Trillium Third Generation (3G) Wireless Software

Continuous Computing

Third generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-
time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific
services that offer information on demand. The first generation of mobile phones consisted of the analog
models that emerged in the early 1980s. The second generation of digital mobile phones appeared about ten
years later along with the first digital mobile networks. During the second generation, the mobile
telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth both in terms of subscribers as well as new types
of value-added services. Mobile phones are rapidly becoming the preferred means of personal communication,
creating the world’s largest consumer electronics industry.

The rapid and efficient deployment of new wireless data and Internet services has emerged as a critical priority
for communications equipment manufacturers. Network components that enable wireless data services are
fundamental to the next-generation network infrastructure. Wireless data services are expected to see the
same explosive growth in demand that Internet services and wireless voice services have seen in recent
years.

This white paper presents an overview of current technology trends in the wireless technology market, a
historical overview of the evolving wireless technologies and an examination of how the communications
industry plans to implement 3G wireless technology standards to address the growing demand for wireless
multimedia services. Finally, this paper presents Continuous Computing’s Trillium software solutions which
enable wireless communications and Internet infrastructure equipment manufacturers to develop 3G network
elements for quick and efficient deployment.

3G Wireless Market Drivers

Telecommunications service providers and network operators are embracing the recently adopted global third
generation (3G) wireless standards in order to address emerging user demands and to provide new services.
The concept of 3G wireless technology represents a shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented
(voice, data, video, fax) services. In addition, heavy demand for remote access to personalized data is fueling
development of applications, such as the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and multimedia management,
to complement the 3G protocols. Complementary standards, such as Bluetooth, will enable interoperability
between a mobile terminal (phone, PDA etc.) and other electronic devices, such as a laptop/desktop and
peripherals, providing added convenience to the consumer and allowing for the synchronization and uploading
of information at all times.

Demand for voice services has traditionally been the key driver of the wireless market. Today, however,
demand for data services has emerged as an equally significant driver. After many years of stasis, the
telecommunications industry is undergoing revolutionary changes due to the impact of increased demand for
data services on wireline and wireless networks. Up until recently, data traffic over mobile networks remained
low at around 2% due to the bandwidth limitations of the present second-generation (2G) wireless networks.
Now, new technologies are quickly emerging that will optimize the transport of data services and offer higher
bandwidth in a mobile environment. As a case in point, the increased use of the Internet as an acceptable
source for information distribution and retrieval, in conjunction with the increased demand for global mobility
has created a need for 3G wireless communications protocols.

The third generation of mobile communications will greatly enhance the implementation of sophisticated
wireless applications. Users will be able to utilize personal, location-based wireless information and interactive
services. Also, many companies and corporations are restructuring their business processes to be able to fully
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exploit the opportunities provided by the emerging new wireless data services. Many advanced wireless
services are already available today, and the introduction of 3G wireless technologies will add to their ubiquity.

Existing Mobile Networks

FIRST GENERATION WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

The first generation of wireless mobile communications was based on analog signaling. Analog systems,
implemented in North America, were known as Analog Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), while systems
implemented in Europe and the rest of the world were typically identified as a variation of Total Access
Communication Systems (TACS). Analog systems were primarily based on circuit-switched technology and
designed for voice, not data.

SECOND GENERATION WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

The second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was based on low-band digital data signalling. The
most popular 2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM). GSM
systems, first implemented in 1991, are now operating in about 140 countries and territories around the world.
GSM technology is a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA). The first GSM systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in the 900MHz band. FDMA is
used to divide the available 25MHz of bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200kHz each. Each frequency
is then divided using a TDMA scheme into eight timeslots. The use of separate timeslots for transmission and
reception simplifies the electronics in the mobile units. Today, GSM systems operate in the 900MHz and 1.8
GHz bands throughout the world with the exception of the Americas where they operate in the 1.9 GHz band.

In addition to GSM, a similar technology, called Personal Digital Communications (PDC), using TDMA-based
technology, emerged in Japan. Since then, several other TDMA-based systems have been deployed
worldwide. While GSM technology was developed in Europe, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
technology was developed in North America. CDMA uses spread spectrum technology to break up speech into
small, digitized segments and encodes them to identify each call. CDMA systems have been implemented
worldwide.

While GSM and other TDMA-based systems have become the dominant 2G wireless technologies, CDMA
technology is recognized as providing clearer voice quality with less background noise, fewer dropped calls,
enhanced security, greater reliability and greater network capacity. The Second Generation (2G) wireless
networks mentioned above are also mostly based on circuit-switched technology. 2G wireless networks are
digital and expand the range of applications to more advanced voice services, such as Called Line
Identification. 2G wireless technology can handle some data capabilities such as fax and short message
service at the data rate of up to 9.6 kbps, but it is not suitable for web browsing and multimedia applications.

Next Generation Mobile Networks

SECOND GENERATION (2G+) WIRELESS NETWORKS

As stated in a previous section, the virtual explosion of Internet usage has had a tremendous impact on the
demand for advanced wireless data communication services. However, the effective data rate of 2G circuit-
switched wireless systems is relatively slow — too slow for today’s Internet. As a result, GSM, PDC and other
TDMA-based mobile system providers and carriers have developed 2G+ technology that is packet-based and
increases the data communication speeds to as high as 384kbps. These 2G+ systems are based on the
following technologies: High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
and Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) technologies.
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HSCSD is one step towards 3G wideband mobile data networks. This circuit-switched technology improves the
data rates up to 57.6kbps by introducing 14.4 kbps data coding and by aggregating 4 radio channels timeslots
of 14.4 kbps.

GPRS is an intermediate step that is designed to allow the GSM world to implement a full range of Internet
services without waiting for the deployment of full-scale 3G wireless systems. GPRS technology is packet-
based and designed to work in parallel with the 2G GSM, PDC and TDMA systems that are used for voice
communications and for table look-up to obtain GPRS user profiles in the Location Register databases. GPRS
uses a multiple of the 1 to 8 radio channel timeslots in the 200kHz-frequency band allocated for a carrier
frequency to enable data speeds of up to 115kbps. The data is packetized and transported over Public Land
Mobile Networks (PLMN) using an IP backbone so that mobile users can access services on the Internet, such
as SMTP/POP-based e-mail, FTP and HTTP-based Web services.

EDGE technology is a standard that has been specified to enhance the throughput per timeslot for both
HSCSD and GPRS. The enhancement of HSCSD is called ECSD, whereas the enhancement of GPRS is
called EGPRS. In ECSD, the maximum data rate will not increase from 64 kbps due to the restrictions in the A
interface, but the data rate per timeslot will triple. Similarly, in EGPRS, the data rate per timeslot will triple and
the peak throughput, including all eight timeslots in the radio interface, will exceed 384 kbps.

GPRS networks consist of an IP-based Public Mobile Land Network (PLMN), Base Station Services (BSS),
Mobile handsets (MS), and Mobile Switching Centers (MSC) for circuit-switched network access and
databases. The Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GGSN) make up
the PLMN. Roaming is accommodated through multiple PLMNs. SGSN and GGSN interface with the Home
Location Register (HLR) to retrieve the mobile user’s profiles to facilitate call completion. GGSN provides the
connection to external Packet Data Network (PDN), e.g. an Internet backbone or an X.25 network. The BSS
consists of Base Transceiver Stations and Base Station Controllers. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
receives and transmits over the air interfaces (CDMA, TDMA), providing wireless voice and data connectivity
to the mobile handsets. Base Station Controllers (BSC) route the data calls to the packet-switched PLMN over
a Frame Relay (FR) link and the voice calls to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). MSC switches the voice
calls to circuit-switched PLMN network such as PSTN and ISDN. MSC accommodates the Visitor Location
Register (VLR) to store the roaming subscriber information. The reverse process happens at the destination
PLMN and the destination BSS. On the data side, the BSC routes the data calls to the SGSN, and then the
data is switched to the external PDN through the GGSN or to another mobile subscriber.
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Figure 1 shows a GPRS network.

Figure 2 shows the protocols used in BTS, BSC, SGSN, GGSN, and mobile handsets

The following is a brief description of each protocol layer in the GPRS network infrastructure:

• Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)

Protocol that maps a network-level protocol, such as IP or X.25, to the underlying logical link control.
SNDCP also provides other functions such as compression, segmentation and multiplexing of
network-layer messages to a single virtual connection.
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• Logical Link Control (LLC)

A data link layer protocol for GPRS which functions similar to Link Access Protocol D (LAPD). This
layer assures the reliable transfer of user data across a wireless network.
• Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP)
Processes routing and quality of service (QoS) information for the BSS. BSSGP uses the Frame Relay
Q.922 core protocol as its transport mechanism.
• GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP)
Protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP backbone by adding routing information.
GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP.
• GPRS Mobility Management (GMM/SM)
Protocol that operates in the signalling plane of GPRS, handles mobility issues such as roaming,
authentication, selection of encryption algorithms and maintains PDP context.
• Network Service
Protocol that manages the convergence sub-layer that operates between BSSGP and the Frame
Relay Q.922 Core by mapping BSSGP’s service requests to the appropriate Frame Relay services.
• BSSAP+
Protocol that enables paging for voice connections from MSC via SGSN, thus optimizing paging for
mobile subscribers. BSSAP+ is also responsible for location and routing updates as well as mobile
station alerting.
• SCCP, MTP3, MTP2
Protocols used to support Mobile Application Part (MAP) and BSSAP+ in circuit switched PLMNs.
• Mobile Application Part (MAP)
Supports signaling between SGSN/GGSN and HLR/AuC/EIR.

THIRD GENERATION (3G) WIRELESS NETWORKS

3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a
single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of the most important aspects
of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA,
under one umbrella. The following three air interface modes accomplish this result: wideband CDMA,
CDMA2000 and the Universal Wireless Communication (UWC-136) interfaces.

Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) is compatible with the current 2G GSM networks prevalent in Europe and parts
of Asia. W-CDMA will require bandwidth of between 5Mhz and 10 Mhz, making it a suitable platform for higher
capacity applications. It can be overlaid onto existing GSM, TDMA (IS-36) and IS95 networks. Subscribers are
likely to access 3G wireless services initially via dual band terminal devices. W-CDMA networks will be used
for high-capacity applications and 2G digital wireless systems will be used for voice calls.

The second radio interface is CDMA2000 which is backward compatible with the second generation CDMA IS-
95 standard predominantly used in US. The third radio interface, Universal Wireless Communications UWC-
136, also called IS-136HS, was proposed by the TIA and designed to comply with ANSI-136, the North
American TDMA standard.

3G wireless networks consist of a Radio Access Network (RAN) and a core network. The core network
consists of a packet-switched domain, which includes 3G SGSNs and GGSNs, which provide the same
functionality that they provide in a GPRS system, and a circuit-switched domain, which includes 3G MSC for
switching of voice calls. Charging for services and access is done through the Charging Gateway Function
(CGF), which is also part of the core network. RAN functionality is independent from the core network
functionality. The access network provides a core network technology independent access for mobile terminals
to different types of core networks and network services. Either core network domain can access any
appropriate RAN service; e.g. it should be possible to access a speech radio access bearer from the packet-
switched domain.
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The Radio Access Network consists of new network elements, known as Node B and Radio Network
Controllers (RNCs). Node B is comparable to the Base Transceiver Station in 2G wireless networks. RNC
replaces the Base Station Controller. It provides the radio resource management, handover control and
support for the connections to circuit-switched and packet-switched domains. The interconnection of the
network elements in RAN and between RAN and core network is over Iub, Iur and Iu interfaces based on ATM
as a Layer 2 switching technology. Data services run from the terminal device over IP, which in turn uses ATM
as a reliable transport with QoS. Voice is embedded into ATM from the edge of the network (Node B) and is
transported over ATM out of the RNC. The Iu interface is split into 2 parts: circuit-switched and packet-
switched. The Iu interface is based on ATM with voice traffic embedded on virtual circuits using AAL2
technology and IP-over-ATM for data traffic using AAL5 technology. These traffic types are switched
independently to either 3G SGSN for data or 3G MSC for voice.

Figure 3 shows the 3G wireless network architecture.

Figure 4 shows protocols used in Node B, RNC and mobile handsets.

The following is a brief description of each protocol layer in a 3G wireless network infrastructure:

• Global Mobility Management (GMM)

Protocol that includes attach, detach, security, and routing area update functionality.
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• Node B Application Part (NBAP)

Provides procedures for paging distribution, broadcast system information and management of
dedicated and logical resources.
• Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
Maps higher level characteristics onto the characteristics of the underlying radio-interface protocols.
PDCP also provides protocol transparency for higher layer protocols.
• Radio Link Control (RLC)
Provides a logical link control over the radio interface.
• Medium Access Control (MAC)
Controls the access signaling (request and grant) procedures for the radio channel.
• Radio resource Control (RRC)
Manages the allocation and maintenance of radio communication paths.
• Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP)
Encapsulates higher layer signaling. Manages the signaling and GTP connections between RNC and
3G-SGSN, and signaling and circuit-switched connections between RNC and 3G MSC.
• Radio Network Service Application Part (RNSAP)
Provides the communication between RNCs.
• GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP)
Protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP backbone by adding routing information.
GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP.
• Mobile Application Part (MAP)
Supports signaling between SGSN/GGSN and HLR/AuC/EIR.
• AAL2 Signaling (Q.2630.1, Q.2150.1, Q.2150.2, AAL2 SSSAR, and AAL2 CPS)
Protocols suite used to transfer voice over ATM backbone using ATM adaptation layer 2.
• Sigtran(SCTP, M3UA)
Protocols suite used to transfer SCN signaling protocols over IP network.

Evolution to 3G Wireless Technology

Initially, 3G wireless technology will be deployed as “islands” in business areas where more capacity and
advanced services are demanded. The implementation of 3G wireless systems raises several critical issues,
such as the successful backward compatibility to air interfaces as well as to deployed infrastructures.

INTERWORKING WITH 2G AND 2G+ WIRELESS NETWORKS

The existence of legacy networks in most regions of the world highlights the challenge that communications
equipment manufacturers face when implementing next-generation wireless technology. Compatibility and
interworking between the new 3G wireless systems and the old legacy networks must be achieved in order to
ensure the acceptance of new 3G wireless technology by service providers and end-users.

The existing core technology used in mobile networks is based on traditional circuit-switched technology for
delivery of voice services. However, this traditional technology is inefficient for the delivery of multimedia
services. The core switches for next-generation of mobile networks will be based on packet-switched
technology which is better suited for data and multimedia services.

Second generation GSM networks consist of BTS, BSC, MSC/VLR and HLR/AuC/EIR network elements. The
interfaces between BTS, BSC and MSC/VLR elements are circuit-switched PCM. GPRS technology adds a
parallel packet-switched core network. The 2G+ network consists of BSC with packet interfaces to SGSN,
GGSN, HLR/AuC/EIR. The interfaces between BSC and SGSN network elements are either Frame Relay
and/or ATM so as to provide reliable transport with Quality of Service (QoS).
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3G wireless technology introduces new Radio Access Network (RAN) consisting of Node B and RNC network
elements. The 3G Core Network consists of the same entities as GSM and GPRS: 3G MSC/VLR, GMSC,
HLR/AuC/EIR, 3G-SGSN, and GGSN. IP technology is used end-to-end for multimedia applications and ATM
technology is used to provide reliable transport with QoS.

3G wireless solutions allow for the possibility of having an integrated network for circuit-switched and packet-
switched services by utilizing ATM technology. The BSC may evolve into an RNC by using add-on cards or
additional hardware that is co-located. The carrier frequency (5Mhz) and the bands (2.5 to 5Ghz) are different
for 3G wireless technology compared to 2G/2G+ wireless technology. Evolution of BSC to RNC requires
support for new protocols such as PDCP, RRC, RANAP, RNSAP and NBAP. Therefore, BTS’ evolution into
Node B may prove to be difficult and may represent significant capital expenditure on the part of network
operators.

MSC evolution depends on the selection of a fixed network to carry the requested services. If an ATM network
is chosen, then ATM protocols will have to be supported in 3G MSC along with interworking between ATM and
existing PSTN/ISDN networks.

The evolution of SGSN and GGSN to 3G nodes is relatively easier. Enhancements to GTP protocol and
support for new RANAP protocol are necessary to support 3G wireless systems. ATM protocols need to be
incorporated to transport the services. The HLR databases evolve into 3G-HLR by adding 3G wireless user
profiles. The VLR database must also be updated accordingly. The EIR database needs to change to
accommodate new equipment that will be deployed for 3G wireless systems. Finally, global roaming requires
compatibility to existing deployment and graceful fallback to an available level when requested services are not
available in the region. Towards this end, the Operator Harmonization Group (OHG) is working closely with 3G
Partnership Projects (3GPP and 3GPP2) to come up with global standards for 3G wireless protocols.

Comparison of 2G and 3G Mobile Networks

As mentioned above, although there are many similarities between 2G and 3G wireless networks (and many of
the 2G and 3G components are shared or connected through interworking functions), there are also many
differences between the two technologies. Table 1 compares the differences between the core network, the
radio portion and other areas of the two networks.

TABLE 1: COMPARISON BETWEEN 2G+ AND 3G WIRELESS NETWORKS

Feature 2G 2G+ 3G
MSC/VLR, GMSC, SGSN, 3G MSC/VLR (with added interworking and
MSC/VLR, GMSC, GGSN, HLR/AuC/EIR, CGF transcoding), GMSC, HLR/AuC/EIR, 3G-
HLR/AuC/EIR MM, GMM/SM/SMS, MM, CM, GTP, SGSN, GGSN, CGF
Core CM, BSSAP, SCCP, SNDCP,NS, FR, LLC, BSSGP, GMM/SM,MM,CM,BSSAP,
Network ISUP,TCAP, MAP, BSSAP, BSSAP+, SCCP, RANAP,GTP,SCCP, MTP3B, M3UA, SCTP,
MTP3, MTP2, MTP1 TCAP, MAP, ISUP, MTP3, Q.2630.1 (NNI), TCAP, MAP, ISUP, MTP3,
TDM transport MTP2, MTP1 TDM, Frame MTP2, MTP1, Q.2140, SSCOP ATM, IP
Relay transport transport
BTS, BSC, MS
BTS, BSC, MS TDMA, CDMA, Node B, RNC, MS W-CDMA, CDMA2000,
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
EDGE MAC, RLC, IWC-136 GMM/SM, MAC, RLC,
Radio MM, CM, RR,
GMM/SM/SMS, LLC, SNDCP, PDCP,RRC,Q.2630.1(UNI+ NNI),NBAP,
Access LAPDm, LAPD,
BSSGP, NS, FR,RR, BSSAP, RNSAP, RANAP, SCCP, MTP3B, M3UA,
BSSAP, SCCP,
SCCP, MTP3, MTP2, MTP1 SCTP, GTP-U, Q.2140, Q.2130, SSCOP, CIP
MTP3, MTP2, MTP1
New type of terminal Dual
New type of terminal Multiple modes Voice,
mode TDMA and CDMA Voice
Handsets Voice only terminals data and video terminals WAP, multimedia
and data terminals WAP, no
mgmt
multimedia support
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Databases HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC Enhanced HLR, VLR, EIR,AuC
Up to 57.6 Kbps (HSCSD) Up
Data Rates Up to 9.6 Kbps to 115Kbps (GPRS) Up to 384 Up to 2Mbps
Kbps (EDGE)
Advanced voice,
Applications Short Message SMS, Internet Internet, multimedia
Service (SMS)
Roaming Restricted, not global Restricted, not global Global
Compatibility Not compatible to 3G Not compatible to 3G Compatible to 2G, 2G+ and Bluetooth

Trillium 3G Wireless Solutions

Continuous Computing offers an extensive Trillium wireless software solution portfolio for existing 2G network
and for upcoming GPRS and 3G wireless systems. In addition to the protocols shown below, Continuous
Computing also offers Fault-Tolerant/High-Availability (FT/HA) and distributed architecture enhancements
(DFT/HA) to all system solutions. The Trillium solutions are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below.

TABLE 2: TRILLIUM GPRS SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS (UNDERLINED)

Device Description Required Protocols

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)
Responsible for radio transmission / reception in one or more RLC/MAC
cells within a service area to/from the mobile handsets.
BSC (Base Station Controller)
Responsible for controlling the use and the integrity of the NS, BSSGP, Q.922(core)
radio resources.
2G-SGSN (Serving GPRS Node) SNDCP, BSSAP+, LLC, BSSGP, NS, Q.922 (core),
Provides voice and packet data services and management of GTP, MAP, TCAP,SCCP, MTP3, MTP2, MTP 1,
mobile subscribers. GMM/SM/SMS
2G-GGSN (Gateway GPRS Node)
Provides a gateway interface to external Packet Data GTP, MAP, TCAP, SCCP, MTP3, MTP2, MTP1,
Networks (PDN) and manages the routing of the tunneled GMM/SM, X.25, LAPB
mobile network protocol data units (PDUs) across the PDN.
2G-CGF (Charging Gateway Function)
GTP`
Responsible for billing services
2G-MS
The 2G mobile station (handset) enhanced to provide users GMM/SM/SMS, SNDCP, RLC/MAC, LLC
enhanced voice and data services.
2G-HLR/AuC/EIR
MAP,TCAP,SCCP,MTP3, MTP2, MTP1
The 2G Home Location Register Database with User Profiles
2G-MSC/VLR
The 2G Mobile Switching Center and Visitor Location Register BSSAP+,SCCP,MTP3, MTP2, MTP1
Database
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TABLE 3: TRILLIUM 3G WIRELESS SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS (UNDERLINED)

Replaces
Device Description Required Protocols
2G/2G+
Node B – Responsible for radio transmission /
Base Transceiver RLC/MAC, NBAP, AAL2 Signaling,
reception in one or more cells within a service area
Station (BTS) Q.2130, SSCOP
to/from the mobile handsets.
PDCP, RLC/MAC, RRC, RANAP, RNSAP,
RNC (Radio Network Controller) – Responsible for
Base Station NBAP, AAL2 Signaling, SIGTRAN
controlling the use and the integrity of the radio
Controller (BSC) (SCTP/M3UA), GTP, Q.2130, SSCOP,
resources.
Q.2140, MTP3B, SCCP, CIP
RANAP, SCTP/M3UA, GTP, Broadband
3G-SGSN (Serving GPRS Node) – Provides voice
SS7 (SCCP, MTP3B, Q.2140, SSCOP),
and packet data services and management of mobile 2G SGSN
CIP, GMM/SM/SMS, MAP, TCAP, MTP2,
subscribers.
MTP1
3G-GGSN (Gateway GPRS Node) – Provides a
gateway interface to external Packet Data Networks
GTP, MAP, TCAP, SCCP, MTP3, MTP2,
(PDN) and manages the routing of the tunneled 2G GGSN
MTP1
mobile network protocol data units (PDUs) across the
PDN.
3G-CGF (Charging Gateway Function) – responsible
2G-CGF GTP’
for billing services
3G-MS – The 3G mobile station (handset) enhanced
2G-MS GMM/SM, PDCP, RLC/MAC, RRC
to provide users enhanced voice and data services.
3G-HLR/AuC/EIR The 3G Home Location Register 2G-
MAP, TCAP, SCCP, MTP3, MTP2, MTP1
Database with User Profiles HLR/AuC/EIR
BSSAP+, ISUP, SCCP, MTP3, MTP2,
3G-MSC/VLR The 3G Mobile Switching Center and
2G-MSC/VLR MTP1, RANAP, SCCP, Q.2140, SSCOP,
Visitor Location Register Database
AAL2 Signaling

About Continuous Computing

Continuous Computing® is the global source of integrated platform solutions that enable network equipment
providers to overcome the mobile broadband capacity challenge quickly and cost effectively. Leveraging more
than 20 years of telecom innovation, the company empowers customers to increase Return on Investment
(ROI) by focusing internal resources on differentiation for 3G, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Femtocell and Deep
Packet Inspection (DPI) applications. Expertise and responsiveness set the company apart: only Continuous
Computing combines best-in-class AdvancedTCA (ATCA) platforms with world-famous Trillium® protocol
software to create highly-optimized, field-proven wireless and packet processing products. www.ccpu.com

Continuous Computing is an active member of 3GPP, CP-TA, eNsemble Multi-Core Alliance, ETSI, Femto
Forum, Intel Embedded Alliance, PICMG and the SCOPE Alliance.

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