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Characterizing the Harmonic Attenuation Effect
of High-Pressure Sodium Lamps
A. Gil-de-Castro, A. Moreno-Munoz, Member, IEEE, J.J.G. de la Rosa, Member, IEEE

maintain or improve lighting quality [1]. The main

Abstract--In this paper, several high power lighting networks recommendation is that streetlights and other outdoor lighting
based on high pressures sodium (HPS) lamps with rated lamp should be made more efficient as part of a comprehensive
powers of 70, 150 and 250 W have been set up. They have also strategy to reduce CO2 emissions including cleaner options for
been tested with different levels of power using dimming for a
220 V power supply. These have been chosen because of they are electricity generation, vehicle emissions, more energy efficient
used in public lighting. Each luminaire consists of sodium lamp buildings, and smart electric meters combined with smart
with dimmable electronic ballast, which can dim the lamp output appliances which shift electricity use from peak to off-peak
smoothly and uniformly. This paper focuses on the harmonic periods [2].
characterization of modern HPS lamps connected to dimmable It is highly recommended the suitable election of the lamp.
electronic ballasts. Harmonics under full and reduced power for The majority of light sources used in public lighting are HID
several HPS lamps have been measured. It presents an
investigation on the attenuation effect and a proposal of an index
(High Intensity Discharge) lamps. They can be classified
called the equivalent lamp index to characterize this effect on according to their color: orange light (low pressure sodium
HPS lamps. Also it is concluded that using a combination of HPS (LPS) lamps); yellow or orange light (high pressure sodium
lamps can result in a reduction of the current distortion. (HPS) lamps); and white light (high pressure mercury (HPM)
lamps, metal halide (MH) lamps and ceramic metal halide
Index Terms--Dimming; Harmonic attenuation; Lighting (CMH) lamps) [1]. The minimum acceptable requirements for
networks; Load combination; Power Quality; Sodium lamps;
lighting controls are that they provide sufficient light for the
Street lighting.
users of a space, avoid waste and reduce lighting levels
I. INTRODUCTION without compromising users’ satisfaction and productivity.
Therefore, by having an understanding of the lamps, ballasts,
T HE Public Lighting Systems in our cities are a basic and
vital service for city councils and other public
administration. On the one hand, citizens demand high quality
luminaires and control options available today as well as the
techniques used to develop efficient lighting, lighting can be
produced so that it is energy efficient, cost effective and yields
service in accordance with our high development society. On a better quality of light [3].
the other hand, a lighting installation is an important energy The following measures are recommended for decreasing
consumption source that is affected by factors such as electrical energy consumption afferent to the public lighting
regulation and maintenance. The International Energy Agency [4]: first, reduction of the luminance level (dimming) on the
(IEA) estimated that the potential energy savings by duration of the hours with reduced traffic, through the
influencing the use and the technology of lighting were at decrease of the feeding voltage of the lamps (this adopted
approximately 133–212 TWh/year globally. The measurement allows a decrease in the electrical energy
corresponding reduction of CO2 emissions is about 86 to 137 consumption); second, street classification compliant with
MT/year for IEA countries. Lighting in the IEA countries international standards and the establishment of the light
requires the output of several hundreds of power stations, but technical parameters based on this classification, just as
consumption can be reduced by 15-20% and more (in the utilization of performance lamps, and lighting devices; and
service sector alone) with existing technology. A recent study third, proposal to adopt a special price for the electric energy
carried out for the European Commission has shown that destined for public lighting, due to the consumption on
between 30% and 50% of electricity used for lighting could be duration of the night. Another important measure is to
saved investing in energy-efficient lighting systems. In most encourage the installation of smart dimmable electronic
cases, such investments are not only profitable but they also ballasts which must be among other things: able to auto-detect
lamp and electrical failures; able to measure and send data
This work was supported by Company Telvent Energy, Spain, under such as lamp status, lamp level, power consumption, voltage,
contract number 12009028. current, and power factor; and able to receive switch and
A. Gil de Castro is with the Department of Electronics and Computer
Engineering, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain (e-mail: dimming commands from a streetlight segment controller.
p32rogia@uco.es). Thus, the most important savings could be achieved with
A. Moreno-Munoz is with the Department of Electronics and Computer the installation of a centralized SCADA, which can be used to
Engineering, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain (e-mail:
a.moreno@ieee.org).
monitor failed lamps and report their location in addition to

978-1-4244-7245-1/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE

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the age and condition of every lamp. Consequently, The reminder of the article is organised as follows: Section
maintenance expenses (materials, routing, labor, etc.) could be II outlines the background where it is explained the basis of
minimized by considering the remaining life of nearby lamps the article. Section III contains a description of the
that might be replaced during the same service call. Finally, experiments that have been done. Results are shown and
data collected by the SCADA that tracks the hours of explained in section IV. In section V it is analysed the
illumination for each lamp can be used to claim warranty harmonic attenuation in the previous experiments. Section VI
replacement, establish unbiased product and supplier selection concludes.
criteria, and validate energy bills for the system.
Communicating with lighting controls requires software II. BACKGROUND
protocols; however it is difficult to develop a whole system A number of compatibility problems have occurred in the
approach to lighting controls compatible to all the field of lighting as a result of installing electronic ballasts
components. Usually, communication protocols require a without understanding how to avoid such problems. Examples
separate set of communication wiring, which adds cost to of the problems that have occurred include [10]:
lighting control systems. Fig. 1 illustrates a schematic of the - Early failure of ballasts and lamps
experimental setup which is based on the LONWorks Power- - Early failure of occupancy sensors
Line communications (PLC) protocol that supports a large - Malfunctions of energy management systems
number of media which makes integration with complex - Malfunctions of centralized clock systems
traffic management and geographic information systems - Malfunctions of infra-red-based consumer electronic
easier. In this experiment, the protocol connects the segment devices
controller with dimmable electronic ballasts equipped with a - Malfunctions of personal electronic devices such as a
LONWorks node. hearing aid.
Lighting also affects the Power Quality (PQ) of the
electrical distribution system. PQ is concerned with deviations
of the voltage or current from the ideal single-frequency sine
wave of constant amplitude and frequency. A consistent set of
Smart Smart Smart Smart
Ballast Ballast Ballast Ballast definitions can be found in [11]. Poor PQ is a concern because
it wastes energy, reduces electrical capacity, and can harm
PLC Node PLC Node PLC Node PLC Node equipment and the electrical distribution system itself. Power
quality deterioration is due to transient disturbances (voltage
Power Line Communications
sags, voltage swells, impulses, etc.) and steady state
PQ Meter
iLON Smart
Server disturbances (harmonic distortion, unbalance, flicker). This
PM130EH paper is focused on the second group, and, specifically on
PQ Meter GPRS Modem
PM130EH harmonic distortion [12].
The main objective must be to provide guidelines for
GPRS

minimizing any PQ impacts resulting from application of

energy-saving technologies with regards to lighting. The
Internet primary focus is electronic ballast-driven HPS lamps for
lighting. However, energy savings is often used as one of the
selling features for these devices and customers need to have a
clear understanding of the energy-saving potential of these
types of technologies.
Management Station Central Database
Concretely, harmonic analysis is a primary matter of PQ
Fig. 1. Monitored Streetlight Networks. Schematic of the experimental setup.
assessment. With the widespread use of power electronics
Nowadays, the main concern is that lamps produce equipment and nonlinear loads in industrial, residential and
harmonics on lighting networks depending on control gear commercial office buildings, the modelling of harmonic
quality and lamp age. The attenuation effect of many devices sources has become an essential part of harmonic analysis
has been documented in several studies. Some of them have [13]. This paper focuses on analysing harmonics on HPS
characterized this effect by using EMTP simulation or lamps.
experimental tests. Recent researches have shown the Apart from that, harmonic attenuation refers to the
harmonic attenuation effect of Compact Fluorescent Lamps interaction of the load voltage and current distortion [14].
(CFLs) [5], [6], [7] and [8] among others. Nevertheless, only a Various research works have shown that a nonlinear load
few numbers of authors have decided to study this effect over supplied with distorted voltage will inject less harmonic
HPS lamps [9]. This paper presents a good understanding of currents than those generated when the load is supplied by
the HPS lamps harmonic and the attenuation of harmonic undistorted voltage.
currents, based on experimental tests with these kinds of Individually, single-phase power electronic-based loads
lamps. pose no problem to power systems. In total, however, they
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have the potential to raise harmonic voltages and currents to As it can be seen in Fig. 1 and Table I, the experiment
unacceptably high levels. The two guidelines for modeling the involved up to four HPS lamps (Philips Lighting) connected
net harmonics currents produced by these loads contemplate to their correspondent electronic ballast [17], [18], [19] and
[15]: outdoor lamp controller [20]. Four different tests were done:
1. Attenuation due to system impedance and the 1) Only the case A indicated in Table I.
corresponding voltage distortion that tend to reduce the net 2) The cases A and B
harmonic currents produced by these loads, and 3) The cases A, B and C
2. harmonic current cancellation due to phase angle 4) The cases A, B, C and D.
diversity. Each of the tests was done setting the electronic ballast to
In this paper we are going to evaluate the first one. three different levels: 50%, 75% and 100%, which means that
Upgrading to lighting equipment with clean PQ (high power we have three different lamp power outputs.
factor and low harmonic distortion) can improve the power
quality of the electrical system. Furthermore, upgrading with IV. RESULTS
higher efficiency and higher power factor lighting equipment Firstly we have represented for each test, the evolution of
can also free up valuable electrical capacity. This benefit the current harmonics depending on the dimming. It can be
alone may justify the cost of a lighting upgrade. seen in Fig. 2 that increasing the load will result in decreasing
the harmonic current distortion due to the attenuation effect.
III. OUTDOOR TEST Additionally, the difference between at half and full load is
In order to evaluate PQ, we have done an experiment with higher for low-order harmonic currents (3rd, 5th and 7th) than
lamps and equipment commonly used in up to date street for higher harmonic orders (9th, 11th and 13th). It is noticeable
lighting. As seen in Fig. 1, in this experiment we have logged that the tests accomplish the limit value according to IEC
the behaviour of four sodium lamps. The test time period was 61000-3-2 [21] Class C for all the harmonic orders (PF=0.99).
the same in all cases and environmental and electrical
14
conditions were the actual situations expected. From one up to Current harmonics @ 50%
four lamps were connected to the outlet, each one with 12
Current harmonics @ 75%
Current harmonics @ 100%
Current harmonics in % of fundamental

different power to achieve in this way a complete range of

power from 80 to 700 W. These smart ballasts can be 10
electronically controlled at different dimming level with a
voltage control signal from 1V to 10 V. 8

Electronic circuitry is more energy efficient than

6
conventional ballasts. Usually the required power by each
electronic ballast is around 1 W. For high frequency control,
4
the lamps cannot be fully dimmed to extinction, and residual
light output and power consumption will appear. However, 2
such system operation may be less noticeable and less
annoying to occupants. It was reported that most dimming 0
3 5 7 9 11 13 15 THDI
ballasts could dim lamps to less than 20% of maximum light Harmonic order
output. Fig. 2. Evolution in current harmonics and THDI in test 1 at different levels
The monitoring device selected was a portable, stand- of power (dimming).
alone, 3-phase power quality analyzer [16]. Some of the key
monitors requirements included the ability to transfer the As in [7], Fig. 2 illustrates that the higher harmonic orders
surveyed data to an in-house computer program, appropriate the lower their equivalent power; but this trend changes from
numerical storage, and inexpensive and easy to use. The 11th harmonic onwards. Nevertheless this doesn’t happen
logged data were sent to a computer through Profibus. neither in [7] nor in [6], because the fluorescent lamps
decrease linearly from 3rd harmonic onwards. While the
TABLE I typical 3rd harmonic value in CFLs is near 70% of the
LAMPS USED IN THE EXPERIMENTS fundamental, in this case, not surprisingly, is near 7% of the
LAMP BALLAST CONTROLLER fundamental in test 1 at full load.
SELC 2000 HID Candelon Node Furthermore, test 1 results in a current total harmonic
A Master SON 150 W
150 W C100 distortion (THDI) of 7% at full load, that it is close from
SELC 2000 HID Candelon Node results obtained in [9], which obtained a THDI from 5.1 to
B Master SON 150 W
150 W C100
C Master SON 250 W RomLight Electronic Ballast 250 W
6.5% with HPS lamps connected to electronic control gear. In
SELC 2000 HID Candelon Node contrast, [6] obtained a THDI from 92.3 to 143.69% in the
D Master SON 70 W
70 W C100 case of CFLs. Accordingly with [22], our loads would be of
type 2: medium THDI (60-100%), dominated by harmonic
currents of 3, 5, 7 and 9th order, but results show a lower
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THDI. These results are not surprising if we bear in mind that
11
the ballast is a high power factor electronic ballast, and the N=1
manufacturer certifies a total harmonic distortion less that 7%. 10 N=2

3th Harmonic Current in % of Fundamental

N=3
However, the study has confirmed other studies as [6] that 9 N=4
indicate that similar spectra for all the lamps could be found,
8
but we would rule out the effects of the interaction between
the distorted voltage and current if we would suggest a single 7
model to represent a range of lamp types. This is the reason
6
why in this paper it is studied the evolution of harmonic
values for the wide range of power. 5

For this, it is mixed the same harmonic value from one to 4

four lamps with their corresponding dimming; and it is shown
3
in Fig. 3 that clearly follows a second grade curve with a
confidence bound of 95%. The same curve is analyzed for all 2
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
the harmonic orders, and all of them follow the same Dimming (% load)
behavior, so we are going to separate and balance each Fig. 4. Evolution of 3rd harmonic current with load for tests 1, 2, 3 and 4.
harmonic order according to their power. In this way we will
obtain one curve to each test and each harmonic order with the The same is found in [7], where for fluorescent lamps it
same range of power, shown in Figs. 4-6. was observed that increasing the load will result in decreasing
the harmonic current distortion.
9 11
N=1
Harmonic Current in % of Fundamental

8 10 N=2
5th Harmonic Current in % of Fundamental

N=3
9 N=4
7
8
6
7
5
6

4 5

3 4

3
2
2
1
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1
Dimming (Power in W) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Dimming (% load)
rd
Fig. 3. Reduction in 3 harmonic current with power for tests 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Fig.5. Evolution of 5th harmonic current with load for tests 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Fig. 4 as well as showing a drop of current harmonic value
the more lamps are connected, the harmonic current value is With respect to 5th harmonic, tests 1 and 2 are below 3 and
higher at half load than at full load. This is more 4 tests. It should be noted that the 5th harmonic behavior is not
representative the lower the number of lamps, because in test the same that harmonics 3rd and 7th behavior, which have the
4 the difference between at half and full load is 26%, and in same as it is observed by comparing Fig. 4 and Fig. 6.
test 1 the difference is 71.7%. Another important result is the 4.5
higher the power the nearer current harmonic value. N=1
N=2
4
7th Harmonic Current in % of Fundamental

N=3
3.5 N=4

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Dimming (% load)

Fig. 6. Evolution of 7th harmonic current with load for tests 1, 2, 3 and 4.
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In conclusion, we can see that it is produced a decrease on equation doesn’t fit in the case of CFL; consequently, they
the harmonic value as higher the number of lamps connected. propose the below index, which is obtained by employing 12
Because we have the value of the harmonic depending on the CFLs connected to different wire lengths.
power, we are going to study the attenuation effect on these Neqh = I hN / I h1 _ 0 (2)
lamps.
After using both formulas and in the case of sodium lamps,
neither the first nor the second is consistent with our data.
V. ATTENUATION EFFECT CHARACTERIZATION
Because of that, we decided to propose another equation that,
Nonlinear loads produce harmonic distortion according to based on field experiment could justify the results obtained. It
their individual harmonic current spectrum. Traditionally, is inspired on the IEC 61000-3-2 [21], where, for devices
large single-point harmonics-producing loads have been belonging to D class, the maximum permissible harmonic
treated as fixed harmonic current injectors. The same method current is rated with power, and harmonic value depends on
has been used to predict the harmonic levels in distribution the power of the system. We have mixed up the effects
systems caused by large numbers of distributed single-phase produced by dimming lamps in a wide range with the fact that
loads, where the typical harmonic current spectrum of one we have four combinations of lamps with different power.
load is scaled in proportion to total load power [15]. However, Thus, the equivalent lamp index proposed here is the
a large number of a variety of linear and non linear loads following:
connected at the low/medium voltage bus of a distribution
Neqh = I hPi /( Pi * I h _ 0 ) (3)
transformer, commonly known as the point of common
coupling (PCC), really form an aggregate load [22]. Net where I hPi is the measured total hth for Pi power of four
harmonic current produced by aggregate harmonic loads
lamps and I h _ 0 is the hth current harmonic produced by less
(AHL) is usually significantly smaller than the algebraic sum
of the harmonic currents produced by the individual nonlinear power. This index is essentially the ratio of the hth harmonic
load, mainly due to phase cancellation [22]. Therefore, THDI current produced by P power to the hth harmonic current
of the aggregate load (i.e, THDI at the PCC) is influenced by produced with less power considered weighted with the power
both the participation (fraction) of linear loads into the total in this moment.
-3
demand of the aggregate load as well as composite harmonic x 10

current spectra of the AHL. Field measurements have 3rd current harmonic
5th current harmonic
indicated that THDI at the PCC of low-voltage buses typically 12 7th current harmonic
do not exceed 20% in comparison to THDI of an individual
nonlinear load, which ranges between 20%–120%. In this 10
Attenuation Factor

case, a significant reduction in THDI at the PCC can be

8
attributed to the large fraction of linear loads in the power
demand of aggregate load and harmonic current cancellation 6
due to phase-angle diversity. This phenomenon is known as
attenuation, which refers to the interaction of the voltage and 4
current distortion and it can be as significant as 50% or
greater. The assumption of attenuation will usually be valid 2

within customer-owned facilities and should be taken into

0
account when predicting net harmonic levels [15]. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Another important characteristic of harmonic currents Load Power (%)

produced by aggregate harmonic loads is that they are random Fig.7. Attenuation effect of the HPS lamps for 3rd, 5th, and 7th harmonics.
with a changing average over time. Here we are in the This results in a family of Neqh curves, each representing
presence of the cancellation related with the same kind of the attenuation effect at a particular harmonic number. The
lamps (HPS), although with different power, but dimming three sample curves shown in Fig. 7 reveal the consistency of
with the same levels. In order to represent the attenuation our approximation. In addition, this figure indicates that a
effect of multiple identical loads, it is used in [14] the reduction of the harmonic current occurs when the supply
traditional index given as follows: voltage becomes more distorted. Harmonic 3rd has higher
AFh = I hN /( N × I h1 ) (1) value than the rest; the higher the power the lower the
This formula indicates that, in general, the attenuation due harmonic value for all the orders; and at the highest power of
to a shared system impedance is more pronounced for higher- the load, all of the harmonic values tend to the same one.
order harmonics, and tends to increase with N. Although the
attenuation factor increases in 13th and 15th harmonics, it is not VI. CONCLUSIONS
important since current magnitudes will be negligible in those This paper reports the dimming characteristics of large
orders. lighting networks based on HPS lamps. It is found that the six
By the contrary, [5] and [23] stated that the previous types of HPS lamps under test can work smoothly without
flickering under dimming conditions. For 70, 150 and 250 W
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HPS lamps that are commonly used in road lighting systems Technology - Spring Conference, IACSIT-SC 2009, art. no. 5169423, pp.
598-603.
and are of similar dimensions and structures, their trends for [4] Ceclan, A., Micu, D.D., Simion, E., and Donca, R. Public lighting
the light output variations with input voltage are similar. systems - an energy saving technique and product.
There are two types of results: analysis of harmonic according [5] Nassif, A.B., Xu, W. Characterizing the harmonic attenuation effect of
compact fluorescent lamps. 2009. IEEE Transactions on power delivery,
to the level of dimming for all the tests, and analysis of
24 (3), pp. 1748-1749.
harmonic attenuation by analyzing each harmonic for all the [6] Nassif, A.B., Acharya, J. An investigation on the harmonic attenuation
tests. In this way we have the evolution of each harmonic effect of modern compact fluorescent lamps, 2008, ICHQP 2008: 13th
order according to their power and we also have it according International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, art. no.
4668759
to each test. Both types of result reveal the same phenomenon [7] El-Saadany, E.F., Salama, M.M.A. Effect of interactions between
but present it from different perspectives. voltage and current harmonics on the net harmonic current produced by
In this paper we have presented a harmonic analysis on single phase non-linear loads. 1997 Electric Power Systems Research 40
(3), pp. 155-160
four tests that implied four HPS lamps, electronic ballasts and [8] Suárez, J.A., Di Mauro, G.F., Anaut, D.O., Agüero, C.A. Partial
controllers to dim the light. We have compared this analysis cancellation of harmonic currents caused by nonlinear residential loads.
with others made by different authors over CFLs. The results 2005 Informacion Tecnologica 16 (3), pp. 63-70.
[9] Manzano, E.R., Carlorosi, M., Tapia Garzón, M. Performance and
obtained are partially similar, i.e., the decrease in the measurement of power quality due to harmonics from street lighting
harmonic value as increase the harmonic order, and also the networks. 2009 International Conference on Renewable Energies and
decrease in the value at half load. But the pattern isn’t the Power Quality (ICREPQ’09). ISBN: 978 84 612 8010 8
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[12] Salmerón, P., Herrera, R.S., Valles, A.P., Prieto, J. New distortion and
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Combining different types of loads can effectively reduce IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 24 (2), pp. 501-507.
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analysis of equipments with switch mode power supply using MATLAB
assess this issue and due to others equations stated by different and simulink. 2007 Proceedings of IEEE International Electric
authors don’t fit with our results, we have presented a Machines and Drives Conference, IEMDC 2007 1, art. no. 4270692, pp.
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[14] Mansoor, A., Grady, W.M., Chowdhury, A.H., Samotyj, M.J. An
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Although the technical features of a lighting installation are single-phase power electronic loads. 1995. IEEE Transaction Power
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[16] PM130EH Plus, SATEC is the Company. Available at:
management difficult. http://www.satec-global.com/eng/products.aspx?product=44
[17] SELC 2000 HID Smart Ballast 150 W. Available at:
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT http://www.selc.ie/media/pdf/SELC2000-1.pdf
[18] ROMlight International Inc. HID Electronic Ballast. Available at:
This research was supported by the Company Telvent http://www.romlightintl.com/ballasts.cfm
Energy, Spain, through the project Malaga SmartCity under [19] SELC 2000 HID Smart Ballast 70 W. Available at:
http://www.selc.ie/media/pdf/SELC2000-2.pdf
contract number 12009028. SmartCity’s budget is partly
[20] SELC CANDELON NODE C100 – Outdoor Lamp Controller. Available
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