enough data points or the data cover only a
small concentration range. To obtain meaningful consistency
test results, enter data for the entire valid composition range.
If your data fail the test, check the data values and units in the Txy,
Pxy, or TPxy data you entered on the Data Mixture form.
To obtain meaningful consistency test results, enter data for the
entire valid composition range. You can ignore the test results if
your data covers only a narrow composition range.

Evaluating the Accuracy of Known

Model Parameters
You can use Data Regression to evaluate the accuracy of known
model parameters. Compare the calculated results obtained using
the model with your experimental data.
1 Select a property method on the Properties Specifications
Global sheet.
2 Enter the experimental data on the Properties Data forms. See
Entering Pure Component Data, and Entering Phase
Equilibrium and Mixture Data, this chapter.

31-16 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 Enter the known model parameters on the Properties
Parameters forms. To evaluate parameters stored in the
databanks, skip this step.
4 Specify the property method and experimental data to be used
in the evaluation on the Regression Input Setup sheet
5 In the Calculation Type frame on the Regression Input Setup
sheet, select Evaluation.

Running the Regression

To run the regression, select Run from the Run menu or the
Control Panel. If you have more than one regression case, the Data
Regression Run Selection dialog box appears. All cases are listed
in the Run area. The Don't Run area is empty. You can:
• Run all the cases by clicking on OK.
• Change the order in which the cases are executed. Select a case
and use the Up and Down arrows.
• Exclude certain Regression cases from the run. Select a case,
then use the left arrow to move the case into the Don't Run
area.
The order in which the regression cases are run may be significant.
The regressed parameter values from a regression case are used
automatically in all subsequent regression cases. Aspen Plus will
execute the regression cases in the order they appear in the Run
area.

Using Regression Results

This section discusses examining, plotting and comparing
regression results.
Examining To examine regression results:
Regression Results 1 From the Data menu, click Properties.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, double-click the
Regression folder.
3 From the Data Browser menu tree, double-click the Regression
ID of interest, and select Results.
The Regression Results form appears, containing these sheets:
Sheet Shows
Parameters Final parameter estimates, final parameter
standard deviations, number of iterations and
the property method used

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-17

 Sheet Shows
Consistency Tests Thermodynamic consistency test results
Residual Residual for each property: the experimental
value; regressed value; standard deviation;
difference between the experimental and
regressed values; the percent difference. A
summary of the deviation, including average
and maximum deviations can be obtaining by
clicking the Deviations button
Profiles All experimental and calculated values.
These data are used on all pre-defined plots.
(see Plotting Regression Results, this chapter)
Correlation Parameter correlation matrix: intercorrelation
between the parameters
Sum of Squares Objective function, regression algorithm,
initialization method, final weighted sum of
squares and residual root mean square error
Evaluation Property method, final weighted sum of
squares and residual root mean square error
for the evaluation of experimental data. This
result sheet is only active for Evaluation
cases.
Extra Property Residuals for extra properties when VLE data
is used, as requested on the Regression Input
Report sheet (for example, activity
coefficients and K-values)
Problems with Data If your Data Regression run fails to converge, the Properties Data
Regression Results forms probably contain data entry errors. Check the data values
and units. Plot the data to check for errors or outliers using the Plot
Wizard from the Plot menu.
Inappropriate standards deviations may have been used for the
data. See Entering Standard Deviations of Measurements for
guidelines.
If you use binary VLE data, the data may not be
thermodynamically consistent. Request consistency test on the
Setup sheet. Rerun the regression. Examine the test results on the
Regression Results Consistency Tests sheet.
When fitting different models to the same data set, choose the
model that gives the smallest residual root mean square error
value.
On the Regression Results Correlation sheet, the off-diagonal
elements of the matrix indicate the degree of correlation between
any two parameters. When the parameters are completely
independent, the correlation coefficient is zero. A number close to

31-18 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 1.0 or -1.0 indicates a high degree of correlation. If possible, select
parameters that are not correlated. An important exception:
asymmetric binary parameters for activity coefficient models are
highly correlated. Both the ij and ji parameters are required for best
fits.
How to Identify It is possible for your Data Regression run to converge without
Unsatisfactory Data errors, but with results unsuitable for use in a simulation run. Use
Regression Results these Regression Results sheets to identify bad fits:
• Parameters
• Sum of Squares
• Consistency Tests
These signs indicate a bad fit:
• A standard deviation for a regressed parameter is 0.0,
indicating the parameter is at a bound.
• A large residual root mean square error value. Normally, this
value should be less than 10 for VLE data and less than 100 for
LLE data.
• Your VLE data fail the thermodynamic consistency test.
If any of these conditions exist, check the original data source and
the data and units on the Properties Data forms for errors. Plot the
data using the Plot Wizard from the Plot menu. Use the
Regression Results Residual sheet to see how well each data point
was fitted. Look for out-liers.
Plotting Regression When viewing the Regression Results form, you can use the Plot
Results Wizard to generate useful plots of the regression results.
Aspen Plus provides a number of predefined plots.
To start the Plot Wizard, choose Plot Wizard from the Plot menu
on the main menu bar while viewing the Regression Results form.
Depending on your type of regression, some of the plots below will
be available:
Name of Plot Description
T-xy Temperature versus liquid and vapor composition for
isobaric VLE data
P-xy Pressure versus liquid and vapor composition for isobaric
VLE data
T-x Temperature versus liquid composition for isobaric VLE
data
P-x Pressure versus liquid composition for isobaric VLE data
y-x Vapor versus liquid composition
T-xx Temperature versus liquid 1 and liquid 2 composition for
LLE data

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-19

 Name of Plot Description
P-xx Pressure versus liquid 1 and liquid 2 composition for LLE
data
Prop-x Property versus liquid composition
Prop-T Property versus temperature
(y-x) vs. x Vapor minus liquid composition versus liquid composition
Triangular Triangular diagram for ternary LLE data
Exp vs. Est Experimental versus calculated
Residual Residual versus property
The residual versus property plot shows how the errors are
distributed. If the measurement data contain no systematic errors,
the deviations should distribute randomly around the zero axis.
Predefined plots such as T-xy or P-xy display the experimental
data as symbols and the calculated values as lines. These plots
allow you to assess the quality of the fit. You can also identify bad
data points by comparing the experimental data with the calculated
results.
You can use the Property Analysis capabilities to plot T-xy or P-xy
diagrams at other conditions to check the extrapolation of the
regressed parameters.
Comparing Results You can plot the results from several Regression cases on a single
from Several Cases plot. This allows you to compare several property models in fitting
the same sets of data. To plot results from several cases, select Add
to Plot on the Plot Wizard (step 3). For example, you could make a
Txy plot using results from two cases:
1 From the Plot menu of a results form of the first case, use the
Plot Wizard to generate a T-xy plot.
2 Select the data group and component to plot. Click Next or
Finish to display the plot
3 Go to the Regression Results form. Do not close the plot.
4 Use the Plot Wizard from the Plot menu. Select the T-xy plot
type. Click Next
5 Select the same data group and component as in step 2
6 For select Plot Mode, select Add to Plot, then select the first
plot from the list box
7 Click Next of Finish to display the combined plot.
You can change the plot attributes as necessary, by using the
Properties option from the right mouse button menu.

31-20 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Using Regression The parameters determined by regression are placed automatically
Results in a on the appropriate Properties Parameters forms. To use the
Flowsheet Run regressed parameters in a flowsheet run:
1 From the Data Browser, select the Setup Specifications Global
sheet.
2 In the Run-type field, select Flowsheet.
You can copy regression and estimation results onto parameters
forms on the Component Data sheet:
1 From the Tools menu, select Options.
2 Click the Component Data tab.
3 Check the Copy Regression and Estimation Results Onto
Parameters Forms check box.
Retrieving Data From You can retrieve a wide range of experimental data from
DETHERM and the DETHERM and the internet. DETHERM contains the world's
Internet most comprehensive collection of thermo physical property and
phase equilibrium data. If you have a valid license to use
DETHERM, click the DETHERM icon on the main application
tool bar to search for the experimental data you need. Experimental
data you retrieve will appear on the Properties Data forms and are
ready for use in data regression. Please call your account manger at
Aspen Technology to register to use Internet DETHERM.
Example of Regressing For an ethanol-ethyl acetate system, the following vapor liquid
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium equilibrium data are available.
Data for Ethanol and
Ethyl-Acetate
40C and 70C data of Martl, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 37,266
(1972):
T=40C T=70C
P MMHG X ETOAC Y ETOAC P MMHG X ETOAC Y ETOAC
136.600 0.00600 0.02200 548.600 0.00650 0.01750
150.900 0.04400 0.14400 559.400 0.01800 0.04600
163.100 0.08400 0.22700 633.600 0.13100 0.23700
183.000 0.18700 0.37000 664.600 0.21000 0.32100
191.900 0.24200 0.42800 680.400 0.26300 0.36700
199.700 0.32000 0.48400 703.800 0.38700 0.45400
208.300 0.45400 0.56000 710.000 0.45200 0.49300
210.200 0.49500 0.57400 712.200 0.48800 0.51700
211.800 0.55200 0.60700 711.200 0.62500 0.59700
213.200 0.66300 0.66400 706.400 0.69100 0.64100
212.100 0.74900 0.71600 697.800 0.75500 0.68100
204.600 0.88500 0.82900 679.200 0.82200 0.74700
200.600 0.92000 0.87100 651.600 0.90300 0.83900
195.300 0.96000 0.92800 635.400 0.93200 0.88800
615.600 0.97500 0.94800

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-21

 Atmospheric data of Ortega J. and Pena J.A., J. Chem. Eng. Data 31,
339 (1986):
T C X ETOAC Y ETOAC T C X ETOAC Y ETOAC
78.450 0.00000 0.00000 71.850 0.44700 0.48700
77.400 0.02480 0.05770 71.800 0.46510 0.49340
77.200 0.03080 0.07060 71.750 0.47550 0.49950
76.800 0.04680 0.10070 71.700 0.51000 0.51090
76.600 0.05350 0.11140 71.700 0.56690 0.53120
76.400 0.06150 0.12450 71.750 0.59650 0.54520
76.200 0.06910 0.13910 71.800 0.62110 0.56520
76.100 0.07340 0.14470 71.900 0.64250 0.58310
75.900 0.08480 0.16330 72.000 0.66950 0.60400
75.600 0.10050 0.18680 72.100 0.68540 0.61690
75.400 0.10930 0.19710 72.300 0.71920 0.64750
75.100 0.12160 0.21380 72.500 0.74510 0.67250
75.000 0.12910 0.22340 72.800 0.77670 0.70200
74.800 0.14370 0.24020 73.000 0.79730 0.72270
74.700 0.14680 0.24470 73.200 0.81940 0.74490
74.500 0.16060 0.26200 73.500 0.83980 0.76610
74.300 0.16880 0.27120 73.700 0.85030 0.77730
74.200 0.17410 0.27800 73.900 0.86340 0.79140
74.100 0.17960 0.28360 74.100 0.87900 0.80740
74.000 0.19920 0.30360 74.300 0.89160 0.82160
73.800 0.20980 0.31430 74.700 0.91540 0.85040
73.700 0.21880 0.32340 75.100 0.93670 0.87980
73.300 0.24970 0.35170 75.300 0.94450 0.89190
73.000 0.27860 0.37810 75.500 0.95260 0.90380
72.700 0.30860 0.40020 75.700 0.96340 0.92080
72.400 0.33770 0.42210 76.000 0.97480 0.93480
72.300 0.35540 0.43310 76.200 0.98430 0.95260
72.000 0.40190 0.46110 76.400 0.99030 0.96860
71.950 0.41840 0.46910 77.150 1.00000 1.00000
71.900 0.42440 0.47300
1 Start Aspen Plus and create a new run, selecting Data
Regression as the Run Type.
2 Enter the components on the Components Specifications
Selection sheet:

31-22 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Note: A complete backup file with results for this example is
available in the Aspen Plus Online Applications Library. The
filename is DRS1.
In this example three activity coefficient models will be fitted
to the VLE data, each in a separate case.
3 Select the property method.
Use the Properties Specifications Global sheet to choose a
property method. This example compares fitting results for the
Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC property methods. Select one
of the three on the Global sheet and the remaining two on the
Referenced sheet. In this example, the Wilson model is chosen
on the Global sheet.

4 Enter experimental data.

Use the Properties Data Mixture form to enter the vapor liquid
equilibrium data. Three data sets are required, one for each set
of VLE data. The following setup and Data sheets are for the
40°C isothermal data set.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-23

 5 Specify the regression case.
Use the Properties Regression form to formulate a regression
case. In this example, Aspen Plus has already completed the
Properties Regression Input form. Since the WILSON property
method is the Global property method, it is used as the default
in the regression. All the VLE data groups you entered in Step
4 are on this form. Aspen Plus will test the data for
thermodynamic consistency, using the Area test.

31-24 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Since the VLE data cover a wide temperature range,
Aspen Plus selects elements 1 and 2 of the Wilson binary
parameters for regression. Aspen Plus uses the databank values
for the binary parameters as initial guesses in the regression.

6 Specify additional regression cases.

Use the Regression Object Manager to specify two additional
cases. Use the same set of experimental data, but with the
NRTL and UNIQUAC property methods. Again Aspen Plus
completes the Regression Input form. However, since the

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-25

 WILSON property method is the global property method, it is
the default. Specify NRTL in the Method list box on the Setup
sheet, so that the NRTL property method is used in the second
case. When the NRTL property method is used, the NRTL
binary parameters must be regressed. Specify the NRTL binary
parameter elements 1 and 2 as the regression parameters.

Repeat this step for the UNIQUAC property method.

7 Run the regression.

31-26 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Run all three cases. Click OK on the Data Regression Run
Selection dialog box. You can also run selected cases. Move
the cases you do not want to run into the Don't Run area, using
the left arrow.

8 Examine the results on the Regression Results form.

Use the Regression Results Parameters sheet to examine the
final parameter values

Use the Regression Results Sum of Squares sheet to examine

the weighted sum of squares and residual root mean square
errors.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-27

 Use the Regression Results Consistency Tests sheet to examine
the results of thermodynamic consistency tests. All data groups
passed the Redlich Kister area test.
Use the Regression Results Residual sheet to examine the
residual for the fit of pressure, temperature, and composition.

Use Plot Wizard from the Plot menu to plot the residual of
pressure for case VLE 1.

31-28 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 You can also plot the residual of other variables.
It is most useful to compare experimental data with calculated
results. From the Plot menu, use the Plot Wizard to generate a
P-xy plot for the first data group.

Add the results from the NRTL and UNIQUAC cases to the
plot for WILSON. (See Comparing Results From Several
Cases.)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Regressing Property Data • 31-29

31-30 • Regressing Property Data Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 32

Petroleum Assays and

Pseudocomponents

This section explains how to use the Assay Data Analysis and
Pseudocomponent System (ADA/PCS) to define and characterize
petroleum mixtures.
Topics include how to:
• Use ADA/PCS
• Create assays and enter assay data
• Create a blend and enter blend specifications
• Generate and define pseudocomponents
• Define and modify petroleum properties
• Examine ADA/PCS results

About ADA/PCS
Assay data and pseudocomponents are used to represent petroleum
products in which the precise composition in terms of specific
components is not known. Assay data analysis (ADA) and the
pseudocomponent system (PCS) allow you to enter assay data
from industry-standard laboratory tests and generate a set of
pseudocomponents to represent the petroleum mixture.
About Pseudocomponents represent fractions of a petroleum mixture
Pseudocomponents within specified ranges of true boiling point (TBP). You can enter
cut point temperatures to specify these ranges, or use the default
cut points. ADA/PCS cuts the TBP distillation curve at these
temperatures to determine the proportions of the
pseudocomponents. Material which boils at temperatures above the
highest cut point is included in the highest-temperature
pseudocomponent. Material which boils at temperatures below the

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-1
 lowest cut point is included in the lowest temperature cut point,
except for specific components specified as light ends. (See About
Light Ends.) Pseudocomponents are not created for cut point
temperatures outside the range of the distillation curve data unless
All is selected for the Pseudocomponent generation option on the
Components | Petro Characterization | Generation | Cuts sheet.
ADA/PCS determines the normal boiling point of each
pseudocomponent by integrating the distillation curve to produce a
volume-fraction or weight-fraction average boiling point
(depending on the basis of the entered distillation curve).
You can also create user-defined pseudocomponents on the
Components | Specifications | Selection sheet. Rather than being
generated from assay data, these pseudocomponents are
characterized by the data you enter on the Components |
Pseudocomponents form.
You must enter two of the following types of data for each user-
defined pseudocomponent:
• Molecular weight
• Normal boiling temperature
• Specific gravity or API gravity
About Assay Data Assay data consists of distillation curves and other related curves
such as gravity, molecular weight, and petroelum property curves.
At a minimum, you must provide a distillation curve and a bulk
gravity value or gravity curve for each assay.
The gravity curve (either specific gravity or API gravity) is used in
conjunction with the distillation curve to estimate the specific
gravity of each generated pseudocomponent. If you do not provide
a gravity curve, ADA/PCS estimates the specific gravity of each
pseudocomponent from the bulk gravity value and the distillation
curve by assuming constant Watson UOP K.
Given the normal boiling point and specific gravity, the molecular
weight and other characterization parameters can be estimated. See
About Pseudocomponent Property Methods. Optionally, you can
enter a molecular weight curve. If you do, then the molecular
weight curve is used to estimate the molecular weight of each
pseudocomponent, in a manner analogous to the specific gravity
estimation.
Distillation curves may be in the forms of true boiling point (TBP),
vacuum distillation, ASTM D86, D1160, or simulated distillation
(D2887).

32-2 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Distillation Curve Type Basis (%) Pressure
TBP volume or weight atmospheric
ASTM D86 volume atmospheric
ASTM D1160 volume vacuum
ASTM D2887 weight vacuum
Vacuum volume or weight vacuum
ADA/PCS will convert the distillation curve you enter to the true
boiling point (TBP) basis at atmospheric pressure, as well as
(optionally) other distillation curve types.
You can enter additional data, such as light-ends analysis, a gravity
curve, or a molecular weight curve. ADA/PCS will estimate any
data you do not enter.
About Petroleum You can also enter curves for petroleum properties (also known as
Property Curves inspection properties), such as sulfur content, metal content, freeze
point, or octane number. These properties are often used as
industrial measures of the quality of a petroleum stream. The
following properties are available:
Property Name Description Default Blending Units
Rule
Anilpt Aniline point – Temperature
Visc Viscosity – Viscosity
Kvisc Kinematic viscosity – Diffusivity
Flashpt Flash point – Temperature
Freezept Freeze point – Temperature
Roc-No Research octane – None
number
Sulfur Sulfur content Weight Contents
Basic-N2 Basic nitrogen content Weight Contents
Hydrogen Hydrogen content Weight Contents
Oxygen Oxygen content Weight Contents
Metal Metal content Weight Contents
Paraffin Paraffin content Volume Contents
Naphthen Naphthene content Volume Contents
Olefin Olefin content Volume Contents
Aromatic Aromatic content Volume Contents
Refindex Refractive index – None
Carbon Carbon residue Weight Contents
Pourpt Pour point – Temperature
Moc-No Motor octane number – None
Mercapta Mercaptan content Weight Contents
Total-N2 Total nitrogen content Weight Contents

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-3
Property Name Description Default Blending Units
Rule
Iron Iron content Weight Contents
Nickel Nickel content Weight Contents
Vanadium Vanadium content Weight Contents
Smokept Smoke point – Temperature
Lumi-No Luminometer number – None
Rvp Reid vapor pressure – Pressure
Knockidx Antiknock index – None
Vlockidx Vapor knock index – None
Warmidx Warm-up index – None
Visccrv Viscosity curve
Kvisccrv Kinematic viscosity
curve
Cloudpt Cloud point
Cocarbon Conradson carbon
content
Asphalte Asphaltene content
Bromine Bromine number
Cetane Cetane number
Paraffin, naphthene, olefin, and aromatic content are normally
specified in volume percent. Other properties which represent
composition, such as Sulfur, are normally specified in weight
percent. You can specify these in either basis, and results will be
returned in the same basis, but be sure to specify the blending
method on the Components | Petro Characterization | Analysis
Options | Blend Options sheet if you use a different basis than the
default.
About Light Ends Assay data of certain crude oils, especially light crudes, may
contain detailed analysis of defined components, typically
including methane through n-hexane. You can enter the fractions
(on a mole, mass, or standard volume basis) of these light ends
components. These components will be subtracted from the assay
for the purpose of determining pseudocomponent flows.
You can enter petroleum properties for the specific components in
the light end of the assay, if you know them.
About Blends You can define blends as combinations of defined assays in
specified proportions. ADA/PCS will estimate the properties of
blends from the properties of the assays.

32-4 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Using ADA/PCS
You can use ADA/PCS in:
• A standalone Assay Data Analysis run
• A flowsheet simulation run
To use ADA/PCS on a standalone basis, specify Assay Data
Analysis in the Run Type field on the Setup | Specifications |
Global sheet, or specify Assay Data Analysis in the Run Type
field on the New dialog box when creating a new run from a
template.
In an Assay Data Analysis run, only ADA/PCS calculations are
performed. You can display and plot the distillation curves for
assays and blends in different bases, and examine the generated
pseudocomponents and their properties.
In a Flowsheet run, you can use assays, blends, and
pseudocomponents to define process feed streams for the
simulation. If you entered petroleum properties, Aspen Plus
automatically associates these properties with the streams.

Creating Assays
You can define an assay using one of the following:
• Components Specifications Selection sheet
• Assay-Blend Object Manager
Defining an Assay To define an assay using the Components Specifications Selection
Using the sheet:
Components 1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Specifications.
Specifications
Selection Sheet 2 On the Components Specifications Selection sheet, enter a
name for the assay in the Component ID field.
3 In the Type list, select Assay as the component type.
4 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Assay/Blend
folder.
5 In the Assay/Blend Object Manager, select the Assay ID for
which you are entering assays, then click Edit.
Select the appropriate Assay sheet to enter assay data.
Defining an Assay To define an assay using the Assay-Blend Object Manager:
Using the Assay- 1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Assay/Blend.
Blend Object
Manager 2 On the Assay-Blend Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, choose Assay in the Select
Type list.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-5
 4 Enter an ID for the assay, or accept the default ID.
5 Click OK.
The Assay Input menu appears. Select the appropriate assay sheet
to enter assay data.

Entering Assay Data

For each assay you must enter:
• At least four points on a distillation curve
• Either a bulk gravity or a gravity curve
Instructions for enter this required data, as well as other optional
data, are contained in the subsequent discussions of sheets and
forms.

Entering a Distillation The assay distillation curve and bulk gravity value are entered on
Curve and Bulk the Dist Curve sheet of the Components Assay/Blend Basic Data
Gravity Value form.
To enter the required distillation curve and gravity input:
1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Assay/Blend.
2 On the Assay-Blend Object Manager, select the assay for
which you wish to enter data, and click Edit.
3 On the Dist Curve sheet, select a type of curve in the
Distillation Curve Type list.
4 In the Percent Distilled and Temperature columns, enter at least
four pairs of distillation percent and temperature values for the
curve.
5 In the Bulk Gravity Value frame, enter either Specific Gravity
or API Gravity, by clicking the appropriate radio button, and
typing in the value.
- or -
Click the Gravity/UOPK tab to open that sheet, and enter in a
gravity curve. (See next section for details on entering a gravity
curve.)
By default Aspen Plus reports the distillation curve in the input
and the true boiling (liquid volume) basis. You can use the
Optional sheet to request additional distillation curves to be
reported for the assay.
Use the remaining sheets on the Basic Data form, as well as the
Property Curves form, to enter optional information as
described below.

32-6 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Entering a Gravity If you do not enter a bulk gravity value on the Components |
Curve Assay | Basic Data | Dist Curve sheet, you must enter a gravity
curve on the Gravity/UOPK sheet. You may enter either specific
gravity or API gravity.
If you entered a bulk gravity value on the Dist Curve sheet, you
may also enter a gravity curve. It will be normalized to match the
specified bulk gravity value.
If you entered a bulk gravity value, and the distillation curve type
is not True Boiling Point (weight basis) or Vacuum (weight basis),
then you may enter a Wilson UOP K curve on the Gravity/UOPK
sheet.
To enter a gravity curve or Wilson UOP K curve:
1 On the Gravity/UOPK sheet of the Components Assay/Blend
Basic Data form, select the type of gravity data you wish to
enter by clicking one of the options in the Type frame.
2 Enter at least four pairs of mid-percent and gravity values to
define the profile in the columns for data.
Entering a Molecular You can enter a molecular weight curve using the Molecular Wt
Weight Curve sheet of the Assay/Blend Basic Input form. If you do not enter a
molecular weight curve, Aspen Plus estimates it from the
distillation curve and gravity you specify.
To enter a molecular weight curve:
• On the Molecular Wt sheet, enter at least four pairs of values in
the Mid Percent Distilled and Molecular Weight fields to
define the curve.
Entering Light-Ends You can enter light-ends analysis for an assay in terms of the
Analysis compositions of light-ends components. If you enter light-ends
analysis, Aspen Plus does not generate pseudocomponents for the
light-ends portion of the assay. If you wish to specify light-ends
analysis, do this on the Light Ends sheet of the Components
Assay/Blend Basic Data form.
To enter a light-ends analysis:
1 In the Light Ends Analysis frame of the Light Ends sheet, use
the Component and Fraction columns to enter the component
IDs and light ends fractions that make up the analysis. For your
fractions, you can select a basis of Mass, Mole, or Standard
Liquid Volume at the top of the column.
2 If the light-ends component is not in the databank, specify
gravity and molecular weight in the Gravity and Molecular
Weight fields of the analysis table.
3 Optionally, at the top of the sheet, enter the light-ends fraction
as a fraction of the assay, in the Light Ends Fraction field.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-7
 If you enter this value, the specified individual component
fractions are normalized to this overall value. If you omit this
value, individual component fractions are treated as fractions
of the entire assay mixture.
Entering Petroleum You can enter any number of petroleum property curves for an
Property Curves assay, using the Petro Properties sheet of the Components
Assay/Blend Property Curves form. Aspen Plus allows a variety of
built-in curve types. Based on these curves, Aspen Plus assigns
property values to individual pseudocomponents in the simulation.
Examples of petroleum properties include:
• Sulfur content
• Metal content
• Octane numbers
To enter petroleum property curves:
1 On the Petro Properties sheet, select a petroleum property in
the Property Type list.
2 In the Property Curve Data frame, enter at least four pairs of
values in the Mid Percent Distilled and Property Value fields,
to define the curve.
3 Optionally, enter a bulk value for the property in the Bulk
Value field. If you enter a bulk value, Aspen Plus normalizes
the individual curve values to the bulk value.
4 To enter additional property curves, repeat steps 1 through 3
for each additional property.
Entering Viscosity You can enter viscosity curves at different temperatures for an
Curves assay using the Viscosity sheet of the Components Assay/Blend
Property Curves form. Viscosity curves can be entered as either
absolute or kinematic viscosity values as a function of percent
distilled for the assay. Based on these curves, Aspen Plus will
assign viscosity to pseudocomponents generated for the assay.
To enter viscosity curves:
1 On the Viscosity sheet of the Components Assay/Blend
Property Curves form, choose a type of viscosity (Absolute or
Kinematic) by clicking on the appropriate option in the Type
frame.
2 In the Temperature list, select New.
3 In the New Item dialog box, enter a temperature for the
viscosity curve, and click OK.
4 In the Mid Percent Distilled and Viscosity fields, enter at least
four pairs of values to define the curve.

32-8 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 5 To enter viscosity curves at additional temperatures, repeat
steps 1 through 5 for each curve.
To compute viscosity at multiple temperatures from the curves in
the simulation, you must enter viscosity curves for at least two
temperatures.

Creating a Blend
You can create a blend from any number of assays.
Aspen Plus performs blending on all available assay data:
• Distillation curves
• Gravity curves
• Molecular weight curves
• Light-ends analysis
• Petroleum properties curves
• Viscosity curves
Petroleum and viscosity curves are blended using the built-in or
user-supplied blending rules. See Modifying Petroleum Property
Definitions.
When you define a stream using a blend, Aspen Plus automatically
associates the petroleum properties and viscosity for the blend with
the stream.
You can define a blend using either of the following:
• Components Specifications Selection sheet
• Assay-Blend Object Manager
Defining a Blend To define a blend using the Components Specifications Selection
Using the sheet:
Components 1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Specifications.
Specifications
Selection Sheet 2 On the Components Specifications Selection sheet, enter a
name for the blend in the Component ID field.
3 In the Type list, select Blend as the component type.
4 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Assay/Blend
folder.
5 In the Assay/Blend Object Manager, select the Blend ID you
just created, and click Edit. The Components Assay/Blend
Mixture form appears.
To enter the blend specifications, see Entering Blend
Specifications.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-9
 Defining a Blend To define a blend using the Assay-Blend Object Manager:
Using the Assay- 1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Assay/Blend.
Blend Object 2 On the Assay-Blend Object Manager, click New.
Manager
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, choose Blend in the Select
Type list.
4 Enter an ID for the blend, or accept the default ID.
5 Click OK.
The Components Assay/Blend Mixture form appears. To enter
the blend specifications, see Entering Blend Specifications.

Entering Blend Specifications

To enter blend specifications, use the Specifications sheet of the
Components Assay/Blend Mixture form:
1 On the Specifications sheet, select two or more assays in the
Assay ID column, and specify the corresponding fraction of
each assay, in the Fraction column. You can enter the assay
blending fractions on a mole, mass or standard liquid volume
basis.
2 By default Aspen Plus reports the distillation curve for the
blend using the input basis and the true boiling point (liquid
volume) basis. If you want to request additional distillation
curve reports for the blend, you can specify this by clicking the
desired curves in the Report Distillation Curve As frame.

Specifying Assay Analysis Options

ADA/PCS has several options for the assay data analysis
procedure; distillation curve conversion, extrapolation, and spline
fitting; and blending procedure.
There are two versions of the assay data analysis procedure
available. The Version 9 or later procedure is recommended.
You can specify the initial and final boiling points (in percent
distilled) used for extrapolation of distillation curves (defaults 0.5
and 99), and the extrapolation method. The Probability method
(default) is based on the Hazen probability approach. The
Quadratic method fits a quadratic curve to the last 3 points on the
curve.
You can specify the methods used for converting ASTM D86,
D2887, and D1160 distillation curves to true boiling point basis.
The defaults are the Edmister method for D86 curves, the 1987

32-10 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 API Technical Data Book method for D2887 curves, and the 1963
API Technical Data Book method for D1160 curves.
You can specify the methods used for blending petroleum
properties. These methods are used when calculating bulk
properties as well as in determining the properties of blends from
the properties of their constituent assays. The properties can be
blended as a weighted average on a standard volume, mass, or
mole basis, or by a user-supplied subroutine. You can also specify
whether to extrapolate each property beyind the range of available
data.
If you specify the User method, you can also specify a blend
option, an integer code which can be used to select one of multiple
methods implemented by the user blending routine.
You can specify the spline fitting method for distillation curves.
Spline fitting is used for interpolation of the curves. The Hermite
method is recommended for most cases). The Harwell method is
the default. The Linear method uses linear interpolation between
the points on the distillation curves, and is recommended when the
distillation curves contain many closely-spaced points.
If you enter a molecular weight curve, ADA/PCS integrates the
curve to obtain the average molecular weight. You can specify the
integration step size, but the default of 0.1 works well for most
cases.
Use the sheets on the Components | Petro Characterization |
Analysis Options form to specify these options.
Use this sheet To specify
Assay Procedures Assay data analysis procedure, distillation curve
conversion method, and curve processing
options.
Blend Options Blending options for petroleum properties.
Advanced Distillation curves spline fitting method and step
size for molecular weight curve integration.
Overriding the The default assay options are appropriate for most applications. To
Default Assay override the default options:
Analysis Options 1 From the Data menu, select Components.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, double-click
Petro Characterization, then click Analysis Options.
3 On the Assay Procedures sheet, choose the preferred analysis
procedure in the Assay data analysis procedure frame,
Version 9 or later or Version 8 or earlier.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-11
 4 In the Curve processing options frame, you can modify the
default values for initial and final boiling point and
extrapolation method.
5 In the Distillation curve conversion method frame, specify
the methods for converting ASTM D86, D2887, and D1160
distillation curves to true boiling point (TBP) data.
6 On the Blend Options sheet, specify the blending method for
each petroleum property and whether to extrapolate the
property beyond the range of available data.
If you select the User method, you can specify a blend option
for each property which will be used by the user-supplied
blending routine.
7 On the Advanced sheet, specify the spline fitting method for
distillation curves and the minimum step size for integration of
molecular weight curves in determining average molecular
weight. If integration fails, reduce the step size.
Entering Optional Use the Assay | Basic Data | Optional sheet to enter optional
Assay Data specifications for assays.
Specifications
You can choose whether to apply the API cracking correction if
you have specified ASTM D86 data.
You can specify whether to match Light Ends with the distillation
curve.
By default, ADA/PCS reports the distillation curve for assays in
input form and in true boiling point form. You can request
additional reports of the distillation curve in ASTM D86, ASTM
D1160, or vacuum (liquid volume basis) forms.
Entering Optional By default, ADA/PCS reports the distillation curve for blends in
Blend Specifications true boiling point form. You can request additional reports of the
distillation curve in ASTM D86, ASTM D1160, or vacuum (liquid
volume basis) forms. Use the Blend | Mixture | Specifications
sheet to request these reports.

Modifying Petroleum Property

Definitions
Aspen Plus has a list of pre-defined petroleum properties. You can
enter property curves for these petroleum properties, as discussed
in Entering Petroleum Property Curves.
Examples of the built-in petroleum properties include:
• Sulfur content
• Metal content

32-12 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • Freeze point
• Octane numbers
You can modify the definition of these pre-defined properties, or
you can define new properties. See Defining a New Petroleum
Property.
To modify the definition of a petroleum property:
1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Petro
Characterization.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, click the Analysis
Options folder.
3 On the Analysis Options form, select the Blend Options sheet.
4 In the Property list, select a petroleum property you wish to
modify.
5 In the Blend Method field, select a property blending method.
6 If you are using a user blending subroutine, enter an option
code in the Blend Option field. See Aspen Plus User Models
for instructions on writing this subroutine.
7 If the property curve does not encompass 0 and 100 percent,
specify whether it is to be extrapolated in the Extrapolate field.

About Pseudocomponent Generation

ADA/PCS will develop pseudocomponents and estimate their
properties based on the assay data you provide. By default,
ADA/PCS will create one average set of pseudocomponents to
represent all assays and blends, weighting all assays and blends
equally. In this case, all assays and blends will appear on the Input
| Specifications sheets of material streams.
You can use the Components | Petro Characterization |
Generation form to specify that ADA/PCS should only generate
pseudocomponents for certain assays and/or blends, to specify
different weights, or to specify multiple sets of pseudocomponents
(up to one set per assay or blend defined). If you specify assays
and/or blends in this way, then only the specified assays and blends
will appear on the Input | Specifications sheets of material
streams.
You should use ADA/PCS to generate pseudocomponents only for
assays and blends used to define flowsheet streams. This achieves
the best characterization for a simulation. For example, if you enter
data for several assays to create a blend and use the blend to define
flowsheet streams, you should generate pseudocomponents for the
blend only.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-13
 In general, one average set of pseudocomponents is sufficient for
all assays and blends in the simulation. When more than one assay
or blend is used to define a set of pseudocomponents, you can
specify weighting factors to reflect their relative flowrates.
At times, you can improve characterization accuracy by generating
separate sets of pseudocomponents for some assays and blends.
Use multiple sets of pseudocomponents when multiple assays and
blends are used to define flowsheet streams, and the assays or
blends have either of the following characteristics:
• Distillation curves have significant overlaps
• Gravities and Wilson K factors are very different
Multiple sets of pseudocomponents in the simulation increase
computation time.
Pseudocomponent By default, ADA/PCS generates pseudocomponents using the
Cut Points following stanard set of cut points:
TBP Range ( F) Number of Cuts Increments ( F)
100 – 800 28 25
800 – 1200 8 50
1200 – 1600 4 100
By default, ADA/PCS generates pseudocomponents only for cuts
within the true boiling point (TBP) range of an assay or blend.
Use the Components | Petro Characterization | Generation |
Cuts sheet to override the standard cut points. Also on this sheet
you can choose to generate pseudocomponents for all cuts.
Pseudocomponent By default, the generated pseudocomponents are named according
Naming Options to their calculated average normal boiling point. You can use the
Components | Petro Characterization | Generation | Naming
Options sheet to select other naming conventions or to specify
names for the pseudocomponents.
If you select the Generate pseudocomp name checkbox then
Aspen Plus generates the names for the pseudocomponents and
displays them on this sheet.
If you specify names for pseudocomponents, or use the Generate
pseudocomp name option, these names appear on the Input |
Specifications sheets for material streams, allowing you to enter
pseudocomponent flows or estimates.

32-14 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Entering Specifications for
Generation of Pseudocomponents
To generate a set of pseudocomponents:
1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Petro
Characterization.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, select the
Generation folder.
3 In the Generation Object Manager, click New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID for the set of
pseudocomponents, or accept the default ID.
5 Click OK.
The Components Petro Characterization Generation form
appears with the Specifications sheet selected.
6 On the Specifications sheet, select the assays and blends for
which an average set of pseudocomponents is to be generated,
using the Assay/Blend ID list.
7 In the Weighting Factor field, you can assign weighting factors
to reflect the relative importance of each assay or blend in the
generation of pseudocomponents. By default each assay or
blend is given an equal weight of one.
8 At the bottom of the sheet, select a property method in the
Property Method list. This property method represents the
models to be used in the estimation of all pseudocomponent
properties. By default ADA/PCS uses the ASPEN
pseudocomponent property method to estimate
pseudocomponent properties. See About Pseudocomponent
Property Methods for a description of the built-in property
methods.
9 If you want to override the default cut points, specify cut points
on the Cuts sheet. You can specify either a list of cut points or
a set of temperature ranges and either a number of cuts or the
cut increment for each range.
10 On the Naming Options sheet, you can override the default
naming convention for pseudocomponents. If you choose User
defined list, enter the names for the pseudocomponents on this
sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-15
 Defining Pseudocomponents and
Entering Pseudocomponent
Properties
In addition to allowing Aspen Plus to automatically generate
pseudocomponents for your specified assays and blends, you also
can choose to define pseudocomponents directly.
To create user-defined pseudocomponents, first enter them on the
Components Specifications form:
1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Specifications.
2 On the Selection sheet, enter the names for the user-defined
pseudocomponents in the Component ID fields.
3 Select PseudoComponent as the component type in the Type
list. Leave the Component Name and Formula fields blank for
pseudocomponents.
Entering Basic Once the pseudocomponents are defined on the Components
Properties for Specifications form, enter the basic properties for the
Pseudocomponents pseudocomponent on the Components Pseudo Components
Specifications sheet:
1 From the Data menu, select Components, then
PseudoComponents.
The Components PseudoComponents form appears with the
Specifications sheet displayed.
2 On the Specifications sheet, the pseudocomponents you
defined on the Components Specification form are listed in the
Pseudocomponents column. For each pseudocomponent, enter
at least two of the following properties to characterize the
pseudocomponent:
• Average normal boiling point
• Gravity/Density
• Molecular weight
Gravity or density can be entered in any of the following
formats:
• API gravity
• Specific gravity
• Standard liquid density
3 If you wish to modify the default pseudocomponent property
method, select a new method in the Property Method list. See
About Pseudocomponent Property Methods for descriptions of
the built-in option sets.

32-16 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 The default view of the PseudoComponents Specification sheet is
the Basic Layout view. This view allows for a single
pseudocomponent property method, and a single type of gravity or
density to represent all pseudocomponents. If you wish to specify
different property methods, or different types of gravity or density
for individual pseudocomponents, you can select Advanced Layout
from the View list at the top of the sheet. The Advanced Layout
allows individual specifications of property methods and gravity or
density types for each pseudocomponent.
Entering From the basic pseudocomponent properties you entered on the
Temperature- PseudoComponents Specifications sheet, Aspen Plus estimates all
Dependent Properties pure component properties needed for flowsheet simulation.
for
Optionally, you also can provide vapor pressure, viscosity, and
Pseudocomponents
water solubility data as a function of temperature for
pseudocomponents. This improves the accuracy of the
characterization.
To enter these temperature-dependent properties:
1 From the Data menu, select Components, then
PseudoComponents.
2 On the Components PseudoComponents form, there are
separate sheets for Vapor Pressure, Viscosity, and Water
Solubility. Click the appropriate sheet for the type of data you
wish to enter.
3 On the selected sheet, choose a pseudocomponent from the
Component ID list.
4 In the frame below the Component ID, enter the property data
as a function of temperature.
5 To enter data for other components, repeat steps 3 and 4.
6 To enter another property, repeat steps 2 through 4.

About Pseudocomponent Property

Methods
A pseudocomponent property method is a collection of models for
estimating pseudocomponent properties needed for flowsheet
simulation. Pseudocomponent properties that are estimated
include:
• Molecular weight
• Critical properties
• Acentric factor
• Vapor pressure

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-17
 • Liquid molar volume
• Water solubility
• Viscosity
• Ideal gas heat capacity
• Enthalpy of vaporization
• Standard enthalpy and free energy of formation
• Equation of state properties
You can use a pseudocomponent property method in one of two
ways:
On sheet Specify a pseudocomponent
property method for
Components Petro Characterization Pseudocomponents generated from
Generation Specifications assays
Components PseudoComponents User-defined pseudocomponents
Specifications
You can choose from five built-in pseudocomponent property
methods:
Method Description
API-METH Uses procedures recommended by the American
Petroleum Institute (API) Data Book.
COAL-LIQ Uses correlations developed for coal liquids.
ASPEN Based on the API-METH property method, with
proprietary AspenTech enhancements for selected
properties. (Default option set)
LK Uses correlations by Lee and Kesler.
API-TWU Based on the ASPEN property method, but uses
correlations by Twu for critical properties.
EXTTWU Uses API procedures with AspenTech modifications
and extended Twu correlations for critical properties
EXTAPI Uses API procedures and extended Twu correlations
for critical properties
EXTCAV Uses extended Cavett and extended Edmister
correlations for critical properties
You also can create your own pseudocomponent property methods.
Use your own property methods in the same way as the built-in
option sets.

32-18 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Creating Pseudocomponent Property
Methods
You can create your own pseudocomponent property methods by
starting with a built-in method, and modifying individual models
for different pseudocomponent properties.
Aspen Plus provides several built-in models for each
pseudocomponent property. Or you can supply your own model
using a user-supplied subroutine. See Aspen Plus User Models for
instructions on writing this subroutine.
To create a new pseudocomponent property method:
1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Petro
Characterization.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, click the
Properties folder.
3 In the Petro Characterization Properties Object Manager, click
New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID (name) for the
new method, or accept the default ID.
5 Click OK.
6 On the Basic sheet of the Properties form for the new method,
select one of the built-in methods, by selecting from the Copy
All Models From list. The chosen property method will be used
as a basis for the new method.
The remaining fields on the sheet (as well as the
Thermodynamic sheet and the EOS sheet) display the models
used by the base method for each property.
7 Use the remaining fields on the Basic sheet, the
Thermodynamic sheet and the EOS sheet, to specify the
property models which make up the property method.

Defining a New Petroleum Property

You can use a new petroleum property in the same ways as a pre-
defined petroleum property. You can enter the curve data of this
property for any assay. See Entering Petroleum Property Curves.
You can define any number of additional petroleum properties to
be used on the Prop-Sets Properties sheet and the Assay/Blend
Property Curves form.
To define a new petroleum property:
1 From the Data menu, select Properties, then Advanced.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-19
 2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, click the User
Properties folder.
3 In the User Properties Object Manager, click New.
4 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID (name) for the
new property, or accept the default ID.
5 Click OK.
6 On the Specifications sheet of the Properties Advanced User
Properties form, click the Assay Curve Property radio button at
the top of the sheet.
7 In the Assay Curve Property Frame, select a blending method
from the choices provided. The default method is Standard
Liquid Volume Averaging.
If you choose to use a user blending subroutine, enter an option
code in the Blending Option field. See Aspen Plus User Models
for instructions on writing this subroutine.
8 In the Default Property Used for Light Ends list, select a
property to provide values for light-ends components.
9 At the bottom of the sheet, you can choose whether you want
to extrapolate curve data that does not encompass the entire
composition range (0-100%). Extrapolation is turned on by
default. To turn off this option, click the check box to deselect
it.
10 Click the Units sheet.
11 Click the appropriate check box to specify how you want the
units conversion to be calculated.
12 If you choose to let Aspen Plus perform the units conversion,
select the type of units in the Units type list.
13 If you choose to perform the units conversion in a user
subroutine, enter a units label in the Units Label field. This
label will be used in stream reports and property curve results.

Examining ADA/PCS Results

Aspen Plus produces a variety of ADA/PCS results. You can
examine
• ADA results
• Pseudocomponent property results
Examining ADA To examine ADA results:
Results 1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Assay/Blend.
2 On the Assay/Blend Object Manager, select the assay or blend
for which you want to display results, and click Edit.

32-20 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 3 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, click the Results
form beneath the selected assay or blend.
The Assay-Blend Results form appears, containing these
sheets:
Sheet Shows
Light Ends Analysis Results of the light ends analysis
Pseudocomp Pseudocomponent and light ends breakdown
Breakdown results
Curves Distillation curves and bulk properties results
Blend Fraction (Blends Compositions of blends
only)
4 From the Curves sheet, you can generate plots of distillation
temperatures versus percent distilled.
Examining To examine pseudocomponent property results:
Pseudocomponent 1 From the Data menu, select Components, then Petro
Property Results Characterization.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the Results folder.
The Petro Characterization Results form appears, containing these
sheets:
Sheet Shows
Summary Key properties of each pseudocomponent including
normal boiling point, API gravity, specific gravity,
molecular weight, and critical properties.
Petro Properties Petroleum properties of each pseudocomponent
generated from the petroleum property curves you
enter on the Assay/Blend Property Curves form.
These properties include, for example: aniline point,
flash point, sulfur content, and pour point.
Viscosity Viscosity of each pseudocomponent at different
reference temperatures corresponding to the
viscosity curves you enter on the Assay/Blend
Property Curves Viscosity sheet.
Use the type field to select absolute viscosity or
kinematic viscosity. You can also select the units of
measure for the viscosity results.
You can generate plots of pseudocomponent properties versus
boiling points or any other property.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents • 32-21
32-22 • Petroleum Assays and Pseudocomponents Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 33

Pressure Relief Calculations

This topic describes how to use the Pressure Relief (Pres-Relief)

features of Aspen Plus to:
• Determine the steady-state flow rating of pressure relief
systems
• Dynamically model vessels undergoing pressure relief due to a
fire or heat input specified by the user.
For help on pressure relief calculations, see one of the following
topics:
• About pressure relief calculations
• About pressure relief scenarios
• Selecting a pressure relief scenario
• Design rules
• Specifying the venting system
• Specifying dynamic input
• Examining results of pressure relief calculations

About Pressure Relief Calculations

Use Pressure Relief to simulate a vessel undergoing pressure relief
or for simple valve rating. Pressure Relief uses the same physical
property models and data as other Aspen Plus flowsheet models.
The modeling equations for nozzle flow, and for bubbly and churn-
turbulent disengagement are based on technology developed by the
Design Institute for Emergency Relief System (DIERS) Users
Group of the AIChE. This technology is considered the best
available for pressure relief system design. The Aspen Plus
Pipeline model simulates flow through the inlet and tail pipes in
the relief system.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-1

 Pressure Relief always operates in rating mode. This means that
the program will calculate the pressure profile in the vessel and
piping, given the size of the relief device. In addition, you must
specify the:
• Dimensions of the equipment being protected and a connecting
nozzle if present
• Pressure relief scenario
• Dimensions of inlet and tail piping, if present
• Dimensions of the relief device
Each Pressure Relief block models one scenario and one vessel. To
model more than one scenario or pressurized vessel in an
Aspen Plus run, include more than one Pressure Relief block in the
simulation. Pressure Relief blocks are not part of the simulation
flowsheet (there is no icon needed), but they can reference
simulation streams.
Pressure Relief analyzes the specified scenario and reports:
• Rated capacity
• Results profiles (temperature, pressure, vapor fraction)
• Whether the system meets design rules that you select or that
applicable codes (such as ASME) require
Creating a Pressure To create a Pressure Relief block:
Relief Block 1 From the Data menu, point to Flowsheeting Options, then Pres-
Relief.
2 In the Pressure Relief Object Manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID (name) or accept
the default ID.
4 Click OK.

33-2 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 The Pressure Relief Setup form appears.

See one of the following topics for information on completing

pressure relief specifications:
• About pressure relief scenarios
• Selecting a pressure relief scenario

About Pressure Relief Scenarios

A Pressure Relief scenario is a situation that causes venting to
occur through the relief system. There are four types of generic
scenarios to choose from:
• Steady-state flow rating of relief system (valve and piping)
• Steady-state flow rating of relief valve (no piping)
• Dynamic run with vessel engulfed by fire
• Dynamic run with specified heat flux into vessel
Steady-State Flow Rating Use this scenario to find the flow rate through an emergency relief
of Relief System system, given the condition of the stream flowing into it and the
Scenario upstream and downstream pressures. The relief system may
include a relief valve a vessel neck, and two segments each, of
inlet and tail pipes, as well as any number of block valves and
fittings. In this scenario the pressure relief model calculates the
steady-state flow rate through the specified system.
Steady-State Flow Rating Use the valve rating scenario when:
of Relief Valve Scenario
• You know the pressure, temperature, and stream composition
• You want to find out the valve capacity

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-3

 The differences between the Valve rating scenario and the Relief
System Rating scenario are that in the Valve Rating scenario:
• No piping is allowed
• The relief device must be a Process Safety Valve (PSV) or a
Process Safety Valve-Process Safety Disk (PSV-PSD)
Dynamic Run With Pressure Relief provides three standards for computing the fire
Vessel Engulfed by Fire exposure scenario:
Scenario
• NFPA 30
• API 520
• API 2000
The chosen fire standard determines which regulations are used to
calculate fire scenario factors such as vessel wetted area, energy
input, and credit factors.
Pressure Relief assumes the calculated energy input is constant
during the entire venting transient. If appropriate, you can specify
individual credit factors for drainage, water spray, and insulation to
reduce the energy input. Alternatively, you can specify an overall
credit factor.
Dynamic Run With The heat input scenario is similar to the fire exposure scenario,
Specified Heat Flux Into except:
Vessel Scenario
• You choose the energy input value
• Credit factors are not allowed
There is no cut-off time for the duration of the event. The specified
heat flux can be constant, from a constant temperature source, or a
function of time.
This scenario can be used to model:
• Full-on electrical heaters or other constant energy sources, by
selecting the Constant Duty heat input method.
• Pressure relief caused by runaway reactions, by using the
Constant Duty heat input method and specifying a value of
zero for heat duty.
• Heat input from a source such as heat exchanged by selecting
the Calculated from the Heat Source method and providing a
source temperature, a heat transfer coefficient and surface area.

Selecting a Pressure Relief Scenario

To specify a pressure relief scenario:
1 On the Pressure Relief Setup Scenario sheet, click one of the
four choices of pressure relief scenario.

33-4 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 From the Capacity option list, select Code or Actual.
Choose this To run the Meaning This option is useful for
option simulation at
Code (default) Code De-rates capacity of relief Determining if a pressure relief valve or
capacity device as specified by rupture disk of a given size is adequate for the
ASME code requirements. chosen scenario.
Actual Actual Produces best estimate of Checking whether the inlet or tail pipe sections
capacity relief system effluent. meet the code compliant requirements.
Does not de-rate capacity.
3 Specify the Vent Discharge Pressure. You need to specify this
for all pressure relief scenarios. If there are any tail pipe
segments after the relief device the discharge pressure refers to
the pressure at the end of piping. This is typically the
atmospheric pressure of the flare header back pressure.
4 If you selected a steady state flow scenario, enter the Estimated
Flow Rate.
5 The value you enter is used as a starting point to determine the
rated flow for the relief system or safety valve. You can enter
this flow in a mass, mole or standard liquid volume basis.
The scenario you choose on the Setup Scenario sheet determines
which of the remaining Pressure Relief forms and sheets you need
to complete to define your system. The required forms will be
displayed as incomplete in the left pane of the Data Browser.
Forms and sheets that do not apply to your chosen scenario are
inactive.
Use Next to guide you through the required forms.
Specifying the Inlet For the steady state scenarios of relief valve or relief system rating
Stream for Steady you must provide the composition of the stream entering the relief
State Scenarios valve or system.
You can:
• Specify the composition of a stream or vessel by referencing a
stream from the flowsheet
– or –
• Specify the stream composition directly in the pressure relief
block
These specifications are entered on the Stream sheet of the
Pressure Relief Setup form
In addition to the composition, you must specify the
thermodynamic conditions of the inlet stream. This involves
specifying some combination of the three state variables:
temperature, pressure, and molar vapor fraction. These values can
either be:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-5

 • Entered directly on the Stream sheet
– or –
• Referenced from the flowsheet if you have referenced a stream
composition
Specifying the To specify the composition of a stream or vessel by referencing a
Composition by stream from the flowsheet:
Referencing From the
Flowsheet 1 Select the Stream tab from the Pressure Relief Setup form.

2 On the Stream sheet, click the Reference Stream Composition

check box.
3 In the field below the check box, select the desired stream.
Specify the Stream To specify the stream composition directly in the pressure relief
Composition Directly in block:
the Pressure Relief Block
1 Select the Stream tab from the Pressure Relief Setup form, to
open that sheet.
2 In the Stream Composition frame of the Stream sheet, choose a
composition basis from the Basis list.
3 Enter the component fractions in the Fraction fields next to
each component present in the stream.
Referencing an Inlet To reference an inlet stream state variable from a flowsheet stream:
Stream State Variable
1 On the Stream sheet, first ensure that you have checked the
from a Flowsheet Stream
Reference Stream Composition check box. You cannot
reference state variables from a stream if you have not also
referenced the composition.
2 In the Reference Stream frame of the Stream sheet, click the
check box indicating which stream variable you wish to
reference:

33-6 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Reference Stream Temperature
• Reference Stream Pressure
• Reference Stream Vapor Fraction
Specifying a State To specify a state variable for the inlet stream directly in the
Variable for the Inlet pressure relief block:
Stream Directly in the
Pressure Relief Block 1 On the Stream sheet, enter a value in one of the fields of the
User Flash Specifications frame:
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Vap. Fraction
2 Select the appropriate units for the entered value.
If you wish, you can reference one state variable, and enter the
other directly.
Specifying Initial For the dynamic scenarios of fire or heat input, you must provide
Vessel Contents for the initial conditions of the vessel on the Vessel Contents sheet of
Dynamic Scenarios the Pressure Relief Setup form.

The initial conditions of the vessel can be specified in terms of:

• Composition
• Thermodynamic conditions (temperature, pressure or vapor
fraction)
• Fillage
• Pad gas component
The composition of the vessel must be specified for all pressure
relief blocks, however the remaining specification can be specified
using one of the following three combinations:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-7

 • Two of temperature, pressure, and molar vapor fraction
• Two of temperature, pressure, and fillage
• All of temperature, pressure, fillage, and pad gas component
The pressure relief model uses this information and the volume
you define on the Pressure Relief ReliefDevice form to calculate
the initial mass in the system.
Specifying Vessel The vessel composition can be provided by either:
Composition for Dynamic
• Referencing a flowsheet stream composition
Scenarios
• Specifying values directly on the Vessel Contents sheet
Referencing a Flowsheet To specify the composition of the vessel by referencing a stream
Stream Composition from the flowsheet:
1 Select the Vessel Contents tab from the Pressure Relief Setup
form.
2 On the Vessel Contents sheet, click the Reference Stream
Composition check box.
3 In the field below the check box, select the desired stream ID.
Specifying Values To specify the stream composition directly in the pressure relief
Directly on the Vessel block:
Contents Sheet
1 Select the Vessel Contents tab from the Pressure Relief Setup
form.
2 In the Vessel Composition frame of the Vessel Contents sheet,
choose a composition basis from the Basis list.
3 Enter the component fractions in the Fraction fields next to
each component present in the vessel.
Defining Thermodynamic To define the thermodynamic conditions, you must specify some
Conditions for Dynamic combination of the state variables temperature, pressure, or vapor
Scenarios fraction. The required combination depends on whether you
specify fillage and pad gas component.
When specifying temperature, pressure, and molar vapor fraction,
you can either:
• Enter a value directly on the Vessel Contents sheet
• Reference a flowsheet stream from which to retrieve the value
Entering a Value Directly To reference a vessel state variable from a flowsheet stream:
on the Vessel Contents
1 On the Vessel Contents sheet, first ensure that you have
sheet
checked the Reference Stream Composition check box. You
cannot reference state variables from a stream if you have not
also referenced the composition.

33-8 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 2 In the Reference Stream frame of the Vessel Contents sheet,
click the check box indicating which stream variable you wish
to reference:
• Reference Stream Temperature
• Reference Stream Pressure
• Reference Stream Vapor Fraction
Referencing a Flowsheet To specify a state variable for the vessel directly on the Vessel
Stream From Which to Contents sheet:
Retrieve the Value
1 On the Vessel Contents sheet, enter a value in one of the fields
of the User Flash Specifications frame:
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Vap. Fraction
2 Select the appropriate units for the entered value.
If you wish, you can reference one state variable, and enter
another directly.
Fillage Fillage is the initial fraction of the vessel volume filled with liquid
(liquid holdup). The fillage must be greater than zero and less than
0.994.
If you specify the fillage but not a pad-gas component, the
temperature or pressure specification will be used to determine the
bubble point (vapor pressure for pure components) of the initial
mass.
To specify fillage:
• On the Vessel Contents sheet, enter a value in the Fillage field
of the Vessel Fillage frame.
Pad Gas Component Pad Gas Component represents the component being added to
bring the pressure up to the specified level. For example, nitrogen
is often used as a pad gas in hydrocarbon storage tanks.
To specify a pad gas component:
• On the Vessel Contents sheet, choose a component from the
Pad Gas Component list in the Vessel Fillage frame.

Design Rules
Use the Rules sheet of the Pressure Relief Setup form to specify
rules regarding:
• Maximum vessel pressure (dynamic scenarios only)
• Inlet pipe pressure loss

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-9

 • Tail pipe pressure loss
• Valve differential set pressure
Except for the limit on maximum vessel pressure, these rules apply
only when the relief device is selected to be a PSV (safety relief
valve) or PSV in combination with a PSD (rupture disk) for gas or
two-phase service.
These rules have been included as an aid for good design practice.
Pressure Relief will generate warnings if any of the rules are
violated. However, any design or safety analysis decision
involving these rules should be based on your own interpretation of
the relevant codes and design practices.
Each section of the Rules sheet is summarized below. See Pres-
Relief Online Help for a detailed discussion of design rules.
The following table summarizes the application of the design rules:
Rule Application Device
Inlet pressure loss At 10% over-pressure † Gas/2 phase service PSV
Tail pressure loss At 10% over-pressure † Gas/2 phase service PSV
97% rule At or above 10% over- Gas/2 phase service PSV
pressure †
Max vessel pressure Always All devices
† If 10% over-pressure is not reached, the highest pressures are scaled to 10%
over-pressure. If all pressures are above 10% over-pressure, these rules are not
applied and a warning is issued.
Maximum Vessel For the dynamic scenarios of fire or heat input, you must provide
Pressure the maximum vessel pressure. This value can be expressed as an
absolute value in the User Specified field, or as a percentage of the
maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) entered on the
Design Parameters sheet of the Pressure Relief DynamicInput
form.
When using the Percent of MAWP specification, MAWP is
converted to gauge pressure before Aspen Plus applies the
percentage entered.
Inlet Pipe Pressure Loss Use this field to enter the maximum inlet piping pressure loss as a
percentage of differential set pressure. This is calculated at 10%
over-pressure or maximum pressure if 10% over-pressure is not
reached. Aspen Plus generates a warning if the total pressure loss
in the inlet piping is greater than or equal to the specified
percentage of differential set pressure. The specified value is
usually 3 (the default), and this rule is often called the "3% rule."

33-10 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Tail Pipe Pressure Loss Use this frame for specifying the method for setting the allowable
tail pipe pressure loss. You can do one of the following:
• Use the 97% Rule
• Enter the maximum loss expressed as a percentage of
differential set pressure (known as the X% Rule)
• Specify that Pressure Relief not model tail pipe pressure loss
When the 97% rule is used, Aspen Plus generates a warning if the
valve pressure drop is less than 97% of the valve's differential set
pressure. When the X% rule is used, Aspen Plus generates a
warning if the pressure loss after the valve is equal to or greater
than X% of the valve differential set pressure.
The following tables suggests which rule should be used for the
most common types of safety valves:
Valve Type Suggested Tail Piping
Rule
Standard spring loaded 97% Rule or X% with
X=10
Pop action pilot with unbalanced pilot vented 97% Rule or X% with
to discharge X=10
Balanced bellows spring loaded X% with X=30
Modulating pilot with balanced pilots or pilots X% with X=40
vented to atmosphere
Valve Differential Set You can specify whether the differential set pressure (DSP),
Pressure changes when back pressure changes (that is, whether the valve is
balanced or vented).
The following tables indicates whether the DSP changes for the
most common types of safety valves:
Valve Type Does DSP change?
Standard spring loaded Yes
Pop action pilot with unbalanced pilot vented Yes
to discharge
Balanced bellows spring loaded No
Modulating pilot with balanced pilots or pilots No
vented to atmosphere

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-11

 Specifying the Venting System
A Pressure Relief venting system can consist of the following
components:
• A vessel neck (nozzle)
• Up to two lengths (segments) of inlet pipe connecting the
vessel neck to the pressure relief device
• The pressure relief device (safety valve, rupture disk, relief
vent, or combination rupture disk and safety valve)
• Up to two lengths (segments) of tail pipe from the relief device
to the atmosphere or to another piece of equipment
You do not have to include all these components in a Pressure
Relief calculation. But the block must include at least a pipe
section or a relief device.
Use the Configuration sheet on the ReliefDevice form to specify:
• Relief device type, including service for safety relief valves
• Number of inlet and tail pipe sections
• Whether the vessel neck is to be specified
• Whether the vessel neck and piping should be ignored during
dynamic runs
If you choose Open Vent Pipe as the device, then:
• No relief device is allowed
• You must specify a vessel neck, inlet pipe, or tail pipe
For the Steady State Flow Rating of Relief Valve scenario, the
venting system consists only of a safety valve. No piping is
allowed.
Specifying the Relief The following types of relief devices are available:
Device • Safety relief valve (both liquid and gas/2-phase)
• Rupture disk
• Emergency relief vent
• Open vent pipe (pipe section or vessel neck)
• Relief valve / Rupture disk combination
On the Configuration Sheet of the ReliefDevice form, choose the
type of relief device you wish to simulate by clicking on one of the
options above. The default relief device is a safety relief valve.
Depending on the type of relief device you choose on the
Configuration sheet of the ReliefDevice form, one or more
additional sheets (tabs) on the ReliefDevice form may become

33-12 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 active for further specification of the device. For example, if you
select Rupture disk as your relief device on the Configuration
sheet, the Rupture Disk tab will become active and display an
incomplete symbol indicating that further specifications are
required on this sheet.
Built-in tables within Aspen Plus contain:
• Several standard commercially available valves, rupture disks,
and emergency relief vents
• All the mechanical specifications and certified coefficients
needed in the relief calculations
You can customize Aspen Plus by modifying or adding tables of
valve, disk, and vent characteristics. For more information, see the
Aspen Plus System Management manual.
You can do one of the following:
• Choose a device from the tables
• Enter your own specifications and coefficients
For liquid service valves, you can specify the full-lift over-pressure
factor. This allows you to simulate some of the older-style valves,
which do not achieve full lift until 25% over-pressure is reached.
Safety Valve If you select Safety Relief Valve or Relief Valve / Rupture Disk
Combination as the type of relief device, you must complete the
Safety Valve sheet to specify the safety relief valve (PSV) to be
used in the simulation. Define the valve in the Manufacturer's
Tables frame. Once the Type, Manufacturer, Series, and Nominal
Diameter have been selected, a unique valve is described and
Aspen Plus fills in the following data in the Valve Parameters
frame:
• Inlet Diameter
• Throat Diameter
• Outlet Diameter
• Discharge Coefficient
If you want to use a valve not listed in the Manufacturer's Tables,
you must type in values for the Valve Parameters listed above.
Note that if you select a valve from the tables and then overwrite
any of the Valve Parameters, all Manufacturer's Tables fields will
be blanked out.
To complete the form, enter the differential setpoint for the valve.
This represents the pressure difference across the valve which is
needed for the valve to start opening.
Rupture Disk If you select Rupture Disk or Relief Valve / Rupture Disk
Combination as the type of relief device, you must complete the

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-13

 Rupture Disk sheet to specify the rupture disk (PSD) to be used in
the simulation. Define the rupture disk in the Manufacturer's
Tables frame. Once the Manufacturer, Style, and Nominal
Diameter have been selected, a unique PSD is described and
Aspen Plus fills in the following data in the Rupture Disk
Parameters frame:
• Diameter
• Discharge Coefficient
If you want to use a PSD not listed in the Manufacturer's Tables,
you must type in values for the parameters listed above. Note that
if you select a rupture disk from the tables and then overwrite any
of the rupture disk parameters, all Manufacturer's Tables fields will
be blanked out.
To complete the form, enter the differential setpoint for the rupture
disk. This represents the pressure difference across the rupture disk
which is needed for the disk to break.
In an actual capacity run, the rupture disk is modeled as a pipe with
an equivalent length to diameter (L/D) ratio. If no test data is
available, use L/D=8 for disk diameters larger than 2 inches (5.08
cm), and 15 for diameters 2 inches and smaller. In a code capacity
run, the rupture disk is modeled as an ideal nozzle with the
appropriate discharge coefficient. For uncertified rupture disks, use
a discharge coefficient of 0.62.
Relief Vent If you select Emergency Relief Vent as the type of relief device,
you must complete the Relief Vent sheet to specify the emergency
relief vent (ERV) to be used in the simulation. Define the relief
vent in the Manufacturer's Tables frame. Once the Manufacturer,
Style, and Nominal Diameter have been selected, a unique ERV is
described and Aspen Plus fills in the following data in:
• Recommended Setpoint
• Diameter
To complete the form, enter the differential setpoint for the relief
vent. This represents the pressure difference across the vent which
is needed for the vent to begin opening.
If you want to use an ERV not listed in the Manufacturer's Tables,
you must type in values for the diameter and differential setpoint in
the Vent Parameters frame. Note that if you select an ERV from
the tables and then overwrite any of the vent parameters, all
Manufacturer's Tables fields will be blanked out.
ERVs are modeled so that they open gradually to a fully open
position calculated using the vent over-pressure factor.

33-14 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Specifying the Vessel The vessel neck is a piece of pipe which connects the vessel to the
Neck first length of inlet pipe or to the relief device if there are no inlet
pipes. If you choose to specify a vessel neck, enter the associated
information on the Vessel Neck sheet of the ReliefDevice form.
The following data are required to describe the vessel neck:
• Length
• Diameter
Optional specifications on the Vessel Neck sheet are shown below
with their corresponding defaults:
Specification Default
Orientation Vertical
Connection Type Rounded
Reducer resistance coefficient (Reducer K) 0.04
Expander resistance coefficient (Expander K) 0.04
Roughness 0.00015 ft
Specifying the Inlet For inlet pipe sections, use the Pressure Relief InletPipes form to
Pipe describe the inlet pipes which connect the vessel neck to the relief
device. Up to two sections of pipe with the same or different
diameters may be used.
The InletPipes form contains four sheets:
Use this sheet To
Pipe Specify the pipe dimensions and optional pipe
parameters
Fittings Describe the fittings in the pipe section such as pipe
connections, butterfly or gate valves, elbows, and tees
Valves Describe a general purpose valve or control valve in
the pipe section
Thermal Specify heat transfer parameters for energy transfer
with surroundings
The Pipe sheet is required for all sections of inlet pipe.
Pipe Use the Pipe sheet to enter the pipe diameter and length for each
pipe section. Pipe diameter and length are required specifications
for all pipe sections.
Included with Aspen Plus are built-in Pipe Schedule Tables that
aid in the specification of common pipe sizes.
You can customize Aspen Plus by adding or modifying pipe
schedule tables. For more information on this, see the Aspen Plus
System Management manual.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-15

 Choosing a Pipe To choose a pipe diameter from the built-in Pipe Schedule Tables:
Diameter 1 At the top of the Pipe sheet, select a pipe section from the Pipe
Section field.
2 In the Pipe Schedule frame, choose a material of construction
for the pipe section, from the Material list. Available materials
include carbon steel and stainless steel.
3 Choose a pipe schedule in the Schedule field.
4 Choose a nominal pipe diameter from the Nominal Diameter
field.
A unique pipe is described and the Inner Diameter is displayed in
the Pipe Parameters frame.
If you want to use a pipe not listed in Pipe Schedule Tables, you
must manually enter the pipe inner diameter in the Inner Diameter
field of the Pipe Parameters frame. Note that if you select a pipe
from the tables and then overwrite the inner diameter, all Pipe
Schedule Tables fields will be blanked out.
Optional Inputs on the Optional inputs on the Pipe sheet include:
Pipe Sheet
• Absolute pipe roughness
• Pipe Rise (elevation change)
• Resistance coefficient ("K" factor) of reducer following the
pipe section
• Resistance coefficient ("K" factor) of expander following the
pipe section
If you do not enter values for these optional inputs, the following
default values are used.
Specification Default
Roughness 0.00015 ft
Pipe Rise 0
Reducer K 0.04
Expander K 0.04
Fittings Use the Fittings sheet to describe any fittings contained in the an
inlet pipe section. Any number of the following fitting types may
be specified:
• Gate Valves
• Butterfly Valves
• 90 degree Elbows
• Straight Tees
• Branched Tees

33-16 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 In addition a miscellaneous flow resistance may be specified by
entering in the number of pipe diameters equivalent to the
resistance.
Valves Use the Valves sheet to specify a general purpose valve to be used
in a pipe section. In the top section of the sheet, select a valve from
the Manufacturer's Tables frame. Once the Manufacturer, Style,
and Nominal Diameter have been selected, a unique valve is
described and Aspen Plus fills in the following data in the Valve
Parameters frame:
• Flow Area
• Flow Coefficient
If you want to use a valve not listed in the Manufacturer's Tables,
you must type in values for the parameters listed above. Note that
if you select a valve from the tables and then overwrite any of the
valve parameters, all Manufacturer's Tables fields will be blanked
out.
You may also specify the valve constant for a control valve
contained in the pipe section. To do this, enter a value in the Valve
Constant field of the Control Valve frame.
Thermal Use the Thermal sheet to specify energy balance parameters if you
want to model heat transfer between the pipe section and the
surroundings. The following must be specified:
• Inlet Ambient Temperature
• Outlet Ambient Temperature
• U-value (overall heat transfer coefficient)
Specifying the Tail For tail pipe sections, use the Pressure Relief TailPipes form to
Pipe describe the tail pipes which connect the relief device to the
discharge point. Up to two sections of pipe with the same or
different diameters may be used. The TailPipes form has the same
functionality as the InletPipes form, except that it applies to tail
pipe sections.

Specifying Dynamic Input

Use the DynamicInput form to describe the emergency event
associated with a dynamic scenario. Required data include a
description of the vessel as well as the event (fire or heat input)
which is causing the release from the vessel.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-17

 The sheets contained on the DynamicInput form are listed below:
Use this sheet To specify
Vessel Vessel and vessel head geometry
Design Parameters Vessel design pressure and disengagement
model
Fire Type of fire exposure engulfing the vessel
Fire Credits Credits you can claim if systems to fight fire
or minimize vessel releases are present
Heat Input The rate of heat input into a vessel
The Vessel and Design Parameters sheets must be completed for
all dynamic scenarios. For heat input scenarios, the Heat Input
sheet is also required. For fire scenarios, the Fire sheet is required,
and the Fire Credits sheet is optional.
Vessel Use this sheet to describe the vessel undergoing the emergency
event by specifying:
• Vessel type and head type
• Shell orientation if the vessel type is Heat Exchanger Shell
• Vessel length and diameter
• Vessel jacket volume if vessel type is Vessel Jacket
• Vessel volume if vessel is User Specified
• Head volume and head area if head type is User Specified
The following vessel types are available:
• Horizontal
• Vertical
• API Tank
• Sphere
• Heat Exchanger Shell
• Vessel Jacket
• User Specified
Completing Vessel To complete vessel specifications:
Specifications
1 On the Pressure Relief DynamicInput Vessel sheet, choose a
vessel type from the Vessel Type list in the Vessel Description
frame.
2 For vessel types of Horizontal, Vertical, API Tank, or Heat
Exchanger Shell, select a head type in the Head Type list, and
enter the length and diameter in the Vessel Dimensions frame.
Available options for head type are Flanged, Ellipsoidal, or
User Specified.

33-18 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 3 For Heat Exchanger Shell vessel types, enter the shell
orientation (horizontal or vertical) in the Shell Orientation list.
4 For Sphere vessel types, enter the sphere diameter in the
Diameter field of the Vessel Dimensions frame.
5 For Vessel Jacket vessel types, enter the jacket volume in the
Vessel Dimension frame.
6 For User Specified vessel types, enter the vessel volume and
head volume in the User Specifications frame.
7 If you choose a User Specified head type, enter the head
volume and head area in the User Specifications frame.
Design Parameters Use the Design Parameters sheet to describe vessel design
characteristics by specifying:
• Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP)
• Temperature corresponding to the MAWP
• Vessel disengagement model
• Homogeneous vapor fraction limit for user specified
disengagement model
• Volume of vessel internals
Vessel disengagement models let you select how the phase
behavior of fluid leaving the vessel will be modeled. The following
disengagement options are available:
Option Description
Homogeneous Vapor fraction leaving vessel is the same as vapor
fraction in vessel
All vapor All vapor leaving vessel
All liquid All liquid leaving vessel
Bubbly DIERS bubbly model
Churn-turbulent DIERS churn-turbulent model
User specified Homogeneous venting until vessel vapor fraction
reaches the user-specified value, then all vapor venting

Specifying Design To specify design parameters for your dynamic pressure relief
Parameters scenario:
1 On the Pressure Relief DynamicInput Design Parameters sheet,
first enter the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure in the
Vessel Design Pressure frame.
2 In the MAWP Temperature field, enter the temperature
corresponding to the specified maximum allowable working
pressure.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-19

 3 In the Vessel Disengagement frame, select a disengagement
model from the Disengagement Model list.
4 Enter any vessel disengagement parameters corresponding to
the selected disengagement model:
If you choose Enter
Bubbly Bubbly disengagement coefficient (default is 1.01)
Churn-turbulent Churn-Turbulent disengagement coefficient (default is
1)
User-specified Homogeneous vapor fraction limit (no default)
Optionally, at the bottom of the sheet, you can enter the
Volume of Vessel Internals in the Vessel Dead Volume frame.
This represents the volume of internal structures such as mixers
and baffles that will be subtracted from the calculated vessel
volume.
Fire Use this sheet to characterize the fire engulfing the vessel. A Fire
Standard must be selected so that Aspen Plus can calculate the
vessel wetted area, energy input, and how the credit factor (Fire
Credits sheet) is taken. Pressure Relief can base its calculations on
any of the following standards:
• NFPA 30
• API 520
• API 2000
Choose the desired standard from the Fire Standard list in the Fire
Scenario Parameters frame.
Optional specifications on the Fire sheet include:
• Fire duration
• Area of vessel surrounded by fire (relevant when Vessel Jacket
or User Specified is selected for vessel type on the Vessel
sheet)
• Liquid level in the vessel at the start of the fire (for NFPA-30
fire standard with Vessel Types of Horizontal, Vertical, API-
Tank, or Heat Exchanger Shell)
• Vessel elevation
• Extra heat transfer area
• Whether vessel is portable
Fire Credits Pressure Relief assumes the calculated energy input is constant
during the entire venting transient. If appropriate, you can use the
Fire Credits sheet to specify a fire credit factor which Aspen Plus
uses to reduce the energy input into the vessel. You may specify a
credit factor directly or allow Aspen Plus to calculate the credit
factor based on the presence of the following systems:

33-20 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Water spray equipment
• Drainage system
• Vessel insulation
• Both drainage and fire fighting equipment
Credit for Drainage and Fire Fighting Equipment is not allowed
unless Fire Standard (Fire sheet) is API-520.
Insulation Protection Factor is not allowed when vessel is portable
(Fire sheet), Fire Standard (Fire sheet) is NFPA-30, or Credit for
insulated vessel (Fire Credits sheet) is not claimed.
Heat Input Use this sheet to specify the rate of heat input into the vessel, for
dynamic heat input scenarios. The method of heat input can be
specified in three ways by selecting one of the following options in
the Heat Input Method frame on the Heat Input sheet.
• Constant duty
• Calculated from heat source
• Time-varying duty profile
If a constant duty is chosen, simply enter the constant duty in the
Heat Input Method frame.
If you choose to calculate the duty from a heat source, you must
specify the temperature, heat transfer area, and heat transfer
coefficient (U-value) in the Heat Source frame.
If you choose to enter a time-varying duty profile, use the Duty
Profile frame to enter values of duty versus time.
Specifying Reactive For the dynamic scenarios of fire or heat input, you can model a
Systems for Dynamic protected vessel with reactions if the Vessel Type (DynamicInput
Scenarios Vessel sheet) is one of the following:
• Vertical
• Horizontal
• API-Tank
• Sphere
• User-specified
In the Reaction sheet of the Setup folder, specify which reactions
occur within the vessel. If there are any kinetic or equilibrium
(other than electrolytic) type reactions, you must create a Reaction
ID through the Reactions folder of the Data Browser. Electrolytic
reactions specified through the Chemistry folder are automatically
included in the pressure relief calculations and need not be
specified in the Reactions sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-21

 To specify reactions to be used in a pressure relief calculation:
1 Make sure to select one of the dynamic scenarios (fire or heat
input) on the Setup Scenario sheet.
2 From the Pressure Relief Setup form, click the Reactions tab.
3 On the Reactions sheet, click the Include Chemical Reactions
in Vessel check box.
4 In the Vessel Reactions frame, select the desired reaction ID
from the Available list, and move them to the Selected list
using the right arrow button. To remove reactions from the
Selected list, select them and click the left arrow button. Use
the double arrow buttons to move all reactions in a selected list.
Specifying When to When simulating the dynamic scenarios of fire or heat input, you
Stop Dynamic must use the Pressure Relief Operations form to describe the
Calculations criteria that Aspen Plus will use to terminate the dynamic
simulation.
On the Stop Criteria sheet of the Operations form, define one or
more stop criteria. You must define at least one stop criterion for
the form to be complete. If you define more than one stop criteria,
the criterion reached first will end the simulation.
You may select from the following variable types when defining a
stop criterion:
• Simulation time
• Vapor fraction in the vessel
• Mole fraction of a specified component
• Mass fraction of a specified component
• Conversion of a specified component
• Total moles or moles of a specified component
• Total mass or mass of a specified component
• Vessel temperature
• Vessel pressure
• Vent mole flow rate or mole flow rate of a component
• Vent mass flow rate or mass flow rate of a component
You must:
• Select a specification type
• Enter a value for the specification at which the simulation will
stop
• Select a component and substream for component-related
specification types

33-22 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Specify which approach direction (above or below) to use in
stopping the simulation.
How to Specify When to 1 To specify when to stop calculations for dynamic pressure
Stop Calculations for relief scenarios:
Dynamic Pressure Relief 2 Open the Pressure Relief Operations form.
Scenarios
3 On the Stop Criteria sheet, enter 1 in the Criterion No. field if
this is the first stop criterion. When entering multiple stop
criteria, number them sequentially, starting with 1.
4 From the Location list, choose a location (Vessel, Vent, or
Vent Accumulator) for calculating the variable that will be
defined as the stop criterion.
5 In the Variable Type list, choose a stop criterion variable type
from the list shown above.
6 In the Stop Value field, enter the value of the variable at which
to stop the simulation.
7 For component-related specification types, select a component
and a substream from the Component ID list and the Substream
ID list respectively.
8 In the Approach From list, specify which approach direction
(above or below) to use in stopping the simulation.
9 Repeat steps 2 through 7 for each additional stop criterion.
10 When finished defining all stop criteria, click the Times tab.
11 On the Times sheet, specify an upper limit for the time of the
scenario to be simulated, in the Maximum Time field.
12 In the Time Intervals Between Result Points frame, enter the
time interval to report result for the scenario. Enter this value in
the When Vent is Closed field. Aspen Plus will report result
profiles in the time interval you specify. If you wish to use a
different interval when the vent is open, enter this value in the
When Vent is Open field. If you do not enter a value for When
Vent is Open, the interval specified for When Vent is Closed
will be used throughout the entire scenario.
13 In the Optional frame at the bottom of the sheet, you can
request to include profile points when the relief system opens
or closes. This option is checked by default. Click this option
to deselect it.
14 Also in the Optional frame, you can limit the maximum
number of result points in the profile by entering a value in the
Maximum No. of Result Points field. The default for this value
is the specified maximum time divided by the report time
interval for results you have specified for When Vent is
Closed.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-23

 If you have specified a results time interval for When Vent is
Open that is smaller than When Vent is Closed, you should
increase the default value for Maximum No. of Results Points.

Examining Results of Pressure Relief

Calculations
To examine results of pressure relief calculations:
1 From the Data menu, point to Flowsheeting Options, then
Pressure Relief.
2 On the Pressure Relief Object Manager, select the Pressure
Relief ID of interest, and click Edit.
3 In the left pane of the Data Browser, click the appropriate
results form for the selected Pressure Relief block.
For steady-state scenarios click the SteadyStateResults form.
For dynamic scenarios, click the DynamicResults form.
Steady-State Results Use the SteadyStateResults form to view calculated results for
steady state simulations.
The SteadyStateResults form is comprised of two sheets:
Use this sheet To view
Summary Input summary, whether code requirements are met, and
inlet and tail pipe pressure changes
Property Property profiles for points along the relief system
Profiles
Summary Use this sheet to view:
• Input summary (Scenario, Relief Device type, and Capacity
option)
• Whether code requirements are met
• Actual flow rate through the emergency relief system as
calculated by Aspen Plus
• Estimated flow rate you provided on the Setup Scenario sheet.
• Actual and allowed pressure loss through the vessel neck and
inlet pipes
• Actual and allowed backpressure in the tail pipes
If code requirements are not met, you should review the status
messages. Your system may not meet code requirements because:
• Inlet pipe pressure loss is too high
• Tail pipe pressure loss is too high
• The 97% rule has been violated

33-24 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Choke point(s) do not occur at the relief device
For inlet piping, the actual (calculated) loss is the pressure loss
through the vessel neck and the inlet pipes computed at 10%
overpressure. If this field is blank, it means that the source pressure
was greater than 10% overpressure. The allowed pressure loss is
the value calculated from the allowed inlet pipe pressure loss as a
percentage of differential set pressure as specified on the Setup
Rules sheet
For outlet piping, the actual (calculated) backpressure is computed
at 10% overpressure. If this field is blank, it means that the
pressure was greater than 10% overpressure or the 97% rule was
used instead. The allowed pressure loss is the value computed from
the maximum allowed percentage specified on the Setup Rules
sheet.
Property Profiles Use this sheet to view property profiles for points along the
emergency relief system. The following properties are shown:
• Status (e.g., OK, or Choked)
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Vapor Fraction
Dynamic Results Use the DynamicResults form to view calculated results for
dynamic simulations. The DynamicResults form is comprised of
seven sheets:
Use this sheet To view
Summary Input summary, whether code requirements are met, and
inlet and tail pipe pressure changes
Parameters Summary of dynamic results and vessel pressures and
temperatures
Vessel Vessel properties versus operation time
Vent Property profiles for points along the relief system
versus operation time
Accumulator Accumulator properties versus operation time
X-Y-Z Vessel, vent, and accumulator mole fractions versus
operation time
Vessel Mass Component mass amounts in vessel per substream
versus operation time
Summary Use this sheet to view:
• Input summary (Scenario, Relief Device type, and Capacity
option)
• Whether code requirements are met
• Initial, final, maximum and allowed vessel pressures

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-25

 • Initial, final, maximum and allowed vessel temperatures
• Actual and allowed pressure loss through the vessel neck and
inlet pipes
• Actual and allowed backpressure in the tail pipes
If requirements are not met, you should review the status
messages. If your simulation fails to meet code requirements,
possible causes are:
• Inlet pipe pressure loss at 10% over-pressure is too high
• Tail pipe pressure loss at 10% over-pressure is too high
• The 97% rule has been violated
• Choke point(s) do not occur at the relief device
• Vessel pressure goes above the maximum allowed
For inlet piping, the actual (calculated) loss is the pressure loss
through the vessel neck and the inlet pipes computed at 10%
overpressure. If this field is blank, it means that the source pressure
was greater than 10% overpressure. The allowed pressure loss is
the value calculated from the allowed inlet pipe pressure loss as a
percentage of differential set pressure as specified on the Setup
Rules sheet
For outlet piping, the actual (calculated) backpressure is computed
at 10% overpressure. If this field is blank, it means that the
pressure was greater than 10% overpressure or the 97% rule was
used instead. The allowed pressure loss is the value computed from
the maximum allowed percentage specified on the Setup Rules
sheet
Parameters Use this sheet to view:
• Operation time (the time for which the simulation ran)
• Calculated vessel volume
• Calculated vessel wetted area
• Fire heat input, based upon the wetted area and fire credit
factors
• Fire credit factor
• Vent maximum flow (the maximum flow rate through the
emergency relief system calculated during the simulation)
Allowed vessel conditions are based upon your input for vessel
maximum pressure on the Setup Rules sheet.
Vessel This results sheet displays a table of vessel properties versus
operation time. The following vessel properties are shown:
• Status
• Vent flow

33-26 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Pressure
• Temperature
• Vapor fraction
• Total mass
The status column indicates where the choke is, if not at the
device. Listed below is an explanation of the possible status
symbols:
Status Meaning
CL Vent closed
OK Acceptable choke location and pressure
N Choke at vessel neck
VF Choke at valve flange
I1 Choke at Inlet Pipe 1
I2 Choke at Inlet Pipe 2
T1 Choke at Tail Pipe 1
T2 Choke at Tail Pipe 2
SH Large static head
XT Excess tail pressure
Vent This sheet lets you view profiles for points along the relief system
versus operation time for the following properties:
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Vapor fraction
• Mass density
Accumulator The Accumulator sheet lets you view accumulator properties
versus operation time. The following accumulator properties are
shown:
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Vapor fraction
• Total mass in the accumulator
X-Y-Z The X-Y-Z sheet lets you view component mole fractions versus
operation time for the following phases and locations:
• Overall contents of the vessel (Vessel Total)
• Vapor phase of vessel (Vessel Vapor)
• Overall contents of the relief system (Vent Total)
• Overall contents of the accumulator (Accumulator Total)
• Liquid phase of vessel (Vessel Liquid)

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Pressure Relief Calculations • 33-27

 Vessel Mass The Vessel sheet lets you view the component mass amounts in the
vessel versus operation time for the substream you select.
Example of Dynamic Run This example shows the results after a dynamic run of a pressure
of a Pressure Relief relief system. The first screen shows the DynamicResults with the
System Summary sheet displayed:

This plot shows vessel pressure and temperature over time:

33-28 • Pressure Relief Calculations Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 34

Inserts

An insert is a partial backup file that you can import into a run at
any time. Aspen Plus provides special data packages as inserts
which can be used as starting points for building new simulations,
or they can be imported into existing simulations. You can create
your own inserts for later use.
For help on inserts, see one of the following topics:
• What is an insert?
• Creating an insert
• Importing inserts
• Creating a property package
• Resolving ID conflicts
• Using electrolyte inserts from the Aspen Plus insert library
• Hiding objects

What is an Insert?
An insert is a partial backup file that you can import into a run at
any time. You can use an insert to create a:
• Property package, consisting of component and property
definitions
• Standard process unit, such as a crude column and its preheat
train
You can create your own inserts, or you can import inserts from
the Aspen Plus library of inserts. For more information, see Using
Electrolyte Inserts From the Aspen Plus Insert Library.
Creating an Insert To create an insert, you need to save a backup file containing the
information you want in your insert:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Inserts • 34-1

 1 Begin with a run that has all of the input for the insert defined.
(The run does not have to be complete.) This can consist of any
possible simulation input such as components, properties,
streams, blocks, flowsheeting options, model analysis tools,
etc.
2 From the File menu, click Export.
3 In the Save As Type box, select Aspen Plus Backup Files
(*.bkp).
4 Enter a path and a filename for the backup file that you want to
contain the insert.
5 Click Save.
You can import the backup file you created into any run.
Importing Inserts To import an insert into an existing Aspen Plus simulation:
1 With the existing simulation active in the Aspen Plus main
window, from the File menu, click Import.
2 In the Save As Type box, select Aspen Plus Backup Files
(*.bkp).
3 On the Import dialog box, locate the insert, select it, and click
Open.
4 If the Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box appears, see Resolving
ID Conflicts.
After importing the insert into your existing run, your
simulation will contain the input from both files.
Resolving ID When you import one file into another, some imported objects may
Conflicts have the same IDs as objects in the existing run. When this
happens, Aspen Plus displays the Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box,
which lists all objects that have matching IDs in the two files.

34-2 • Inserts Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Use the Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box to resolve ID conflicts by
one of the following methods:
Method Procedure
Replace existing objects 1. Select one or more objects.
2. Click Replace.
Aspen Plus deletes the objects in the current run and replaces them with the
objects being imported.
Merge new objects with 1. Select one or more objects.
existing objects 2. Click Merge.
Aspen Plus merges specifications for inserted objects with those of objects in the
current run. If both objects have values for the same specification, the inserted
object overrides the object in the current run.
Edit IDs directly 1. Select one object at a time.
2. Click Edit ID.
3. In the Object Name dialog box, specify a new ID for the object.
Add a prefix or suffix to 1. Select one or more objects.
the existing IDs 2. Click Add Prefix or Add Suffix.
3. In the Prefix (or Suffix) dialog box, enter characters to be added to the IDs in
the existing run.
Ignore imported objects 1. Select one or more objects.
2. Click Ignore.
Aspen Plus ignores the selected objects from the imported run, leaving those
objects in the existing run unchanged.
When finished resolving each ID conflict, click OK.
Merged objects must be of the same type. For example, you can
merge two RadFrac blocks, but not a RadFrac block with a Flash2
block.
Example of Importing an Simulate a distillation column with two different feeds in the same
Insert and Resolving ID run. The distillation column specifications are identical.
Conflicts
1 Create the flowsheet for the first feed and complete all
specifications for the problem.
2 From the File menu, click Save As.
3 In the Save As Type box, specify Aspen Plus Backup Files
(*.bkp). Specify a name for the file in the File Name box.
Click OK.
4 From the File menu, click Import.
5 In the Files of Type box, select Aspen Plus Backup Files
(*.bkp). Locate and select the file you just saved. Click OK.
6 In the Resolve ID conflicts dialog box, select the block and
streams. Hold down the Ctrl key while clicking on each item.
Then click Add Suffix.
7 In the Suffix dialog box, enter -2, and click OK.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Inserts • 34-3

 8 The Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box now shows the new IDs
for the inserted objects.
9 Select all the remaining objects in the Resolve ID Conflicts
dialog box and click Ignore.
10 In the Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box, click OK.
Aspen Plus adds the new block, and streams to the flowsheet.
Example of Copying a This example assumes that two runs have identical Sep2
Block from One Run to component splitters. The block ID and the inlet and outlet stream
Another IDs for Sep2 are the same in both runs. Replace Sep2 with an
identical RadFrac rigorous distillation model in both runs.
1 Replace Sep2 with RadFrac in the first run, and complete the
specifications.
2 From the File menu, click Save As and save the file as an
Aspen Plus Backup File (*.bkp).
3 Open the second run.
4 From the File menu, click Import. Select the file you saved in
step 2 and click OK.
5 In the Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box, select the RadFrac
block and all the streams listed. Click on the Replace button.
6 Select all the remaining objects in the Resolve ID Conflicts
dialog box and click Ignore.
7 In the Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box, click OK.
The new RadFrac block, with all of its specifications, now
replaces the Sep2 block in the flowsheet.

Creating a Property Package

To create a property package:
1 Begin with a run that has all of the input for the property
package defined, including all components and properties
specifications. (The run does not have to be complete.)
Typically this would include:
• Components specifications
• Henry-Comps specifications, if defined
• Chemistry specifications, if defined
• Properties specifications
• Property method definitions other than built-in property
methods
• Any Properties Parameters objects with data specified

34-4 • Inserts Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • Any units sets, other than SI, MET, or ENG, used by any of
the forms in the property package
• Any property sets you want to include
2 From the File menu, click Export.
3 In the Export dialog box, enter a path and a filename for the
backup file that you want to contain the property package.
4 Click Save.
You can import the backup file you created into any run.

Example
Suppose you develop a property package for ethanol-water using
the NRTL property method. Specify the following information in
Aspen Plus, and save the specifications as a backup file:
• Components Specifications Selection sheet
• Properties Specifications Global sheet
• Properties Parameters Binary Interaction NRTL-1 form

Using Electrolyte Inserts From the

Aspen Plus Insert Library
To use an insert from the Aspen Plus library:
1 From the File menu, click Import.
2 On the Import dialog box, click the Favorites button on the
toolbar.
3 In the Favorites folder, double-click the Elecins folder.
4 Select an insert from the list and click Open.
Tip: To see a description on the insert, use the Preview button on
the Import dialog box toolbar.
5 If the Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box appears, see Resolving
ID Conflicts.
Tip: To view in detail the contents of an insert before using it,
follow the procedure above, except open the insert using File
Open, instead of File Import. Then use the Data Browser to see
what input is defined in the insert and to look at the insert contents.

Hiding Objects
You can use the Hide feature to temporarily remove optional
objects from a simulation, without deleting them. For example, you

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Inserts • 34-5

 can hide a design specification when you don't want it to be
applied to the simulation.
You cannot hide:
• Global specifications, such as the Setup Specifications and
Properties Specifications forms
• Components
• Blocks and streams
• Properties Parameters and Molecular Structure objects
To hide objects:
1 Display the Object Manager for the type of object you want to
hide.
2 Select one or more objects you want to hide. If the Hide button
is dim, you cannot hide this type of object.
3 Click the Hide button.
Aspen Plus removes the selected objects from the Object
Manager list. They are no longer part of the problem definition.
Revealing Objects To reveal (unhide) objects:
1 Open the Object Manager for the type of object you want to
reveal.
2 Click the Reveal button.
Note: The Reveal button will only be active if there are hidden
objects.
3 On the Reveal dialog box, select the hidden objects you want to
reveal, and click OK.
If there are no ID conflicts, Aspen Plus restores the objects to
the problem definition, and they are displayed on the Object
Manager.
If the specifications for a hidden object are inconsistent with
the current problem definition (for example, if a referenced
stream no longer exists), the object will be incomplete. Use
Next to find out what you must do to complete the input.
If there are ID conflicts (if a hidden object has the same ID as
an object in the current problem definition), the Resolve ID
Conflicts dialog box appears.
Tip: Use the Remove button on the Reveal dialog box to
permanently delete hidden objects from the simulation.

34-6 • Inserts Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 35

Creating Stream Libraries

This topic describes how to create stream libraries. For information

on how to retrieve information from a stream library for use in a
simulation, see About Stream Libraries in chapter 9.
For help on creating stream libraries, see one of the following
topics:
• Creating or modifying a stream library
• STRLIB command summary
You can retrieve information about stream composition and
conditions from a stream library, instead of entering this data on
stream forms.
This table shows what you can do with the stream library
capability:
To Do This
Create a library of Store the composition and conditions of frequently used feed streams in a stream
frequently used library. Retrieve this information from different models in a simulation without
feed streams re-entering it.
Transfer stream Simulate one section of your flowsheet, store the outlet streams in a library, and
information from retrieve the information in another simulation. Or use a stream library to share
one simulation to information between two groups that are simulating different sections of a process.
another
Initialize tear Store final tear stream values from a simulation in a library. When you simulate
streams another case, retrieve the desired values as an initial guess for the tear stream. If you
do not know which stream will be chosen as the tear stream, store all the streams
from the first simulation and retrieve all the streams in the new run.
Isolate a block from Store streams for a large flowsheet in a library. Retrieve and analyze one block from
a large flowsheet the stored flowsheet and simulate the block by itself, perhaps with higher diagnostics
or at different conditions. This eliminates re-entering the stream information for the
isolated block run.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating Stream Libraries • 35-1

 Creating or Modifying a Stream
Library
You can:
• Create your own stream library
• Use a stream library created and maintained by your
Aspen Plus system administrator
To create or modify a stream library, use STRLIB, a program
delivered with Aspen Plus. You must also export a summary file (a
file which contains all the results of the simulation) from your
completed Aspen Plus run and copy it to the directory where the
stream library file is or will be created. STRLIB copies stream
results from an Aspen Plus summary file into a stream library. You
can store data from any number of Aspen Plus runs in one stream
library.
A stream library is organized in cases. You identify a stream by
the:
• Stream name
• Case to which it belongs
Each case usually corresponds to one Aspen Plus run. However,
you can store streams from more than one Aspen Plus run in a
single case. You can also store data from a single run in several
cases.
Using STRLIB, you enter commands to create or modify a stream
library. The most common use of STRLIB involves these steps:
1 Opening a summary file using the OPEN command.
2 Establishing the case where you want to copy streams, using
the OPEN or CASE commands.
3 Adding or replacing streams in the library, using the ADD or
REPLACE commands.
Running STRLIB To run STRLIB interactively, enter this command at the Aspen
Interactively Plus Simulation Engine prompt:
strlib libname
Where libname is the stream library you want to create or
modify. The stream library name can be up to eight characters
long.
Library files have the extension *.slb.
When the STRLIB> prompt appears, you can enter commands.
STRLIB prompts you for each command.

35-2 • Creating Stream Libraries Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Running STRLIB in You can run STRLIB non-interactively to create or update a stream
Batch Mode library. Running STRLIB in batch mode automatically adds all the
streams from the summary file produced by an Aspen Plus run.
To run STRLIB in batch mode, enter this command at the Aspen
Plus SImulation Engine prompt:
STRLIB libname runid [case]
libname is the name of the library you want to create or modify.
If the library does not exist, it will be created and initialized to
contain 10 cases.
runid is the name of the Aspen Plus summary file from which
you want to transfer streams.
case is the case name where you want to add streams. If you do
not specify the case name, STRLIB uses the runid from the
summary file as the case name.
The batch mode STRLIB command is equivalent to the following
sequence of commands when you run STRLIB interactively:
STRLIB> OPEN runid [case]
STRLIB> ADD ALL
STRLIB> EXIT

STRLIB Commands
This table lists a summary of the commands you can use in
STRLIB.
You can abbreviate any STRLIB command. Enter all commands at
the STRLIB> prompt, typing enough letters to identify the
command as unique.
Command Description
ADD Add a stream to the library.
CASE Change the current case.
DELCASE Delete a case from the library.
DELSTREAM Delete a stream from the library.
DIRECTORY List the cases in the library and the streams in a case.
DUMP Write stream information to a file.
END End STRLIB and update the library.
EXIT End STRLIB and update the library.
HELP Display interactive help on STRLIB commands.
INITIALIZE Initialize a library.
LIST List streams in the summary file.
LOAD Load stream information from a dump file.
OPEN Open a summary file.
PACK Pack (compress) the library.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating Stream Libraries • 35-3

 Command Description
RENAME Rename a stream in the library.
REPLACE Replace a stream in the library.
QUIT End STRLIB without updating the library.
ADD The ADD command copies a stream from an Aspen Plus summary
file to the library. The stream to be copied must not already exist in
the current case of the library. (Use the REPLACE command to
replace streams that already exist.)
Specify ADD ALL to copy all streams from a summary file to the
library.
Syntax:
 stream − ID 
 
ADD  ALL 
CASE The CASE command changes the current case. Streams in the
stream library are organized into cases. You establish a case when
you open a summary file (using the OPEN command) or when you
use the CASE command. For more information about cases, see
Creating or Modifying a Stream Library.
The ADD, DELSTREAM, DUMP, RENAME, and REPLACE
commands apply to streams in the current case.
Syntax:
CASE casename
DELCASE The DELCASE command deletes a case from the library. All
streams in the case are deleted.
Syntax:
DELCASE casename
DELSTREAM The DELSTREAM command deletes a stream from the current
case.
If you delete many streams from a library, you should use the
PACK command to recover the deleted space. See the PACK
command description, this section.
Syntax:
DELSTREAM stream-id
DIRECTORY The DIRECTORY command lists the cases and streams stored in
the stream library. If you do not specify a case in the
DIRECTORY command, STRLIB lists all the cases in the library
and the number of streams in each case. If you specify a case,
STRLIB lists only the streams in that case.

35-4 • Creating Stream Libraries Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Syntax:
DIRECTORY [casename]
DUMP The DUMP command writes the information about a stream stored
in the library. STRLIB prompts you to specify whether you want to
write to the terminal or to a file. If you write to a file, STRLIB
prompts you for the filename. Specify DUMP ALL to dump all
streams from all cases in a library.
Use DUMP if you want to:
• View the information for a stream
• Transfer information from one library to another
If you need to reinitialize a library to increase the maximum
number of cases that can be stored, use the DUMP ALL command
first to save the contents of the library. To restore the information,
use the LOAD command.
Syntax:
 stream − ID 
 
DUMP  ALL 
END The END command ends the STRLIB session. The stream library
is updated with all the changes you made during the session. The
END and EXIT commands are synonymous. (Use the QUIT
command to end STRLIB without updating the library, so changes
made during the session are not saved.)
Syntax:
END
EXIT The EXIT command ends the STRLIB session. The stream library
is updated with all changes you made during the session. The END
and EXIT commands are synonymous. (Use the QUIT command
to end STRLIB without updating the library, so changes made
during the session are not saved.)
Syntax:
EXIT
HELP The HELP command activates the interactive help system, so you
can obtain help for STRLIB commands.
Syntax:
HELP [command]
INITIALIZE The INITIALIZE command destroys all data in a stream library.
Use it only when creating a library or after using the DUMP ALL
command.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating Stream Libraries • 35-5

 The INITIALIZE command initializes a new stream library. You
must specify the maximum number of cases the library will
contain. Enter the INITIALIZE command before performing any
operations on a new stream library.
Syntax:
INITIALIZE numcase
LIST The LIST command lists the streams in the current summary file.
Syntax:
LIST
LOAD The LOAD command loads information from a dump file created
with the DUMP command. STRLIB loads all cases and streams.
Syntax:
LOAD filename
OPEN The OPEN command opens a summary file, so that streams from
an Aspen Plus run can be transferred to the library. If you do not
specify a case name, STRLIB uses the RUNID from the summary
file as the case name.
Syntax:
OPEN filename [casename]
PACK The PACK command packs the stream library to recover blank
spaces created when streams are deleted. The PACK command is
necessary only if you delete many streams from a library and want
to recover unused file space.
Syntax:
PACK
RENAME The RENAME command renames a stream in the library.
RENAME applies only to the current case.
Syntax:
RENAME oldname newname
REPLACE The REPLACE command replaces a stream in the current case
with a stream of the same name from a summary file. If the stream
does not exist in the library, STRLIB adds it.
Specify REPLACE ALL to copy all streams from a summary file
to the library, overwriting any streams of the same name that exist
in the library.
Syntax:

35-6 • Creating Stream Libraries Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

  stream − ID 
 
REPLACE  ALL 
QUIT The QUIT command ends the STRLIB session. The stream library
is not updated with any changes made during the current STRLIB
session. (Use the END or EXIT commands to end STRLIB and
update the stream library with the changes made during the
session.)
Syntax:
QUIT
Example of Creating Create a stream library that can contain two cases. Add streams S1
a Library with Two and S2 from summary file RUN1. Also add all the streams from
Cases summary file RUN2.
STRLIB> INITIALIZE 2
STRLIB> OPEN RUN1.SUM
STRLIB> ADD S1
STRLIB> ADD S2
STRLIB> OPEN RUN2.SUM
STRLIB> ADD ALL
STRLIB> END
The library will be organized in two cases, RUN1 and RUN2.
Example of Creating Create a stream library that can hold five cases. Create one case,
a Library with One PROJECT. Add streams PROD1 and PROD2 from summary file
Case RUN1, and stream FEED1 from summary file RUN2.
STRLIB> INITIALIZE 5
STRLIB> OPEN RUN1.SUM
STRLIB> CASE PROJECT
STRLIB> ADD PROD1
STRLIB> ADD PROD2
STRLIB> OPEN RUN2.SUM
STRLIB> CASE PROJECT
STRLIB> ADD FEED1
STRLIB> END
The OPEN command creates a new case if a case name is not
specified. The library must be initialized to hold at least three
cases. The preceding set of commands will create two empty cases
named RUN1 and RUN2.
To avoid creating the empty cases, use the case name in the OPEN
command.
STRLIB> INITIALIZE 5
STRLIB> OPEN RUN1.SUM PROJECT
STRLIB> ADD PROD1
STRLIB> ADD PROD2
STRLIB> OPEN RUN2.SUM PROJECT
STRLIB> ADD FEED1
STRLIB> END

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Creating Stream Libraries • 35-7

35-8 • Creating Stream Libraries Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 36

Stream Summary Formats

Aspen Plus allows you to customize stream reports and tables

using Table Format Files (TFFs). Using TFF language, you can
customize the:
• Results Summary Streams form and block StreamResult sheets
to your own format, for analyzing your simulation results
• Stream table in a process flow diagram (PFD), to meet your
company's standards
A Table Format File contains easy-to-understand language that you
can use to:
• Display a selected list of stream properties of interest, in a
specified order
• Add or change labels for stream properties
• Manipulate the format of stream property values (for example,
scaling, normalization, units conversion, and trace cut-off)
This section explains how to create and use TFFs. Sample TFFs
are provided. Read this section if you plan to customize your
stream summary form or the stream table in your process flow
diagram (PFD).
See one of the following topics for more information:
• About the Aspen Plus TFFs
• Creating a TFF
• Basic Stream Result Properties

About the Aspen Plus TFFs

Aspen Plus provides several Table Format Files in your system
directory. If you installed Aspen Plus in the default directory, your
system directory is Program Files\AspenTech\Aspen Plus
12.1\xeq.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-1

 By default Aspen Plus displays the stream summary and stream
table based on the built-in TFF for the Application Type you chose
when creating your simulation.
Choose a stream format to display your stream report from:
• The Stream Format fields on the Setup Specifications Stream
Report
• The Format field on the ResultsSummary Streams Material
sheet or the block StreamResults Material sheet
All of the TFF files located in either the system directory or in the
working directory are displayed in the list. You can modify any
Aspen Plus TFF or create your own. TFF files should be placed
either in your working directory or in the system directory.
Aspen Plus uses the TFF you select in either field for all Results
Summary Streams sheets you display, until you select another
TFF.
To select a stream format:
1 Move to the Stream Format field of the Setup Specifications
Stream Report sheet, the ResultsSummary Streams Material
sheet, or the block StreamResults Material sheet.
2 Click the list and scroll through the options, looking at the
descriptions of each TFF.
3 Select a TFF. If you are using built-in TFFs, it is recommended
that you select one of the TFFs for your Application Type. For
example, if you are using one of the Petroleum Application
Types, choose a TFF beginning with Petro.
It is not necessary to re-run the simulation in order to see the
results in another format.

Creating a TFF
You can:
• Edit the TFFs provided with Aspen Plus to customize your
stream summary and stream tables. These files are located in
the Program Files\AspenTech\Aspen Plus 12.1\xeq directory if
you installed Aspen Plus in the default directory.
• Use TFF language to create your own TFF.
TFF File Format and Use TFF language to customize your stream summary or stream
Options table. Follow these rules:
• TFF sentences are not case sensitive.
• Any line beginning with a semi-colon in column 1 is treated as
a comment line.

36-2 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 • The ampersand (&) is used to continue a line.
The format for the TFF and a description of the format follow.
TITLE = value
STREAMS=value
STREAM-ID-LABEL = value
SOURCE-LABEL = value
DEST-LABEL = value
PHASE-LABEL = value
BEGLOOP SUBSTREAM = value
ENDLOOP
DISPLAY qualifier optional qualifier=value
option=value
Qualifiers:
ALL ONLY REMAIN
Optional qualifiers:
SUBSTREAM COMPS PHASE BASIS TEMP
PRES LVPCT COMP-ATTR SUBS-ATTR
Options:
FORMAT NORMALIZE PPM PPB TRACE
TRACE-LABEL ZERO-LABEL MISSING-LABEL
PROP-HEADER COMPS-HEADER SUBSTREAM-
HEADER
PB-HEADER TEMP-HEADER PRES-HEADER
LVPCT-HEADER
COMP-ATTR-HEADER SUBS-ATTR-HEADER COMP-
ATTR-ELEM SUBS-ATTR-ELEM
PROP prop-name qualifier=value option=value
Optional qualifiers:
SUBSTREAM COMPS PHASE BASIS TEMP
PRES LVPCT COMP-ATTR SUBS-ATTR
Options:
FORMAT PROP-LABEL UNITS UNITS-LABEL
NORMALIZE SCALE
SCALE-LABEL PPM PPB TRACE TRACE-LABEL
ZERO-LABEL
MISSING-LABEL MW BP MW-BP-FORMAT
HEADER PROP-HEADER
COMPS-HEADER SUBSTREAM-HEADER PB-
HEADER TEMP-HEADER
PRES-HEADER LVPCT-HEADER COMP-ATTR-

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-3

 HEADER SUBS-ATTR-HEADER COMP-ATTR-ELEM
SUBS-ATTR-ELEM
TEXT "Text enclosed in double quotes"
TITLE Title for the stream table. The TITLE line must be the first non-
comment line in the TFF. If you choose to wrap the stream table,
TITLE is not repeated. TITLE is not displayed in the Results
Summary Streams form.
TITLE=YES The title you specified on the Setup
Specifications form is used. If no title is
specified on Setup Specifications, the title Heat
and Material Balance Table is used.
TITLE=NO No title is displayed. (Default)
TITLE="string" The string (up to 64 characters) enclosed in
double quotes is used as the title for the stream
table.
STREAMS Use to define a set of streams and their order on the Results
Summary Streams form and in the stream table.
STREAMS=sid-list List of stream IDs
If the STREAMS statement is not in your TFF,
all streams are displayed in alphanumeric order.
(Default)
You can interactively select the streams and the
order they are displayed on the Results
Summary Streams form.
STREAM-ID-LABEL Label for the stream ID row in the stream table. See Header
Sentence Order in the Stream Table.
STREAM-ID-LABEL= The label Stream ID is used.
YES
STREAM-ID-LABEL= The Stream ID row is not displayed. (Default)
NO
STREAM-ID-LABEL= The string (up to 20 characters) in double quotes
"string" is used as the label.
SOURCE-LABEL Label for the source block row in the stream table. See Header
Sentence Order in the Stream Table.
SOURCE-LABEL= The label From is used.
YES
SOURCE-LABEL=NO The source block row is not displayed. (Default)
SOURCE-LABEL= The string (up to 20 characters) enclosed in
"string" double quotes is used as the label.
DEST-LABEL Label for the destination block row in the stream table. See Header
Sentence Order in the Stream Table.
DEST-LABEL=YES The label To is used.

36-4 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 DEST-LABEL=NO The destination block row is not displayed.
(Default)
DEST-LABEL= The string (up to 20 characters) enclosed in
"string" double quotes is used as the label.
PHASE-LABEL Label for the phase row for the MIXED substream. See Header
Sentence Order in the Stream Table.
PHASE-LABEL=YES The label Phase is used.
PHASE-LABEL=NO The phase row is not displayed. (Default)
PHASE-LABEL= The string (up to 20 characters) enclosed in
"string" double quotes is used as the label.
BEGLOOP, ENDLOOP Optional sentences that enable you to control the display of
properties when there are two or more substreams. You can define
groups of DISPLAY sentences by enclosing them between pairs of
BEGLOOP and ENDLOOP sentences. Aspen Plus displays
properties specified by the enclosed DISPLAY sentence for one
substream at a time, looping through all requested substreams.
SUBSTREAM=ssid-list Loop through the listed substreams
SUBSTREAM=ALL Loop through all substreams
DISPLAY Used to control the display of the stream properties. DISPLAY is
usually used in conjunction with one or more PROP sentences.
PROP sentences can control the order and display of individual
properties. You can have any number of DISPLAY sentences in a
TFF.
DISPLAY ALL Display all stream properties identified by the
specified qualifiers. Use the format described by
the options.
DISPLAY ONLY Display only the stream properties specified by
the PROP sentences following the DISPLAY
ONLY sentence. Use the order of the PROP
sentences, with the specified qualifiers and
options.
DISPLAY REMAIN Display the remaining stream properties (those
not already specified by DISPLAY or PROP
sentences). Identify stream properties by the
specified qualifiers, in the format described by
the options.
PROP Used to control the display of an individual property. When used in
conjunction with DISPLAY ONLY, PROP sentences specify the
order in which the properties are displayed. See Qualifier
Descriptions for DISPLAY and PROP, and Option Descriptions
for DISPLAY and PROP.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-5

 prop-name Stream property. This is the Prop-Set name for a
stream property (for example, MOLEFLMX for
total mole flow). Prop-Set names are listed in
the Property field on the Prop-Sets form. A
property displayed in the stream summary or a
stream table must be one of the basic stream
result properties in its default units, or the
property must be included in a prop-set ID in the
Property sets field on the Setup Specification
Stream Report form. All such properties appear
in standard stream reports for your run.
If your TFF requests a stream property that is
not in listed in the table or included in a prop-set
ID, or requests a basic stream result property in
different units from the default when that
property is not included in a prop-set ID,
Aspen Plus does not display the property.
The options specified with the PROP sentence are combined with
the DISPLAY options when Aspen Plus displays the properties. If
the same option is specified for PROP and the preceding
DISPLAY sentence, the PROP specification is used.
TEXT Allows you to insert a text line within the side label of your stream
table. Enclose text in double quotes. To insert a blank line, use a
pair of double quotes with a space between them.

Basic Stream Result Properties

Component Flows
Prop-Name Description
MOLEFLOW Component mole flow
MASSFLOW Component mass flow
VLSTD Component standard volume flow
MOLEFRAC Component mole fraction
MASSFRAC Component mass fraction
VLSTDFR Component standard volume fraction
Component flow properties are available if the corresponding option is selected
on the Setup | Report Options | Stream sheet.

Regular Properties
Prop-Name Description
MOLEFLMX Total mole flow
MASSFLMX Total mass flow
VOLFLMX Total volume flow
TEMP Temperature

36-6 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Prop-Name Description
PRES Pressure
VFRAC Vapor fraction
LFRAC Liquid fraction
SFRAC Solid fraction
HMX Enthalpy (in mole, mass, and flow basis)
SMX Entropy (in mole and mass basis)
RHOMX Density (in mole and mass basis)
MWMX Average molecular weight
COMP-ATTR Component attributes
SUBS-ATTR Substream attributes

Batch Stream Properties

Prop-Name Description
CMASS_TIME Component mass flow rate during actual
operation
CMOLE_TIME Component mole flow rate during actual
operation
CVOL_TIME Component standard volume flow rate during
actual operation
CMASS_CYCLE Component mass per cycle
CMOLE_CYCLE Component mole per cycle
CVOL_CYCLE Component standard volume per cycle
CYCLE_TIME Cycle time
OPER_TIME Operation time
NTRAIN Number of trains
MASS_TIME Total mass flow rate during actual operation
MOLE_TIME Total mole flow rate during actual operation
VOL_TIME Total volume flow rate during actual operation
ENTH_TIME Total enthalpy flow rate during actual operation
MASS_CYCLE Total mass per cycle
MOLE_CYCLE Total mole per cycle
VOL_CYCLE Total volume per cycle
ENTH_CYCLE Total enthalpy per cycle
Batch stream properties are displayed only if you specify batch streams in the
Batch Operation dialog box on the Setup | Report Options | Stream sheet.
Qualifier Descriptions This section describes the qualifiers you can use in both DISPLAY
for DISPLAY and and PROP sentences. You can think of the combined DISPLAY
PROP and PROP qualifiers as a property filter. Any property in the
stream report that passes the filter is displayed.
The qualifiers listed are all possible specifications for a Prop-Set
property, except UNITS. See Option Descriptions for DISPLAY or

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-7

 PROP, this chapter. The only qualifiers that apply to the basic
stream report properties are SUBSTREAM and COMPS. The basic
stream result properties do not display if the PHASE or BASIS
qualifiers are set to any value other than the default (ALL).
SUBSTREAM Substreams for which the property is to be displayed
SUBSTREAM=ssid-list List of substream IDs
SUBSTREAM=ALL All substreams (Default)
COMPS Components for which the property is to be displayed
COMPS=cid-list List of component IDs
COMPS=ALL All components (Default)
PHASE Phase for which the property is to be displayed
PHASE=V Vapor
PHASE=L Total liquid
PHASE=L1 1st liquid
PHASE=L2 2nd liquid
PHASE=S Solid
PHASE=T Total mixture
PHASE=ALL All phases of the property in the stream report (Default)
BASIS Basis for which the property is to be displayed
BASIS=WET Includes water
BASIS=DRY Excludes water
BASIS=ALL All bases of the property in the stream report (Default)
TEMP Temperatures for which the property is to be displayed
TEMP=list List of temperatures
TEMP=ALL All temperature values of the property in the stream
report (Default)
PRES Pressures for which the property is to be displayed
PRES=list List of pressures
PRES=ALL All pressure values of the property in the stream report
(Default)
LVPCT Liquid volume percents for which the property is to be displayed
LVPCT=list List of liquid volume percents
LVPCT=ALL All liquid volume percent property values in the stream
report (Default)
COMP-ATTR Component attributes to be displayed
COMP-ATTR=cattr-list List of component attributes
COMP-ATTR=ALL All component attributes (Default)
SUBS-ATTR Substream attributes to be displayed
SUBS-ATTR=sattr-list List of substream attributes
SUBS-ATTR=ALL All substream attributes (Default)

36-8 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Option Descriptions This section describes the options for the DISPLAY and PROP
for DISPLAY and sentences. These options control the display, side label, and units
PROP of a property value.

FORMAT Stream property value display format string, enclosed in double quotes.
(Default=customized G format designed to show maximum precision) See
Formats for Numbers. Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
PROP-LABEL Stream property label to override the Aspen Plus property label. Can be used, for
example, to replace the Aspen Plus property name MUMX with the label
Viscosity. Applies to PROP sentence only. May be truncated in the stream
summary, but displays in full in the stream tables.
UNITS Stream property value units of measurement (Setup.Units-Set1, Setup.Units-Set2
and Setup.Units-Set3 forms), enclosed in double quotes. Property value is
converted to your specifications. A stream property may be available in more
than one type of unit. For example, enthalpy for a stream may have units-types of
mole-enthalpy, mass-enthalpy, and enthalpy-flow. In this case the specified units
define both the units and the units types to be displayed. If no units are specified,
the stream property is displayed in all available units types. The units
specification is overridden if you select a units-set on the Results Summary
Streams form, but the units-types selection is sustained. Applies to PROP only.
(Default=global out-units for basic stream result properties and local units for
each additional prop-set).
UNITS-LABEL Label for units of measurement. The Units label is a character string enclosed in
double quotes. Overrides the Aspen Plus Units label. Can be used, for example,
to print the units label in lowercase characters. Applies to PROP sentence only,
and only if the UNITS qualifier is used.
NORMALIZE Normalization flag for component flow or fraction properties
NORMALIZE=YES Normalize property values. See The NORMALIZE
Option.
NORMALIZE=NO Do not normalize values. (Default)
Applies to DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
SCALE Scale factor. Property value is divided by scale factor before it is displayed. Used
to reduce the magnitude of printed values. You must also specify SCALE-
LABEL. Applies to PROP sentence only.
SCALE-LABEL Scale factor label enclosed in double quotes. Appears in front of the units label or
UNITS-LABEL you supply. Applies to PROP sentence only.
PPM Parts per million cut-off value. Property values below the specified number are
displayed as PPM. For example, if you specify PPM=1E-3, any property values
smaller than 0.001 are displayed as 1 PPM to 999 PPM. Applies only to
component flow or fraction properties. See The NORMALIZE Option and PPM,
PPB, and TRACE Options. Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
PPB Parts per billion cut-off value. Property values below the specified number are
displayed as PPB. For example, by specifying PPB=1E-6, property values
smaller than 0.000001 are displayed as 1 PPB to 999 PPB. Applies only to
component flow or fraction properties. See The NORMALIZE Option and PPM,
PPB, and TRACE Options. Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-9

TRACE Trace cut-off value. Property values smaller than the specified cut-off value are
not displayed. The character string specified by TRACE-LABEL is displayed
instead. Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences. See PPM, PPB, and
TRACE Options.
TRACE-LABEL Trace symbol for displaying trace value, enclosed in double quotes
(Default=blank). Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
ZERO-LABEL Label for zero value enclosed in double quotes (Default=0.0). Applies to both
DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
MISSING-LABEL Label for property values not calculated, enclosed in double quotes
(Default=blank). Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
MW Molecular weight display. Applies to component-dependent properties only.
Displays in the units column in the stream summary or stream table.
MW=YES Display molecular weight next to the component ID.
MW=NO Do not display molecular weight. (Default)
Applies to PROP sentence only.
BP Boiling point display. Applies to component-dependent properties only. Displays
in the units column in the stream summary or stream table.
BP=YES Display boiling point next to the component ID.
BP=NO Do not display boiling point. (Default)
Applies to PROP sentence only.
MW-BP-FORMAT Molecular weight or boiling point format string, enclosed in double quotes
(Default=%.0f). See Formats for Numbers. Used when MW=YES or BP=YES.
Applies to PROP sentence only.
HEADER Header above a property
HEADER="string" The specified string of up to 20 characters is displayed in
the line above the property side label. (Default: no
header)
Applies to PROP sentence only.
PROP-HEADER Property header
PROP-HEADER=YES Property label is displayed. (Default)
PROP-HEADER=NO Property label is not displayed.
PROP-HEADER= The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
"string" property label and overrides the PROP-LABEL
specification. You can use the TFF variables @PROP
(property label) and @UNITS (units label) within this
string. Can be truncated in the stream summary but
displays in full in the stream table.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
COMPS-HEADER Component header. Used with component-dependent property only.
COMPS- Component header, consisting of a component ID, is
HEADER=YES used. The component ID is indented two spaces.
(Default)
COMPS- The component ID is not displayed.
HEADER=NO

36-10 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 COMPS-HEADER= The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
"string" component header. The TFF variable @COMPS
(component ID) can be used within this string. Can be
truncated in the stream summary but displays in full in
the stream table.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
SUBSTREAM- Substream header
HEADER
SUBSTREAM- Substream header of the form "Substream: ssid" is used.
HEADER= (Default)
YES
SUBSTREAM- Substream header is not displayed.
HEADER=
NO
SUBSTREAM- The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
HEADER= substream header. The TFF variable @SUBSTREAM
"string" (substream ID) can be used within this string. Can be
truncated in the stream summary but displays in full in
the stream table.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
PB-HEADER Phase-Basis header
PB-HEADER=YES Phase-Basis header of the form "basis phase" is used.
(Default)
PB-HEADER=NO Phase-Basis header is not displayed.
PB-HEADER= The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
"string" Phase-Basis header. The TFF variables @BASIS (basis)
and @PHASE (phase) can be used within this string.
Can be truncated in the stream summary but displays in
full in the stream table.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
TEMP-HEADER Temperature header. Used when the property is calculated at a specified
temperature.
TEMP-HEADER=YES Temperature header of the form **Temperature
value**" is used. (Default)
TEMP-HEADER=NO No temperature header is displayed.
TEMP-HEADER= The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
"string" temperature header. You can use the TFF variable
@TEMP (temperature) within this string. Can be
truncated in the stream summary but displays in full in
the stream table.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences
PRES-HEADER Pressure header. Used when the property is calculated at a specified pressure.
PRES-HEADER=YES Pressure header of the form"**Pressure value**" is used.
(Default)
PRES-HEADER=NO No pressure header is displayed.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-11

 PRES-HEADER= The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
"string" pressure header. You can use the TFF variable @PRES
(pressure) within this string. Can be truncated in the
stream summary but displays in full in the stream table.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
LVPCT-HEADER Liquid volume percent header. Used with liquid volume percent dependent
properties only.
LVPCT-HEADER= Liquid volume percent header, consisting of a liquid
YES volume percent, is used. (Default)
LVPCT-HEADER=NO Liquid volume percent is not displayed.
LVPCT-HEADER= The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
"string" liquid volume percent header. You can use the TFF
variable @LVPCT (liquid volume percent) within this
string. Can be truncated in the stream summary but
displays in full in the stream table.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
COMP-ATTR- Component attribute header
HEADER
COMP-ATTR- Component attribute header of the form "cid cattr-id" is
HEADER= used. (Default)
YES
COMP-ATTR- Component attribute header is not displayed.
HEADER=
NO
COMP-ATTR- The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
HEADER= component attribute header. You can use the TFF
"string" variable @COMPS (component) and @COMP-ATTR
(component attribute) within this string.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
SUBS-ATTR- Substream attribute header
HEADER
SUBS-ATTR- Substream attribute header of the form "ssid sattr-id" is
HEADER= used. (Default)
YES
SUBS-ATTR- Substream attribute header is not displayed.
HEADER=
NO
SUBS-ATTR- The specified string of up to 20 characters is used as the
HEADER= substream attribute header. You can use the TFF variable
"string" @SUBS-ATTR (substream attribute) within this string.
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
COMP-ATTR-ELEM Component attribute element to be displayed. For example, component attribute
SULFANAL has three elements: PYRITIC, SULFATE, and ORGANIC.
COMP-ATTR-ELEM= List of component attribute elements
cattr-elem-list

36-12 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 COMP-ATTR-ELEM= All elements (Default)
ALL
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
SUBS-ATTR-ELEM Particle size distribution interval number to be displayed.
SUBS-ATTR-ELEM= List of particle size distribution intervals
sattr-elem-list
SUBS-ATTR-ELEM= All intervals (Default)
ALL
Applies to both DISPLAY and PROP sentences.
Header Sentence The order of the header sentences (TITLE, STREAM-ID-LABEL,
Order in the Stream SOURCE-LABEL, DEST-LABEL, PHASE-LABEL) in your TFF
Table indicates the order of header information in the stream table. The
order of these sentences has no effect on the stream summary form.
You must specify YES or supply your own label to display a
header on the stream table.
You can specify up to 20 characters for STREAM-ID-LABEL,
SOURCE-LABEL, DEST-LABEL, and PHASE-LABEL. Your
specified label does not appear on the stream summary form.
Formats for Numbers There are three conversion formats (%-xx.yye, %-xx.yyf, %-
xx.yyg). The conversion format variables are:
Variable Explanation
% Percent character. Lead character for format specification.
– Optional minus sign, which left-justifies the number. Without the minus sign, the number is
right-justified.
xx A digit string specifying a minimum field length for the converted number. The number takes
at least this much space to print, and more if necessary.
yy A digit string specifying the precision, (that is, the number of digits) to be printed to the right
of the decimal point.
e Number is converted to the form [-]a.bbbbbbbe[±]cc. Length of b is specified by yy (Default
is 6). Use uppercase E in the format specification for uppercase E in the printed numbers.
f Number is converted to the form [-]aaa.bbbbbb. Length of b is specified by yy (Default is 6).
g The shorter of %e or %f is used. Use uppercase G in the format specification for uppercase E
in the printed numbers.
The recommended format is %10.2f. This format prints values
with two digits to the right of the decimal, if there is room. If the
number is greater than 9,999,999, Aspen Plus eliminates the
fractional digits, then spills over the field range to the left.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-13

 Other common formats used in stream tables are:
Stream table format Prints
%10.0f Whole numbers, with no decimal digits or exponents
%10.nf Numbers without exponents and with n digits to the right of the decimal point, if
there is room. Decimal points line up, unless decimal digits have been eliminated
in some numbers.
%10.nE Numbers in exponential notation, with n+1 significant digits
The f format is most common in stream tables. You can use the
SCALE option, or "large units" (for example, MMBTU/HR instead
of BTU/HR). This option reduces the size of the value printed, so it
fits in the table with the f format specification.
Any number forced to display as zero with the specified f format is
displayed as "< number", where number is the smallest number
that can be displayed by that format. For example, the number
0.002 displayed under the %10.2f format is < 0.01
The NORMALIZE The NORMALIZE option is used with the component flows or
Option fraction properties, as shown in the following table:
If the component property is Then it is normalized to
Mole flow (MOLEFLOW) Total mole flow (MOLEFLMX) of
the same substream
Mass flow (MASSFLOW) Total mass flow (MASSFLMX) of
the same substream
Standard vapor volume (VVSTD) Total standard vapor volume
(VVSTDMX) of the same substream
Standard liquid volume (VLSTD) Total standard liquid volume
(VLSTDMX) of the same substream
Mole fraction (MOLEFRAC) 1
Mass fraction (MASSFRAC) 1
Standard vapor volume fraction 1
(VVSTDFR)
Standard liquid volume fraction 1
(VLSTDFR)
The component property displayed is forced to add up to exactly
the normalization value. For example, suppose you display mass
fractions with two digits (such as %10.2f) and NORMALIZE =
YES. Aspen Plus adjusts the new fractions to sum to exactly 1.00,
even if the value of each mass fraction rounded to 2 digits adds up
to 0.99.

36-14 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 PPM, PPB, and The options FORMAT, PPM, PPB, and TRACE are related when
TRACE Options you specify a format on the flow or fraction properties. For
example, assume you have the following specification:
PROP MOLEFLOW FORMAT="%10.2f" PPM=1e-3
PPB=1e-6 TRACE=1e-9
This specification is shown in this diagram:
TRACE PPB PPM

0 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 1

If MOLEFLOW is Then the value is displayed as

Not calculated Blank or string specified in MISSING-LABEL
0 0.0 or string specified in ZERO-LABEL
−9
< 10 Blank or string specified in TRACE-LABEL
−9 −6
10 ≤ MOLEFLOW < 10 1 - 999 PPB
−6 −3
10 ≤ MOLEFLOW < 10 1 - 999 PPM
−3 −2
10 ≤ MOLEFLOW < 10 < 0.01
−2
≥ 10 Number as converted by the %10.2f format

You should always maintain the following relationship:

TRACE < PPB < PPM < Format precision
Example of a Full TFF The following is the system default TFF. The intent of this TFF is
to mimic the Aspen Plus stream report as closely as possible.
; This TFF mimics the Aspen Plus stream report and
reports all
; calculated properties.
.;
title=yes
stream-id-label=yes
source-label=yes
dest-label=yes
phase-label=yes
;
begloop substream=all
display all
prop moleflow prop-label="Mole Flow"
prop massflow prop-label="Mass Flow"
prop vlstd prop-label="Liq Vol 60F"
prop molefrac prop-label="Mole Frac"
prop massfrac prop-label="Mass Frac"
prop vlstdfr prop-label="LiqVolFrac60F"

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-15

 prop moleflmx prop-label="Total Flow"
prop massflmx prop-label="Total Flow"
prop volflmx prop-label="Total Flow"
prop vlstdmx prop-label="Liq Vol 60F"
prop temp prop-label="Temperature"
prop pres prop-label="Pressure"
prop vfrac prop-label="Vapor Frac"
prop lfrac prop-label="Liquid Frac"
prop sfrac prop-label="Solid Frac"
prop hmx prop-label="Enthalpy"
prop smx prop-label="Entropy"
prop rhomx prop-label="Density"
prop mwmx prop-label="Average MW"
;
; batch properties follow
;
; first, component-dependent properties
;
prop cmass_time prop-label = "Mass Flow"
prop cmole_time prop-label = "Mole Flow"
prop cvol_time prop-label = "Vol Flow"
prop cmass_cycle prop-label = "Mass/Cycle"
prop cmole_cycle prop-label = "Mole/Cycle"
prop cvol_cycle prop-label = "Vol/Cycle"
;
; overall stream properties
;
prop cycle_time prop-label = "Cycle Time"
prop oper_time prop-label = "Operat Time"
prop ntrain prop-label = "No. Trains"
prop mass_time prop-label = "Mass Flow"
prop mole_time prop-label = "Mole Flow"
prop vol_time prop-label = "Vol Flow"
prop enth_time prop-label = "Enthalpy"
prop mass_cycle prop-label = "Mass/Cycle"
prop mole_cycle prop-label = "Mole/Cycle"
prop vol_cycle prop-label = "Vol/Cycle"
prop enth_cycle prop-label = "Enthalpy/Cycle"
;
endloop
This is a general TFF that handles any stream class and any
number of property sets. The BEGLOOP and ENDLOOP
statements enclose the DISPLAY ALL keyword, which instructs
Aspen Plus to loop through all substreams and display all
properties found in each substream.
The header sentences (TITLE, STREAM-ID-LABEL, SOURCE-
LABEL, DEST-LABEL, and PHASE-LABEL) are specified to
take on the default values. The order of the header sentences
dictates how they are printed in the stream table. Since these
sentences are specified before any DISPLAY sentences, the header
information is displayed above the stream values in the stream
table.

36-16 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 Whenever Aspen Plus displays a property that is mentioned in the
system default TFF, the corresponding property label is used. For
example, when Aspen Plus displays density, the label "Density" is
used. The default label is used for any property without a specified
label. For example, the label RHOMX is used if PROP-
LABEL="Density" is not specified.
All six combinations of component flow or fraction (mole, mass,
standard volume) are specified to anticipate your specifications. If
Aspen Plus cannot find the property you specify, nothing appears.
Example of Customizing Create the following TFF file to customize your stream table:
a TFF for Generating a
Stream Table
title="Ethylene plant separation train - Section 105"
stream-id-label="Streams"
display only format="%10.2f" substream-header=no
prop molefrac prop-header="Comp mole fraction" &
comps-header=" @comps" mw=yes mw-bp-format="%6.1f" &
normalize=yes ppm=1e-3 trace=1e-7 trace-label="---"
text " "
prop moleflmx prop-label="Total Mole Flow" &
units="LBMOL/DAY" units-label="Lbmol/Day" &
scale=1e3 scale-label="M"
prop massflmx prop-label="Total Mass Flow" &
units="LB/DAY" units-label="Lb/Day" &
scale=1e3 scale-label="M"
text " "
prop temp prop-label="T" units="F" units-label="Deg F"
prop pres prop-label="P" units="PSI" units-label="Psi"
prop rhomx prop-label="Density" units="LB/CUFT" &
units-label="Lb/Cuft"

Notice the following in the stream table:

• The stream ID label is customized. The source and destination
labels are not printed.
• The DISPLAY ONLY sentence limits the display to the
following properties: component mole fractions, total mole
flow, total mass flow, temperature, pressure, and mass density.
The format is 2-decimal-place precision.
• For the mole fraction section, the component IDs are indented
two spaces. The molecular weights are displayed next to the
component IDs with 1-decimal-place precision. The mole
fractions are normalized to 1.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Stream Summary Formats • 36-17

 • The possible mole fraction values are displayed according to
FORMAT, TRACE, PPM, and TRACE-LABEL specifications,
as described in the following table:
If MOLEFRAC is Then value is displayed as
Not calculated Blank
0 0.0
−7
< 10 —
−7 −6
10 ≤ MOLEFRAC < 10 < 1 PPM
−6 −3
10 ≤ MOLEFRAC < 10 1 - 999 PPM
−3 −2
10 ≤ MOLEFRAC < 10 < 0.01
−2
≥ 10 Number as converted by the %10.2f format
• Total mole flow is requested with units of "LBMOL/DAY."
Total massflow is requested with units of "LB/DAY."
• Two blank rows are inserted for cosmetic purposes.
• Properties (temperature, pressure, and mass density) are
requested. The property labels for these properties are
customized.

36-18 • Stream Summary Formats Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 C H A P T E R 37

Working with Other Windows

Programs

The Aspen Plus Windows user interface is built using Microsoft's

OLE Automation (ActiveX™) technology. This technology
enables you to transfer data easily to and from other Windows®
programs. It enables you to access simulation data and methods
through an Automation client, such as Visual Basic® (VB).
See one of the following topics for help on Windows
interoperability features:
• About copying, pasting and OLE
• Copying and pasting simulation data
• Copying and pasting plots
• Creating active links between Aspen Plus and other Windows
applications
• Using embedded objects in your flowsheet

About Copying, Pasting, and OLE

Because Aspen Plus is a true Windows application, you can take
advantage of full Windows interoperability and object linking and
embedding (OLE). You can make your simulation work more
productive by creating active links between input/output fields in
Aspen Plus and other applications such as Word® and Excel®.
For example, simulation results such as column profiles and stream
results can be pasted into a spreadsheet for further analysis, into a
word processor for reporting and documentation, into a design
program, or into a database for case storage and management.
Live data links can be established that update these applications as
the process model is changed to automatically propagate results of

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-1
 engineering changes. The benefits to you are quick and error-free
data transfer and consistent engineering results throughout the
engineering work process.
Copying and Pasting In Aspen Plus, data contained in the fields of input and result
Simulation Data forms can be copied and pasted using the standard Copy and Paste
commands on the Edit menu. For example, you can copy
information from a field or group of fields in Aspen Plus, and then
paste it into:
• Another location within the same Aspen Plus simulation
• Another Aspen Plus simulation
• Any other Windows application such as Word, Excel, or
Access®
Copying Data To copy information in Aspen Plus using the Copy command:
1 Select (or highlight) the information you wish to copy.
To select an individual field of data, simply click the mouse in
the field.
To select multiple fields of data, hold down the Ctrl key while
clicking the mouse on multiple fields.
When copying values from a table, you can:
• Click-and-drag the mouse over a desired range of results
• Select an entire column of data by clicking the column
heading
• Select an entire row of data by clicking the row selector
button (on the left of the row of data)
• Select the entire table by clicking the button on the top left
corner of the table
2 From the Edit menu, click Copy, or on the keyboard, press Ctrl
+ C.
The selected values are now contained in the Windows paste
buffer, and can be pasted into Aspen Plus, or another Windows
application.
Note: When selecting data to be copied from a field in Aspen Plus,
the entire field of information is copied, not just a selected portion
of the field. For example, if a field contains as its value the number
"1234.567", you cannot use the mouse to highlight a portion of the
value (such as "123") for copying.
The Copy command always copies the whole field, with these
exceptions:
• The Setup Specifications Description sheet
• Any Fortran or Declarations input sheet

37-2 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • The Comments dialog box for individual forms
Use the text box on these sheets for entering information, and to
select and copy information.
Copying with Format By default, the Copy command copies only the value (or values) of
information. Use the Copy with Format command from the Edit
menu to request that the label, units and basis for the values be
included with the value.
To copy information in Aspen Plus using the Copy with Format
command:
1 Select (or highlight) the information you wish to copy.
To select an individual field of data, click the mouse in the
field.
To select multiple fields of data, hold down the Ctrl key while
clicking the mouse on multiple fields.
Tip: When copying values from a table, you can click-and-drag
the mouse over a desired range of results, or you can select an
entire column or row of data by clicking the column heading or
row selector button.
2 From the Edit menu, click Copy with Format.
3 On the Copying dialog box that appears, click the check boxes
representing the type(s) of information that you want to be
included in the copy buffer.

4 Click OK.
The selected information is now contained in the Windows
paste buffer, and can be pasted into Aspen Plus, or another
Windows application.
Note: You can change the default formats included with the
standard Copy command, by selecting options in the Copy Buffer
Format frame of the General sheet on the Tools Options dialog
box.
Pasting To paste information in Aspen Plus using the Paste command:
1 First, ensure that the paste buffer contains information that has
been copied from Aspen Plus, or another Windows application.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-3
 2 Click the mouse in the input field where you wish to paste the
information. For multiple fields of information, click in the
upper-left most field.
3 From the Edit menu, click Paste or on the keyboard, press Ctrl
+ V.
4 If prompted with a message asking if you want to extend the
grid, click Yes. Aspen Plus needs to extend the grid if you are
pasting more rows or columns of data than are currently
displayed.
The information contained in the paste buffer will now appear
in the field, or group of fields you selected with the cursor.
This information remains in the paste buffer, and can be pasted
into additional locations by repeating steps 2 through 4.
Note: The Paste command has automatic filtering which prevents
the pasting of inconsistent or inappropriate information. For
example, you cannot paste a real value into an integer input field.
Example of Cutting and In this example, stream results are pasted into stream input fields.
Pasting Within Aspen This is a common task when you want to save final results as
Plus initial estimates for tear streams.
1 Open stream results. To do this, click the tear stream to select
it, then click it with the right mouse button. On the popup menu
that appears, click Results.
2 In the Data Browser, click the left mouse button on the molar
flowrate of the first component in the list, and drag the mouse
down to select all the values for component molar flowrates.

Tip: If all the component flowrates are not displayed, you can
expand the Data Browser window to display more components. Or

37-4 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 you can select the component flowrates by holding down the Ctrl
key and clicking with the mouse.
3 From the Edit menu, click Copy.
4 Using the Data Browser, open the Streams Input Specifications
sheet for the tear stream.
5 In the Composition frame, click in the first cell in the Value
column.
6 From the Edit menu, click Paste.
The molar flowrates from the stream results have been copied into
the stream input specifications. You can now enter two state
variables (you could also copy these values if you wish) to
complete the initial estimates for this tear stream.

Example of Pasting This example shows the steps necessary to paste column profile
Aspen Plus Results Into results from a RadFrac block in Aspen Plus into an Excel
Other Applications spreadsheet.
1 Open the column profile results. To do this, in the Process
Flowsheet window, click the RadFrac column to select it, then
click it with the right mouse button. From the menu that
appears, click Results.
2 In the left pane of the Data Browser window, click the Profiles
results form.
3 On the Profiles result form, click and drag over the results you
wish to copy.
– or –
Hold down the Ctrl key while you click the column headings
for the data you wish to copy.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-5
 4 From the Edit menu, click Copy.
5 Open a spreadsheet in Excel.
6 Select a cell in the Excel spreadsheet where you want to paste
the information.
7 From the Edit menu in Excel, click Paste.
The copied RadFrac results profile has been pasted into the
spreadsheet, where it can be manipulated, reformatted,
combined with additional data, and plotted using the features of
Excel. This same data could also be pasted into other
applications such as a table in Word, or a database in Access.

37-6 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Example of Pasting Data In this example, atmospheric Txy data for ethyl acetate and ethanol
From Another Application will be copied from an Excel spreadsheet and pasted into a
Into Aspen Plus Properties Data form in Aspen Plus.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-7
 1 In the Aspen Plus simulation, create a properties data set of an
appropriate type to input the data. In this case, open or create a
mixture Txy data set (from the Properties Data Object
Manager) for the components ethyl acetate and ethanol, at a
pressure of 1 atmosphere.
2 Open the Properties Data mixture form for the newly created
data set, and examine the format for the columns of data.
Modify units and standard deviations if necessary.
Notice that there are columns for the compositions of ethanol,
as well as ethyl acetate.

The composition for the second component need not be

entered, as it will be calculated as the difference between 1 and
the composition of the first component. This means that you
must use two copy and paste operations to transfer the data
from Excel to Aspen Plus:
• Firstly, copy the Temperature and X columns
• Then copy the Y column
3 Open the Excel spreadsheet containing the data.
4 Click and drag to select the data to be copied. For the first copy
operation, select the temperature and liquid composition data.

37-8 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 5 From the Edit menu in Excel, click Copy.
6 In Aspen Plus, on the Data sheet for the newly created data set,
select the first empty cell in the Temperature column.
7 From the Aspen Plus Edit menu, click Paste.
8 In the Paste dialog box, click Yes to extend the data grid.
The temperature and liquid composition data is transferred into
the Data sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-9
 9 Return to the Excel spreadsheet, and select the vapor
composition data, by clicking and dragging the mouse.
10 From the Edit menu in Excel, click Copy.
11 In Aspen Plus, on the Data sheet, select the first empty cell in
the Y column for ethyl acetate.
12 From the Aspen Plus Edit menu, click Paste.
The vapor composition data is transferred into the Data sheet.
You can now use this data set to estimate or regress property
parameters in Aspen Plus.
Copying and Pasting After generating plots in Aspen Plus, you can copy the plots and
Plots and Other paste them into the process flowsheet or into other Windows
Images applications as images. You can also copy images created in other
Windows applications, such as graphs created in Excel, and paste
them into the Aspen Plus process flowsheet.
See one of the following topics for help:
• Copying a plot or image in Aspen Plus
• Pasting a plot or image to the Process Flowsheet window
• Attaching plots or images to flowsheet blocks
Copying a Plot in Aspen To copy a plot in Aspen Plus:
Plus
1 Generate the desired plot and format the appearance of the plot
as you want it to appear when pasted. For details on creating
and formatting plots, see chapter 13, Working with Plots.
2 Select the plot in the Aspen Plus main window.
3 From the Edit menu, click Copy.
The plot is copied to the paste buffer.
Use Paste to paste the plot into the process flowsheet, or into
other Windows applications.
Pasting a Plot or Image To paste a plot into the process flowsheet:
onto the Aspen Plus
1 Ensure that the paste buffer contains the desired plot or other
Process Flowsheet
image. See Copying a Plot in Aspen Plus for more information.
2 Click in an empty part of the process flowsheet.
3 From the Edit menu, click Paste.
The image appears as an icon in the process flowsheet.
You can move or resize the image, like any object in the
flowsheet drawing. If the image is a plot, you can also change
its formatting. To do this, click the plot with the right mouse
button. From the menu that appears, click Properties. For more
information on formatting plots, see chapter 13, Working with
Plots.

37-10 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Attaching Plots or Images When a plot or image has been pasted onto the process flowsheet,
to Flowsheet Blocks you can attach (or associate) the image to a block on the flowsheet.
Attaching an image to a flowsheet block ensures that when the
block is moved, the image will maintain is location with respect to
the block.
To attach an image to a flowsheet block:
1 Select the image that you wish to attach.
2 Click with the right mouse button on the image, and from the
menu that appears, click Attach.
The cursor changes to a cross-hair symbol.
3 Click the flowsheet block to which you want to attach the
image.
The image is now attached to the selected flowsheet block. If
the block is later moved to another location on the flowsheet,
the image will maintain its spatial arrangement with respect to
the block.
Example of Copying a In this example, a plot of RadFrac composition profiles will be
Plot and Pasting it onto copied and pasted onto the process flowsheet.
the Process Flowsheet
1 First, use the Plot Wizard to generate the plot of composition
profiles, and format it as you wish.

2 Select the plot and from the Edit menu, click Copy.
3 Click in an empty area of the process flowsheet.
4 From the Edit menu, click Paste.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-11
 5 Position and size the plot as needed.

Example of Pasting a Plot In this example, the plot copied in the previous example will be
into Another Application pasted into a Word document.
1 First, use the Plot Wizard to generate the plot of composition
profiles, and format it as you wish.
2 Select the plot, then from the Edit menu, click Copy.
3 Start Word, and open the file in which you want to paste the
plot.
4 Click in the Word document where you want to paste the plot.
5 From the Edit menu, click Paste.

37-12 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Example of Pasting In this example, an Excel graph will be placed onto the Aspen Plus
Images From Other process flowsheet.
Windows Applications 1 First, generate the desired graph or image in another
Onto the Aspen Plus application. In this case, a pie chart is created in Excel.
Process Flowsheet

2 In Excel, select the graph, and from the Edit menu, click Copy.
3 Open the Aspen Plus simulation where you want to paste the
Excel graph.
4 Click on an empty area of the process flowsheet.
5 From the Edit menu in Aspen Plus, click Paste.
6 Move and resize the graph, and adjust the flowsheet view as
necessary.
The Excel graph now appears on the process flowsheet.

Creating Active Links Between Aspen

Plus and Other Windows
Applications
When copying and pasting information, you can create active links
between input or results fields in Aspen Plus and other applications
such as Word and Excel. The links update these applications as the

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-13
 process model is modified to automatically propagate results of
engineering changes.
Creating Active Links To create active links between a result in Aspen Plus and another
Between an Aspen Windows application:
Plus Result and 1 Make sure you have both applications open:
another Windows
Application • Aspen Plus open with the completed simulation and results
available
• Another Windows application open with the file where you
wish to paste the active link to Aspen Plus results
2 Open the Aspen Plus results form containing the information to
be linked.
3 Select the desired results.
To select an individual field of data, simply click in the field.
To select multiple fields of data, hold down the Ctrl key while
clicking the mouse on multiple fields.
When copying values from a table, you can:
• Click-and-drag the mouse over a desired range of results
• Select an entire column of data by clicking the column
heading
• Select an entire row of data by clicking the row selector
button
• Select the entire table of data by clicking the button on the
top left corner of the table
4 From the Edit menu, click Copy (or Copy with Format). If you
choose Copy with Format, in the Copying dialog box, check
the items you want included with the value (Label, Units or
Basis), and click OK.
5 Go to the appropriate location in another Windows application,
where you wish to paste the active link.
6 From the Edit menu in the other application, choose Paste
Special.
7 In the Paste Special dialog box, click the Paste Link radio
button and make sure you are pasting as text by selecting Text
in the As box.
8 Click OK to close the Paste Special dialog box.
Now an active link has been established between Aspen Plus
(the source document) and another application.
9 When you exit, be sure you save both the Aspen Plus file and
the other application file. If you do not, the link will not work
when you open the files. If you save the link source file
(Aspen Plus in this case) with another name, you must save the

37-14 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 link container (other application file) after saving the
Aspen Plus run.
The link source is the program that is providing the data.
The link container is the program into which you paste the link.
Example of Creating In this example, RadFrac condenser duty results will be copied
Active Links from with units, and pasted into an Excel spreadsheet as an active link.
Aspen Plus Results into
Excel 1 Open the RadFrac ResultsSummary Summary sheet to view the
results for condenser duty.

2 On the Summary sheet, click the result value for condenser

duty.
3 From the Edit menu, click Copy with Format.
4 In the Copying dialog box, check the Unit checkbox, then click
OK.

5 Open the Excel spreadsheet, and select the cell where you want
to create the link to the Aspen Plus results for condenser duty.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-15
 6 From the Edit menu in Excel, choose Paste Special.
7 In the Paste Special dialog box, click the Paste Link radio
button.
8 Select Text in the As: list, and click OK.
The condenser duty and units are copied into the specified
location.

The pasted value is an active link between Aspen Plus (the source
document) and the Excel spreadsheet (the destination document.)
As inputs are changed in the Aspen Plus model, and the simulation
is rerun to generate new results, the active link displayed in the
Excel spreadsheet will reflect the changes.
You can review the source of the link in Excel by selecting the
linked cell in Excel. The source will display in the Excel Formula
Bar below the toolbar.

37-16 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 You can view and modify the status of the link in Excel by
selecting Links from the Edit menu.
Creating Active Links In addition to creating active links from Aspen Plus to other
from a Windows applications, you can also create active links from other
Application to Aspen applications such as Word or Excel, to input fields within
Plus Input Fields Aspen Plus simulations. This can be used to create a simple
interface to your simulation models for non Aspen Plus users (e.g.
operators or other engineers.)
1 Make sure you have:
• Aspen Plus open at the completed simulation where you
will add the active link
• Another Windows application open at the source file from
where you will originate the active link to an Aspen Plus
input field
2 In the source file of the other application, select the
information to be linked. For example, in Excel, click in the
cell containing the data to be linked.
3 From the Edit menu in the other application, click Copy.
4 In Aspen Plus, open the appropriate input form, and select the
field where the information will be pasted to create the active
link.
5 From the Edit menu in Aspen Plus, click Paste Special.
6 In the Paste Special dialog box, click the Paste Link button and
ensure you are pasting as text by selecting Text in the As list.
7 Click OK to close the Paste Special dialog box.
Now an active link has been established between another
application (the source document) and Aspen Plus (the
destination document); if you change a value in the source
document, the change will be reflected on the appropriate
Aspen Plus input forms.
8 When you exit, ensure you save both the Aspen Plus file and
the other application file. If you do not, the link will not work
when you open the files. If you save the link source (the other
application in this case) with a different file name, you must
save the link container (Aspen Plus) after saving the other
application file.
Example of Creating a In this example, an active link will be established from Excel that
Link from Excel to an controls the reflux ratio of a column in Aspen Plus.
Aspen Plus Input Field
1 Open the Excel spreadsheet to display the data from where you
will establish the link (the source file.)
2 Select the cell containing the information that will be linked.
3 From the Edit menu in Excel, click Copy.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-17
 4 In the Aspen Plus simulation, open the RadFrac Setup
Configuration sheet, and select the field for the value of Reflux
Ratio.
5 From the Edit menu in Aspen Plus, click Paste Special.
6 In the Paste Special dialog box, click the Paste Link radio
button and make sure you are pasting as text by selecting Text
in the As list.
7 Click OK to close the Paste Special dialog box.
The reflux ratio displayed on the RadFrac Setup Configuration
sheet is now an active link to the source cell in the Excel
spreadsheet. Any changes made to the linked cell in the Excel
spreadsheet will automatically be reflected in the simulation
input.
To illustrate the effect of the active link established in this
example:
1 Open the Excel spreadsheet, and change the reflux ratio in the
linked cell from 8 to 10.
2 Open the RadFrac Setup Configuration sheet again, and note
that the new value for reflux ratio has been automatically
changed.

Saving and Opening Files with Active

Links
If you create active links between Aspen Plus and other Windows
programs, you must follow a few rules to ensure that the links
continue to work when you save files and open them again. You
should understand the following terms:
• The link source is the program that is providing the data.
• The link container is the program into which you paste the link.
For example, if you copy data from Aspen Plus and use Paste
Special to paste a link into Excel, Aspen Plus is the link source and
Excel is the link container.
Saving Files with When you save files with active links:
Active Links • Be sure to save both the link source file and the link container
file. If you do not, the link will not be there when you open the
files again.
• If you save the link source with a different name (for example,
using Save As), you must save the link container after saving
the link source. This is because the link container contains the
file name of the link source.

37-18 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • If you have active links in both directions between the two
applications and you change the name of both files, you must
do three Save operations:
• Save the first application with a new name
• Save the second application with a new name
• Save the first application again
For example, if you have links in both directions between
Aspen Plus and Excel:
• Use Save As in Aspen Plus to save the run as MYRUN
• Go to Excel and use Save As
• Return to Aspen Plus and Save
Note: Links are saved when you save in Aspen Plus Document
format (.apw) or Aspen Plus Backup format (.bkp).
Opening Files with When you open the link source file, there is nothing special that
Active Links you need do.
When you open the link container file, you will usually see a
dialog box asking you if you want to re-establish the links.
Applications will behave differently or may show different dialog
boxes.
If you:
Click Then And
No The link will not be active Any changes you make in
the link source will not be
reflected in the link
container.
Yes Windows will re-establish the link You will not see the
and open the link source application on the
application in background. That is, Windows taskbar. You
the application will be open and might notice a pause as
running, but there will be no visible Windows activates the
windows for the application. application.
In some cases, when the link source is running in background, you
might want to make the application visible (have its windows
displayed) so that you can make changes.
Making the Link Source In some cases, when the link source is running in background, you
Visible might want to make the application visible (have its windows
displayed) so that you can make changes.
For example, you may be using Excel (as link source) to supply
feed stream data to an Aspen Plus simulation (the link container).
Normally, you can just open Aspen Plus, re-establish the links, and
run the simulation. But if you want to change the feed stream data

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-19
 or add links to a another piece of data in the Excel spreadsheet, you
need to make Excel visible.
The method to make the link source application visible depends on
the application:
• For some applications, for example Aspen Plus and Microsoft
Word, you can open the file in the normal way using Open
from the File menu or double-clicking the file in Windows
Explorer.
• For other applications, like Excel, if you try to open the file in
the normal way, you will receive a message that the file is
locked or in use by another user. If you proceed and open the
file, you are actually working on another copy of the document
and links will not work properly.
Because of problems with some applications, follow this procedure
to make the link source application visible:
1 From the Edit menu in the link container application, select
Links.
The Links dialog box appears.

2 In the Links dialog box, select the source file and click Open
Source.
Now the link source application is visible. The application will
appear on the Windows taskbar.
Updating References in Microsoft Excel has an option which you must use to ensure that
Excel links are correctly re-established when you open files with active
links. To check the option:
1 In Excel, from the Tools menu, click Options.
2 In the Options dialog box, click the Calculations tab.
3 Ensure the Update Remote References checkbox is selected.
There is also an option to Save External Link Values. This
controls the behavior of Excel when you have links but do not

37-20 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 re-establish them when you open the file or the links become
broken.
If this option is Excel will display
Selected The last value it had before the link was broken
Clear An error

Using Embedded Objects in the

Process Flowsheet Window
You can embed other applications as objects in the Process
Flowsheet window.
For example, you can embed a Word document or an Excel
spreadsheet into the Process Flowsheet window. There are two
ways you can do this:
• Using Copy and Paste
• Using the Insert dialog box
Embedding an Object To embed an object using Copy and Paste:
Using Copy and 1 In the source application, select the data, text, or other object
Paste you want to embed.
2 From the Edit menu of the source application, click Copy.
3 Go to Aspen Plus and make sure that the Process Flowsheet
Window is the current window:
If you are using You should
Workbook mode Click the Process Flowsheet tab
Flowsheet as Click the flowsheet in the background
Wallpaper
Normal View Select the Process Flowsheet window
4 In Aspen Plus, from the Edit menu, click Paste.
Embedding an Object To embed an object using the Insert Object dialog box:
Using the Insert 1 In Aspen Plus, ensure that the Process Flowsheet Window is
Object Dialog Box the current window.
If you are using You should
Workbook mode Click the Process Flowsheet tab
Flowsheet as Click the flowsheet in the background
Wallpaper
Normal View Select the Process Flowsheet window
2 From the Edit menu, point to Insert, then New Object.
3 To embed a new object, click Create New and in the Object
Type list, select the application or object.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Working with Other Windows Programs • 37-21
 To embed an object from an existing file, select Create From
File and specify the file.
Modifying an You can modify an embedded object:
Embedded Object
To Do this
Edit the object using the Double-click on the object.
source application – or –
within Aspen Plus 1. Click the object to select it
2. Click the right mouse button.
3. On the popup-menu, point to Objecttype Object, then Edit.
The menus and toolbar in Aspen Plus are replaced with those of the source
application. You can edit the object. When you are done, click anywhere in the
Process Flowsheet Window to exit the application.
Activate the source 1. Click the object to select it
application to edit the 2. Click the right mouse button.
object 3. On the popup-menu, point to Objecttype Object, then Open.
The source application opens in another window. You can edit the object. When
you exit the application, the object is updated in Aspen Plus.
Move the object 1. Click the object to select it.
The mouse pointer becomes the move shape
2. Click and hold the left mouse button while dragging the object
Resize the object 1. Click the object to select it.
2. Move the mouse to the edge or corner of the object.
The mouse pointer becomes to the resize shape
3. Hold down the left mouse button and drag the cursor until the object is the
desired size.
Attach the object to a 1. Click the object to select it.
block or stream in the 2. Click the right mouse button.
flowsheet 3. On the popup menu, click Attach.
4. Click the block or stream in the flowsheet.
The object is now attached to the selected block or stream. If the block or stream
is later moved to another location in the flowsheet, the image will maintain its
spatial arrangement with respect to the block.
Objecttype will depend on the source application.
Saving a Run With an Embedded objects are saved as part of a run only when you save in
Embedded Object Aspen Plus Document format (.apw files). When you save in
Backup format (.bkp files), the embedded object is not saved.

37-22 • Working with Other Windows Programs Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 38

Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX

Automation Server

See one of the following topics for help on the Aspen Plus ActiveX
Automation Server:
• About the Automation server
• Viewing the properties and methods of Aspen Plus objects
• Objects exposed by the Automation server
• Using the Variable Explorer to navigate the tree structure
• Navigating the tree structure in the Automation interface
• Data values and Node attributes
• Physical quantities and Units of Measure
• Referencing non-scalar data
• Flowsheet connectivity and automation
• Controlling the user interface
• Controlling a simulation problem
• Exporting files
• Members of Aspen Plus classes
This topic assumes that you are familiar with Visual Basic and
understand the concepts of object-oriented programming.
The examples in this topic use Visual Basic 5.0 and Visual Basic
for Applications (VBA) as the Automation Client. Examples are
based on the pfdtut example problem which is provided with the
standard Aspen Plus installation as a backup file named pfdtut.bkp.
If you installed Aspen Plus in the default location, this file is in
C:\Program Files\AspenTech\Aspen Plus 12.1\GUI\xmp.
If you installed Aspen Plus in the default location, the Visual Basic
examples in this topic are located in
C:\Program Files\AspenTech\Aspen Plus 12.1\GUI\vbexample.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-1
 About the Automation Server
The Aspen Plus Windows user interface is an ActiveX Automation
Server. The ActiveX technology (also called OLE Automation)
enables an external Windows application to interact with
Aspen Plus through a programming interface using a language
such as Microsoft's Visual Basic. The server exposes objects
through the COM object model.
With the Automation interface, you can:
• Connect both the inputs and the results of Aspen Plus
simulations to other applications such as design programs or
databases.
• Write your own user interface to an Aspen Plus plant model.
You can use this interface to distribute your plant model to
others who can run the Aspen Plus model without learning to
use the Aspen Plus user interface.
Using the Automation In order to use the Aspen Plus Automation Server, you must:
Server • Have Aspen Plus installed on your PC
• Be licensed to use Aspen Plus
Aspen Plus and Aspen Properties now share the same type library,
happ.tlb, which is located in the APrSystem GUI\xeq directory. If
you installed the APrSystem in the default directory, this will be:
C:\Program Files\AspenTech\APrSystem 12.1\GUI\xeq
The out-of-process server is apwn.exe. An in-process server
apwn.dll is also available.
Before you can access the Aspen Plus type library from Visual
Basic, in the Visual Basic Project References dialog box, you must
check the Aspen Plus GUI 12.1 Type Library box.
Before you can access the Aspen Plus type library from Excel
VBA, in the Excel Tools | References dialog box, you must check
the Aspen Plus GUI 12.1 Type Library box.
If Aspen Plus GUI 12.1 Type Library does not exist in the list,
click Browse and find happ.tlb in the directory listed above.
Error Handling Errors may occur in calling methods or accessing properties of the
Aspen Plus objects. It is important to create an error handler for all
code which accesses an automation interface. An automation
interface may return a dispatch error for many reasons, most of
which do not indicate fatal or even serious errors.
Unless there is an error handler in place any error will normally
cause a dialog box to be displayed on the user's screen. In VB the
error handler is in the form of an On Error statement, e.g. On Error

38-2 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Goto <line>. It is usual to create an error handling subroutine
which will tidy up and exit the application cleanly if any severe
errors are encountered.

Viewing the Properties and Methods

of Aspen Plus Objects
The properties and methods of the Aspen Plus objects may be
viewed in the Automation Client Object Browser:
In Visual Basic 5 and Excel, from the View menu, click Object
Browser.
In Excel, the Module sheet must be active for this menu item to be
present.
Most of the properties of Aspen Plus objects may be set through
the Automation interface to modify the simulation problem.
However some properties of simulation objects are read-only. If a
property is read-only this is shown in the VB Object Browser, but
not in the Excel VBA Object Browser.
Objects Exposed by The objects exposed by Aspen Plus are the HappLS (also called
Aspen Plus IHapp) and HappIP objects. These are the only object types that
the class Happ supports. An Aspen Plus application object may be
declared as an IHapp object or a HappLS object. An in-process
Aspen Plus object may be declared as a HappIP object. Through
one of these objects, the other objects and their properties and
methods may be accessed.
The objects exposed by Aspen Plus are as follows:
Object Description
HappLS The Aspen Plus client object
HappIP The Aspen Plus in-process client object
IHNode The Aspen Plus problem input and results data are
exposed as a tree structure composed of IHNode objects
IHNodeCol Each IHNode object may own other nodes, and these are
organized in an IHNodeCol collection object
IHAPEngine This object provides an interface to the Aspen Plus
simulation engine
The following code illustrates a method for creating a new Aspen
Plus simulation from the automation interface:
Dim MyAspenPlus As Object
Set MyAspenPlus = CreateObject("Apwn.Document")
MyAspenPlus.InitNew2
' Do stuff with Aspen Plus
' When done with Aspen Plus:
Set MyAspenPlus = Nothing

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-3
 The HappLS and HappIP The HappLS (IHapp) and HappIP objects are the principal objects
Objects exposed by Aspen Plus. These objects provide methods and
properties such as:
• Opening a simulation problem
• Controlling the visibility of the Aspen Plus GUI
• Saving a problem
• Outgoing events
Example of Opening A The following VB example obtains the simulation object for an
Simulation existing simulation problem stored in the backup file pfdtut.bkp,
and sets the Visible property to display the Aspen Plus graphical
user interface.
Function OpenSimulation() As HappLS
Dim ihAPSim As HappLS
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
' open existing simulation
Set ihAPSim = _
GetObject("C:\Aspen Plus 12.1\GUI\xmp\pfdtut.bkp")
' display the GUI
ihAPSim.Visible = True
Set OpenSimulation = ihAPSim
Exit Function
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "OpenSimulation raised error " & Err & ": " & Error(Err)
End
End Function

The effect of the GetObject reference is to create a process running

the Apwn.exe object server. Any references to the same problem
file from the same or other processes will connect to the same
running instance of the Apwn server.
Example of Starting The following VB example obtains the simulation object for an
Aspen Plus as an In- existing simulation problem stored in the backup file pfdtut.bkp,
Process Server while loading Aspen Plus as an in-process server, then illustrates
the proper way to shut down the in-process server to allow for
reuse by the same process.
Private Sub Command1_Click()
Dim aspen As HappIP

Set aspen = CreateObject("apwn.document.IP")

aspen.InitFromArchive2 "C:\Aspen Plus 12.1\GUI\xmp\pfdtut.bkp", 0
aspen.Visible = True

' Close Aspen Plus

aspen.Close
Set aspen = Nothing

' VB won't try to unload libraries until it unloads

' the form. The Aspen Plus dll needs to be unloaded
' before reuse by this process.
CoFreeUnusedLibraries

End Sub

38-4 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 The final step, calling CoFreeUnusedLibraries, is needed to allow
apwn.dll to be unloaded. This allows global variables to be
reinitialized if it is loaded again by the same executable.
The Aspen Plus Tree The input and results data in an Aspen Plus simulation problem are
Structure organized in a tree structure.
In order to access the data of interest in an Aspen Plus simulation,
you need to understand and navigate through the tree structure and
locate and identify the variables of interest. To do this, you can use
the Variable Explorer in the Aspen Plus User Interface.

Using the Variable Explorer to

Navigate the Tree Structure
Use the Variable Explorer to view and access variables associated
with your simulation. The Variable Explorer displays the attributes
of each variable in the simulation in a similar way to the Data
Browser.
To open the Variable Explorer:
• From the Tools menu, click Variable Explorer.

The Variable Explorer displays a tree view similar to the Data

Browser. The difference is that the Data Browser displays the
variables conveniently grouped and laid out on forms with prompt
text, scrolling controls, selection boxes and fields for data entry.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-5
 The Variable Explorer exposes the underlying variables within the
simulation problem.
The Variable Explorer is important to the Automation user because
it shows the names and the structure of the variables which may be
accessed through the Automation interface.
Note: The Variable Explorer is read-only. You cannot use the
Variable Explorer to change values or other attributes of variables.
If you navigate through the tree structure in the Variable Explorer,
it is possible to create new objects which you may not be able to
delete. For this reason, you should save your Aspen Plus run
before using the Variable Explorer and not save it after you use the
Variable Explorer.
Example of Using the This example gives instructions for using the Variable Explorer to
Variable Explorer access data in the RadFrac block (Block B6) in pfdtut.bkp.
1 From the Tools menu, click Variable Explorer to open the
Variable Explorer.
The tree view on the left displays just the node labeled Root.
2 Double-click on the Root folder icon or click on the + icon to
display the nodes immediately below this: Data, Unit Table and
Settings.
3 Expand Data to display the next level of nodes: Setup through
to Results Summary.
4 Expand the Blocks icon to reveal a list of blocks on the
flowsheet: B1 through B6.
5 Expand B6 to display nodes labeled Input through to Work
Results.
6 Expand Input to display a list of nodes labeled Unit Set through
to Y_EST.
These nodes represent the simulation input data for the
RadFrac block. For example, below the Input node, the node
labeled NSTAGE holds the input value for the number of
stages in the column.
7 Click on the Output node to display a list of nodes labeled Unit
Set through Y_MS.
These nodes represent the output data for the RadFrac block.
For example, below the Output node, the node labeled
BU_RATIO holds the result value for the boilup ratio.
The Path to Node field of the Variable Explorer displays the
path to the node which is currently open. From this field, you
can copy and paste directly into your program. To do this,
complete these steps:

38-6 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 8 Select the text in the Path to Node field, then click the right
mouse button.
9 From the menu that appears, click Copy.
10 Go to your application (for example, Visual Basic or the Excel
Module sheet).
11 From the Edit menu, click Paste.

Navigating the Tree Structure in the

Automation Interface
The tree structure observed in the Data Browser is reflected in the
Automation interface.
The objects in an Aspen Plus simulation are exposed as a tree
structure of IHNode node objects. The root node of the tree is
obtained by the Tree property of HappLS.
Each IHNode object may have zero or more offspring IHNode
objects. Each IHNode object has a Dimension property which
determines how the offspring nodes are organized. A leaf node (i.e.
one with no offspring) has a Dimension of zero.
The offspring nodes of a node object may be obtained as a
collection object, IHNodeCol from the Elements property of an
IHNode object.
To illustrate this, consider this example.
Example to Illustrate
a Collection Object
Sub GetCollectionExample(ihAPsim As HappLS)
' This example illustrates use of a collection object
Dim ihRoot As ihNode
Dim ihcolOffspring As IHNodeCol
Dim ihOffspring As ihNode
Dim strOut As String
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
'get the root of the tree
Set ihRoot = ihAPsim.Tree
'now get the collection of nodes immediately below the Root
Set ihcolOffspring = ihRoot.Elements
For Each ihOffspring In ihcolOffspring
strOut = strOut & Chr(13) & ihOffspring.Name
Next
MsgBox "Offspring nodes are: " & strOut, , "GetCollectionExample"
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "GetCollectionExample raised error" & Err & ": " & Error(Err)
End Sub

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-7
 The collection object ihcolOffspring contains the collection of
nodes immediately below the root, i.e. those nodes with the labels
Data, Unit Table and Settings as observed in the Variable Explorer.
Nodes within each collection object may be accessed in one of two
ways:
• You can iterate through the collection object using a For Each
… Next structure, accessing each node in turn.
• You can access a node explicitly using the Item property of the
IHNodeCol object. In order to identify a particular item in a
collection, the Item property takes one or more arguments.
Each argument is either a string specifying the label or item
name of an offspring node in the next level of the tree, or an
integer specifying the ordinal number of the node in the
collection of offspring nodes. The number of arguments
required to the Item property is given by the Dimension
property of the parent.
Thus:
For Each ihOffspring In ihcolOffspring
.
.
.
Next
iterates through each node in the ihcolOffspring collection, and
Set ihDataNode = ihcolOffspring.Item("Data")
obtains the node with the label "Data". Note that the item names
are case sensitive.
The Dimension property determines the number of arguments
required:
if ihcolOffspring.Dimension = 1 then
Set ihDataNode = ihcolOffspring.Item("Data")
else if ihcolOffspring.Dimension = 2 then
Set ihDataNode = ihcolOffspring.Item("Data","id2")
endif
The Item property is the default property of IHNodeCol, so this
statement may be abbreviated simply by writing:
Set ihDataNode = ihcolOffspring("Data")
Dot Notation for To navigate down the tree you can chain the Item property
Navigating the Tree references together. For example, to get to the node labeled
NSTAGE which represents the number of stages in a RadFrac
block:
Set ihNStageNode = ihAPsim.Elements("Data"). _
Elements("Blocks").Elements("B6"). _
Elements("Input").Elements("NSTAGE")

A more concise notation is also available to navigate down the

tree. This simply allows the item names to be chained together,

38-8 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 without specifying either the Elements or the Item properties. For
example, the above assignment may be written:
Set ihNStageNode =
ihAPSim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B6.Input.NSTAGE
However, although this 'dot' notation is convenient in many
situations it has some restrictions:
• It will only work if the item names are consistent with the
syntax of an identifier within the language used by the
automation client, in this example Visual Basic. So the item
name must not contain embedded spaces or special characters.
For example the item name "Unit Table" would be invalid in
this notation.
• Certain node types do not support the dot notation. The node
types that do not support dot notation are connection, port,
setting table, route, label, & unit table.

Data Values
Once you have the leaf node containing the data value of interest,
you can obtain the data value associated with the node from the
Value property. Data values have an associated data type which is
held in the ValueType property.
ValueType returns one of the following:
ValueType Description Visual Basic Data Type
0 Value not defined
1 Integer Long
2 Real Double
3 String String
4 Node IHNode
Note that Aspen Plus returns 32bit integer and 64bit real values.
Therefore when using Visual Basic, integer and real valued
properties should be assigned to Long and Double variables
respectively in order to avoid potential overflow errors.
Example of Navigate to and display the number of stages in a RadFrac column
Accessing Data (an input data value) and the boilup ratio (a results data value) in a
Values message box.
Sub GetScalarValuesExample(ihAPsim As HappLS)
' This example retrieves scalar variables from a block
Dim ihColumn As ihNode
Dim nStages As Long
Dim buratio As Double
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
' navigate the tree to the RADFRAC block
Set ihColumn = ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B6
' Get the number of stages

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-9
 nStages = ihColumn.Input.Elements("NSTAGE").Value
' get the boilup ratio
buratio = ihColumn.Output.Elements("BU_RATIO").Value
MsgBox "Number of Stages is: " & nStages _
& Chr(13) & "Boilup Ratio is: " & buratio, , "GetScalarValuesExample"
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "GetScalarValuesExample raised error" & Err & ": " & Error(Err)
End Sub

Node Attributes
You can obtain information called attributes about the node from
the AttributeValue and AttributeType properties. These take an
attribute number argument which is an enumerated value from
the HAPAttributeNumber class.
See these topics to see some commonly used attributes and their
descriptions.
The Attribute Name corresponds to the field in the Variable
Explorer.
• Value-related Attributes
• Meta-data Attributes for Records
• Attributes for Variable Nodes
• Attributes for Multi-dimensioned Variables Nodes
• Flowsheet Connectivity Port Attributes
• Other attributes
You can see the full range of possible values and descriptions in
the Object Browser of your Automation client (e.g., VB5). In
general, you will only need a small subset of the attributes.
Each node typically only supports a subset of the attributes. You
can check whether an attribute is supported by querying the
AttributeType for the attribute. The attribute types returned are as
shown above for ValueType. If the AttributeType property returns
a value of zero for an attribute then the attribute is not defined for
that node.
Value-related This table shows commonly used value related attributes:
Attributes

Attribute HAP_AttributeNumber Description

Name
Value HAP_VALUE The current value
Physical HAP_UNITROW The row in the Unit Table for the physical quantity of the
Quantity value

38-10 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Attribute HAP_AttributeNumber Description
Name
Units of HAP_UNITCOL The column in the Unit Table for the physical quantity of the
Measure value
Basis HAP_BASIS The basis e.g. MOLE or MASS for a value
Option List HAP_OPTIONLIST A node whose offspring contain the valid values for this node
Meta-data Attributes This table shows commonly used meta-data attributes for records:
for Records

Attribute HAP_AttributeNumber Description

Name
Record Type HAP_RECORDTYPE If the node is record structured, e.g. a block or a stream, this
property is a string containing the record type, e.g
RADFRAC for a RADFRAC block and MATERIAL for a
material stream.
Completion HAP_COMPSTATUS Returns an integer code giving completion status. Bit masks
Status for interpretation are available in the enum
HAPCompStatusCode.
Attributes for This table shows commonly used attributes for variable nodes:
Variable Nodes

Attribute Name HAP_AttributeNumber Description

Output HAP_OUTVAR Is the variable node a results variable (read-only)
Enterable HAP_ENTERABLE Can the value attribute be modified?
Upper Limit HAP_UPPERLIMIT The upper limit on the value attribute.
Lower Limit HAP_LOWERLIMIT The lower limit on the value attribute.
Default Value HAP_VALUEDEFAULT The default value for the value attribute.
Prompt HAP_PROMPT A descriptive prompt for the node.
Attributes for Multi- This table shows commonly used attributes for multi-dimensioned
dimensioned variables nodes:
Variables Nodes

Attribute Name HAP_AttributeNumber Description

First Scrolled Pair HAP_FIRSTPAIR If the variable uses paired scrolling, the 1 based index
of the first item of the pair.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-11
 Flowsheet This table shows commonly used flowsheet connectivity port
Connectivity Port attributes:
Attributes
Attribute Name HAP_AttributeNumber Description
In or Out HAP_INOUT Is the port node an inlet or outlet?
For blocks
0 = Inlet
1 = Outlet
For Streams:
0 = Outlet
1 = Inlet
Gender HAP_PORTSEX Block or Stream port type:
0 = Stream
1 = Block
Multiport HAP_MULTIPORT Can the port node be connected to multiple streams?
0=No
1=Yes
Port Type HAP_PORTTYPE The type of the port node.
1 = Material
2 = Heat
3 = Work
Other Attributes This table shows a commonly used attribute:
Attribute Name HAP_AttributeNumber Description
Has Children HAP_HASCHILDREN Returns True if the node has offspring nodes.
Example of Using The following example subroutine uses AttributeValue to display a
AttributeValue list of blocks showing the block type, flowsheet section, and status
for each block.
Sub ListBlocksExample(ihAPSim As HappLS)
' This example ilustrates retrieving a list of blocks and their attributes
Dim ihBlockList As IHNodeCol
Dim ihBlock As ihNode
Dim strOut As String
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Set ihBlockList = ihAPSim.Tree.Data.Blocks.Elements
strOut = "Block" & Chr(9) & "Block Type" _
& Chr(9) & "Section " & Chr(9) & "Results status"
For Each ihBlock In ihBlockList
strOut = strOut & Chr(13) & ihBlock.Name & Chr(9) & _
ihBlock.AttributeValue(HAP_RECORDTYPE) & " " & Chr(9) & _
ihBlock.AttributeValue(HAP_SECTION) & Chr(9) & _
Status(ihBlock.AttributeValue(HAP_COMPSTATUS))
Next ihBlock
MsgBox strOut, , "ListBlocksExample"
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "ListBlocksExample raised error" & Err & ": " & Error(Err)
End Sub

38-12 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Function Status(CompStat As Integer) As String
' This function interprets a status variable and returns a string

If ((CompStat And HAP_RESULTS_SUCCESS) = HAP_RESULTS_SUCCESS) Then

Status = "Success"
ElseIf ((CompStat And HAP_RESULTS_ERRORS) = HAP_RESULTS_ERRORS) Then
Status = "Errors"
ElseIf ((CompStat And HAP_RESULTS_WARNINGS) = HAP_RESULTS_WARNINGS) Then
Status = "Warnings"
ElseIf ((CompStat And HAP_NORESULTS) = HAP_NORESULTS) Then
Status = "No results"
ElseIf ((CompStat And HAP_RESULTS_INCOMPAT) = HAP_RESULTS_INCOMPAT) Then
Status = "Incompatible with input"
ElseIf ((CompStat And HAP_RESULTS_INACCESS) = HAP_RESULTS_INACCESS) Then
Status = "In access"
End If
End Function

This example displays the following message box.

Physical Quantities and Units of

Measure
For a value which represents a physical quantity, there are two
important attributes:
• The physical quantity (for example, temperature or pressure)
• The units of measurement in which the physical quantity is
expressed (for example, degrees Kelvin or degrees Fahrenheit)
The following sections describe how to:
• Retrieve the physical quantity and the units for a value
• Convert a value to a different units of measurement
• Change the units in the Aspen Plus run
Retrieving Units of You can retrieve:
Measure • Units of measure for a value as a string
• Physical quantity and units of measure as references to the Unit
Table

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-13
 Units of Measure as a The unit of measurement symbol for a value can be obtained from
String the UnitString property.

Example of Using Units of Measure

The following subroutine uses the UnitString property to display
the outlet pressure of a flash block together with the unit of
measurement.
Sub UnitStringExample(ihAPSim As HappLS)
' This example retrieves the units of measurement symbol
' for a variable
Dim ihPresNode As ihNode
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Set ihPresNode = ihAPSim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B3.Output.B_PRES
MsgBox "Flash pressure is: " & ihPresNode.Value & Chr(9) & _
ihPresNode.UnitString, , "UnitStringExample"
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "UnitStringExample raised error " & Err & ": " & Error(Err)
End Sub

The Units Table Physical quantities and the corresponding units of measurement are
described in Aspen Plus by references to a Unit Table. Sometimes
it is convenient to use the units table directly, instead of dealing
with the UnitString of a particular value.
The unit table consists of rows representing physical quantities
and columns representing the units of measurement in which the
quantities can be expressed. The unit table is exposed in the
automation interface below the root node as a node labeled "Unit
Table". The elements in the collection below the Unit Table node
represent the rows of the table i.e. physical quantities. The labels of
these nodes are the names of the physical quantities. Below each
physical quantity node is a collection of nodes whose labels are
strings representing the symbols of the units of measurement in
which the owning physical quantity may be expressed.
For a node in the tree containing a physical value, the physical
quantity, or Unit Table row number, is obtained by reference to the
property AttributeValue(HAP_UNITROW). The unit of
measurement symbol, or Unit Table column number, is referenced
by the property AttributeValue(HAP_UNITCOL). Note that the
attribute values are actual row and column numbers and that when
referencing the row numbers with the Unit Table collections, you
must subtract one from these values.
Converting the Units You can retrieve a value in a specific unit with the ValueForUnit
of Measure for a property. The ValueForUnit property takes two arguments, the
Value desired unit row and the desired unit column.

38-14 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Example of Converting Units of Measure
Retrieve the pressure of block B3, both in the units specified in the
run (psi) and in atm. atm is column 3 in the Unit Table.
Sub UnitsConversionExample(ihAPSim As HappLS)
' This example retrieves a value both in the display units and an alternative
Dim ihPres As ihNode
Dim nRow As Long
Dim nCol As Long
Dim strDisplayUnits As String
Dim strConvertedUnits As String
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Set ihPres = ihAPSim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B3.Output.B_PRES
' retrieve the attributes for the display units (psi)
nRow = ihPres.AttributeValue(HAP_UNITROW)
nCol = ihPres.AttributeValue(HAP_UNITCOL)
strDisplayUnits = UnitsString(ihAPSim, nRow, nCol)
'select the alternative unit table column (atm)
nCol = 3
strConvertedUnits = UnitsString(ihAPSim, nRow, nCol)
MsgBox "Pressure in Display units: " & ihPres.Value & _
" " & strDisplayUnits & Chr$(13) & _
"Pressure in Converted units: " & _
ihPres.ValueForUnit(nRow, nCol) & " " & strConvertedUnits, _
, "UnitsConversionExample"
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "UnitsConversionExample raised error " & Err & ": " & Error(Err)
End Sub
Public Function UnitsString(ihAPSim As IHApp, nRow As Long, nCol As Long)
' This function returns the units of measurement symbol given
' the unit table row and column
On Error GoTo UnitsStringFailed
UnitsString = ihAPSim.Tree.Elements("Unit Table"). _
Elements(nRow - 1).Elements.Label(0, nCol - 1)
Exit Function
UnitsStringFailed:
UnitsString = ""
End Function

Changing the Units of You can use the HAP_UNITCOL attribute to directly change the
Measure for the units of measurement in the Aspen Plus run.
Aspen Plus Run
Changing the HAP_UNITCOL attribute value has a different effect
depending on whether the value in an Input or Output value, as
follows:
• Changing the HAP_UNITCOL attribute of an output value will
convert the retrieved output value into the selected unit of
measurement. This is equivalent to changing the units on a
Results sheet in the Aspen Plus GUI.
• Changing the HAP_UNITCOL attribute for an input value
node will change the input specification units. It does not
convert the value into the selected unit of measurement. This
is equivalent to changing the units on an Input sheet in the
Aspen Plus GUI.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-15
 Sub UnitsChangeExample(ihAPsim As HappLS)
Example of Changing Dim ihPres As ihNode
Units of Measure On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Set ihPres = ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B3.Output.B_PRES
MsgBox "Pressure in default units: " _
& ihPres.Value _
& Chr(9) & ihPres.UnitString
' change units of measure to bar
ihPres.AttributeValue(HAP_UNITCOL, True) = 5
MsgBox "Pressure in selected units: " _
& ihPres.Value _
& Chr(9) & ihPres.UnitString
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "UnitsChangeExample raised error " & Err & ": " _
& Error(Err)
End Sub

Referencing Non-Scalar Variables in

the Automation Interface
Most of the data in a simulation problem is organized into arrays,
lists or tables, and therefore is contained in multi-valued variables.
Non-scalar data is accessed through the automation interface one
value at a time via the Value property of a leaf node. The
organization of the nodes which yield the values depends both
upon on the number of identifiers required to identify the value,
and upon the context. For example:
• A value in a column temperature profile requires the variable
name and one additional identifier: the stage number.
• A value in a column composition profile requires the variable
name and two additional identifiers: the stage number and the
component
• A reaction coefficient within a reactor requires the variable
name and three additional identifiers: the reaction number, the
component and the substream
Once a multi-valued variable node is located, selection of
identifiers to reach the required individual value involves
traversing down the tree. In some cases a single node traversal
represents selection of a single identifier. In other cases traversal of
a node represents selection of more than one identifier. Each node
has the property Dimension. If the value of Dimension is > 0 then
the node has offspring. The value of the Dimension property for a
node determines the number of identifiers associated with an
offspring of that node. Dimensions are referenced by an offset; the
first dimension number is zero and the last dimension number is
the value of the Dimension property minus one.

38-16 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Offspring nodes are obtained in one of two ways:
• Using an iterator to loop through the collection object. For
example, using a For Each loop in Visual Basic.
• Using the Item property of the collection object and specifying
an argument for each Dimension of the collection. The
argument may be either:
• An integer Location (also known as RowNumber) which
represents the ordinal number within the dimension. The
first Location in each dimension is numbered zero.
• A string Label which identifies the offspring node within
in the Dimension
For each dimension you can obtain the number of valid locations
or labels from the RowCount property of the collection.
Note: Collections are not guaranteed to be in any particular order.
If it is important to you to access the items in a collection in a
particular order, use the string Labels of the items to access each
one in its proper order. Use For Each loops or loops over the
integer Location values only when you need to process all
elements of a collection and order is not important.
Accessing Variables The temperature profile in a RadFrac column is an example of a
With a Single variable with a single identifier. For the pfdtut simulation results,
Identifier: Column the temperature profile is displayed in the Data Browser in tabular
Temperature Profile form under Blocks>B6>Profiles>TPFQ.
The same information is located in the Variable Explorer under the
Root>Data>Blocks>B6>Output>B_TEMP variable node. Under
this node there are fifteen leaf nodes labeled 1 through 15,
corresponding to the temperatures on the stages.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-17
 Example Showing How to To obtain the B_TEMP variable node:
Access Column Set ihTVar =ihAPSim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B6.Output.B_TEMP
Temperature Profile
through the Automation
Next, create a simple iteration loop to access the offspring nodes
Interface representing the stages.
For Each ihStage In ihTVar.Elements
.
.
Next ihStage
The identifier representing the stage number is retrieved by the
Name property of the stage node. The temperature value is
retrieved from the Value property of the stage node.
Sub TempProfExample(ihAPsim As HappLS)
' This example retrieves values for a non-scalar variable
' with one identifier
Dim ihTVar As ihNode
Dim ihStage As ihNode
Dim strOut As String
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Set ihTVar = ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B6.Output.B_TEMP
strOut = ihTVar.Elements.DimensionName(0) & Chr(9) _
& ihTVar.Name
For Each ihStage In ihTVar.Elements
strOut = strOut & Chr(13) & ihStage.Name _
& Chr(9) & Format(ihStage.Value, "###.00") _
& Chr(9) & ihStage.UnitString
Next ihStage

38-18 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 MsgBox strOut, , "TempProfExample"
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "TempProfExample raised error " & Err & ": " _
& Error(Err)
End Sub

Accessing Variables The liquid composition profile for RadFrac is an example of a

with 2 Identifiers: variable with two identifiers. For the pfdtut simulation results, the
Column Composition variable X in the Variable Explorer tree view is shown in this
Profile diagram.

The first level of nodes below the variable X represents the stages
in the column and each node has the Name property set to the stage
number. The second level of nodes contains the nodes for each of
the component compositions and the Name property of these nodes
is the component id. The Value property of the second level node
is the composition of the component in the stage represented by the
first level node.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-19
 The following code fragment illustrates how to retrieve the
component compositions from this structure. It contains two nested
loops which iterate through the levels to access the value nodes.
Public Sub CompProfExample(ihAPsim As HappLS)
' This example retrieves values for a non-scalar variable with two
' identifiers
Dim ihTrayNode As ihNode
Dim ihXNode As ihNode
Dim ihCompNode As ihNode
Dim strOut As String
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Set ihXNode = ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B6.Output.Elements("X")
For Each ihTrayNode In ihXNode.Elements
For Each ihCompNode In ihTrayNode.Elements
strOut = strOut & Chr(13) & ihTrayNode.Name & _
Chr(9) & ihCompNode.Name & Chr(9) & _
ihCompNode.Value
Next ihCompNode
Next ihTrayNode
MsgBox strOut, , "CompProfExample"
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "CompProfExample raised error " & Err & ": " & Error(Err)
End Sub

Accessing Variables The Variable Explorer tree view for the the RStoic reactor block
With 3 Identifiers: B2 in the pfdtut simulation is shown in this diagram.
Reaction Coefficients

38-20 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 In the RStoic reactor model, the stochiometric coefficients of the
reactions are held in the input variables COEF and COEF1 which
represent the reaction coefficients for the reactants and products,
respectively.
Both these nodes have a list of offspring nodes, each of which
represents a reaction equation.
As this block has only one reaction, both COEF and COEF1 have
just one offspring node labeled "1" representing the single reaction
with the reaction number "1".
The reaction node has two dimensions so the Dimension property
of this node returns a value of 2. There are two identifiers
associated with each offspring. The identifier for the first
dimension is the component of the reactant. The identifier for the
second dimension is the substream, in this case the MIXED
substream.
The reaction node is an example of a node which uses paired
scrolling of identifiers. Here the only significant offspring nodes
are those with the same row number in each dimension. The
existence of paired scrolling may be determined from the value of
the property AttributeValue (HAP_FIRSTPAIR). If the node uses
paired scrolling of offspring, this property returns the 1-based
index of the first item of the scrolling pair.
The following example code shows how to retrieve the coefficients
under the COEF node together with the associated identifiers. Note
that because paired scrolling is used, only the nodes with the same
value of location in each dimension are accessed.
Sub ReacCoeffExample(ihAPsim As HappLS)
' This example illustrates retrieving values for a non-scalar variable
' with three identifiers
Dim ihReacNode As ihNode
Dim ihCoeffNode As ihNode
Dim intOff As Long
Dim strHeading As String
Dim strTable As String
Dim nReacCoeff As Integer
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Set ihCoeffNode = ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B2.Input.COEF
' loop through reaction nodes
For Each ihReacNode In ihCoeffNode.Elements
strHeading = ihCoeffNode.Elements.DimensionName(0) _
& Chr(9) & ihReacNode.Elements.DimensionName(0) _
& Chr(9) & ihReacNode.Elements.DimensionName(1)
nReacCoeff = ihReacNode.Elements.RowCount(0)
' loop through coefficient nodes retrieving component and substream
' identifiers and coefficient values
For intOff = 0 To nReacCoeff - 1
strTable = strTable & Chr(13) & ihReacNode.Name & Chr(9) _
& Chr(9) & ihReacNode.Elements.Label(0, intOff) & Chr(9) _
& Chr(9) & ihReacNode.Elements.Label(1, intOff) & Chr(9) _
& Chr(9) & ihReacNode.Elements.Item(intOff, intOff).Value

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-21
 Next intOff
MsgBox strHeading & strTable, , "ReacCoeffExample"
Next ihReacNode
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "ReacCoeffExample raised error " & Err & ": " & Error(Err)
End Sub

Flowsheet Connectivity and

Automation
The connections between blocks and streams in the flowsheet may
be accessed via the Automation server. In addition, these
connections may be modified, and blocks and streams may be
added or deleted.
Accessing Flowsheet The Port and Connection nodes of both Block and Stream nodes
Connectivity hold information about their ports and what is connected to the
ports.
This code sample displays a table showing source and destination
blocks and ports for all streams in the flowsheet.
Example Code
Showing Flowsheet
Connectivity
Sub ConnectivityExample(ihAPsim As HappLS)
' This example displays a table showing flowsheet connectivity
Dim ihStreamList As ihNode
Dim ihBlockList As ihNode
Dim ihDestBlock As ihNode
Dim ihSourceBlock As ihNode
Dim ihStream As ihNode
Dim strHeading As String
Dim strTable As String
Dim strDestBlock As String
Dim strDestPort As String
Dim strSourceBlock As String
Dim strSourcePort As String
Dim strStreamName As String
Dim strStreamType As String

On Error GoTo ErrorHandler

Set ihStreamList = ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Streams
Set ihBlockList = ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Blocks

strHeading = "Stream" & Chr(9) & "From" _

& Chr(9) & Chr(9) & Chr(9) & "To" & Chr(13)

For Each ihStream In ihStreamList.Elements

strStreamName = ihStream.Name
strStreamType = ihStream.AttributeValue(HAP_RECORDTYPE)
' get the destination connections
Set ihDestBlock = ihStream.Elements("Ports").Elements("DEST")
If (ihDestBlock.Elements.RowCount(0) > 0) Then
' there is a destination port

38-22 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 strDestBlock = ihDestBlock.Elements(0).Value
strDestPort = ihBlockList.Elements(strDestBlock). _
Connections.Elements(strStreamName).Value
Else
' it's a flowsheet product
strDestBlock = ""
strDestPort = ""
End If
' get the source connections
Set ihSourceBlock = ihStream.Elements("Ports").Elements("SOURCE")
If (ihSourceBlock.Elements.RowCount(0) > 0) Then
' there is a source port
strSourceBlock = ihSourceBlock.Elements(0).Value
strSourcePort = ihBlockList.Elements(strSourceBlock). _
Connections.Elements(strStreamName).Value
Else
' it's a flowsheet feed
strSourceBlock = ""
strSourcePort = ""
End If

strTable = strTable & Chr(13) & strStreamName _

& Chr(9) & strSourceBlock _
& Chr(9) & strSourcePort & Chr(9) _
& Chr(9) & strDestBlock & Chr(9) _
& strDestPort
Next ihStream
MsgBox strHeading & strTable, , "ConnectivityExample"
Exit Sub

ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "ConnectivityExample raised error" & Err & ": " & Error(Err)

End Sub

Manipulating Blocks You can add and delete streams and blocks, and connect and
and Streams disconnect streams froms blocks, using the Add and Remove
methods of Block, Stream, and Port collection objects.
Adding and Deleting To add a block, call the Add method of the Blocks collection, with
Blocks an input argument of "block name!block type". For example:
Dim problem as HappLS
Dim blocknode as IHNode
Set problem = CreateObject("Apwn.document")
set blocknode = problem.Tree.Elements("Data").Elements("Blocks")
blocknode.Elements.Add("B1!RADFRAC")

To delete a block, call the Remove method of the Blocks collection

with an input argument of the block name. For example:
blocknode.Elements.Remove("B1")
Adding and Deleting To add a stream, call the Add method of the Streams collection
Streams with an input argument of "stream name!stream type". The
streamtype is optional; it defaults to MATERIAL. For example:
Dim problem as HappLS
Dim streamnode as IHNode
Set problem = CreateObject("Apwn.document")
set streamnode = problem.Tree.Elements("Data").Elements("Streams")
streamnode.Elements.Add("S1!MATERIAL")
streamnode.Elements.Add("S2")
streamnode.Elements.Add("S3!HEAT")

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-23
 To delete a stream, call the Remove method of the Streams
collection with an input argument of the stream name. For
example:
streamnode.Elements.Remove("S1")
Connecting and To connect a stream, call the Add method of a specific Port object
Disconnecting Streams in the Ports collection of the given block. The element name
should be the name of the stream to be connected. For example:
For an inlet material stream:
blocknode.Elements("B1").Elements("Ports").Elements("F(IN)").Add("S1")

For an outlet material stream:

blocknode.Elements("B1").Elements("Ports").Elements("P(OUT)").Add("S1")

To disconnect a stream, call the Remove method of the Port in the

Ports collection of the block. For example:
blocknode.Elements("B1").Elements("Ports").Elements("F(IN)").Remove("S1")

Manipulating The IHAPLibRef interface allows an automation client to access

Libraries and Model the libraries associated with a problem and the categories shown on
Library Categories the Model Library, and to add, delete, and rearrange libraries and
categories. The LibRef method of the problem (HappIP object)
provides access to this interface. See Members of Class
IHAPLibRef, for details on the functions in this interface.

Example of Creating a Flowsheet via OLE

Get the IHAPLibRef interface from the problem:
Dim problem as HappLS
Dim libref as IHAPLibRef
Set problem = CreateObject("Apwn.document")
Set libref = problem.Libref
List the referenced libraries:
For count = 0 To libref.CountLibs - 1
Debug.Print libref.LibraryName(count)
Debug.Print libref.LibraryPath(count)
Next count
Add a new reference as first referenced library
libref.InsertLibrary "f:\kessel\fcc.apm", 0
And show problem so that you can see the model library and
library references:
problem.visible = TRUE

Controlling the User Interface from

an Automation Client
The HappLS object provides methods and events which allow the
control of the user interface from within an automation client.
These methods and events allow an automation client to:

38-24 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 • Handle Aspen Plus events
• Suppress dialog boxes
• Disable user interface features
• Automate the initial connection to the simulation engine
Handling Aspen Plus The Aspen Plus application object, HappLS, supports an outgoing
Events event interface, IAPHappEvent, consisting of events for the
HappLS class. See The IAPHappEvent Event Interface, for details
on each event.
In Visual Basic or VBA, the events are available by declaring a
variable of type HappLS using the WithEvents keyword. This must
be done in a form or class module. That variable is then set to the
simulation problem. Be sure to release this object with an
appropriate termination method.
In C++, implement an object that supports the IAPHappEvent
interface, which is defined as a dispinterface. Use the connection
point interfaces to connect this outgoing interface to application
object.
The following code fragment implements a Visual Basic
automation client that displays control panel messages.
Dim WithEvents sim As HappLS
Dim fCP As frmControlPanel ' a form with a text box
Private Sub LoadSimulation(fn As String)
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
set fCP = new frmControlPanel
' a label control on the main form
LabelProblem.Caption = "loading " & fn
MousePointer = vbHourglass
' reset the ole message filter to get rid of annoying Server busy message
App.OleRequestPendingTimeout = 100000
Set sim = CreateObject("Apwn.Document")
Call sim.InitFromArchive2(fn, 0)
sim.Visible = false
App.OleRequestPendingTimeout = 10000
MousePointer = vbDefault
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
Debug.Print Err.Description
Err.Clear
labelProblem.Caption = "failed to load problem"
Set sim = Nothing
MousePointer = vbDefault
App.OleRequestPendingTimeout = 10000
End Sub
Private Sub Sim_OnControlPanelMessage(ByVal Clear As Long, ByVal msg As String)
If Clear Then
fCP.txtMsg.Text = ""
Else
fCP.txtMsg = fCP.txtMsg.Text & vbCrLf & msg
End If
On Error GoTo ErrHandler
Exit Sub
ErrHandler:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-25
 Debug.Print "Error " & Err.Description
Err.Clear
End Sub

Suppressing Dialog When starting Aspen Plus 12.1 as an automation server, the default
Boxes behavior is to display no messages or dialog boxes unless an
automation method to specifically meant to show a dialog is used
or the GUI is visible and the user selects an operation that shows a
dialog, such as a menu item. This behavior can turned off with the
IHapp SuppressDialogs property. This property should normally be
set to false when the application is made visible for interactive use.
When dialogs are suppressed, the outgoing event
OnDialogSuppressed() is triggered whenever a warning message
or a suppressed dialog is encountered while dialogs are suppressed.
See Handling Aspen Plus Events for more information.
Some automation interface methods explicitly show an interactive
dialog, such as ConnectDialog(). Some other automation methods
show an interactive dialog only sufficient arguments are not
supplied. For example,
call IHapp.Engine.Reinit()
will show the reinit dialog while
call IHapp.Engine.Reinit(IAP_REINIT_SIMULATION)
will not show a dialog.
Disabling User A method, UIDisable, has been added to the IHapp interface to
Interface features allow the automation client to disable user interface features before
making the automation server interactive.
To disable a menu item, call UIDisable with a string input
argument containing the slash-delimited path to the menu item.
Once an item has been deactivated it cannot be reactivated.

Example of Disabling Save and SaveAs

In this code fragment, a simulation is opened and the Save and
SaveAs functions in Aspen Plus are disabled.
Dim Sim As HappLS
Public Sub main()
On Error GoTo MainErrHandler
Set Sim = CreateObject("Apwn.Document")
Call Sim.InitFromArchive2("pfdtut.bkp", 0)
Call Sim.UIDisable("File/Save")
Call Sim.UIDisable("File/Save As")
' make interactive
Sim.SuppressDialogs = False
Sim.Visible = True
Set Sim = Nothing
' and exit
Exit Sub
MainErrHandler:
Err.Clear
End Sub

38-26 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Automating the Initial One set of user interactions that is not covered with dialog
Connection to the suppression is the initial connection to the simulation engine when
Simulation Engine no activator is present. The IHAPEngine Host and
ConnectionDialog methods can be used when an activator is
present or for subsequent connections. The IHapp file loading
routines InitFromArchive2 and InitFromFile2 methods have
optional arguments to supply the information that normally might
be shown in the connection dialog.
The Visual Basic GetObject() call always shows the connection
dialog in this situation. To avoid this use the Visual Basic
CreateObject() call followed by an InitFromArchive2() or an
InitFromFile2() call. In C++, use CoCreateInstance() followed by
the Init call rather than a BindToObject() call. For testing a Visual
Basic client, using GetObject() to connect to a running Aspen Plus
problem is often the better solution.
The example under Handling Aspen Plus Events shows the
CreateObject() call. See Initialization Methods to be Used with
CreateObject(), for more information about the InitFromArchive2
and InitFromFile2 methods.

Controlling a Simulation from an

Automation Client
The Engine property of a Happ object returns a IHAPEngine
object, which is an interface to the simulation engine. The Happ
and IHAPEngine objects provide methods to enable an Automation
client program to run and control a simulation.
The following code fragment illustrates how a user is prompted for
a simulation parameter, the simulation is re-run and the updated
results are displayed to the user.
Public Sub RunExample(ihAPsim As HappLS)
' This example changes a simulation parameter and re-runs the simulation
Dim ihEngine As IHAPEngine
Dim nStages As Variant
Dim strPrompt As String
On Error GoTo ErrorHandler
Set ihEngine = ihAPsim.Engine
EditSimulation:
nStages = ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B6.Input.Elements("NSTAGE").Value
strPrompt = "Existing number of stages for column B6 = " & nStages _
& Chr(13) & "Enter new value for number of stages."
nStages = InputBox(strPrompt)
If (nStages = "") Then GoTo finish
' edit the simulation
ihAPsim.Tree.Data.Blocks.B6.Input.Elements("NSTAGE").Value = nStages
' run the simulation
ihAPsim.Run
' look at the status and results

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-27
 Call ListBlocksExample(ihAPsim)
Call TempProfExample(ihAPsim)
GoTo EditSimulation
finish:
Exit Sub
ErrorHandler:
MsgBox "RunExample failed with error " & Err & Chr(13) & Error(Err)
End Sub

Run2 Interface The Run2 interface methods IHapp.Run2 and IHapp.Engine.Run2

take an optional argument to make the simulation run
asynchronous. This allows the automation client to proceed with
other tasks while waiting for the simulation run to complete. Aspen
Plus should always be run asynchronously if the application is
visible.
Below is an example of running the engine asynchronously from
an event procedure in a class module.

AspenPlu.cls
VERSION 1.0 CLASS
BEGIN
MultiUse = -1 'True
Persistable = 0 'NotPersistable
DataBindingBehavior = 0 'vbNone
DataSourceBehavior = 0 'vbNone
MTSTransactionMode = 0 'NotAnMTSObject
END
Attribute VB_Name = "AspenPlus"
Attribute VB_GlobalNameSpace = False
Attribute VB_Creatable = True
Attribute VB_PredeclaredId = False
Attribute VB_Exposed = False
Option Explicit

'An example class module to illustrate the use of the Aspen

'Plus automation interface.
'
'This example is intended for illustration purposes only.
'It is not intended as production code.

' This module requires a reference to the Aspen Plus 12.1

' type library

' The interface to the Aspen Plus Automation Server

Private WithEvents simulationObject As Happ.HappLS
Attribute simulationObject.VB_VarHelpID = -1
Private isRunning As Boolean

Public Event RunFinished()

Private Sub Class_Initialize()

On Error Resume Next
' Initialize data members
isRunning = False
End Sub

38-28 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Private Sub Class_Terminate()
On Error Resume Next
' Release automation server
Set simulationObject = Nothing
End Sub

Public Property Get simulation() As IHapp

On Error GoTo GetSimulationErr
Set simulation = simulationObject
Exit Property

' simple error handler

GetSimulationErr:
Set simulationObject = Nothing

End Property

Public Property Let simulation(ByVal vNewValue As IHapp)

On Error GoTo SetSimulationErr
Set simulationObject = vNewValue

Exit Property
' simple error handler
SetSimulationErr:
Set simulationObject = Nothing

End Property

Public Sub Run()

On Error GoTo RunError
If simulationObject Is Nothing Then
' Throw user defined exception
Exit Sub
End If
If isRunning = True Then
' Throw user defined exception
Exit Sub
End If
If InputComplete = False Then
' Throw user defined exception
Exit Sub
End If

' Do asynchronous run

isRunning = True
simulationObject.Run2 True
Exit Sub

RunError:
isRunning = False
End Sub

' Event recieved when the run is completed

Private Sub simulationObject_OnCalculationCompleted()
On Error Resume Next
If isRunning = True Then
isRunning = False
RaiseEvent RunFinished
End If
End Sub

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-29
 Public Property Get InputComplete() As Boolean
On Error GoTo InputCompleteErr
Dim problemData As IHNode
Dim completionMask As Long

InputComplete = False
If simulationObject Is Nothing Then
' Throw user defined exception

Exit Property
End If

Set problemData = simulationObject.Tree.Data

completionMask = _
problemData.AttributeValue(Happ.HAP_COMPSTATUS)
If completionMask And Happ.HAP_INPUT_COMPLETE Then
InputComplete = True
End If

Exit Property
InputCompleteErr:
InputComplete = False
End Property

Public Sub LoadBkp(ByVal problem As String)

Dim newSimulation As New HappLS
On Error GoTo LoadBkpErr
' load bkp with local engine
Call newSimulation.InitFromArchive2(problem, 0)
simulation = newSimulation
Set newSimulation = Nothing
Exit Sub

LoadBkpErr:
Err.Clear
' log error or throw user defined exception
End Sub

Mainform.frm
VERSION 5.00
Begin VB.Form Form1
Caption = "Form1"
ClientHeight = 3195
ClientLeft = 60
ClientTop = 345
ClientWidth = 4680
LinkTopic = "Form1"
ScaleHeight = 3195
ScaleWidth = 4680
StartUpPosition = 3 'Windows Default
Begin VB.CommandButton Load
Caption = "Load"
Height = 375
Left = 720
TabIndex = 1
Top = 480
Width = 1095
End

38-30 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Begin VB.CommandButton Run
Caption = "Run"
Height = 375
Left = 720
TabIndex = 0
Top = 1200
Width = 1095
End
End
Attribute VB_Name = "Form1"
Attribute VB_GlobalNameSpace = False
Attribute VB_Creatable = False
Attribute VB_PredeclaredId = True
Attribute VB_Exposed = False
Dim WithEvents problem As AspenPlus

Private Sub Form_Load()

On Error Resume Next
' Initialize variables and set state
Set problem = New AspenPlus
Load.Enabled = True
Run.Enabled = False
End Sub

Private Sub Form_Unload(Cancel As Integer)

On Error Resume Next
Set problem = Nothing
End Sub

Private Sub Load_Click()

On Error Resume Next
MousePointer = vbHourglass
Load.Enabled = False
' load file into class
problem.LoadBkp ("e:\mm11\xmp\pfdtut.bkp")
Run.Enabled = True
MousePointer = vbDefault
End Sub

Private Sub problem_RunFinished()

On Error Resume Next
MousePointer = vbDefault
' Re-enable user controls
Run.Enabled = True
End Sub

Private Sub Run_Click()

On Error Resume Next
' Disable user controls
Run.Enabled = False
MousePointer = vbHourglass
problem.Run
End Sub

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-31
 Exporting Files from an Automation
Client
A new automation method,.Export, has been added to the IHapp
interface to export file formats other that Aspen Archive and
Aspen Document formats.

Example of using the Export method

This code fragment illustrates the use of the Export method to
export a report file.
Dim MySim As HappLS
Public Sub Main()
On Error GoTo MainErrHandler
Set MySim = CreateObject("Apwn.Document")
Call MySim.InitFromArchive2("pfdtut.bkp", 0)
Call MySim.Export(HAPEXP_REPORT, "pfdtut.rep")
Set MySim = Nothing
Exit Sub
MainErrHandler:
Err.Clear
End Sub

Members of Aspen Plus Classes

This section lists the members of each of the exposed Aspen Plus
classes.
Members of Classes
HappLS and HappIP
Standard VB Properties
and Properties to
Manipulate the Main
Window

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description

Type
Activate() Sub Activate the application
Application As HappLS Property Yes Returns the application of the object
FullName As String Property Yes Returns the full name of the application
Name As String Property Yes Returns the name of the application
Parent As Happ Property Yes Returns the creator of the object
Visible As Boolean Property Returns the visible state of the application

38-32 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Properties to Access
Other Parts of the Object
Model

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description

Type
Engine As IHAPEngine Property Yes Return the interface to the simulation engine
Tree As IHNode Property Yes Get top node of file
Basic File Operations
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Save() Sub Saves current file
SaveAs(filename As Sub Saves current file under new name
String, [overwrite])
Restore2(filename As Property Yes Restores, or merges, an archive file into the current
String) problem
WriteArchive2 Sub Exports an archive file.
(filename As String,
savechildren as long)
Export(reptype as Sub Export a file of a type determined by reptype with the
HAPEXPType, specified name. Possible values of reptype:
filename as String)
HAPEXP_BACKUP Backup file
HAPEXP_REPORT Report file
HAPEXP_SUMMARY Summary file
HAPEXP_INPUT Input file
HAPEXP_INPUT_GRAP Input file with graphics
HICS Run Message file
HAPEXP_RUNMSG Report and input files
HAPEXP_REPORT_INP Report and summary files
UT Flow Driven Dynamic Simulation
HAPEXP_REPORT_SU P Driven Dynamic Simulation
MMARY Flowsheet Drawing
HAPEXP_FLOWDYN
HAPEXP_PDYN
HAPEXP_DXF

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-33
 Initialization Methods to
be Used with
CreateObject()
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
InitFromArchive2( Sub Open an Aspen Plus archive file and connect to the
filename as String, simulation engine.
host_type as Integer, filename is the name of the problem to open,
node as String, host_type is a zero-based index of the entry of the host
username as String, in the initialization file,
password as String, node is the name of the remote machine to connect to,
working_directory as username, password, and working_machine are the
String, account name, password, and working directory to use to
failmode as Integer) connect to the remote machine,
failmode is 0 (default) if connection failure show show
the connect dialog, or non-zero if failure exits the
automation server.
All arguments but filename are optional.
InitFromTemplate2 Sub Opens a template and initializes
(filename As String, …) InitFromTemplate2 has the same arguments as
InitFromArchive2.
InitFromFile2( Sub Open an Aspen Plus document and connect to the
filename as String, ...) simulation engine.
InitFromFile2 has the same arguments as
InitFromArchive2.
Basic Run Operations
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Reinit() Sub Reinitialize the simulation case. To reinitialize specific
blocks or streams, use the Reinit member of the
IHAPEngine class.
Run2 Sub Run the simulation case, asynchronously if the argument
([asynchronous]) is True. If the user interface is visible, simulations
should always be run asynchronously.
Selection Buffer
Operations Used to do
Cut and Paste Strictly Via
Automation
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
DeleteSelection(Key As Sub Delete a selection buffer.
String)
NewSelection(Key As Function Create and return a new selection buffer.
String) As IHSelection

38-34 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
SaveSelection(Key As Sub Save a selection buffer.
String)
Selection(Key As Property Yes Retrieve a selection buffer.
String) As IHSelection
Disabling User Interface
Items
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
UIDisable(key as Sub Disable user interface item denoted by key.
String) Key is a slash-delimited path of the menu item, such as
File/Save.
Once an item has been deactivated it cannot be
reactivated.
The IAPHappEvent Event
Interface Events in the Event Interface

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description

Type
OnDialogSuppressed Event Indicates that a warning message was generated and not
(msg as String, result as shown in a message box, or that a dialog would be
String) shown if the application was interactive.
Msg is the text of the warning or a message describing
the dialog. In some cases, this might be a message
indicating that an interactive action is not possible when
dialogs are being suppressed.
Result is the default choice for the message box or the
dialog option.
OnControlPanelMessage Event Indicates a control panel message was generated. Clear
(clear as Boolean, msg is true if the message indicates to clear the control panel.
as string) Otherwise, msg contains the text of the message sent to
the control panel.
OnGUIClosing() Event Indicates the user interactively closed the application.
May be used to notify an automation client that it should
disconnect from the automation server. Note this does
not indicate that the automation server is closing, that
will not occur until both the GUI is closed and
automation client release any objects that they hold from
the automation server.
OnDataChanged(pObj Event Indicates a data entry value is changed. Used to notify
as Object) clients that they may need to check the completion status
of the simulation problem or an object within the
simulation.
pObj is the object that was modified, usually an IHNode

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-35
 Property related to the Event Interface
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
SuppressDialogs as Property Specifies whether Aspen Plus suppresses most messages
Boolean and dialog boxes, normally True when Aspen Plus is
started as an automation server. Should be set False is
such an invocation is subsequently made available for
interactive use.
Members of Class
Standard VB Properties
IHNode

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description

Type
Application As HappLS Property Yes Returns the application of the object.
Parent As HappLS Property Yes Returns the creator of the object.

Properties to Access Other Parts of the Object Model

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Dimension As Long Property Yes Return the number of dimensions in the directory (0 for
scalar).
Elements As Property Yes Return a collection object containing the node's
IHNodeCol offspring nodes

Access Data Values

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
AttributeType Property Yes Get type of attribute for attrnum:
(attrnumber As Integer) 1=int
As Integer 2=real
3=string
4=node
5=memory block
(see Enum HAPAttributeNumber for possible values).
AttributeValue Property Get the value of the attribute for attrnum (see Enum
(attrnumbe As Integer, HAPAttributeNumber for possible values).
[force])
HasAttribute Property Yes Checks whether attribute is defined for attrnum (see
(attrnumber As Integer) HAPAttributeNumber for possible values).
As Boolean
SetValueAndUnit Sub Store the value attribute and the Unit of Measurement
(Value, unitcol As attribute of the object simultaneously.
Integer, [force])

38-36 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
SetValueUnitAndBasis Sub Store the value attribute, the Unit of Measurement
(Value, unitcol As attribute, and the basis for the object simultaneously.
Integer, basis As String,
[force])
Value([force]) Property Get the value attribute of the object.
ValueForUnit (unitrow Property Gets the value in the specified units.
As Integer, unitcol As
Integer)
ValueType As Integer Property Yes Get type of value attribute:
0=not defined
1=int
2=real
3=string
4=node
5=memory block

Helper Methods
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
FindNode(path As Function Navigate to a different node.
String) As IHNode
Name([force]) As Property Returns the name of the object (force argument is
String unused).
UnitString As String Property Yes Returns the unit of measurement symbol of the node
value as a string.

Methods Used to Manipulate the Data

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Clear() Sub Clear contents of the node.
Delete() Sub Delete element.
RemoveAll() Sub Remove all elements.
Members of Class
Standard VB Properties
IHNodeCol

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description

Type
Application As HappLS Property Yes Returns the application of the object.
Parent As HappLS Property Yes Returns the creator of the object.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-37
 Main Navigation Method
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Item(loc_or_name, Property Yes Given a set of indices or names, returns an element in
[loc_or_name2], the collection
[loc_or_name3],
[loc_or_name4],
[loc_or_name5]) As
IHNode

Principal Data Manipulation Methods

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Add([loc_or_name], Function Creates and adds a child of type:
[loc_or_name2], 1 = scalar
[loc_or_name3], 4 = list
[loc_or_name4], 5 = named list, with value type of:
[loc_or_name5]) As 0=not defined
IHNode 1=int
2=real
3=string
4=node
5=memory block.
Insert(element As Sub Inserts an element into collection.
IHNode,
[loc_or_name],
[loc_or_name2],
[loc_or_name3],
[loc_or_name4],
[loc_or_name5])
InsertRow(dimension Sub Inserts a new row at location in the specified dimension,
As Long, location As dim.
Long)
Remove(loc_or_name, Function Removes an element.
[loc_or_name2],
[loc_or_name3],
[loc_or_name4],
[loc_or_name5]) As
IHNode
RemoveRow(dimension Sub Removes a row at location in the specified dimension,
As Long, location As dim.
Long)

38-38 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Important Properties About the Data
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Dimension As Long Property Yes Returns the number of dimensions in the directory.
Label(dimension As Property Returns the row label for the specified row location in
Long, location As the specified dimension (force argument is unused).
Long, [force]) As String
LabelLocation (Label Property Yes Returns the location, or row number, of the label along
As String, dimension the dimension, dim.
As Long) As Long
RowCount(dimension Property Yes Returns the number of elements in the dimension.
As Long) As Long

Other Properties About the Data

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Count Property Yes Returns total number of object slots in collection.
DimensionName Property Yes Gets a display name for the given dimension for variable
(dimension As Long) or table.
As String
LabelNode (dimension Property Yes Returns a node for manipulating the label.
As Long, location As
Long, [Label]) As
IHNode
IsNamedDimension Property Yes Returns whether the rows for this dimension of the
([dim]) As Boolean collection are named.
ItemName(location As Property Returns name or row name for element at location (force
Long, [dim], [force]) As argument is unused).
String
LabelAttribute Property Returns the value of an attribute for the label in the row,
(dimension As Long, location, along the dimension, dim, for attrnum (see
location As Long, HAPAttributeNumber for possible values), (force
attrnum As Integer, argument is unused).
[force])
LabelAttributeType Property Yes Returns the type of an attribute for the label in the row,
(dimension As Long, location, along the dimension, dim, for attrnum (see
location As Long, HAPAttributeNumber for possible values).
attrnum As Integer) As
Integer

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-39
 Members of Class Basic Run Operations
IHAPEngine
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
MoveTo(object_type Sub Move current simulation step to object or begining of
As sequence.
IAP_MOVETO_TYPE,
[object_id])
Reinit([object_type], Sub Reinitialize all or portion of simulation (if object_type is
[object_id]) used it must be an IAP_REINIT_TYPE.)
Run2 ([asynchronous]) Sub Run simulation problem, asynchronously if the
argument is True. If the user interface is visible,
simulations should always be run asynchronously.
Stop() Sub Stop simulation run.

Manipulate Stop Points

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
AddStopPoint(type As Sub Add a stop point, before_or_after:
IAP_STOPPOINT_TYPE, 1 = before
object_id As String, 2 = after.
before_or_after As
Long)
ClearStopPoints() Sub Clear all stop points.
DeleteStopPoint(index Sub Delete stop point based on 1-based index.
As Long)
StopPointCount As Property Yes How many stop points are set?
Long
GetStopPoint(index As Sub Retrieve information about a stop point, index: 1-based
Long, type As index of stop point before_or_after: 1 = before , 2 =
IAP_STOPPOINT_TYPE, after.
object_id As String,
before_or_after As
Long)

Manipulate the Client-Server Communications

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
Host(host_type As Function Connect to host specified by host_type (0-based index of
Long, [node], available host types).
[username], [password],
[working_directory])
As Boolean
HostCount As Long Property Yes Returns the number of host types available to connect to.

38-40 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
HostDescription Function Returns a description for the host type specifed by the
(host_type As Long) As host_type index (0-based).
String

Miscellaneous Option Settings

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
EngineFilesSettings Property Retrieve setting for engine files.
(file As
IAP_ENGINEFILES)
As String
OptionSettings(type As Property Retrieve setting for simulation run options.
IAP_RUN_OPTION)
As Boolean
Members of Class
Manipulate the Libraries Associated with a Problem
IHAPLibRef

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description

Type
CountLibs() as Integer Property Yes Returns the number of libraries currently referenced by a
problem
LibraryName(index as Property Yes Returns the library name of the library specified by the
Integer) as String index.
In all these methods, the index is zero-based (first library
is specified by 0).
LibraryPath(index as Property Yes Returns the full path and filename of the library
Integer) as String specified by index
InsertLibrary(path as Function Inserts a library into the reference list at a location
String, location as specified by index. Returns displayname of library
Integer) as String
RemoveLibrary Sub Removes the library location specified by index from
(location as Integer) reference list
MoveLibrary(fromloc Sub Moves a library in search path
as Integer, toloc as
Integer)

Manipulate the Categories Shown on the Model Library

Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
CategoryName(index as Property Yes Returns the name of the category specified by the index.
Integer) as String In all these methods, the index is zero-based (first
category is specified by 0).

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server • 38-41
Name and Arguments Member Read-only Description
Type
CategorySelected Property Is 1 if specified category has been selected to display on
(name as String) as the Model Library
Integer
CategoryLocSelected Property Is 1 if specified category (by 0 based index) has been
(index as Integer) as selected to display on the Model Library
Integer
MoveCategory (fromloc Sub Moves a category in the category list
as Integer, toloc as
Integer)

38-42 • Using the Aspen Plus ActiveX Automation Server Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 39

Heat Exchanger Design Program

Interface

This chapter describes how to use the Aspen Plus heat exchanger
design program interface (HTXINT) to transfer heating/cooling
curve data from an Aspen Plus run to a heat exchanger design
program.
See one of the following topics for more information:
• Generating property data
• Starting HTXINT
• Selecting heating/cooling curve results
• Generating the interface file
• Using the interface in a design program

About the Heat Exchanger Design

Program Interface
You can use the heat exchanger design program interface
(HTXINT) to select heating/cooling curve data from an Aspen Plus
run and transfer it to a file in a format that can be read by these
heat exchanger design programs:
• Aspen Hetran
• HTFS's TASC, ACOL, and APLE
• HTFS's M-series programs, including M-TASC, M-ACOL, and
M-APLE
• HTRI's ST, CST, ACE, PHE, and RKH
You can extend the default data produced by the heating/cooling
curves to include all of the properties each design program needs.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Heat Exchanger Design Program Interface • 39-1
 Run HTXINT after completing an Aspen Plus run and before
starting the design program. HTXINT guides you through a series
of prompts. Select the heating/cooling curves for the design
program.
HTXINT is an application written using the Aspen Plus summary
file toolkit.

Generating Property Data in a

Simulation
HTXINT uses property data from heating/cooling curves that can
be generated by many Aspen Plus unit operation models. To use
HTXINT, you must first use Aspen Plus to generate the required
heating/cooling curves. Create one or more heating/cooling curves
for each block of interest. For details on specifying heating and
cooling curves, see Requesting Heating/Cooling Curve
Calculations. On the Hcurve form for the block:
1 Specify HXDESIGN in the Property Sets field.
2 Select the required number of points. See Specifying the
Number of Heating/Cooling Curve Points, this chapter.
3 Specify the pressure drop.
The following sections describe each step.
Specifying the Property To generate the property data required for all supported heat
Set exchanger program interfaces, select the built-in property set
HXDESIGN on the Hcurve forms.
Specifying the Number of The Aspen Plus default of ten intermediate points is generally
Heating/Cooling Curve acceptable. You can increase or decrease this number. If the
Points number of points exceeds the maximum number that the heat
exchanger program accepts, HTXINT selects the points to include
the end-points and any dew or bubble points in the heating/cooling
curve. Since Aspen Plus adds extra points for dew or bubble
points, more points may be generated than you request.
Specifying Pressure Hetran is the only design program that accepts non-isobaric
Drops property curves. A heating/cooling curve with a pressure drop
cannot be copied to the interface files for the other programs.
HTRI programs accept up to three curves per side at different
pressures. For maximum accuracy, define three heating/cooling
curves for:
• Inlet pressure
• Outlet pressure
• Intermediate pressure where phase change occurs

39-2 • Heat Exchanger Design Program Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Starting HTXINT
To run HTXINT interactively, select the appropriate command:
Version Command
Windows HTXINT runid
Where:
runid is the ID of the Aspen Plus run
HTXINT reads the data from the summary file named runid.SUM.
If runid.SUM does not exist, HTXINT reads the data from the
backup file named runid.BKP.
The program guides you with a series of prompts. To leave the
HTXINT program at any time, type EXIT or QUIT.
HTXINT asks for the name of the target design program:
Please enter the required interface. (BJAC, HTFS, M-
HTFS or HTRI) >
Enter the vendor's name for the target design program:
Enter To write data for
BJAC Hetran
HTFS TASC, ACOL, and APLE
M-HTFS M-TASC, M-ACOL, and M-APLE
HTRI ST, CST, ACE, PHE, and RKH
HTXINT prompts for the units of measure:
Please select the units to display the data. (SI, ENG
or MET) >
Select the units to use for displaying the heating/cooling curve data
on the screen. The options are Aspen Plus units sets.
The B-JAC, HTFS, and HTRI interfaces use the vendor-specific
units set closest to the selected Aspen Plus units set, when writing
data to the interface file. Different vendors use slightly different
combinations of units in their units of measure. The interface uses
the most appropriate one. See Using the Interface File in your Heat
Exchanger Design Program, this chapter, for a list of the
corresponding units of measurement. The M-HTFS interface is
always written in SI units.
HTXINT prompts you for the name of the output file:
Please enter the output file name (Default is
runid.ext) >>
The default output file is created in your default directory with the
same filename as the summary file. The extension depends on the
target program. See Using the Interface File in Your Heat

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Heat Exchanger Design Program Interface • 39-3
 Exchanger Design Program, this chapter, for examples of the file
extensions.
If you choose the name of a file that already exists, HTXINT asks
if you want to overwrite it or choose another filename.

Selecting Heating/Cooling Curve

Results to Export
To select the heating/cooling curve:
1 Enter the block ID.
2 Enter the heating/cooling curve number.
3 Choose whether to view or write the data for the
heating/cooling curve.
When you complete Step 3, you are returned to Step 1. You can
continue to select and copy further heating/cooling curve data, up
to the maximum number of heating/cooling curves allowed by the
heat exchanger design program.
The following sections describe each step.
Entering the Block ID HTXINT lists on the screen all blocks that have heating/cooling
curves. Enter a block ID to display the list of heating/cooling
curves for that block. For example, the screen displays:
The following blocks have Hcurves.
+----------------------------+
| Block ID | Model type |
+-----------+----------------+
| E01 | HEATX |
| T01 | RADFRAC |
+----------------------------+
Please select a block ID from the list. >
Entering the Enter the heating/cooling curve number from the list of
Heating/Cooling Curve heating/cooling curves for the block. The screen displays:
Number The Hcurves for block E01 are as follows.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|NUMBER|Side | Type| Pressure range | Temp. range | Vfrac range|
| | | | (N/SQM) | (K) | |
+------+-----+-----+--------------------+---------------+------------+
| 1 | HOT | HOT |0.410E+07 0.410E+07 |322.039 207.039|1.000 0.639 |
| 2 |COLD |COLD |0.445E+07 0.445E+07 |183.150 200.656|0.000 0.000 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
Please select an Hcurve from the list by entering its number. > 2

Viewing and Writing the HTXINT asks:

Data for the Do you wish to view data points for this curve? (Y/N)
Heating/Cooling Curve >
If you enter N, the data for this heating/cooling curve is written to
the interface file.

39-4 • Heat Exchanger Design Program Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 If you enter Y to view the data, the heating/cooling curve points
appear. For example:
+----------+--------------+---------------+---------+
| TEMP | DUTY | PRES | VFRAC |
| (K) | (WATT) | (N/SQM) | |
+----------+--------------+---------------+---------+
| 322.039 | 0.31907E+04 | 0.41024E+07 | 1.000 |
| 317.775 | -0.71198E+05 | 0.41024E+07 | 1.000 |
| 311.584 | -0.21327E+06 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.994 |
| 301.130 | -0.46122E+06 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.980 |
| 290.675 | -0.72166E+06 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.963 |
| 280.221 | -0.99223E+06 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.941 |
| 269.766 | -0.12693E+07 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.916 |
| 259.312 | -0.15503E+07 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.888 |
| 248.857 | -0.18344E+07 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.857 |
| 238.403 | -0.21230E+07 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.822 |
| 227.948 | -0.24205E+07 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.779 |
| 217.493 | -0.27370E+07 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.724 |
| 207.039 | -0.30963E+07 | 0.41024E+07 | 0.639 |
+----------+--------------+---------------+---------+

Indicate whether you want to write the data for the heating/cooling
curve by responding to this prompt:
Do you want this Hcurve to be written to the
interface file? (Y/N) >
If you enter Y, the heating/cooling curve data is written to the
output file. If you enter N, you can enter another heating/cooling
curve number.
If the heating/cooling curve contains calculation errors, any points
with errors are indicated with an asterisk (*) and the following
prompt appears:
Do you want data for the points with the calculation
errors to be suppressed? (Y/N) >
If you enter Y, the points with errors will be excluded.

Generating the Interface File

After you choose a heating/cooling curve to write to the interface
file, HTXINT provides prompts for descriptive data for the target
design program. Examples of information you may want to provide
are a problem description, case name, and hot or cold fluid name.
HTXINT indicates when the number of characters you can use is
restricted, and validates your data entry.
HTXINT generates the input, then asks you if you want to select
another heating/cooling curve.
The following text shows an example of providing descriptive data
for the HTRI interface.
Please provide a one line description of the problem
up to 70 characters.
> HCURVE DATA COPIED FROM HEAT EXCHANGER E01

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Heat Exchanger Design Program Interface • 39-5
 Please provide a one line case description of up to
70 characters.
> BASE CASE
Enter the cold fluid name. 12 characters maximum > C1
Data for curve has been written to the interface
file.
Do you want to select another Hcurve? (Y/N) > N

Using the Interface File in Your Heat

Exchanger Design Program
The interface program creates a file containing heating/cooling
curve data. This file includes the descriptive data you entered at the
prompts. The file format, name, and how the file is used depends
on the design program. The input file that HTXINT produces
contains only heating/cooling curve data. It does not contain the
complete data necessary to run the design program.
Maximum Maximum
Design Interface Units of No. of No. of H/C
Program Filename Measure † H/C Curve Points How to Use
Curves
B-JAC filename.bji SI, US, Hot side = 13 (inlet, Run B-JAC. Select Shell&Tube
metric 1 outlet, dew Heat Exchanger Programs, then
Cold side point, bubble Thermal Design, then Establish the
=1 point, and up Filename, then Create or Modify
to 9 others) Input File.
HTFS filename.dat SI, British, Hot side = 12 Edit and complete the data in the
metric 1 input file.
Cold side
=1
HTFS M- filename.psf †† SI only Hot side = 12 Run DOS program. Select Input
Series 1 Data Editor. Then either create or
Cold side edit input and import the interface
=1 file, using function key F5.
Or
Run Windows program. Select
Import Simulator Input File from
File menu.
HTRI filename.dat SI, US, Hot side = 10 Edit and complete the data in the
MKH 3 input file.
Cold side Or
=3 Enter the program and select the
input file.
† These are the vendors' names for units of measurement sets that correspond approximately to the SI, ENG, and
METRIC sets in Aspen Plus.
†† Use the process simulator (psf) file in the way described in this table. The format and units of a process
simulator file are different from the usual HTFS input file.

39-6 • Heat Exchanger Design Program Interface Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 40

Using FACT and ChemApp with

Aspen Plus

This section describes how to use the interface between the Aspen
Plus flowsheet simulator, FACT, and ChemApp. Before using
this interface, you should have a working knowledge of Aspen
Plus, FactSage, and ChemApp. Within Aspen Plus specifically,
you should be familiar with the concepts presented in Getting
Started Customizing Unit Operation Models.
The Aspen/FACT/ChemApp Interface was developed to given
Aspen Plus users access to the thermodynamic data and solution
models in FactSage in the context of a flowsheet simulation. It is
expected that this will be used primarily for simulations of
pyrometallurgical processes.

FACT/ChemApp Software
Requirements
In addition to Aspen Plus 12.1, use of the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp
interface requires the installation of third party software:
• FactSage™ 5.0 is used to generate transparent ChemSage files
(*.cst) which can be read by the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp
interface. For more information about FactSage, see
www.factsage.com.
• ChemApp is the application called by Aspen/FACT/ChemApp
interface to perform thermochemical calculations. For more
information about ChemApp, see www.gtt-technologies.de.
The Compaq Visual FORTRAN compiler is not required, but is
strongly recommended. If the Fortran compiler is present, the
name of the ChemSage file can be specified with the ChemSage
Calculator block.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus • 40-1
 Specifying a Simulation Using FACT
and ChemApp
To create a simulation using FACT and ChemApp, perform the
following steps:
1 Configure Aspen Plus to use the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp
interface.
2 Specify FACT components.
3 Specify the FACT property method.
4 Prepare the ChemSage file.
5 Configure the ChemApp unit operation model.
Configuring Aspen The following instructions assume that GUI is the subdirectory
Plus to Use the where the Aspen Plus graphical user interface is installed (typically
Aspen/FACT/ C:\Program Files\AspenTech\Aspen Plus 12.1\GUI), and that
ChemApp Interface APRSYS is the subdirectory where the Aspen Plus property system
engine files are installed (typically C:\Program
Files\AspenTech\AprSystem 12.1\Engine).

Accessing ChemApp
Aspen Plus needs to be able to access the ChemApp executable
file. The ChemApp executable file is not delivered as part of
Aspen Plus, it must be licensed from GTT Technologies.
Copy ca_vc_e.dll from the ChemApp installation to
APRSYS\XEQ\chemapp.dll .
Note that GTT may change the name of the ChemApp executable
file from ca_vc_e.dll to something else. Aspen Plus will only
recognize the file if it has been renamed to chemapp.dll.

Adding the ChemApp model to the Model Library

A custom model library containing the ChemApp model is
supplied with Aspen Plus. To add it to the Model Library:
1 Start the Aspen Plus GUI with a blank simulation.
2 From the Library pulldown menu, select References.
3 Use Browse to find GUI\xmp\ChemApp\AFC.apm.
4 Close the Library References dialog box.
5 From the Library pulldown menu, select Save Default.
6 Exit the Aspen Plus GUI.

40-2 • Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Testing the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface
If you have installed the FORTRAN compiler:
1 Copy GUI\xmp\ChemApp\*.* to a working directory.
2 Start the Aspen Plus GUI.
3 Open pbzn-ls.bkp from the working directory.
4 Run the simulation. If it completes successfully, the
preparation for the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface is
complete.
If you do not have the FORTRAN compiler:
1 Copy GUI\xmp\ChemApp\*.* to a working directory.
2 Start the Aspen Plus GUI.
3 Open no-fortran.bkp from the working directory.
4 From the Run pulldown menu, select Settings.
5 In the Linker Options field, ensure that the path for
nofort.dlopt is correct.
6 In the working directory, use Notepad to edit nofort.dlopt.
Enter the correct path to find AFC.dll in the working directory.
7 Run the simulation. If it completes successfully, the
preparation for the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface is
complete.

Troubleshooting simulations with the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp

interface
1 In the ChemSage Calculator block, set ppfact_cadbg =
.true.
2 From the Run pulldown menu, select Stop points
3 Set a Stop point after the block that is reporting an error.
4 Run the simulation until it stops at the stop point.
5 Examine the last section of extra diagnostic information written
to the Control Panel.
6 In your working directory, use Notepad to view the file
chemerr.txt. This file contains the input and output (if any) of
the last call to the ChemApp chemical equilibrium calculations.
7 Examine the stream results of the streams in and out of the
block.
FACT Components Aspen Plus has a databank, FACTPCD, containing components
required for the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface. These
components are actually FACT species, which differ from Aspen

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus • 40-3
 Plus components in that they represent a component in a particular
phase.
Before you can specify FACT components, you must tell Aspen
Plus to use the FACTPCD:
1 Go to the Databanks sheet of the Components | Specifications
form.
2 Select FACTPCD and click > to move it to the Selected
Databanks frame.
3 In the Selected Databanks frame, select FACTPCD and click
the up arrow repeatedly to move it to the top of the list.
Next, specify all FACT components in the simulation on the Aspen
Plus Component | Specifications | Selection sheet. Note that you
must specify each component in all phases you expect to find it in.
For example, if the simulation will be used to simulate the
condensation of zinc in a Heater block, two components will be
required:
• ZN:G1
• ZN:L1
All component names for components in the FACTPCD follow the
same syntax. A colon is used to separate the molecular formula
from the phase. The phases may be pure component phases (e.g.
L1, S1, S2) or solution phases (e.g. G1, PBLQ).
The component type should reflect the state of the species. Liquids
and gases should be designated as Conventional, while solids and
solid solutions should be designated as Solids. This will be useful
when assigning products to substreams after an equilibrium
calculation.
Note that not all the components present in the ChemSage file need
to be listed in the Component | Specifications | Selection form.
Mixing FACT You cannot mix FACT components and calculations with
Components and Aspen traditional Aspen Plus components and calculations. This means
Plus Components that the FACT property method cannot be used to calculate the
thermodynamic properties of components originating from the
Aspen Plus databanks, nor can the properties of components
originating from the FACT databases be calculated using native
Aspen Plus property methods.
Components from the FACT database can be used in the same
simulation with other components, but exercise extreme caution.
The recommended usage is to divide the flowsheet into sections:
• A section where FACT components are used
• A section where traditional Aspen Plus components are used

40-4 • Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 Under no circumstances can FACT and traditional Aspen Plus
components come into contact in any stream or block.
Defining Property The FACT property method must be used for physical property
Methods for the calculations wherever FACTPCD components are present. The
Aspen/FACT/ FACT property method can be specified at several different levels
ChemApp Interface in the simulation: globally, at the flowsheet section level, at the
block level, or at the part-of-block level (for one side of a heat
exchanger). In addition:
• Do not change the routes or models of the FACT property
method. Specific solution models cannot be manipulated
through modification of the FACT property method. Solution
models are assigned to a component in the ChemSage file
based on its phase designation. Several solution models may be
used together within any stream or unit operation model.
• Do not enter specifications for Henry Components.
• Do not select the Free Water option.
Only the FACT property method and FACT components can be
used with the ChemApp unit operation model.
Aspen Plus unit operation models can be used with the
Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface. Anytime that the FACT
property method is used, the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface will
be called automatically.
Note that the FACT property method has no provisions to calculate
transport properties. Therefore, unit operation models that require
transport properties (such as RateFrac and rigorous HeatX) cannot
be used with the interface.
When using the FACT property method, you may need to define
an appropriate chemistry block for flash calculations.
Specifying Flash Since the Aspen Plus components are really FACT species
Calculations with the assigned to a specific phase, the concept of using a simple flash
Aspen/FACT/ChemApp calculation to determine phase equilibrium is not meaningful.
Interface Instead, phase equilibrium must be described to Aspen Plus as a
reaction. These reactions are specified in a Chemistry block.
Consider a heater block cooling water at 1 atm from 150 C to 70 C.
From the FACT point of view, this involves a "reaction":
H2O:G ! H2O:L
In order for Aspen Plus to perform this flash correctly with the
FACT property method, you must set up a Chemistry block with
this reaction.
While there is no inherent limit to the number of reactions that can
be provided in a Chemistry block, it is recommended that complex

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus • 40-5
 flash calculations be done with the ChemApp User2 block, where
feasible.
Preparing the The ChemApp module does not read the FACT databases directly.
ChemSage File Simulation thermodynamic data files (referred to as ChemSage
files) that can be read by the ChemApp module must be prepared.
This can be done through the EQUILIB program of FactSage. See
the FactSage documentation for more information.
Binary ChemSage files from FACT-Win (*.bin) cannot be used.
Only ASCII ChemSage files (*.dat) or transparent ChemSage files
(*.cst) are recognized by the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface.
Only one ChemSage file can be read in a single simulation.
Note: If FactSage and Aspen Plus are located on different
machines, you can copy the ChemSage file from the PC with
FactSage to the PC with Aspen Plus and ChemApp.
Referencing the If the Fortran compiler is installed, all runs should include the
ChemSage File ChemSage Calculator block. This is delivered as
GUI\xmp\ChemApp\ChemSage.bkp. This .bkp file can be
imported into any existing .bkp file. It executes first and sets two
variables:
1 Ppfact_FILEN: the name of the ChemSage file. It must be in
the local directory.
2 Ppfact_CADBG: controls whether or not debugging
information is sent to the Control Panel.
If ppfact_FILEN is not defined in the ChemSage Calculator
block, the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface looks for the file
ChemSage.CST. If ChemSage.CST cannot be found, the
interface will fail with an error message stating that the ChemSage
file cannot be found.
Using ChemApp as a The ChemApp unit operation model provides the most flexibility
Unit Operation Model in the use of the Aspen/FACT/ChemApp interface.
Note that the ChemApp unit operation model is actually a User2
block with some customized variables. Although input data for the
User2 can be specified on the User Arrays sheet, it is intended
that you enter data on the Configured Variables sheet.
Use of the ChemApp unit operation requires access to the RFACT
and AFC subroutines. The objects for these subroutines must be
present in the working directory for all simulations. They are
delivered both as Fortran files and as objects in
GUI\xmp\ChemApp. If you do not have the Fortran compiler,
they must be accessed through AFC.dll, also delivered in
GUI\xmp\ChemApp. A dlopt file is required to point to

40-6 • Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 GUI\xmp\ChemApp\AFC.dll, as described in the Configuring
Aspen Plus section.
The default entries on the Subroutines sheet indicate what
subroutine is used to call the interface. RFACT.F is delivered in
the GUI\xmp\ChemApp directory. You may modify this
subroutine, for example, to identify which equilibrium phase
should go in which stream. If there are multiple instances where
you must identify which phase should go in which stream, you can
make multiple copies of RFACT.F (perhaps named RFACT1.F,
RFACT2.F, etc.), and reference them appropriately.
The type of equilibrium calculation to perform, the equilibrium
conditions and the list of possible product species are all specified
on the Configured Variables sheet. The example shown in the
figure below shows the specifications for equilibrium at a specified
pressure and temperature.

ChemApp Calculation There are four calculation types. Each one has a code value that is
Types indicated in the first field (CALC_TYPE_1_TO_4). The codes are

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus • 40-7
 summarized below. Target codes 3 and 4 require the specification
of a target phase or species and a temperature range.
Calculation State variables (in Comments
Code order of
specification)
1 P, T
2 P, ∆H
3 P, Tmin, Tmax Formation target on first
phase/species in product list
4 P, Tmin, Tmax Precipitation target on first
phase/species in product list
The state variables are specified in the real array. The choice and
number of state variables depends on the Calculation Code as
indicated above. Pressure is always the first variable, followed by
either a temperature, ∆H, or temperature range. Target calculations
require that the user enter a temperature range with Tmin always
being the first.
All specifications for state variables must use these units of
measure:
State Variable Units
Pressure Pa
Temperature K
Enthalpy W
Specifying the ChemApp For target calculations, the number of targets
Target Phase (NO_OF_TARGETS_1_MAX) should be specified as one. The
only valid specifications for the number of targets is zero or one.
The target phase or component can specified once
NO_OF_TARGETS_1_MAX has been set to one.
Specifying ChemApp Product species and phases (other than a target) can be specified in
Products two ways. You can specify a solution phase, or individual species
within a phase (or a combination of the two). Certain rules must
apply to avoid ambiguity.
Pure component species can be referenced as a group by specifying
their state name(s). When a state name is used, all species with the
appropriate phase designation are considered as possible product
species. The GAS state name will consider all the gases to be an
ideal gas phase mixture. These interpretations are summarized in
the table below.

40-8 • Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 State Name Interpretation
GAS All gaseous species in an ideal gas phase (phase
designation G)
LIQUIDS All pure component liquids as stoichiometric species
(phase designation L)
SOLIDS All pure component solids as stoichiometric species
(phase designation S)
Solutions can be referenced by their phase designations (solution
names) as well. When a solution name is specified, all species in
that solution are considered as possible products. Entering the
solution name twice indicates the possibility of phase separation in
partially miscible solutions.
In certain cases you may want to consider only specific species
from solution phase or state. To do this, specify the Component ID
of those species as it is given on the Components | Specifications
| Selection sheet. Interpretations differ depending on the phase
designation. If the phase designation is a solution name or is G,
then it is still considered a member of a solution, unless it is the
only member of that solution present in the list. If the phase
designator is L or S, then it is treated as a pure compound. When a
solution uses the quasichemical solution model, the specification
of a component in the solution will automatically activate other
components in the same solution.
Note: When specifying components individually, it is often easiest
to use copy/paste to copy the entire list of component names from
the Components | Specifications | Selection sheet.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus • 40-9
40-10 • Using FACT and ChemApp with Aspen Plus Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
 C H A P T E R 41

Utilities

Utilities in Aspen Plus allow calculation of the energy

consumption of individual unit operations, calculation of energy
costs, and calculation of how much utility of each type is used by
the process (for example, high pressure, medium pressure, and low
pressure steam). Energy costs in Aspen Plus are a key part of any
cost optimization (the other key parts include feed/product costs
and capital costs).
Rather than actual material streams, Utilties have been
implemented as variable utilities in Aspen Plus, where it is
assumed that there is a large source of the utility available for use,
and each unit operation computes its usage based on the extent of
heating/cooling that is required by the block. The utilities available
are coal, electricity, gas, oil, refrigerant, steam, water, and general.
The general utility type can represent a utility of any specified
composition.

Creating a Utility
To create a utility block:
1 From the Data menu, select Utilities.
2 On the Utility object manager, click New.
3 In the Create New ID dialog box, enter an ID, or accept the
default. Click OK.
4 Enter specifications, such as utility type, heating value, and
price, in the form for the new utility.

Assigning Utilities to Blocks

You can assign a utility to any block where Duty or Power is either
specified or calculated, except MHeatX. For most blocks:

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Utilities • 41-1

 1 Select the Input folder, then the Utilities sheet.
2 Select a utility ID from the available utility objects previously
created with the selected utility type, or select <New> to create
a new utility object.
For HeatX, you can specify either the hot or the cold side to be a
utility stream. This feature will allow a single process stream to be
specified for HeatX, while the other side is simulated by a
referenced utility:
1 Select the Setup folder, then the Utilities sheet.
2 Select a utility ID for either the hot side (Hot utility) or the
cold side (Cold utility).
For RadFrac, PetroFrac, and MultiFrac, you can associate a utility
with a condenser or reboiler:
1 Select the Setup form, then the Condenser or Reboiler sheet.
(Note: In MultiFrac, the Setup form appears inside the folder
for a particular column.)
2 In the Utility field, specify the utility ID.
For RadFrac, PetroFrac, and MultiFrac, you can associate a utility
with either a heater or cooler on any other stage:
1 Select the Heaters Coolers form, then the Side Duties sheet.
(Note: In MultiFrac, the Heater Coolers form appears inside
the folder for a particular column.)
2 If you have not already done so, specify the stage number and
duty for the heating or cooling.
3 In the Utility column, specify the utility ID.
For RadFrac and PetroFrac, you can associate a utility with a
pumparound duty:
1 Select the Pumparounds folder, then the folder for the
pumparound where you want to use the utility. The
Specifications sheet appears.
2 In the Utility field, specify the utility ID.
For PetroFrac, you can also associate a utility with a side stripper
duty:
1 Select the Strippers folder, then the folder for the stripper
where you want to use the utility, then the Setup form. The
Configuration sheet appears.
2 In the Utility field, specify the utility ID.
For MultiFrac, you can associate utilities with inter-connecting
stream heaters:

41-2 • Utilities Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 1 Select the Connect Streams folder, then the form for the
connect stream where you want to use the utility. The
Specifications sheet appears.
2 In the Utility field, specify the utility ID.

Viewing and Accessing Utility

Results
You can view utility usage for each unit operation which uses the
utility on the Results form of the utility block. In addition, each
block will display its own utility usage on its results folder. The
Results Summary | Utilities | Summary sheet displays the input
and results data for all utilities.
Flowsheeting operations such as Design-Specs can access the
utility results, such as total usage and total cost, as Utility-Var.

EO Usage Notes for Utilities

Each Utility block will be instantiated for the EO solution during
EO synchronization. Connections between the duty or power
variable of the unit operation block and the corresponding variable
of the utility block will be automatically generated.

Information Transfer to Aspen Pinch

and ICARUS
To transfer results to Aspen ICARUS products, export an XML
results file from Aspen Plus.
1 From the File menu, select the Export command. The Export
dialog box appears.
2 In the Save as type field, select XML Results File (.xml).
3 Choose a filename and a location to place the file, and click
Save.
See the documentation for the ICARUS product for information on
how to use this file within ICARUS.
To transfer results to Aspen Pinch, save an Aspen Plus Backup
(.bkp) or Aspen Plus Document (.apw) file after a simulation has
converged. Use the File | Import | Aspen Plus command in Aspen
Pinch to import the data from this run.

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Utilities • 41-3

41-4 • Utilities Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide
Index
sequencing 17-17
A Algorithms: 17-17, 23-9
Aliases
abbreviations
equation-oriented 18-38
units of measure 5-15
Aliases: 18-38
Accounting report information 5-6
Ambient pressure 5-5
Accuracy
changing default 5-5
evaluating of parameters 31-16 Analysis
Accuracy: 31-16 light ends 32-7
ACM 10-32 Analysis: 32-7
licensing of exported flowsheets 10-33 Annotations 13-6, 14-3
using with Aspen Plus 10-32 adding to plots 13-6
ACM flowsheets 10-33 specifying text attributes 14-3
modifying 10-33 Appearance 4-12
Active links 37-13
changing for flowsheets 4-12
Active links: 37-18 Applications 2-20
Active set initialization parameters (DMO) examples 2-20
specifying 17-39 Aspen Custom Modeler 10-32
Active set initialization parameters (DMO): using with Aspen Plus 10-32
17-39 Aspen Dynamics 10-32
ActiveX automation
using with Aspen Plus 10-32
using 38-1
Aspen Modeler flowsheets 10-33
ActiveX automation: 38-1
modifying 10-33
Activity coefficient models 8-5
Aspen Modeler products 10-32
binary parameters 8-5
using with Aspen Plus 10-32
AD 10-32
Aspen Open Solvers 22-24
using with Aspen Plus 10-32
using 22-24
ADA/PCS: 32-1
Aspen Plus
Add New Curve 13-13, 13-14
automation server 38-1
Adding 6-14, 13-7
Aspen Plus: 38-1
components to lists 6-14
Aspen Split 29-34, 29-35
text to plots 13-7
using 29-34
Aerotran-rigorous method 10-9
AspenPlus 2-1, 15-2
HeatX 10-9, 10-10
and process simulation 2-1
Air separation template 2-12, 2-13
document files 15-2
about 2-12
AspenTech
property sets 2-13
homepage: 3-6
Algorithms
improving our help: 3-6
optimization 23-9

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 1

 website: 3-6 objects 38-32
AspenTech: 3-6 tree structure 38-7
Assay analysis options 32-10, 32-11 user interface 38-24, 38-25, 38-26
overriding defaults 32-11 using 38-2
specifying 32-10 Automation server
Assay data 32-2, 32-6, 32-12 setting up 38-2
about 32-2 using 38-1, 38-2
optional specifications 32-12 Automation server: 38-1, 38-2
Assay Data Analysis 2-4 Automation: 38-2, 38-7, 38-16, 38-18, 38-
run type description 2-4 20, 38-22, 38-24, 38-25, 38-26, 38-27,
using 32-5 38-32
Assay Data Analysis: 32-5 Axis mapping 13-9
Assays
creating 32-5 B
creating blends 32-9
Backup files 15-2, 15-4, 15-5
defining 32-5
about 15-2
Assays: 32-5, 32-9
exporting 15-4
Atom numbers: 30-7
importing 15-5
Attaching images: 37-11
saving 15-4
Attributes 13-7
Balance blocks
changing plot 13-8
convergence 25-4
meta-data 38-11
creating 25-2
multi-dimensioned variables 38-11
defining 25-1
node 38-10
overview 25-1
value related 38-10
sequencing 25-5
variable nodes 38-11
Balance blocks: 25-1, 25-2, 25-4
Attributes: 38-10, 38-11
Batch Operation button 5-18, 5-21
AttributeType: 38-10
Batch runs 11-1, 11-9
AttributeValue: 38-10
starting 11-9
Automation
status 11-9
about 38-2
Batch stream 5-17, 5-21, 5-22
accessing column temperature profiles 38-
about 5-21
18
results 5-17, 5-18, 5-19, 5-21
classes 38-32
Binary components 16-7
clients 38-27
databanks search order 16-7
connecting to the engine 38-27
Binary data
controlling simulation 38-27
generating 31-8
dialog boxes 38-26
Binary data: 31-8
error handling 38-3
Binary parameters 8-5
events 38-25
list of available 8-5
example 38-21
Blends
exporting files 38-32
about 32-4
flowsheet connectivity 38-22
creating 32-9
libraries 38-24
optional specifications 32-12
model library 38-24
specifying 32-10
non scalar data 38-16
Blends: 32-9, 32-10

2 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Blocks 4-3, 4-4, 4-6, 4-8, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, Bracketing: 17-11
4-14, 4-15, 4-19, 4-21, 5-8, 10-36, 12-5 Browse buttons 1-10
aligning 4-15 Broyden method: 17-12
attaching images 37-11 Buttons
balance 25-1 help on: 3-2
Calculator 19-1, 19-2 Buttons: 3-2
changing icons 4-15
checking mass balances 5-8 C
connecting 4-5, 4-6
Calculate sheet
convergence results 12-5
using 19-6
creating pressure relief 33-2
Calculate sheet: 19-6
deleting 4-10
Calculations 5-7, 5-9, 5-10, 5-12, 11-7
Excel Calculator 19-1, 19-4
checking status 11-7
finding 4-8
defining order 17-15
Fortran 19-1, 19-2, 19-3
iterative 5-9
IDs 4-14
molar volume 5-12
inserting into a stream 4-12
molecular weight 5-9
moving 4-13, 4-14
Pressure Relief 33-23, 33-24
moving between sections 4-21
prop-set 5-10
naming 4-11
reinitializing 5-9
placing in flowsheet 4-2, 4-3, 4-19
sheet 5-7
reinitializing 20-5, 26-3
specifying 19-6
requesting heating/cooling curves 10-36
stopping 33-23
resizing icons 4-15
Calculations: 17-15, 19-6, 33-22, 33-23, 33-
rotating icons 4-15
24
selecting 4-13
Calculator
sensitivity 20-2
blocks 19-1
transfer 24-2
EO usage notes 19-16
user defined 17-8
execution time 19-7
variables 18-3, 24-3
Export Variables 19-9
Blocks: 17-8, 18-3, 19-1, 19-3, 19-4, 20-2,
loops 19-9
20-5, 24-2, 25-1, 26-3, 33-2, 37-11
specifying execution 19-7
BLOCK-VEC variable type 18-16, 18-23
specifying tear variables 19-9
Bookmarks 4-9
Write Variables 19-9
accessing 4-9
Calculator: 19-1, 19-7, 19-9, 19-16
creating 4-9
CAPE-OPEN 7-19, 10-32
using 4-9
bound types (EO)
property packages
creating 7-21
hard 18-32 importing 7-20
relaxed 18-32, 18-33 working with 7-19
soft 18-33 unit operation models 10-32
bound types (EO): 18-32, 18-33 Case study 26-1, 26-2, 26-3, 26-4
Bounds about 26-1
EO variabes 18-31 creating 26-1
Bounds: 18-31 report options 26-4
Bracketing specifying variables 26-2
Secant method 17-11 using 26-1

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 3

CCD 10-31 Component Data tab 16-7
about 10-31 composition 6-19
CFuge 10-31 concentrations 9-3, 9-4
about 10-31 conventional 6-8, 6-20
Checking databank 6-4
fortran syntax 19-12 defining 6-8, 6-11, 6-22
Checking: 19-12 defining groups 6-23
ChemApp 40-1 deleting 6-15
Chemicals template 2-13 electrolyte 6-16
ChemSage files 40-1 generating required 6-16
CISOLID substream: 18-14 groups 6-23
ClChng 10-28 Henry's 6-22
about 10-28 identifying as solids 6-18
Client server 15-13 IDs 6-15
file management 15-13 list 6-14
Column profiles 18-16 nonconventional 6-21, 7-19
accessing 18-16 nondatabank 6-7
COM 10-32 properties 7-19
unit operation models 10-32 renaming 6-15
Commands 11-3 search order 16-7
controlling simulations 11-3 solid 6-11, 6-12
Comments 1-16 specifying 6-7
entering 1-16 supercritical 6-22, 7-12, 7-13, 8-3
Compattr_Vec and PSD_Vec variable types Composition 9-3
to access 18-15 streams 9-3
Complete dissociation reactions: 27-5 Connecting to the engine
Completeness 2-5, 2-6, 4-9, 12-4 automation 38-27
checking 4-9 Connecting to the engine: 38-27
checking flowsheet 4-9 Connectivity 4-9, 4-10
entire flowsheet 2-5, 4-9 changing 4-10
flowsheet 4-9, 4-10 incompleteness 4-9
forms 2-6 Constant value 22-20
Input specifications 2-5 sending to model 22-20
messages 12-4 Constraints
status 2-6 about 23-5
Completion status 1-9, 2-5, 2-6, 12-3 creating 23-6
Data Browser 2-6 specifying expression 23-7
displaying 1-9 Constraints: 23-5, 23-6, 23-7
forms 2-6 Control Panel 11-2, 11-7, 12-4
COMPLEX method: 17-14, 23-9 about 11-2
Component attributes 6-19 messages 12-4
Components 6-3, 6-4, 6-5, 6-7, 6-11, 6-13, 6- status messages 11-7
14, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, 6-18, 6-19, 6-20, viewing 12-4
6-21, 6-22, 6-23, 6-24, 7-12, 7-13, 7-19, Control Panel messages: 17-22
8-3, 9-3, 16-7 Control Panel output
adding to list 6-14 DMO solver 17-38
attributes 6-19, 6-20 LSSQP solver 17-53

4 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Control Panel output: 17-38, 17-53 Copying
Controls 11-3 about 37-1
commands 11-3 copy with format 37-3
Conventional components 6-8, 6-20 data 37-2
assigning attributes 6-20 plots 37-10
defining 6-8 Copying: 37-1, 37-2, 37-3, 37-10
Conventional solids 6-19 Creep mode (DMO)
about 6-19 using 17-37
Convergence 12-5, 17-32 Creep mode (DMO): 17-37
about 17-1 Crusher 10-30
equation-oriented (EO) 17-32 about 10-30
methods 17-8, 17-9 Crystallizer 10-29, 10-30
optimization 23-2 about 10-29
overriding defaults 23-2 Cursor 4-2
results 12-5 changes 4-2
Convergence (EO) shapes 4-2
options 17-33 Curves
Convergence (EO): 17-33 additional reports for blends 32-10
Convergence (SM) gravity 32-7
Broyden method 17-12 molecular weight 32-7
COMPLEX method 17-14 petroleum property 32-8
defining blocks 17-8 viscosity 32-8, 32-9
defining order 17-15 Curves: 32-7, 32-8, 32-10
diagnostics 17-23, 17-24 Customizing 16-4
DIRECT method 17-10 toolbars 16-4
identifying problems 17-10 Cutting and pasting
Newton method 17-12, 17-13 from applications to Aspen Plus 37-7
numerical methods 17-5 into other applications 37-6
obtaining final sequence 17-18 within Aspen Plus 37-4
options 17-3 Cutting and pasting: 37-4, 37-5, 37-7
problems 17-28 Cyclone 10-30
results 17-22 about 10-30
Secant method 17-11
sheets 17-3 D
special options 17-19
Data 8-1, 13-1, 13-2, 13-7, 13-13, 13-14,
specifying parameters 17-3
14-5, 14-6
SQP method 17-14
adding curves to plots 13-13
strategies 17-24
copying 37-2
Wegstein method 17-9
definition 8-1
Convergence (SM): 17-3, 17-5, 17-8, 17-9,
deleting from plots 13-14
17-10, 17-11, 17-12, 17-14, 17-15, 17-
displaying for plots 13-1
18, 17-19, 17-22, 17-23, 17-24, 17-28
global 14-5, 14-6
Convergence blocks 12-5
lines 13-7
results 12-5
packages 34-1
Convergence: 17-8, 23-2
pasting 37-4
Conversion formats 16-10
points 13-14
Copy with Format command: 37-3

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 5

Data Browser 1-6, 1-7, 1-9, 2-6, 4-8 restoring on sheets 1-12
completion status 2-6 setting 16-4
displaying forms and sheets 1-8 stream class 4-21, 5-4
finding blocks in flowsheet 4-8 system options 5-13
opening 1-6 Define sheet 18-4, 19-4, 19-6, 20-3, 20-4,
parts description 1-7 21-3, 21-4, 23-3, 23-4, 23-6, 23-7, 23-
status indicators 1-9 24, 23-25
Data Fit using 18-4, 19-4, 20-3, 21-3, 23-3, 23-6,
defining 23-24 23-24
numerical formulation 23-32 Deleting
regression cases 23-29, 23-30 objects 34-6
results 23-36 Deleting: 34-6
troubleshooting 23-36 Descriptions 2-21, 5-5
types of applications 23-23 sheet 5-5
Data Fit: 23-23, 23-29, 23-30, 23-32, 23-36 viewing 2-21
data regression Design rules
algorithm options 31-13 Pressure Relief 33-9
Data regression Design rules: 33-9
about 31-1 Design specifications
accuracy of model parameters 31-16 about 21-1
deviations of measurement 31-9 creating 21-3
phase equilibrium 31-4 defining 21-2
problems 31-18 EO usage notes 21-16
property methods 31-2 troubleshooting 21-6
results 31-17, 31-18 Design specifications: 21-1, 21-2, 21-3, 21-
setting up 31-2 6, 21-16
Data Regression 2-4 Diagnostics 5-6
run type description 2-4 changing level for convergence 17-23
Data regression: 31-1, 31-2, 31-4, 31-9, 31- global defaults 5-6, 5-7
16, 31-17, 31-18 sheet 5-6
Data values Diagnostics: 17-23
obtaining 38-9 Dialog boxes
Data values: 38-9 automation 38-26
Data: 34-1, 37-2, 37-3 display help on: 3-2
Databanks 5-9, 6-2, 6-3, 16-7, 16-8 Dialog boxes: 3-2, 38-26
about 6-2 Direct method: 17-10
components 6-3 Dissociation reactions: 27-5
molecular weight 5-9 DMO Adv form
search order 16-7 QP2 sheet 17-39
searching 16-8 Search sheet 17-40
viewing list 6-2 DMO Adv form: 17-39, 17-40
Defaults 1-12, 4-21, 5-4, 5-6, 5-7, 5-9, 5-13, DMO Basic form
13-15, 16-4 Basic sheet 17-36
calculation reinitializing 5-9 Report sheet 17-38
changing for plots 13-15 DMO Basic form: 17-36, 17-38
for diagnostic information 5-6 DMO maximum number of allowed
overriding simulation option 5-7 iterations

6 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 changing 17-36 E
DMO maximum number of allowed Editor 15-14
iterations: 17-36 specifying 15-13
DMO objective function convergence ELECNRTL property method 2-15
tolerance Electrolyte chemistry
changing 17-36 equilibrium constants 27-5, 27-6, 27-7
DMO objective function convergence specifying 27-4
tolerance: 17-36 Electrolyte chemistry: 27-2, 27-3, 27-5
DMO residual convergence tolerance Electrolyte Wizard 6-16, 6-18
changing 17-36 about 6-16
DMO residual convergence tolerance: 17-36 generated electrolyte reactions 6-18
DMO solver 17-45 generated henry components 6-18
applying a trust region 17-40 Electrolytes 2-14, 2-15, 6-16, 6-18, 7-15
changing parameters 17-36 generated henry components 6-18
creep mode 17-37 generated reactions 6-18
handling infeasible solutions 17-46 property sets 2-15
handling singularities 17-47 rules for modeling 7-15
scaling 17-45 systems 6-16
troubleshooting 17-45 template 2-14
variable bounding 17-48 Embedded objects 37-22
DMO solver parameters saving 37-22
active set initialization 17-39, 17-40 Embedding
control panel report 17-38 objects 37-21, 37-22
convergence tolerance 17-36, 17-37 Embedding: 37-21, 37-22
creep mode 17-37, 17-38 Emergency events
iteration limits 17-37 describing 33-17
maximum iterations 17-37 Emergency events: 33-17
micro-infeasibility handling 17-40 Energy balance equations: 25-5
trust region 17-40, 17-41 Energy balances
DMO solver parameters: 17-36, 17-37, 17- specifying 25-2
38, 17-39, 17-40 stream variables 25-4
DMO solver: 17-34, 17-36, 17-37, 17-40, Energy balances: 25-2, 25-4
17-45, 17-46, 17-47, 17-48 Engine connection
Documentation automation 38-27
available: 3-5 Engine connection: 38-27
Documentation: 3-5 EO connections 24-8
Documents 15-2 specifying 24-8
AspenPlus 15-2 EO aliases: 18-38
Dot notation EO Conv form
using 38-8 EO to SM sheet 17-33
Dot notation: 38-8 SM Init sheet 17-33
DSTWU 10-14, 10-15 SM to EO sheet 17-33
about 10-14 Solver sheet 17-33
DynamicInput form: 33-17 EO Conv form: 17-33
DynamicResults form: 33-25 EO convergence 17-33, 17-45
DMO solver 17-34, 17-36

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 7

 DMO solver problems 17-45 DMO basic iteration information 17-42
LSSQP solver 17-51 DMO constrained variables 17-42
LSSQP solver problems 17-60 DMO general iteration information 17-43
NSOLVE solver 17-63 DMO largest unscaled residuals 17-42
scaling objective function 17-45 DMO problem information 17-42
EO convergence options DMO shadow price 17-42
SM intialization parameters 17-33 LSSPQ basic iteration information 17-55
solver 17-33 LSSQP 17-55
Wegstein acceleration parameters 17-34 LSSQP constrained variables 17-56
EO convergence options: 17-33 LSSQP inactive equations 17-58
EO convergence: 17-34, 17-45, 17-50, 17-60 LSSQP independent variables 17-56
EO model LSSQP largest block RMS residuals 17-
synchronizing 18-34 58
EO model: 18-34 LSSQP largest scaled residuals 17-58
EO ports 18-39 LSSQP largest scaled variable changes
attributes 18-40 17-58
creating 18-39 LSSQP line search information 17-59
mole fraction variable naming LSSQP objective and worst merit function
conventions 18-29 contributors 17-60
port types 18-39 LSSQP shadow price 17-56
EO ports: 18-29, 18-39 nonlinearity ratios (DMO): 17-44
EO run 22-2, 22-7 NSOLVE 17-65
modes 22-2 EO solver report: 17-41, 17-42, 17-43, 17-
objective function 22-7 44, 17-55, 17-56, 17-58, 17-59, 17-60
EO script parameters EO solver: 17-33
relaxed bound tolerance 18-33 EO variable attributes: 18-30
soft bound status 18-33 EO variable bound types
step bound status 18-32 hard 18-32
EO script parameters: 18-32, 18-33 relaxed 18-32
EO sensitivity soft 18-33
calculating 20-12 EO variable bound types: 18-32, 18-33
configuring variable set 20-11 EO variable bounds: 18-31
creating 20-11 EO variable naming conventions
evaluate Jacobian 20-12 equations 18-28
force variable specifications 20-12 mole fraction models 18-28
objective function 20-11, 20-12 mole fraction ports 18-29
view results 20-12 mole fraction streams 18-29
EO sensitivity analysis EO variable naming conventions: 18-28, 18-
perform 20-11 29
EO sensitivity analysis: 20-10 EO variables
EO Sensitivity Configuration sheet: 20-11 accessing 18-33
EO Sensitivity Results sheet: 20-12 aliases 18-38
EO sensitivity: 20-10, 20-11, 20-12 copying 18-34
EO solver displaying 18-34
specifying 17-33 fixed variables 21-20
EO solver report ports 18-39
DMO 17-41

8 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 query guidelines 18-38 Events: 38-25
querying 18-37 Excel 10-32
specifying for sensitivity 20-11 copying data from 37-7
EO Variables dialog box unit operation models 10-32
customizing 18-37 updating links 37-20
EO Variables dialog box: 18-36, 18-37 Excel Calculator
EO Variables form blocks 19-1, 19-2
customizing 18-35 creating blocks 19-4
sorting 18-35 using blocks 19-3
EO Variables form: 18-34, 18-35 Excel Calculator: 19-1, 19-3, 19-4
EO variables: 18-27, 18-33, 18-34, 18-37, Excel: 37-7, 37-20
18-38, 18-39, 20-11, 21-20 Expert system 1-12
equation oriented problems 2-21 Export Variables
creating 2-21 about 19-8
Equations Export Variables: 19-8
EO variable naming conventions 18-28 Exporting 15-11
Equations of state 5-12, 7-3, 8-5 files 15-11
binary parameters 8-5 Exporting files
property methods 7-3 automation 38-32
specifying extrapolation threshold 5-12 Exporting files: 38-32
Equations: 18-28 Extrapolation threshold 5-13
Equilibrium equations of state 5-12
reactions 27-16
volume basis concentrations 27-11 F
Equilibrium ionic reactions: 27-4 FabFl 10-30
Equilibrium reactors 10-26 about 10-30
restricting 10-26 FACTPCD databank 40-3
Equilibrium: 27-11, 27-16 FactSage 40-1
Errors 12-4 Fields
automation 38-2 help on: 3-2
messages 12-4 Fields: 3-2
Errors: 38-2 Files 2-21, 15-1, 15-2, 15-3, 15-5, 15-7, 15-
ESP 10-30, 10-31 8, 15-9, 15-10, 15-11, 15-13, 17-41, 37-
about 10-30 22
Estimation 16-9 active links 37-18
binary parameters 30-14, 30-15 AspenPlus 15-2
comparing with experimental data 30-20 backup 15-2, 15-3
parameters 30-21 descriptions 2-21
property parameters 30-2 DMO active bounds report (*.atact) 17-41
results 16-9, 30-20 EO solver report (*.atslv) 17-41
temperature dependent properties 30-14 exporting 15-11
turning off 30-21 formats 15-1
Estimation Compare form: 30-20 generating 15-11
Estimation: 30-2, 30-13, 30-14, 30-20, 30- history 15-9
21 importing 15-11
Events managing 15-13
automation 38-25

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 9

 report 15-7 changing layout 4-12
saving 15-10 completeness 4-9
summary 15-8 completion status 2-5
template 15-6 connectivity 4-9, 4-10, 38-12, 38-22
types 15-1 convergence 17-24, 17-25
with active links 37-19 defining 4-1
with embedded objects 37-22 displaying global data 14-5
with links 37-19 embedding objects 37-21
Files: 37-18, 37-19 global data 14-5, 14-6
Fillage graphics 14-2
specifying 33-9 large 4-7
Fillage: 33-9 modifying 4-10
Filter block 10-31 optimization 17-14
about 10-31 printing 4-22, 14-12
Finding 4-8 property methods 7-11
blocks 4-8 recycles 17-1
Flash redrawing 4-18
PML 22-12, 22-13 running with regression results 31-21
smoothing 22-14, 22-15, 22-16 runs 2-5
specifying 24-5, 25-5 saving views 4-9
types 24-5 scrollbars 4-7
Flash Convergence sheet 5-12 sections 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 7-11, 9-16, 14-13
Flash: 22-12, 22-14, 24-5, 25-5 sequencing 17-17, 17-18
Flash2 10-5 Snap to Grid option 14-10
about 10-5 stream tables 14-2
Flashes 5-12 unattaching objects 14-11
specifying global options 5-12 variables 24-2
Floating palettes 1-5 viewing 4-7, 4-8, 4-9
using 1-5 working with large 14-13
Flow basis 5-4 zooming 4-7
selecting 5-4 Flowsheets: 17-1, 17-14, 17-17, 17-24, 24-2,
Flowsheet connectivity 31-21, 37-21, 38-12, 38-22
automation 38-22 Forms 1-7, 1-8, 2-6, 5-15, 5-16, 6-1, 8-7
Flowsheet connectivity: 38-22 browsing 1-10, 1-11
Flowsheet tab 16-11 clearing 1-12
Flowsheet variables 18-1, 18-2, 18-6, 19-4, completion status 2-6
20-3, 21-5, 23-24, 23-25, 23-26 displaying 1-6, 1-8
accessing 18-1 for entering property parameters 8-7
determining between 18-6 for specifying component information 6-1
identifying 19-4, 20-3, 23-24, 23-25 specifying units sets 5-15
identifying manipulated 21-5 Fortran 10-32
types 18-2 about 19-2
Flowsheets 2-5, 4-1, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10, 4- blocks 19-1, 19-3
13, 4-18, 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 7-11, 9-16, Calculator blocks 19-1
14-2, 14-5, 14-10, 14-11, 14-12, 14-13 creating blocks 19-3
aligning objects 14-10 entering 19-6, 20-6, 21-6, 23-8
attaching objects 14-11

10 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 hints 19-12 Go Back button 1-11
interpreting 19-15 Go Forward button 1-11
rules 19-12 Graphics 14-3, 14-10
statements 19-6, 20-6, 21-5, 21-6, 23-8 adding to flowsheets 14-2
syntax checking 19-12 aligning in flowsheets 14-10
unit operation models 10-32 Gravity curves
user models 19-16 entering 32-7
using 19-2 Gravity curves: 32-7
writing to control panel Grid options 4-8, 13-11, 14-10
report file 19-13 changing 4-8, 13-12
Fortran sheet size 14-10
using 20-6, 21-6, 23-8 Grid size 14-10
Fortran sheet: 20-6, 21-6, 23-8 Groups 6-22, 6-23, 14-9
Fortran: 19-1, 19-2, 19-3, 19-6, 19-12, 19- method specific functional 30-8
15, 19-16, 20-6, 21-5, 21-6, 23-8 permanent 14-9, 14-10
Free water 5-5, 7-13, 7-14 specifying 6-22
calculations 5-5, 7-13 UNIFAC 6-22, 6-23
phase 7-14 Groups: 30-8
property method 7-14 Guidelines 18-7
for choosing variables 18-7
G
Gas Processing template 2-12, 7-5 H
about 2-12, 7-5 HAP_UNITCOL attribute: 38-15
property sets 2-12 HappLS object: 38-3, 38-4
General method Hard bound: 18-32
using 30-6 Heat exchanger design program interface
General method: 30-6 overview 39-1
General tab 16-5 Heat exchanger design program interface:
General template 2-7, 2-8 39-1
about 2-7 heat streams
defaults 2-8 load streams 9-20, 9-21
property sets 2-8 Heat streams 4-6, 12-8
Global data 14-5, 16-9, 16-10 defining 4-6
controling the display 16-10 results 12-8
customizing the display 16-9 Heater model 10-6
flowsheets 14-5 about 10-6
Global information 5-1, 5-2, 5-12 Heating/cooling curves 10-36
about 5-1 HeatX calculation methods 10-8, 10-9
entering 5-2 Aerotran-rigorous 10-10
specifying for flash 5-12 Hetran-rigorous 10-9
Global property method 7-10 Help
Global settings 5-5, 5-9 dialog boxes: 3-2
changing 5-5, 5-9 getting help in Aspen Plus: 3-1
GLOBAL stream class 4-21 How To: 3-3
Global units sets 5-4 improving: 3-6
specifying 5-3 keeping on top: 3-1

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 11

 on top: 3-1 I
printing Help topics: 3-5 icon editor 16-27
printing topics: 3-5 icons 4-15
reference information: 3-3 adding
screen elements: 3-2 deleting 16-27
searching for topics: 3-2 changing 16-27
troubleshooting 3-3 editing 16-27
Help button: 3-2 resizing 4-15
Help: 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-5, 3-6 rotating 4-15
Henry's components 6-22 ID conflicts
defining 6-22 resolving 34-3
Henry's Law 7-12, 8-3 ID conflicts: 34-2
parameter requirements 7-12, 8-3 Ideal property methods 7-2
Hetran 10-13 IHapp object: 38-3, 38-4
about 10-13 Import Variables
Hetran-rigorous method 10-8 about 19-8
HeatX 10-8, 10-9 Import Variables: 19-8
Hiding Importing 15-11
objects 34-5, 34-6 files 15-11, 15-12
Hiding: 34-5 Improving
Hierarchy blocks help: 3-6
about 10-34 Improving: 3-6
user model libraries 16-18, 16-19 Infinite dilution activity coefficient data
History file 12-4, 15-9, 15-13 using 30-18
about 15-9 Infinite dilution activity coefficient data: 30-
copying 15-13 18
messages 12-4 Information 2-21
viewing 12-4 accessing homepage: 3-6
Homepage file descriptions 2-21
Aspentech: 3-6 Information: 3-6
Host computer 1-2, 11-8, 15-13 Initial guesses
changing 11-8 using 17-17
connecting 1-1 Initial guesses: 17-17
copying history file 15-13 Initial Hessian scaling factor
specifying working directory 15-13 changing 17-61
How To Help: 3-3 Initial Hessian scaling factor: 17-60
HTXINT Initial value 22-20, 22-21
overview 39-1 independent variable 22-21
HTXINT: 39-1 optimized variable 22-20
HyCyc 10-31 reconciled variable 22-20
about 10-31 Input 2-5
Hydrometallurgy template 2-17, 2-18 dynamic 33-18
about 2-17 specifications 2-5
property sets 2-18 Input file 11-10, 11-11
editing 11-10
Input: 33-17
Insert mode 1-6

12 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Inserts licensing
about 34-1 ACM flowsheets 10-33
creating 34-1 Light ends 32-4
electrolyte 34-5 about 32-4
importing 34-2 Limits sheet 5-13
using library 34-5 Line Styles 16-15
Inserts: 34-1, 34-2, 34-5 Link container
Interactive runs 11-1, 11-2 definition 37-18
Interactively Load Results 11-12 Link container: 37-18
changing 11-12 Link source
Interoperability definition 37-18
about 37-1 visibility of applications 37-19
Interoperability: 37-1 Link source: 37-18, 37-19
Interpreting Linking 37-13
Fortran 19-15 applications 37-13
Interpreting: 19-15 Linking results: 37-14
Intervals 9-18, 9-19 Links
particle size distribution 9-19 saving files 37-18
Ionic reactions 6-16 updating in Excel 37-20
Ionic reactions: 27-4 Links: 37-18, 37-20
Live data links
J about 37-1
Jacobean Live data links: 37-1
evaluate for EO sensitivity 20-12 LLE data
Jacobean: 20-12 generating 31-8
LLE data: 31-8
K load streams 9-20
Loops
Kinetics converging 19-9
user defined subroutines 27-23 Loops: 19-9
Kinetics: 27-23 LSSQP Basic form
Basic sheet 17-51
L Report sheet 17-53
Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson LSSQP Basic form: 17-51, 17-53
reactions 27-12 LSSQP convergence tolerance
Layout 4-12 changing 17-51
flowsheet 4-12 LSSQP convergence tolerance: 17-51
LHHW rate-controlled reactions: 27-13 LSSQP iteration limits
LHHW reactions 27-12 changing 17-51
Libraries 1-5, 2-20 LSSQP iteration limits: 17-51
application examples 2-20 LSSQP maximum feasibility corrections
automation 38-24 changing 17-51
inserts 34-5 LSSQP maximum feasibility corrections:
Model Library 1-5 17-51
stream 35-1 LSSQP solver
Libraries: 34-5, 38-24 changing parameters 17-51

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 13

 infeasible QP's: 17-62 MIXED substream: 18-12
infeasible solutions 17-61 Model
scaling 17-61 sending a constant value 22-20
singularities 17-62 synchronizing 18-34
troubleshooting 17-60 Model library 1-5, 16-21, 16-22, 16-24
variable bounding 17-63 about 1-5
LSSQP solver parameters adding
control panel report 17-53 deleting icons 16-27
convergence tolerance 17-52 adding models 16-21
iteration limits 17-52 automation 38-24
LSSQP solver parameters: 17-51, 17-53 changing icons 16-27
LSSQP solver: 17-50, 17-51, 17-60, 17-61, selecting stream type 1-6
17-62, 17-63 undocking 1-5
Model library: 38-24
M Model: 18-34, 22-20
Modes 14-6, 16-17
Main window 1-3, 1-4
PFD 14-6
about 1-4
Workbook 16-17
Mass balance only simulations 5-8, 9-3 mole fraction models
about 5-8 EO variable naming conventions 18-28
calculations 9-3 mole fraction models: 18-28
unit operation models 5-8
mole fraction streams
Mass balances EO variable naming conventions 18-29
specifying 25-2 mole fraction streams: 18-29
stream variables 25-4 Molecular structure
Mass balances: 25-2, 25-4 defining 30-6
Material balance equations: 25-5 Molecular structure: 30-6, 30-8
Material streams 9-2 Molecular weight 5-9
specifying 9-2 Molecular weight curves
Menus entering 32-7
help on: 3-2 Molecular weight curves: 32-7
Menus: 3-2 Mouse pointer 4-2
Messages 5-6 changes 4-2
control panel 17-22
shapes 4-2
diagnostic 5-6
Mult 10-28
progress 5-6
about 10-28
setting levels 5-6 Multi-dimensioned variable node attributes:
Messages: 17-22 38-11
Meta-data attributes: 38-11
Method specific functional groups: 30-8 N
Micro-infeasibility handling (DMO)
using 17-40 naming conventions
Micro-infeasibility handling (DMO): 17-40 EO variables 18-28
mixed mode naming conventions: 18-28
EO to SM parameter 17-33 Naming options 4-11, 16-11
SM to EO switch parameters 17-34 setting 16-11
mixed mode: 17-33 specifying 4-11

14 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

NC substream: 18-14 IHapp 38-3, 38-4
Newton method: 17-12 moving 4-13
Next button 1-10 revealing 34-6
Node attributes specifying units sets 5-15
about 38-10 tree structure 38-7
Node attributes: 38-10 unattaching 14-11
Node objects viewing properties 38-3
tree structure 38-7 Objects: 34-5, 34-6, 37-21, 37-22, 38-2, 38-
Node objects: 38-7 3, 38-4, 38-7
Nodes Offspring nodes
offspring 38-16, 38-17 obtaining 38-16
Nodes: 38-16 Offspring nodes: 38-16
Non scalar data: 38-16 OLE automation
Nonconventional components 6-19, 6-21, 7- about 37-1
19 OLE automation: 37-1
attributes 6-21 Online
physical properties 7-19 options 16-16
solids 6-19 Online applications library 2-20
Nondatabank components 6-7 accessing 2-20
NSOLVE parameters using 2-20
convergence tolerance 17-65 Open Solvers 22-24, 22-25
iteration limits 17-65 changing parameters 22-25
maximum feasibility corrections 17-65 implementing 22-25
NSOLVE solver 17-63, 17-64 selecting 22-24
changing parameters 17-64 using 22-24
Numerical methods viewing parameters 22-25
parameters 17-6 Optimization
specifying 17-5 about 23-1
Numerical methods: 17-5, 17-6 algorithms 23-9
constraints 23-5
O convergence 23-2
creating 23-3
Object Browser: 38-3
identifying manipulated variables 23-5
Object Manager 1-11
problems 17-14
objective function 17-45
recommendations 23-2
changing the scale 17-45
troubleshooting 23-10
EO sensitivity 20-11, 20-12
Optimization problems: 23-2
objective function: 20-11
objective functions Optimization: 17-14, 23-1, 23-2, 23-3, 23-5,
data regression 31-14, 31-15 23-9, 23-10
Objects 4-13, 5-15, 14-11 Options 16-4, 16-5
attaching to flowsheets 14-11 setting default 16-4
collection 38-7, 38-8 specifying general 16-5
deleting 1-12
embedding 37-21, 37-22 P
error handling 38-2 Paired scrolling: 38-20
HappLS 38-3, 38-4 Parameter variables 18-7
hiding 34-5

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 15

 about 18-7 using 14-6
Parameters 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, 8-5, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8, Pharmaceuticals template 2-16
8-17, 8-18 Phase qualifiers
activity coefficient 8-5 specifying 28-3
automatic sequencing 17-5 Phase qualifiers: 28-3
binary 8-5 Phases 5-5
definition 8-1 specifying valid 5-5
equations of state 8-5 Pipe model
forms 8-7 diameters 33-16
Henry's Law requirements 8-3 Pipe model: 33-16
mass and energy balance 8-2 Pipe Schedules tables: 33-16
numerical methods 17-6 Pitzer 8-17
requirements 8-2 ternary parameters 8-17
tear stream selection 17-5 Place 4-18
ternary 8-17, 8-18 using 4-18
Parameters Electrolyte Ternary form 8-17 Plot Text Settings dialog box 13-7
Parameters: 17-5, 17-6 Plot Wizard 13-2
Particle size distribution 9-18, 9-19 using 13-2
creating 9-19 Plots 13-1, 13-2, 13-5, 13-6, 13-7, 13-8, 13-
specifying intervals 9-18 9, 13-10, 13-11, 13-12, 13-13, 13-14,
Pasting 13-15, 13-16
about 37-1 adding text 13-7
Aspen Plus data into applications 37-5 annotating 13-6
data: 37-3 attaching to blocks 37-11
from other applications 37-7 attaching to flowsheets 37-11
plots 37-10 attributes 13-8
Pasting: 37-1, 37-3, 37-5, 37-7, 37-10 axes 13-11
Permanent groups axis mapping 13-9
creating 14-9 changing defaults 13-15
PetroFrac 2-10, 10-20 changing grid options 13-11
about 2-9, 10-20 changing properties 13-7
Petroleum mixtures changing text 13-10
defining 32-1 comparing results 13-13
Petroleum mixtures: 32-1 copying to other applications 37-10
Petroleum properties curves 13-13, 13-14
defining 32-19 deleting data 13-14
modifying definitions 32-12 displaying data 13-1
Petroleum properties: 32-12, 32-19 experimental data 31-10
Petroleum property curves generating 13-2
about 32-3 legends 13-8, 13-9
entering 32-8 modifying text 13-7
Petroleum property curves: 32-8 pasting onto flowsheet 37-10
Petroleum template 2-9, 2-10 printing 13-16
about 2-9 range of data 13-14
property sets 2-10 regression results 31-19
PFD mode 14-6 scale options 13-11

16 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 selecting variables 13-5, 13-6 Help topics: 3-5
titles 13-10 help: 3-5
updating 13-13 large flowsheets 14-13
zooming 13-14 plots 13-16
Plots: 31-10, 31-19, 37-10, 37-11 Printing: 3-5
Point Data data sets Pro/II
creating 23-24 converting files from 15-14
Point Data data sets: 23-24 Procedural help: 3-3
Polar nonelectrolyte systems (diagram) 7-10 Process flow diagrams 14-8
Polynomials 8-24, 8-25 creating 14-8
adjusting for pressure 8-25 Process Flowsheet toolbar 4-8
adjusting reference states 8-24 Process Flowsheet window 1-4, 1-5, 16-2, 16-3
Port attributes for flowsheet connectivity: about 1-4
38-12 Profile Data data sets
Ports 4-11, 18-39 creating 23-27
changing 4-11 Profile Data data sets: 23-27
equation-oriented (EO) 18-39 Profile variables 23-28
Power law expressions: 27-9, 27-18 identifying 23-28
power law reactions: 27-7 Progress 5-6, 11-2
Precipitation reactions messages 5-6
for RadFrac 27-21 viewing simulation 11-2
Precipitation reactions: 27-4, 27-21 Properties
Pressure 5-11, 5-12 searching for 28-3
specifying limits for flash 5-11 user-defined 28-6
Pressure qualifiers Properties Parameters Pure Components
specifying 28-3 USRDEF-1 form 6-8
Pressure qualifiers: 28-3 Properties PLUS 2-4
Pressure Relief run type description 2-4
about 33-1 Properties: 28-3, 28-6
calculations 33-23, 33-24 Property analysis 2-4, 9-7
creating block 33-2 run type description 2-4
devices 33-12 streams 9-7
results 33-24 Property Analysis
rules 33-9, 33-10 about 29-2
scenarios 33-3, 33-5 creating 29-21
specifying 33-21 Property Analysis: 29-2, 29-21
stopping calculations 33-22 Property data 30-17, 30-18
streams 33-5 improving estimated parameters 30-17
venting systems 33-12 temperature-dependent 30-17, 30-18
Pressure Relief: 33-1, 33-2, 33-3, 33-4, 33- Property Estimation 2-5
5, 33-9, 33-12, 33-21, 33-22, 33-23, 33- run type description 2-4
24 Property methods 2-9, 2-14, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4,
Printed documentation: 3-5 7-5, 7-9, 7-10, 7-11, 7-12, 7-14, 7-16, 7-
Printing 4-22, 13-16, 14-13 17
flowsheet sections 4-22, 14-13 about 7-1
flowsheets 14-12 activity coefficient 7-3

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 17

 activity coefficient (diagram) 7-10 naming options 32-14
base 7-17 property methods 2-9, 32-19
choosing 7-5 temperature dependent 32-17
choosing (diagram) 7-9, 7-10 user defined 32-16
data regression 31-2 Pseudocomponents: 32-13, 32-14, 32-15,
ELECNRTL 2-14, 2-15 32-16, 32-17, 32-19
equations of state 7-3 Pseudoproduct streams 4-6, 9-22
flowsheet sections 7-11 Pump model 10-27
free water phase 7-14 about 10-27
global 7-10, 7-11 Pure components 29-3, 29-22, 31-3
ideal 7-2 about 29-22
lists of all 7-2 databanks search order 16-7
modifying 7-16, 7-17 fitting data 31-3
overriding global 7-12 properties 29-3, 29-4, 29-5
pseudocomponent 2-9, 32-17, 32-18, 32-19 pyrometallurgical processes 40-1
special systems 7-4 Pyrometallurgy template 2-18, 2-19
specifying for flowsheet section 7-11 about 2-18
specifying local 7-12 property sets 2-19
Property methods: 31-2, 32-19
Property package Q
creating 34-4 Query dialog box
Property package: 34-4 EO variables 18-37, 18-38
property packages 7-19 Query dialog box: 18-37
CAPE-OPEN
creating 7-21
importing 7-19
R
CAPE-OPEN Rate-controlled reactions: 27-18
working with 7-19 RateFrac 10-23
Property parameters 8-2, 8-7 about 10-23
forms 8-7 RBatch 10-27
requirements 8-2 about 10-27
property sets 5-20, 5-21, 28-5 Reaction stoichiometry 5-10
about 28-1 Reactions 27-12, 27-13
defining 28-2 complete dissociation 27-5
designating 5-20 electrolyte chemistry 27-2, 27-3
distillation curve limitations 28-5 equilibrium 27-16, 27-17, 27-18
phase qualifiers 28-3 for RCSTR only 27-8, 27-13
pressure qualifiers 28-3 equilibrium constants 27-5
temperature qualifiers 28-3 equilibrium ionic 27-4
property sets: 28-1, 28-2, 28-3 ionic 27-4
Prop-set calculations 5-10 Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson
flash fails 5-10 (LHHW) 27-12
Pseudocomponents 2-9 non-electrolyte equilibrium 27-2
about 32-2, 32-13 power law 27-7
cut points 32-14 power law expressions 27-9, 27-18
entering basic properties 32-16 rate-based 27-2
generating 32-15 rate-controlled 27-2, 27-9, 27-18

18 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 for LHHW 27-13 Relaxed bound
reactive distillation 27-15 tolerance paramter 18-32
salt precipitation 27-4, 27-5 Relaxed bound: 18-32
for RadFrac only 27-21 Relief devices
solids 27-11 specifying 33-12
specifying 27-1 Relief devices: 33-12
stoichiometry and reaction rate 27-11 Reorder Comps button 6-14
types 27-1 Reports 5-6, 5-17, 5-20, 5-22, 8-4, 12-8, 12-
Reactions: 27-1, 27-2, 27-3, 27-4, 27-5, 27- 9, 15-7, 17-41, 17-55
7, 27-8, 27-9, 27-11, 27-13, 27-15, 27- accounting 5-6
16, 27-18, 27-21 DMO active bound 17-41
Reactive distillation EO solver report
specifying reactions 27-15 DMO 17-41
Reactive distillation: 27-15 LSSQP 17-55
Reactive systems NSOLVE 17-65
specifying 33-21 exporting 12-9
Reactive systems: 33-21 files 15-7
Reactors 10-25 generating 8-4, 12-8
about 10-25 saving 12-9
Read Variables specifying options 5-17
about 19-8 stream 5-20
Read Variables: 19-8 supplementary streams 5-22
Recycles viewing 12-9
about 17-1 Resolve ID Conflicts dialog box: 34-2
Recycles: 17-1 Restoring 1-12
Redrawing 4-18 defaults on sheets 1-12
flowsheet with Place and Unplace 4-18 Results 5-17, 5-21, 11-7, 12-2, 12-4, 12-6,
Reference 12-7, 12-8, 13-13, 13-14, 16-9
help on: 3-3 Assay Data Analysis 32-20
Reference states 8-3, 8-25 batch stream 5-18, 5-21
adjusting for tabular data 8-24 comparing on a plot 13-13
ionic species 8-3 completeness 12-4
Reference: 3-3 copying regression and estimation 16-9
regression data fit 23-36
algorithm options 31-13 dynamic 33-25
Regression 16-9 EO Variables 12-8
formulating case 31-11 estimation 16-9, 30-20
problems 31-18 examining 33-24
results 16-9, 31-17 formatting stream 12-7
running 31-17 heat and work streams 12-8
specifying parameters 31-12 linking 37-14
Regression cases Pressure Relief 33-24
defining 23-29 regression 16-9
Regression cases: 23-29 steady state 33-24
Regression: 31-11, 31-12, 31-17, 31-18 stream 12-6
Reinitializing 11-4 Summary sheet 11-7
about 11-4 updating plots 13-13

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 19

 viewing 12-2, 17-22, 33-25 for RadFrac 27-21
viewing steady state 33-24 Salt precipitation reactions: 27-4, 27-21
Results View tab 16-9 Saving 15-10, 37-22
Results: 17-22, 23-36, 30-20, 31-17, 32-20, files 15-10
33-24, 33-25, 37-14 files with embedded objects 37-22
Revealing links 37-18
objects 34-6 runs 15-10
Revealing: 34-6 Saving: 37-18
RGibbs 10-26 Scenarios
about 10-26 dynamic 33-7, 33-10, 33-21, 33-22
Root finder 5-12, 5-13 pressure relief 33-3
Routes 7-17 steady state 33-5
sheet 7-17 Scenarios: 33-3, 33-5, 33-7, 33-10, 33-21
RPlug 10-26 SCFrac 10-15
about 10-26 about 10-15
RStoic 10-25 Scrolling
about 10-25 paired 38-21
Rules Scrolling: 38-20
Pressure Relief 33-9, 33-10 Secant method: 17-11
Rules: 33-9 Sensitivity
Run accounting information 5-6 about 20-1
Run descriptions 5-6 blocks 20-2, 20-3, 20-6
specifying 5-6 EO 20-10, 20-11
Run Settings dialog box 11-11 SM 20-1
Run Type 2-4, 5-2, 5-3 Sensitivity: 20-1, 20-2, 20-3, 20-6, 20-10
changing 5-3 Sep2 10-6
choosing 2-4 about 10-6
Runs 2-2, 2-4, 2-5, 5-2, 5-3, 5-6, 11-1, 11-2, Separators 10-4
11-9, 12-4, 12-8, 15-10 about 10-4
accounting information 5-6 Sequence
batch 11-9 calculation 17-15, 17-16
changing type 5-2 Sequence: 17-15
completeness 12-4 Sequencing
completing input specifications 2-5 balance blocks 25-4
creating new 2-2 data-fit 23-35
descriptions 5-6 example 17-19
flowsheet 2-5 problems 17-29
interactive 12-8 specifying parameters 17-5
naming 5-3 viewing 17-19
saving 15-10 Sequencing: 17-5, 17-19, 17-28, 23-35, 25-4
specifying a run description 5-6 Setup forms 5-1
types 2-4, 11-1 accessing 5-1
run-time intervention (DMO solver): 17-49 Setup ReportOptions form 5-17
Setup Simulation Options form 5-7
S about 5-7
Setup Specifications form 5-2
Salt precipitation reactions entering global information 5-2

20 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

Setup Units Set sheets 5-15 SM model
Shadow price: 17-56 convergence 17-1
Sheets 1-7, 1-8, 2-6 design specs 21-1
completion status 2-6 sensitivity 20-1
displaying 1-8 synchronizing 18-34
Shortcut keys 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 10-8 SM model: 17-1, 18-34, 20-1, 21-1
blocks and streams 1-13 SM variables 18-1
Editing 1-14 Snap to Grid option 14-10
Files 1-14 Soft bound
flowsheets 1-14 status parameter 18-33
general 1-13 Soft bound: 18-33
Help 1-14 Solids 2-19, 2-20, 6-11, 6-18, 6-19
Plotting 1-14 conventional 6-19
Regions 1-15 defining 6-11
Running Simulations 1-15 identifying 6-18
Using 1-13 nonconventional 6-19
Viewing 1-15 property sets 2-20
Simuations template 2-19
controlling from automation client 38-27 Solids templates 2-19
Simuations: 38-27 Sorting
Simulation engine 11-10, 15-13 EO Variables form 18-35
running separately 11-10 Sorting: 18-35
Simulation Engine Spec group 21-18, 21-19
setting up environment 11-10 creating 21-19
Simulation engine connection modifying 21-19
automation 38-27 selecting variables 21-18
Simulation engine connection: 38-27 Special data packages: 34-1
Simulation Engine window 11-10 Special systems property methods 7-4
Simulation Run toolbar 11-3 Specialty Chemicals template 2-15
Simulation status 1-9 Specifications 9-2
displaying 1-9 creating 21-3
Simulations 1-12, 5-4, 5-6, 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, design 17-2
11-4, 11-6, 11-7, 11-8, 12-2, 12-4 flash 24-5
commands 11-3 thermodynamic condition 9-2
completeness 12-4 Specifications: 17-1, 21-3, 24-5
deleting objects 1-12 SQP convergence method: 17-14
overriding history messages 5-6 SQP method: 23-9
reinitializing 11-4 Standalone
running interactively 11-2 runs 11-10
running on host 11-8 Standard deviation
selecting flow basis 5-4 definition 23-27, 23-28
types of run 11-1 Standard deviation: 23-27, 23-28
viewing current 12-2 Starting 2-2
viewing history 12-4 new run 2-2, 2-3
viewing progress 11-2 Startup tab 16-15
viewing status 11-6, 11-7 State variables 9-2

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 21

 specifying 9-2 pseudoproduct 4-6, 4-7, 9-22, 9-23
Status 1-9, 11-6, 11-7 reinitializing 20-5, 26-3
indicators 1-9 reports 5-20, 5-22
messages 11-6, 11-7 rerouting 4-18
SteadyStateResults form: 33-24 results 12-6, 12-7, 12-8
Step bound results format 5-20
status parameter 18-32 selecting 4-13
Step bound: 18-32 specifying 9-2, 9-17, 33-5
Step by step instructions: 3-3 tables 14-2
Stoichiometry 5-10, 5-11 thermodynamic conditions 9-2
mass balance checking 5-10 types 1-6
Stream libraries variables 18-3, 24-3
about 35-1 work 9-21, 9-22
creating 35-2 Streams: 18-3, 20-5, 24-2, 24-3, 26-3, 29-18,
modifying 35-2 33-5
Stream libraries: 35-2 Stream-Vec 18-3, 18-11, 29-17
StreamClass form 9-17 STRLIB
Streams 1-6, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-10, 4-11, about 35-2
4-13, 4-14, 4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 4-21, 5-4, commands 35-3
5-19, 5-20, 5-22, 9-2, 9-3, 9-8, 9-13, 9- running in batch mode 35-3
14, 9-15, 9-16, 9-17, 9-21, 9-22, 9-23, running interactively 35-2
12-6, 12-7, 12-8, 14-2, 18-11 STRLIB: 35-2, 35-3
accessing 18-11 Styles
analysis types 9-8 Line 16-15
analyzing properties 9-8 Substreams 9-15, 9-16, 9-17, 18-11
calculating accessing 18-11
displaying properties 29-18 copying 24-3
changing format 4-18 creating 9-15, 9-18
changing ports 4-11 defining 9-17
classes 4-21, 5-4, 9-13, 9-15, 9-16, 9-17 modifying 9-15
composition 9-3 Substreams: 24-3
copying 24-2 Substrm-Vec 18-11
customizing report 5-19 Summary files 15-8
deleting 4-10 Supercritical components 7-12, 8-3
designating a batch stream 5-22 Henry's law 7-12, 7-13, 8-3
displaying properties interactively 9-8 parameter requirements 8-3
flow 24-3 SWash 10-31
heat and work 4-6 about 10-31
IDs 4-14, 4-17 Symbols 1-9
including in report 5-20 definition 1-9
moving 4-16 explaning status 1-9
moving corners 4-17 System options 5-13
moving segments 4-17 overriding defaults 5-13
naming 4-10, 4-11 Systems sheet 5-13
placing on flowsheet 4-4, 4-6
properties 29-17
property analysis 9-7

22 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

T Pharmaceutical 2-17
Table Format Files 12-7 Pyrometallurgy 2-18
about 36-1 saving 15-6
location 36-1 Solids 2-19
selecting 12-7 Specialty Chemicals 2-15, 2-16
Table Format Files: 36-1 types 2-3, 2-7
Tabular data 8-22, 8-24, 8-25 Ternary parameters 8-17
adjusting for pressure 8-25 Text 13-6, 13-7
adjusting reference states 8-24 adding 13-7
entering 8-22 adding to plots 13-6
Tabulate sheet 20-5 changing
in Plots 13-7
using 20-5
modifying
Task help: 3-3 in Plots 13-7
Tear convergence Text editor 15-13
specifying parameters 17-3 specifying 15-13
Tear Convergence sheet: 17-4 TFF 12-7
Tear convergence: 17-3 about 36-1
Tear Specifications sheet choosing 12-7
about 17-6 creating 36-2
Tear Specifications sheet: 17-6 location 36-1
Tear streams
TFF: 36-1
convergence 17-6, 17-7
Thermodynamic condition specifications 9-2
initial estimates 17-7
Toolbars 1-4, 4-8, 11-3, 16-3, 16-4
Tear streams: 17-6, 17-7
available 16-3
Tearing
customizing 16-3
specifying parameters 17-5
default 1-4
Tearing: 17-5
description 1-4
Temperature 5-11, 5-12
moving 16-4
specifying limits for flash 5-11
Process Flowsheet 4-8
Temperature qualifiers
Simulation Run 11-3
specifying 28-3
Tools Options Startup tab 16-15
Temperature qualifiers: 28-3
Transfer blocks
Templates 2-3, 2-7, 2-9, 2-12, 2-13, 2-14, 2-
about 24-1
15, 2-16, 2-17, 2-18, 2-19, 15-5, 15-6,
creating 24-2
16-17
defining 24-2
about 2-3, 15-5
EO usage notes 24-7
Air Separation 2-12, 2-13
specifying execution 24-4
Chemicals 2-13
Transfer blocks: 24-1, 24-2, 24-4, 24-7
choosing 2-3
Tree structure
creating your own 16-17
about 38-5
Electrolytes 2-14
automation interface 38-7
Gas Processing 2-12
dot notation 38-9
general 2-7
Variable Explorer 38-5, 38-6
Hydrometallurgy 2-17
Tree structure: 38-5, 38-7, 38-8
importing 15-6
Troubleshooting
Petroleum 2-9, 2-10
convergence problems 17-28

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 23

 Data Fit 23-36 User interface: 38-24, 38-26
ID conflicts 34-2, 34-3 user model libraries
optimization 23-10, 23-11 about 16-18
sequence problems 17-28 adding
Troubleshooting: 17-28, 23-10, 23-36, 34-2 deleting icons 16-27
Trust region (DMO) changing icons 16-27
applying 17-40 User models
Trust region (DMO): 17-40 types 19-16
Types 9-8, 11-1 User Models 10-31
of run 11-1 about 10-31
of stream analysis 9-8 User models: 19-16
User-Defined Component Wizard 6-7, 6-8,
U 6-11, 6-14
defining conventional components 6-8
UNIFAC groups 6-22 defining non-conventional components 6-
specifying 6-22 14
Unit operation blocks 4-2, 4-3, 10-35 defining solid components 6-11
placing on flowsheet 4-2, 4-3 opening 6-7
specifying 10-35 using 6-7
Unit operation models 1-5, 4-2, 5-8
User-defined kinetics subroutines: 27-23
in mass balance only runs 5-8 User-defined properties 28-6
placing in flowsheet 4-2
selecting 1-5 V
Unit Sets form 5-13
Unit Table Valid phases 5-5
about 38-14 changing 5-5
Unit Table: 38-14 Value related attributes: 38-10
units of measure ValueForUnit property: 38-14
abbreviations 5-15 ValueType property: 38-9
changing 38-15 Variable Definition dialog box 18-4, 19-4, 19-6,
Units of measure 5-13, 5-14 20-3, 20-4, 21-3, 21-4, 23-3, 23-4, 23-6,
about 5-14 23-7, 23-25
user-defined 5-13 Variable Explorer
viewing 5-14 about 38-5
units of measure: 38-15 example of using 38-6
Units sets 5-14, 5-15, 5-16 using 38-6
defining your own 5-15, 5-16 Variable Explorer: 38-5, 38-6
example of defining 5-16 Variable nodes attributes: 38-11
viewing 5-14 Variable specifications
UnitString property forcing for EO sensitivity 20-12
using 38-14 Variable specifications: 20-12
UnitString property: 38-14 Variables 13-5, 13-6, 18-1
Unplace 4-18, 4-19 accessing 18-1
using 4-18 block 18-16, 18-23
Upward Compatibility choosing 18-7
options 16-16 defining 18-4, 19-4, 20-3, 21-3, 23-3, 23-
User interface
6, 23-24
automation 38-24, 38-26

24 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide

 degree-of-freedom variables 22-8 Views 4-9
determining between 18-6 bookmarks 4-9
equation-oriented (EO) 18-27 Viscosity curves
identifying 19-4, 20-3, 23-24, 23-25 entering 32-8
identifying manipulated 21-5 Viscosity curves: 32-8
independent variables 22-21 Visual Basic
manipulated 20-4 about 37-1
optimized variable 22-20 Visual Basic: 37-1
parameter 18-7 VLE data
profile 23-28 generating 31-8
PSD-Vec 18-15 thermodynamic consistency test 31-15
reconciled variables 22-20 VLE data: 31-8
selecting for plots 13-5, 13-6 Vscrub 10-30
sequential-modular(SM) 18-1 about 10-30
specifying 18-4, 19-4, 20-3, 21-3, 23-3,
23-6, 23-24 W
tabulated 20-5 Warnings 5-11
types 18-2 requesting 5-11
vector 18-10, 18-11, 18-17, 18-18, 18-19, Website
18-21, 18-22, 18-23 AspenTech: 3-6
Variables: 18-1, 18-2, 18-3, 18-4, 18-6, 18- Website: 3-6
7, 18-10, 18-15, 18-16, 18-17, 18-18, Wegstein convergence method
18-19, 18-21, 18-22, 18-23, 18-27, 19- about 17-9
4, 20-3, 20-4, 20-5, 21-3, 21-5, 22-8, acceleration parameter 17-9, 17-10
22-20, 22-21, 23-3, 23-6, 23-24, 23-25, SQP acceleration parameters 17-15
23-28 Wegstein convergence method: 17-9
Vary sheet 20-4, 21-5 What's This button: 3-2
using 20-4 Work streams 4-6, 9-21, 12-8
Vectors 18-10, 18-16 defining 4-6
block 18-16 results 12-8
variable types 18-10 specifying 9-21
Venting systems: 33-12 Workbook mode 16-17
Venturi scrubbers 10-30 Working directory 15-13
about 10-30 specifying 15-13
Vessel Neck Workspace 1-3
specifying 33-15 World Wide Web site: 3-6
Vessel Neck: 33-15 Write Variables
Viewing 1-6, 4-7, 4-9 about 19-8
flowsheets 4-7, 4-9 Write Variables: 19-8
forms and sheets 1-7

Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide Index • 25

26 • Index Aspen Plus 12.1 User Guide