Singam S
Singam S
Singam S
of B.TECH in
Civil Engineering
by
SINGAPANDI S 14BCL0308
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December-2016
I hereby declare that the project report entitled “Industrial Internship report”
submitted by me to School of Civil & Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology
University, Vellore in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
B.Tech (Civil Engineering) is a record of bonafide Industrial Internship – CLE399
work carried out by me. I further declare that the work reported in this Industrial
Internship report has not been submitted and will not be submitted, either in part or in
full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute or any other institute or
university.
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School of Civil & Chemical Engineering [SCALE]
CERTIFICATE
S.Rajagopal M.E
S.Rajagopal & Co, Vellore.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1 INTRODUCTION 06
3 TOOLS 12
4 SANITORY WORK 15
6 CONCLUSION 19
1. INTRODUCTION
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In vellore we heard about few private constructions .we went
to the s rajagopal construction & pvt ltd. Because they used fly ash bricks for their
construction works. we didn’t heard about the fab bricks ,so we got the permission
from the construction office .
In market fly ash had low value and good strength so they
produced the fly ash bricks by own and established some tests and mix design.
FOUNDATION WORKS
Shallow Foundation:- Shallow foundations, often called footings, are
usually embedded about a meter or so into soil. One common type of shallow foundation is
the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the building is transferred to the soil
through a concrete slab placed at the surface. Slab-on-grade foundations can be reinforced
mat slabs, which range from 25 cm to several meters thick, depending on the size of the
building, or post-tensioned slabs, which are typically at least 20 cm for houses, and thicker
for heavier structures.
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Fig. Grade beam details.
Shallow foundation was processed for the construction by using Rcc of 1:1.5:3 ration on the
foundation. As thee fig shows p.c.c of 1:4:8 was used for 6” and sand filling for 6” was
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done .Grade M 53 cement was used. Reinforcement of 16 mm diameter bars and ties of
8mm were used for the Grade beams used in construction
In simple words, plinth or plinth level is the floor level of the ground
floor. The plinth needs to be strong, but need not be made up of reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) all the time. However, irrespective of the specific contexts, RCC plinths
are increasingly being cast in most constructions today. In RCC frame structure, plinth
acts as a tie, as a beam at ground level itself. More recently, after few disasters we have
faced, RCC plinth beams are being recommended for their earthquake-resistant
properties.
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A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load
primarily by resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the
beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to
these loads is called a bending moment.
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refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative
features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed for structural
purposes; many columns are "engaged", that is to say form part of a wall.
The beam reinforcement was carried out using 12 mm diameter bars with 8 mm ties and
concrete ratio of 1:4:8.
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Fig . Grease is applied on the inside surface of Formwork so that concrete and formwork
do not stick together while demoulding.
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Fig, English bond method of bricks arrangement.
Plaster is a building material used for coating walls and ceilings. Plaster
starts as a dry powder similar to mortar or cement and like those materials it is mixed
with water to form a paste which liberates heat and then hardens. Unlike mortar and
cement, plaster remains quite soft after setting, and can be easily manipulated with
metal tools or even sandpaper. These characteristics make plaster suitable for a
finishing, rather than a load-bearing material. The term plaster can refer to gypsum
plaster (also known as plaster of Paris), lime plaster, or cement plaster. For Brick
Masonry walls plastering is done by cement plaster. For 4.5 inch wall (Single
Brick Wall) cementsand ratio is taken as 1:4.Such walls are constructed
where wall is used only as a partition wall. For 9 inch wall (Two Brick wall)
cement-sand ratio is 1:7 and are constructed where walls have to act as load
bearing walls
CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB
A roof slab/intermediate floor slab is constructed to span between
supports such as beams and columns. It is structurally designed to safely carry the ‘dead
load’ of its own weight (including finishing layers above it) and any additional ‘live load’
imposed by human activity. The most common technique for constructing the roof/
floor in India is by casting a Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) slab. Reinforced Cement
Concrete, as it is practiced today, has been in use since 1867. RCC slab is a monolithic
element which consists of cement concrete which encases within itself a matrix of steel
rods called ‘reinforcement’ as here reinforcement of 12 mm bars with 6 mm ties are
used. It uses the unique property of concrete to quickly harden into a rigid mass after
being laid in different forms and thicknesses. However, concrete, which is most efficient
in resisting compressive loads, is very poor in resisting tension which develops when it
bends. So, the performance of concrete is further enhanced by placing reinforcement
rods in the concrete which allows the concrete to resist the bending which would result
in a thin RCC slab spanning between two supports. RCC scan either be cast-in-situ by
pouring concrete on shuttering or it can be pre-cast where smaller sized slab
components are first made and then transported and installed at the site to create the
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floor/roof. The biggest advantage of RCC slab is that the basic raw materials needed for
its construction – cement, sand, steel and aggregates – and skilled masons for casting
the slab are easily available everywhere. However, because RCC has become such a
commonly practiced technology, basic quality control guidelines for a good quality and
durable RCC slab are often ignored in practice, especially in rural areas, where it has not
been traditionally practiced.
In our sites, all the slabs were laid at a height of 3.2 meters with
concrete of 1:4:8:2ratio of cement, sand, aggregate and water. Time delay from where
the mixing is done to the point of pouring concrete should be kept at a minimum to
ensure good workability of concrete.
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TOOLS
Trowel: For surfacing the plastering and mixing of cement
mixture.
Sprit Levelling: construction of column in exact vertical and
leveling of the floors.
CURING OF CONCRETE
In all but the least critical applications, care must be taken to
properly cure concrete, to achieve best strength and hardness. This happens after the
concrete has been placed. Cement requires a moist, controlled environment to gain
strength and harden fully. The cement paste hardens over time, initially setting and
becoming rigid though very weak and gaining in strength in the weeks following. In
around 4 weeks, typically over 90% of the final strength is reached, though
strengthening may continue for decades. The conversion of calcium hydroxide in the
concrete into calcium carbonate from absorption of CO2 over several decades further
strengthen the concrete and make it more resilient to damage. However, this reaction,
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called carbonation, lowers the pH of the cement pore solution and can cause the
reinforcement bars to corrode.
Hydration and hardening of concrete during the first three days is
critical. Abnormally fast drying and shrinkage due to factors such as evaporation from
wind during placement may lead to increased tensile stresses at a time when it has not
yet gained sufficient strength, resulting in greater shrinkage cracking. The early
strength of the concrete can be increased if it is kept damp during the curing process.
Minimizing stress prior to curing minimizes cracking. High-early-strength concrete is
designed to hydrate faster, often by increased use of cement that increases shrinkage
and cracking. The strength of concrete changes (increases) for up to three years. It
depends on cross-section dimension of elements and conditions of structure
exploitation.
During this period concrete must be kept under controlled temperature and humid
atmosphere. In practice, this is achieved by spraying or ponding the concrete
surface with water, thereby protecting the concrete mass from ill effects of
ambient conditions. The pictures to the right show two of many ways to achieve this,
ponding – submerging setting concrete in water and wrapping in plastic to contain the
water in the mix. Additional common curing methods include wet burlap and/or plastic
sheeting covering the fresh concrete, or by spraying on a water-impermeable
temporary curing to achieve this, ponding – submerging setting concrete in water and
wrapping in plastic to contain the water in the mix. membrane. Properly curing concrete
leads to increased strength and lower permeability and avoids cracking where the
surface dries out prematurely. Care must also be taken to avoid freezing or overheating
due to the exothermic setting of cement. Improper curing can cause scaling, reduced
strength, poor abrasion resistance and cracking.
FLOORING
Floors are the horizontal element of the building. Factors to be
considered before deciding the type of flooring -Initial cost
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-Appearance
-Durability
-Damp-resistance
-Sound insulation
-Thermal insulation
-Hardness
-Fire resistance
In all the three sites of our construction Marble flooring was done. If marble has any
surface cracks, then it may react with cement and turn greyish over a period of Time.
Thus, what we saw is that before placing marble a polymeric sheet was attached to the
marble surface, so that it retains its glow over the period of time.
SANITARY WORKS
Sanitary works are an important part of any construction as they
involve the laying of pipelines for proper drainage from toilets, bathrooms, kitchen, etc.
Design of Septic Tank:-Septic tanks/traps are placed at regular intervals inside the
building to ensure regular checks in case of any blockages. The main sewer pipe is
directly connected to the sewer line of the locality. The base of septic tank is kept
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sloping and consists of two chambers. Top is covered with iron plate which acts as a
main hole. The septic tank has the capacity to holds 12000 liters.
Team Work
∑ Working in a team allows to connect our work to the work of the team and the team to the
overall mission of the organization we work for.
∑ Attended sensitivity training sessions to understand and get along with people of
other races, religions and ethnic or cultural background.
Business Savvy
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∑ Understood how the business operates, and being able to follow or produce
cross-functional process documentation puts in the winner’s circle.
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Conclusion
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