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in
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Dr. Y.N. RAO

.co
LEARN SANSKRIT - - MODULE-57

o
ho
 - A* - ñ> (YESTERDAY - TODAY – TOMORROW)

ya
1. In this Module, let us learn how to tell about ‘Days’ in Sanskrit.

@
1.1. A Year has 2 Half-Years, 4 Quarter--years, 12 Months, while

ao
a Month has 2 Fortnights, 4 Weeks and a Week has 7 Days.
nr
pdpircy> - padaparicayaù (INTRODUCTION TO WORDS):
ry
2.

v;Rm!(N.S.) = Year s<vTsr>(M.S.)

Tsr>
cto

= Year
varñam saàvatsaraù
do

AxRv;Rm!(N.S.) = Half-Year AxRs<vTsr>(M.S.)

Tsr> = Half-Year
Ardhavarñam ardhasaàvatsaraù
O"

masÇym!(N.S.) = Quarter-Year iÇmasm!(N.S.) = Quarter-Year

RA

mäsatrayam trimäsam
mas>(M.S.)
mas> = Month masm!(M.S.) = Month
N.

mäsaù mäsam
p]>(M.S.)
p]> = Fortnight sÝah>(M.S.)
sÝah> = Week
Y.

pakñaù saptähaù
r.

idnm!(N.S.) = Day
"D

dinam

1
 sr>(M.S.)
sr>
sr> = Day/Week-Day var>(M.S.)
var> = Day/Week-Day

.in
väsaraù väraù

.co
zu¬p]>(M.S.)
p]> = Bright Half k«:[p]>(M.S.)
[p]> = Dark Half
çuklapakñaù [of the Month kåuñëapakñaù [of the Month

o
ho
pUi[Rma(F.S.)
a = Full Moon Day AmavaSya(F.S.)
AmavaSya = New Moon Day
pürëimä amäväsyä

ya
@
A*=
A* Today ñ>=
ñ> Tomorrow

ao
Adya çvaù
prñ>=
prñ> Day after Tomorrow àprñ>=
àprñ> The Day after that
paraçvaù nr praparaçvaù
ry
tt> prm!= After that ý>=
ý> Yesterday
cto

tataù param hyaù

praeý>=
> Day before Yesterday àpraeý>=
> The Day before that
do

parohyaù praparohyaù
O"

tt> pUvRm!= Before that

tataù pürrvam
RA

¢h>(M.S.)
¢h> =Planet riv>(M.S.)
riv> = Sun
N.

Grahaù raviù
saem>(M.S.) m¼l>(M.S.)
Y.

> = Moon m¼l> = Mars

somaù maìgalaù
r.
"D

2
 bux>(M.S.)
> = Mercury gué>(M.S.)
> = Jupiter

.in
budhaù guruù

.co
zu³>(M.S.)
> = Venus zin>(M.S.)
zin> = Saturn
çukraù çaniù

o
ho
kit?
kit = How many?

ya
kati

@
3. sÝahSy idnana< namain - saptähasya dinänäà nämäni (NAMES OF

ao
THE DAYS OF THE WEEK):
Éanuvasr>/rivvasr
asr> rivvasr>
rivvasr>/rivvar> nr
rivvar> = SUNDAY
ry
bhänuväsaraù/raviväsaraù/raviväraù
#NÊvasr>/sae
#NÊvasr> saemvasr>/sae
vasr> saemvar> = MONDAY
cto

induväsaraù/somaväsaraù/somaväraù
do

ÉaEmvasr>/m¼lvasr>
vasr> m¼lvasr>/m¼lvar>
m¼lvasr> m¼lvar> = TUESDAY
bhaumaväsaraù/maìgalaväsaraù/maìgalaväraù
O"

saEMyvasr>/bu
yvasr> buxvasr>/bu
vasr> buxvar> = WEDNESDAY
RA

saumyaväsaraù/budhaväsaraù/budhaväraù
guévasr>/gu
vasr> guévasr>/gu
vasr> guévar> = THURSDAY
N.

guruväsaraù/guruväsaraù/guruväraù
É&guvasr>/zu
asr> zu³vasr>/zu
vasr> zu³var> = FRIDAY
Y.

bhåuguväsaraù/çukraväsaraù/çukraväraù
r.

iSwrvasr>/zinvasr>
iSwrvasr> zinvasr>/zinvar>
zinvasr> zinvar> = SATURDAY
"D

sthiraväsaraù/çaniväsaraù/çaniväraù

3

In Sanskrit, the Days of the Week are clearly named after the seven

.in
major visible globes in the solar system called ‘Planets’, the celestial
bodies, viz.,

.co
riv>)
riv>
SUNDAY, the Day of the Sun(riv>

saem>)
>

o
MONDAY. the Day of the Moon(sae

ho
m¼l>)
m¼l>
TUESDAY, the Day of the Mars(m¼l>

ya
bux>)
WEDNESDAY, the Day of the Mercury(bu >

@
gué>)
THURSDAY, the Day of the Jupiter(gu >

ao
zu³>)
FRIDAY, the Day of the Venus(zu >

nr zin>)
zin>
SATURDAY, the Day of the Saturn(zin>
ry
cto

4. ः  -  (

S
 IN SANSKRIT):
do

It may be recalled that the Numbers in Sanskrit especially

from 1 to 4 are declined on the basis of the Gender as shown below:
O"

pu<il<ge ôIil<ge npu<skil<ge 

RA

In Masculine In Feminine In Neuter Number

Gender Gender Gender
N.

@k> @ka @km! 1

Y.

ÖaE Öe Öe 2

Çy> itö> ÇIi[ 3

r.
"D

cTvar> ctö> cTvair 4

4
 However, the Sanskrit Numbers from 5 to 100 are not declined on the

.in
basis of the Gender and would remain the same in all the three Genders.

.co
For Example:
pu<il<ge ôIil<ge npu<skil<ge 

o
In Masculine In Feminine In Neuter Number

ho
Gender Gender Gender
p p p 5

ya
;qœ ;qœ ;qœ 6

@
sÝ sÝ sÝ 7

ao
Aò Aò Aò 8

nv nv nv
nr 9
ry
cto

dz dz dz 10

@kadz @kadz @kadz 11

do

Öadz Öadz Öadz 12

O"
RA
N.
Y.
r.
"D

5
 5. i³ya> (VERBS):

.in
.co
As! = to be

It denotes ‘Existence’. It is used to mean ‘is’ and ‘has/have’.

o
ho
As!’ :
5.1. CONJUGATION OF THE VERB ‘As!

ya
pué;> @kvcne iÖvcne b÷vcne

@
(Person) (In (In (In
Singular Dual Plural

ao
Number) Number) Number)

%Ämpué;>
Ah< (I)

nr
Aava< (We two) vy< (We many)
ry
( I Person) AiSm Sv> Sm>
cto

Tv< (You) yuva< (You two) yUy< (You many)

mXympué;>

(II Person) Ais Sw> Sw
do

tt! (That)/ @tt! (This) te (Those two)/ @te (These two) tain (Those many)/ @tain (These many)
àwmpué;>

AiSt St> siNt
O"

(III Person)
RA

5.2. AiSt = is (Present Tense)

AasIt! = was (Past Tense)

N.

Éiv:yit = will be (Future Tense)

Y.
r.
"D

6
 6. vaKyàyaeg> - väkyaprayogaù (SYNTAX):

.in
v;RSy Öe AxRv;eR St>, = A year has two half-years.

.co
varñasya dve ardhavarñe staù
v;RSy kit AxRv;aRi[ siNt?
siNt = How many half-years has a year?

o
ho
varñasya kati ardhavarñäëi santi
v;RSy Öe AxRv;eR St>, = A year has two half-years.

ya
varñasya dve ardhavarñe staù

@
ao
v;RSy ÖaE AxRs<vTsraE St>, = A year has two half-years.
varñasya dvau ardhasaàvatsarau staù
v;RSy kit AxRs<vTsra> siNt?
nr
siNt = How many half-years has a year?
ry
varñasya kati ardhasaàvatsaräù santi
cto

v;RSy ÖaE AxRs<vTsraE St>, = A year has two half-years.

do

varñasya dvau ardhasaàvatsarau staù

O"

v;RSy cTvair masÇyai[ siNt, = A year has four quarter-years.

varñasya catväri mäsatrayäëi santi
RA

v;RSy kit masÇyai[ siNt?

siNt = How many quarter-years has a year?
varñasya kati mäsatrayäëi santi
N.

v;RSy cTvair masÇyai[ siNt, = A year has four quarter-years.

Y.

varñasya catväri mäsatrayäëi santi

r.
"D

7
 v;RSy cTvair iÇmasain siNt, = A year has four quarter-years.

.in
varñasya catväri trimäsäni santi

.co
v;RSy kit iÇmasain siNt?
siNt = How many quarter-years has a year?
varñasya kati trimäsäni santi

o
ho
v;RSy cTvair iÇmasain siNt, = A year has four quarter-years.
varñasya catväri trimäsäni santi

ya
@
v;RSy Öadz masa> siNt, = A year has twelve months.

ao
varñasya dvädaça mäsäù santi
v;RSy kit masa> siNt?
siNt = How many months has a year?
varñasya kati mäsäù santi nr
ry
v;RSy Öadz masa> siNt, = A year has twelve months.
cto

varñasya dvädaça mäsäù santi

do

v;RSy Öadz masain siNt, = A year has twelve months.

O"

varñasya dvädaça mäsäni santi

v;RSy kit masain siNt?
siNt = How many months has a year?
RA

varñasya kati mäsäni santi

v;RSy Öadz masain siNt, = A year has twelve months.
N.

varñasya dvädaça mäsäni santi

Y.
r.
"D

8
 masSy ÖaE p]aE St>, = A month has two fortnights.

.in
mäsasya dvau pakñau staù

.co
masSy kit p]a> siNt?
siNt = How many fortnights has a month?
mäsasya kati pakñäù santi

o
ho
masSy ÖaE p]aE St>, = A month has two fortnights.
mäsasya dvau pakñau staù

ya
@
masSy cTvar> sÝaha> siNt, = A month has four weeks.

ao
mäsasya catväraù saptähäù santi
masSy kit sÝaha> siNt?
siNt = How many weeks has a month?
mäsasya kati saptähäù santi nr
ry
masSy cTvar> sÝaha> siNt, = A month has four weeks.
cto

mäsasya catväraù saptähäù santi

do

sÝahSy sÝ idnain siNt, = A week has seven days.

O"

saptähasya sapta dinäni santi

sÝahSy kit idnain
idnain siNt?
siNt = How many days has a week?
RA

saptähasya kati dinäni santi

sÝahSy sÝ idnain siNt, = A week has seven days.
N.

saptähasya sapta dinäni santi

Y.
r.
"D

9
 6.1. A* - adya = TODAY:

.in
A* rivvar>, = Today it is Sunday.

.co
adya raviväraù
A* saemvar>, = Today it is Monday.

o
ho
adya somaväraù
A* m¼lvar>, = Today it is Tuesday.

ya
adya maìgalaväraù

@
A* buxvar>, = Today it is Wednesday.

ao
adya budhaväraù
A* guévar>, = Today it is Thursday. nr
ry
adya guruväraù
A* zu³var>, = Today it is Friday.
cto

adya çukraväraù
do

A* zinvar>, = Today it is Saturday.

adya çaniväraù
O"
RA

A* Éanuvasr>, = Today it is Sunday.

adya bhänuväsaraù
A* k> vasr>?
vasr> = What day is it today?
N.

adya kaù väsaraù

Y.

A* Éanuvasr>, = Today it is Sunday.

r.

adya bhänuväsaraù
"D

10
 A* rivvasr>, = Today it is Sunday.

.in
adya raviväsaraù

.co
A* k> vasr>?
vasr> = What day is it today?
adya kaù väsaraù

o
ho
A* rivvasr>, = Today it is Sunday.
adya raviväsaraù

ya
@
A* rivvar>, = Today it is Sunday.

ao
adya raviväraù
A* k> var>?
var> = What day is it today?
adya kaù väraù nr
ry
A* rivvar>, = Today it is Sunday.
cto

adya raviväraù
do

6.2. ñ> - çvaù (TOMORROW):

O"

A* rivvar>, = Today it is Sunday.

adya raviväraù
RA

ñ> saemvar>, = Tomorrow it is Monday.

çvaù somaväraù
N.

prñ> m¼lvar>, = The day after tomorrow it is Tuesday.

Y.

paraçvaù maìgalaväraù
àprñ> buxvar>, = The day after that it is Wednesday.
r.

praparaçvaù budhaväraù
"D

11
 tt> pr< guévar>, = After that it is Thursday.

.in
tataù paraà guruväraù

.co
tt> pr< zu³var>, = After that it is Friday.
tataù paraà çukraväraù

o
ho
tt> pr< zinvar>, = After that it is Saturday.
tataù paraà çaniväraù

ya
@
6.3. ý> - hyaù (YESTERDAY):

ao
A* rivvar>, = Today it is Sunday.
adya raviväraù nr
ry
ý> zinvar>, = Yesterday it was Saturday.
cto

hyaù çaniväraù
praeý> zu³var>, = The day before yesterday it was Friday.
do

parohyaù çukraväraù
àpraeý> guévar>, = The day before that it was Thursday.
O"

praparohyaù guruväraù
RA

tt> pUv¡ buxvar>, = Before that it was Wednesday.

tataù pürvaà budhaväraù
N.

tt> pUv¡ m¼lvar>, = Before that it was Tuesday.

Y.

tataù pürvaà maìgalaväraù

tt> pUv¡ saemvar>, = Before that it was Monday.
r.

tataù pürvaà somaväraù

"D

12
 6.4. ý> hyaù - A* adya - ñ> çvaù (YESTERDAY - TODAY – TOMORROW):

.in
A* rivvar> AiSt, = Today it is Sunday.

.co
adya raviväraù asti
A* saemvar> AiSt, = Today it is Monday.

o
ho
adya somaväraù asti
A* m¼lvar> AiSt, = Today it is Tuesday.

ya
adya maìgalaväraù asti

@
A* buxvar> AiSt, = Today it is Wednesday.

ao
adya budhaväraù asti

nr
A* guévar> AiSt, = Today it is Thursday.
ry
adya guruväraù asti
A* zu³var> AiSt, = Today it is Friday.
cto

adya çukraväraù asti

do

A* zinvar> AiSt, = Today it is Saturday.

adya çaniväraù asti
O"

A* rivvar> AiSt, = Today it is Sunday.

RA

adya raviväraù asti

ý> zinvar> AasIt!, = Yesterday it was Saturday.
N.

hyaù çaniväraù äsét

Y.

praeý> zu³var> AasIt!, = The day before yesterday it was Friday.

r.

parohyaù çukraväraù äsét

"D

13
 àpraeý> guévar> AasIt!, = The day before that it was Thursday.

.in
praparohyaù guruväraù äsét

.co
tt> pUv¡ buxvar> AasIt!, = Before that it was Wednesday.
tataù pürvaà budhaväraù äsét

o
ho
tt> pUv¡ m¼lvar> AasIt!, = Before that it was Tuesnesday.
tataù pürvaà maìgalaväraù äsét

ya
tt> pUv¡ saemvar> AasIt!, = Before that it was Monday.

@
tataù pürvaà somaväraù äsét

ao
A* rivvar> AiSt, = Today it is Sunday.
adya raviväraù asti nr
ry
ñ> saemvar> Éiv:yit, = Tomorrow it will be Monday.
cto

çvaù somaväraù bhaviñyati

prñ> m¼lvar> Éiv:yit, = The day after toomorrow it will be Tuesday.
do

paraçvaù maìgalaväraù bhaviñyati

O"

àprñ> buxvar> Éiv:yit,

Éiv:yit, = The day after that it will be Wednesday.
praparaçvaù budhaväraù bhaviñyati
RA

tt> pr< guévar> Éiv:yit, = After that it will be Thursday.

tataù paraà guruväraù bhaviñyati
N.

tt> pr< zu³var> Éiv:yit, = After that it will be Friday.

Y.

tataù paraà çukraväraù bhaviñyati

tt> pr< zinvar> Éiv:yit, = After that it will be Saturday.
r.
"D

tataù paraà çaniväraù bhaviñyati

14
 A_yas> abhyäsaù):
LEARN SANSKRIT--MODULE-57 :: EXERCISE (A_yas>

.in
[NOTE: Please complete this Exercise and keep it with you. The

.co
‘KEY’ for this Exercise will be sent along with the next Module, when
you can verify the Correctness or Otherwise of your Answers!]

o
Q.1. Give Sanskrit equivalents to the following English terms:-

ho
01. Fortnight

ya
……………………………………………………………….

@
ao
02. Bright half of the month

……………………………………………………………….
nr
ry
03. Day before yesterday
cto

……………………………………………………………….
do

04. Day after tomorrow

O"

……………………………………………………………….
RA

05. Yesterday

……………………………………………………………….
N.

06. Planet
Y.

……………………………………………………………….
r.
"D

15
 07. Mars

.in
……………………………………………………………….

.co
08. Venus

o
ho
……………………………………………………………….

ya
09. Moon

@
……………………………………………………………….

ao
10. Jupiter

………………………………………………………………. nr
ry
cto

Q.2. Answer the following Questions:-

do

01. v;RSy kit AxRs<vTsra> siNt?

siNt
……………………………………………………………….
O"
RA

02. v;RSy kit masÇyai[ siNt?

siNt
……………………………………………………………….
N.

03. v;RSy kit masa> siNt?

siNt
Y.

……………………………………………………………….
r.

04. masSy kit p]a> siNt?

siNt
"D

……………………………………………………………….

16
 05. sÝahSy kit idnain siNt?
siNt

.in
……………………………………………………………….

.co
06. A* rivvar>, ñ> k> var>?
var>

o
……………………………………………………………….

ho
ya
07. A* rivvar>, ý> k> var>?
var>
……………………………………………………………….

@
ao
08. ý> zinvar> AasIt!, A* k> var> AiSt?
AiSt
……………………………………………………………….
nr
ry
09. prñ> m¼lvar> Éiv:yit, àprñ> k> var> Éiv:yit?
Éiv:yit
cto

……………………………………………………………….
do

10. àpraeý> guévar> AasIt!, tt> pUv¡ k> var> AasIt!?

……………………………………………………………….
O"

***
RA
N.
Y.
r.
"D

17
 ‘KEY’

.in
LEARN SANSKRIT----MODULE-56
-- A_yas> - abhyäsaù):
:: EXERCISE (A_yas>

.co
Q.1. Give Sanskrit equivalents to the following English terms:-

o
01. Morning

ho
àat>kal>/àÉatve
àat>kal> àÉatvela

ya
02. Afternoon

@
ApraŸ>/ApraŸkal>
ApraŸ> ApraŸkal>

ao
03. Quarter past
spad
nr
ry
04. Less than
cto

^n
do

05. One less

@kaen
O"

06. 11(Eleven) o' clock

RA

@kadzvadnm!

07. Half past two o' clock/02:30

N.

saxRiÖvadnm!
Y.

08. Five past twelve o' clock/12:05

r.

pÂatIt/pÂaixkÖadzvadnm!
pÂatIt pÂaixkÖadzvadnm!
"D

18
 09. Ten past three o' clock/03:10

.in
dzatIt/dzaixkiÇvadnm!
dzatIt dzaixkiÇvadnm!

.co
10. Ten to six o' clock/05:50
dzaen;fœvadnm!

o
ho
ya
Q.2. Give English equivalents to the following Sanskrit terms:-

@
01. inme;>/inim;>
> inim;>

ao
Minute

02. pUvaRŸ>/pU
> pUvaRŸkal>
nr
ry
Forenoon
cto

03. mXyraiÇ>/AxR
mXyraiÇ> AxRraiÇ>
do

Midnight
O"

04. AxR
Half - 30 Minutes
RA

05. @kaixk
N.

One past
Y.

06. nvvadnm!
9(Nine) o' clock
r.
"D

19
 07. spad dzvadnm!

.in
Quarter past ten o' clock/10:15

.co
08. padaensÝvadnm!

o
Quarter to seven o' clock/06:45

ho
09. pÂaenpÂvadnm!

ya
Five to five o' clock/04:55

@
10. dzaen Aòvadnm!

ao
Ten to eight o' clock/07:50
nr
ry
***
cto
do
O"
RA
N.
Y.
r.
"D

20