1

What is covered in this presentation? 2

 A brief history of databases

 NoSQL WHY, WHAT & WHEN?

 Characteristics of NoSQL databases

 Aggregate data models

 CAP theorem

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
 Introduction 3
 Database - Organized collection of data

 DBMS - Database Management System: a software

package with computer programs that controls the
creation, maintenance and use of a database

 Databases are created to operate large quantities of

information by inputting, storing, retrieving, and
managing that information.

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
 A brief history 4

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
 Relational databases 5

• Benefits of Relational databases:

 Designed for all purposes

 ACID
 Strong consistancy, concurrency, recovery
 Mathematical background
 Standard Query language (SQL)
 Lots of tools to use with i.e: Reporting services, entity
frameworks, ...

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
 SQL databases 6

Ashwani Kumar
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NOSQL Databases
 RDBMS 7

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
 NoSQL why, what and when? 8
But...
 Relational databases were not built
for distributed applications.

Because...
 Joins are expensive
 Hard to scale horizontally
 Impedance mismatch occurs
 Expensive (product cost, hardware,
Maintenance)

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
 NoSQL why, what and when? 9

And....
It’s weak in:
 Speed (performance)
 High availability
 Partition tolerance
Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
Why NOSQL now?? Ans. Driving Trends 11

Ashwani Kumar
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NOSQL Databases
Side note: RDBMS performance 12

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NOSQL Databases
 13
But..
But..What’s NoSQL?
What’s NoSQL?

A No SQL database provides a mechanism

for storage and retrieval of data that
employs less constrained consistency
models than traditional relational database

No SQL systems are also referred to as

"NotonlySQL“ to emphasize that they do in
fact allow SQL-like query languages to be
used.

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
Characteristics of NoSQL databases 14

NoSQL avoids:
 Overhead of ACID transactions
 Complexity of SQL query
 Burden of up-front schema design
 DBA presence
 Transactions (It should be handled at
application layer)
Provides:
 Easy and frequent changes to DB
 Fast development
 Large data volumes(eg.Google)
 Schema less
Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
 NoSQL why, what and when? 10

Ashwani Kumar
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NOSQL Databases
NoSQL is getting more & more popular 15

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
What is a schema-less datamodel? 16

In relational Databases:

 You can’t add a record which does

not fit the schema
 You need to add NULLs to unused
items in a row
 We should consider the datatypes.
i.e : you can’t add a stirng to an
interger field
 You can’t add multiple items in a
field (You should create another
table: primary-key, foreign key,
joins, normalization, ... !!!)

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
What is a schema-less datamodel? 17

In NoSQL Databases:

 There is no schema to consider

 There is no unused cell
 There is no datatype (implicit)
 Most of considerations are done in
application layer
 We gather all items in an aggregate (document)

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
Aggregate Data Models 18

NoSQL databases are classified in four major

datamodels:

• Key-value
• Document
• Column family
• Graph

Each DB has its own query language

Ashwani Kumar
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NOSQL Databases
Key-value data model 19

 Simplest NOSQL databases

 The main idea is the use of a

hash table

 Access data (values) by strings

called keys

 Data has no required format data

may have any format

 Data model: (key, value) pairs

 Basic Operations:
Insert(key,value),
Fetch(key),
Update(key),
Delete(key) Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
Column family data model 20

 The column is lowest/smallest

instance of data.

 It is a tuple that contains a

name, a value and a timestamp

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
Column family data model 21

Some statistics about Facebook Search (using Cassandra)

 MySQL > 50 GB Data

 Writes Average : ~300 ms
 Reads Average : ~350 ms

 Rewritten with Cassandra > 50 GB Data

 Writes Average : 0.12 ms
 Reads Average : 15 ms

Ashwani Kumar
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NOSQL Databases
Graph data model 22

 Based on Graph Theory.

 Scale vertically, no clustering.
 You can use graph algorithms easily
 Transactions
 ACID

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NOSQL Databases
Document based data model 23
• Pair each key with complex data
structure known as data structure.
• Indexes are done via B-Trees.
• Documents can contain many different
key-value pairs, or key-array pairs, or
even nested documents.

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NOSQL Databases
Document based data model 24

Ashwani Kumar
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NOSQL Databases
SQL vs NOSQL 25

Ashwani Kumar
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NOSQL Databases
What we need ? 26

• We need a distributed database system having such features:

• – Fault tolerance
• – High availability
• – Consistency
• – Scalability

Which is impossible!!!
According to CAP theorem

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16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
CAP theorem 27

We can not achieve all the three items

In distributed database systems (center)
Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
CAP theorem 28

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
Conclusion…. 29

Ashwani Kumar
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NOSQL Databases
References.. 30

 nosql-database.org/

 https://www.mongodb.com/nosql-explained

 www.couchbase.com/nosql-resources/what-is-no-sql

 http://nosql-database.org/ "NoSQL DEFINITION: Next Generation Databases

mostly addressing some of the points: being non-relational, distributed, open-
source and horizontally scalable“

 NoSQL distilled, Martin Fowler

 Please like and follow at www.slideshare.net/AshwaniKumar274

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases
 31

Ashwani Kumar
16 February 2018
NOSQL Databases