SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEBANGSAAN

MERU
NAME:
MUHAMMAD IQMAL B. ZAKARIA
FORM:
FIVE
I/C:
950925-04-5577
CLASS:
5 SCIENCE 5
TEACHER:
PN HAFIDZAH BT DOLAH
Content
CONTENT PAGE
ACKENOWLEDGEMENT AND 3
APPRECIATION
OBJECTIVE 4
PART 1 5-10
PART 2 11-12
PART 3 13-16
CONCLUSION 17
REFLECTION 18
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND
APPRECIATION...

First of all, I would like to say thank you to my friends, teachers and parents forgiving me their full support
in making this project successful.

Not forgotten to my family for providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this
project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project. Internet, books, computers and all
that act as my source to complete this project.They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this
task so that I will not procrastinate in doing it.

Then I would like to thank my teacher, Puan Maziyah for guiding me and my friends throughout this
project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us patiently and gave me guidance
throughout the journey until we knew what to do. She tried her best to help us until we understand what we
supposed to do with the project work.

Besides that, my friends, Soong Wai Leong, Mohamad Luqman Bin Muhammad Ashari and Sarah Aida who
were doing this project with me and shared our ideas.They were helpful that when we combined and
discussed together, we had this task completed in just a glimpse of an eye.

Last but not least, any party which involved either directly or indirect in completing this project work.
Thank you everyone.
OBJECTIVE...

We, as the students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work whilewe are in
Form 5. This year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has prepared for tasks for us
with two choices, and I choose the first task. We are to choose and complete ONLY one task based on our area
of interest. This project can be done in groups or individually, but each of us are expected to submit an
individually written report. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we are to gain
valuable experiences and able to:

1. Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems.

2. Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningful and hence
improve their thinking skills.

3. Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied unmeaningful ways in
solving real-life problems.

4. Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking, reasoning and
communication are highly encouraged and expected.

5. Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective learning.

6. Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing, and to use the language of
mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely.

7. Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem- solving inways that
increase interest and confidence.

8. Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in workplace.

9. Realises that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and hence
develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

10. Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to cooperate and to share
knowledge in an engaging healthy environment.

11. Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively.

12. Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more creative and
innovative.

13. Realises the importance and the beauty of mathematics.

 PART 1
Questions: Polygons are evident in all architecture. They provide variation and charm in buildings.
When applied to manufactured articles such as printed fabrics, wallpapers, and tile flooring,
polygons enhance the beauty of the structure itself.

(a) These are some examples of polygons that are used in real life.

1) A stop sign 2) A pyramid

3) A flower pot 4) Square tile flooring

5)Tobleronechocolate
6) Speaker box
(b) Definition of Polygon

In geometry a polygonis a flat shape consisting of straight lines that are joined to form a closed chain or
circuit.
A polygon is traditionally a plane figure that is bounded by a closed path, composed of a finite sequence of
straight line segments (i.e., by a closed polygonal chain). These segments are called its edges or sides, and the
points where two edges meet are the polygon's vertices (singular: vertex) or corners. An n-gon is a polygon
with n sides. The interior of the polygon is sometimes called its body. A polygon is a 2-dimensional example of
the more general polytope in any number of dimensions.
The word "polygon" derives from the Greek πολύς (polús) "much", "many" and γωνία (gōnía) "corner" or
"angle". (The word γόνυ gónu, with a short o, is unrelated and means "knee".) Today a polygon is more
usually understood in terms of sides.
The basic geometrical notion has been adapted in various ways to suit particular purposes. Mathematicians
are often concerned only with the closed polygonal chain and with simple polygons which do not self-
intersect, and may define a polygon accordingly. Geometrically two edges meeting at a corner are required to
form an angle that is not straight (180°); otherwise, the line segments will be considered parts of a single
edge – however mathematically, such corners may sometimes be allowed. In fields relating to computation,
the term polygon has taken on a slightly altered meaning derived from the way the shape is stored and
manipulated in computer graphics (image generation).

Type of polygon

Regular :A polygon with all sides and interior angles the same. Regular polygons are
always convex.

Irregular :Each side may a different length, each angle may be a different measure. The
opposite of a regular polygon.

Convex :All interior angles less than 180°,and all vertices 'point outwards' away from the
interior. The opposite of concave. Regular polygons are always convex.

Concave :One or more interior angles greater than 180°. Some vertices push 'inwards'
towards the interior of the polygon. The opposite of convex.

Self-intersectingor Crossed : A polygon where one or more sides crosses back over another
side, creating multiple smaller polygons. Most of the properties and theorems concerning
polygons do not apply to this shape. It is best considered as several separate polygons.
A polygon that in not self-intersecting in this way is called a simple polygon.

Properties of all Polygons (regular and irregular)

Interior angles :The interior angles of a polygon are those angles at each vertex on
the inside of the polygon.

Exterior angles : The angle on the outside of a polygon between a side and the
extended adjacent side.

Diagonals : The diagonals of a polygon are lines linking any two non-adjacent
vertices.

Area :For regular polygons there are various ways to calculate the area.
For irregular polygons things are a little harder since there no general formulae.

Perimeter : The distance around a polygon. The sum of its side lengths.

Properties of Regular Polygons

Apothem (inradius) : The apothem of a polygon is a line from the center to the
midpoint of a side. This is also the inradius - the radius of the incircle.

Radius (circumradius) : The radius of a regular polygon is a line from the center to
any vertex. It is also the radius of the circumcircle of the polygon.

Incircle :The incircle is the largest circle that will fit inside a regular polygon. Its radius
is the apothem of the polygon.
Circumcircle :The circle that passes through all the vertices of a regular polygon. Its
radius is the radius of the polygon.
Name of Polygon

Many polygons have names based on the number of sides. A 5-sided polygon is called a pentagon for example.
There are some that wish to name every possible polygon, but there seems little point in doing so. For
example a 42-sided polygon is called a "tetracontakaidigon".

Beyond about 10 sides, most people call them an "n-gon". For example a 15-gon has 15 sides. This seems
easier to remember and understand. However, there are some names that do occur in everyday experience:

 Triangles -> 3 sides

 Quadrilateral -> 4 sides
 Tetragon -> 4 sides
 Pentagon -> 5 sides
 Hexagon -> 6 sides
 Heptagon -> 7 sides
 Octagon -> 8 sides
 Decagon -> 10 sides
 Dodecagon -> 12 sides

But if you would prefer to call a heptagon a 7-gon for example, that's fine. Everyone will know what you
mean.

History of Polygon

Polygons have been known since ancient times. The regular polygons were known to the ancient Greeks, and
the pentagram, a non-convex regular polygon (star polygon), appears on the vase of Aristophonus, Caere,
dated to the 7th century B.C. Non-convex polygons in general were not systematically studied until the 14th
century by Thomas Bredwardine.

In 1952, Shephard generalized the idea of polygons to the complex plane, where each real dimension is
accompanied by an imaginary one, to create complex polygons.
 (c) There are a few ways we can use to fine the area of a triangle.

1
METHOD I )We are all familiar with the formula for the area of a triangle, 𝐴 = 2 𝑎ℎ , where

a stand for the base and h stands for the height drawn to that base.

A
1
𝐴 = 𝑎ℎ b
2
h c

C
B
a

METHOD II )An area of a tringle can also be measured by using the following formula, which is :

1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶°
2

METHOD III )An area of a tringle can also be measured using the following method :
METHOD IV )If you know the equation y=mx+c of the three lines, intergration can also be applied to find the
area of triangle :
PART 2
Questions: A farmer wishes to build a herb garden on a piece of land. Diagram 1 shows the shape of
that garden, where one of its sides is 100 m in length. The garden has to be fenced with a 300 m
fence.The cost of fencing the garden is RM 20.00 per metre.

(The diagram below is not drawn to scale)

p m θº q m
mm

100 m
c 1
Diagram

(a) The cost needed to fence the herb garden :

Cost=RM20×300=RM6000
(b)

p (m) q (m) cos degree area (m2)

50 150 1.0000 0.00 0.00
55 145 0.8809 28.25 1887.46
60 140 0.7857 38.21 2598.08
65 135 0.7094 44.81 3092.33
70 130 0.6484 49.58 3464.10
75 125 0.6000 53.13 3750.00
80 120 0.5625 55.77 3968.63
85 115 0.5345 57.69 4130.68
90 110 0.5152 58.99 4242.64
95 105 0.5038 59.75 4308.42
100 100 0.5000 60.00 4330.13
109 91 0.5122 59.19 4259.40
110 90 0.5152 58.99 4242.64
115 85 0.5345 57.69 4130.68
120 80 0.5625 55.77 3968.63
125 75 0.6000 53.13 3750.00
130 70 0.6484 49.58 3464.10
135 65 0.7094 44.81 3092.33
140 60 0.7857 38.21 2598.08
145 55 0.8809 28.25 1887.46
150 50 1.0000 0.00 0.00
(c) In order for the enclosed area to be maximum, which is 4330.13 m2 , the shape of the
triangle must be equilateral. Therefore, the length of both p and q must be 100m.

(d) (i) 50<p<150 and 50<q<150

(ii) p α 1/q

b
A C

c a

(iii) A2 = B2 + C2 – 2 x B x C x cos (a). This theorem is known as ‘Cosine Rule’.

PART 3

a) Other shapes of the garden that can be constructed

(a) Quadrilateral

2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 300𝑚2
ym
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 150𝑚2

xm

x y Area=xy
10 140 1400
20 130 2600
30 120 3600
40 110 4400
50 100 5000
60 90 5400
70 80 5600
75 75 5625

The maximum area is 5625𝑚2

(b) Regular Pentagon

5𝑎 = 30
𝑎 = 60
𝑡 a
tan 54 = a
30
𝑡 = 30 tan 54 = 41.2915𝑚
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (41.2915)(60)(5) = 6193.75𝑚2
2

a 72° a

54° 54°

a
 (c) ASemicircle

2r+ πr = 300
r = 300/2+π
Area =½ (300 / 2+π)2 π = 5347.55 m2

(d) ACircle

2πr = 300
r = 150/π
Area = ½(150π)2 (2π) = 7161.97 m2

(e) ARegular Hexagon

Each side is labelled as a and the degree at the

origin of each triangle is 60°

6a = 300, a = 50
Area = ½ (43.3)(300) = 6495 m2

Conclusion:
 - Acircle producesamaximumarea.
Local Herbs

a) i) Aloe vera - The local name is known as

'Lidah Buaya'. Due to its exceptional
healing properties, Aloe Vera is also known
as "the little of the desert", "the plant of immortality", "the first aid plant" and "the
miracle plant".

It is also one of the most important crude drug history and is

still extensively used in modern medicine. It contains the same
painkilling and anti-inflammatory compound as in Aspirin. Aloe
vera is also a nutrient-rich-plant, containing more than 200
active-components, vitamins, minerals, essential amino acids,
enzymes and other plant chemicals which is said to gently
strengthen, sustain and encourage cellular activity in body.

ii) Tongkat Ali - It has become popular for its testosterone-enhancing properties.
Because of that, it is included in certain herbal supplements for bodybuilders.
Historically, it has been used by the folk
medicine in its countries of origin as a libido
enhancer and to treat various sexual
dysfunctions.

Numerous scientific studies performed

by Malaysian Universities, including
University Science Malaysia (USM) have
confirmed its effects on enhancing sexual characteristics in animal models. Currently, it
is being researched for its possibilities as an anti-cancer supplement.

iii) Agrimony - It is not commonly used today, but has its place in traditional herbal
medicine. This herb is safe for use for minor ailments in most healthy people.

Like most herb simples, the uses to which it is put are

remarkably varied. The English use it to make a delicious
"spring" or "diet" drink for purifying the blood. It is considered
especially useful as a tonic for aiding recovery from winter
colds, fevers, and diarrhea. Agrimony contains tannin and a
volatile essential oil.
Conclusion...

After doing research, answering questions, drawing able, drawing logo and some
problem solving, I have learnt that all of the raw data must be grouped and processed
systematically so that analysis and interperation can be done with ease. I even saw that the
usage of poylgon and herbs is important in our daily life. For example, we can actually use
polygon shapes to build buildings.

In conclusion, polygons are useful to humans. So, we should be thankful of the

people who contributed in the idea of polygons. They made our life simpler and much
easier.
Reflection...
After spending hours even days and nights to finish up this projectwhile sacrificing my time, there
are several things that I can utter on.

ADDITIONAL MATHERMATICS...

From the day I stepped on this Earth...

From the day I know how to comprehend knowledge...
From the day I was able to hold a pencil in my grasp...
And,
From the day I heard your name...
I have always thought that you will be my greatest obstacle and rival in everything...

After sacrificing my precious time just for your sake alone...

I realized something really important in you...
Without you, number would not existed...
Without you, I would not know how much time flies...
Without you, I would not know houw many steps I have taken while I was alive...
Without you, I would not know you are the one who is holding this world together...
Without you, this place where I am stepping on will be avoided and solitude space...

You gave me salvation...

You are my freedom in this world...
You are my real friend...
You are my sould mate...
You are my everything...

I love you, ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS !