Master 400G

Intra Data Center Inter Data Center Metro Long Haul

Data Center Core Network

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.3bs & 802.3cd OIF-CEI 4.0 (Optical Internetworking Forum - Common Electrical Interface) Fiber Channel PI-7 InfiniBand Standard/ implementation Short haul Metro Long haul Ultralong haul
agreement OIF-proposed paths to 400G
Standard / implementation 50GAUI-2 C2M / 50GAUI C2M / 50GAUI-2 C2C / 50GAUI C2C /
50G-KR / 50G-CR / Link media Single-mode fiber
agreement 200GBASE-FR4 / 200GBASE-LR4 / 100GAUI-4 C2M / 100GAUI-2 C2M / 100GAUI-4 C2C / 100GAUI-2 C2C /
400GBASE-SR16 200GBASE-DR4 400GBASE-DR4 100G-KR2 / 100G-CR2 / CEI-56G-XSR-NRZ CEI-56G-XSR-PAM4 CEI-56G-VSR-NRZ CEI-56G-VSR-PAM4 CEI-56G-MR-PAM4 CEI-56G-LR-PAM4 CEI-56G-LR-eNRZ 64GFC / 256GFC * 600G HDR * Multiband-
400GBASE-FR8 400GBASE-LR8 200GAUI-8 C2M / 200GAUI-4 C2M / 200GAUI-8 C2C / 200GAUI-4 C2C /
200G-KR4 200G-CR4 Modulation format 64QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM OFDM QPSK QPSK 16QAM QPSK 8QAM 16QAM
400GAUI-16 C2M 400GAUI-8 C2M 400GAUI-16 C2C 400GAUI-8 C2C
(16QAM)
Chip to chip on
Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic Chip to pluggable Chip to pluggable Chip to chip on Backplanes with Passive copper Chip to adjacent Chip to pluggable optical Chip to pluggable optical Chip to chip on large Backplanes / passive Backplanes / passive Fiber optic Chip to pluggable TOR switch to Symbol rate per lane/wire 42.7 GBd 64 GBd 32GBd 64 GBd 14.2 GBd 8 GBd 64 GBd 32 GBd 16 GBd 32 GBd 42.7 GBd 21 GBd
Application same circuit Chip to adjacent chip
data link data link data link data link data link optical module optical module same circuit board daughter cards cable chip module module circuit board copper cable copper cable data link optical module blade server
board Maximum reach ~ 100 km < 1,000 km ~ 2,000 km > 2,000 km
Multimode Number of parallel lanes 1 PDM lane 1 PDM lane 2 PDM lanes 1 PDM lane 3 PDM lanes 8 PDM lanes 2 PDM lanes 4 PDM lanes 4 PDM lanes 4 PDM lanes 2 PDM lanes 3 PDM lanes
Single-mode Single-mode Single-mode Single-mode Circuit board trace Circuit board trace Circuit board Circuit board trace + Twinax copper cable Circuit board Circuit board Circuit board Circuit board fiber Circuit board trace 75 GHz/ 75 GHz/ 75 GHz/ 75 GHz/ 75 GHz/
Link media Multimode fiber Circuit board trace Circuit board Circuit board Circuit board trace Electrical Channel occupancy 50 GHz 50 GHz 100 GHz 150 GHz 150 GHz 150 GHz 100 GHz
fiber fiber fiber fiber + 1 connector + 1 connector trace 3 connectors + 2 connectors + 1 connector + 1 connector + 2 connectors + 2 connectors & single- + 1 connector 100 GHz 100 GHz 100 GHz 100 GHz 100 GHz
mode fiber Forward error correction
~20%
Modulation format NRZ PAM-4 PAM-4 PAM-4 PAM-4 NRZ PAM-4 NRZ PAM-4 PAM-4 PAM-4 NRZ PAM-4 NRZ PAM-4 PAM-4 PAM-4 eNRZ PAM-4 PAM-4 PAM-4 (FEC) overhead
Symbol rate, per lane/wire 26.5625 GBd 26.5625 GBd 53.125 GBd 26.5625 GBd 26.5625 GBd 26.5625 GBd 26.5625 GBd 26.5625 GBd 26.5625 GBd 26.5625 GBd 26.5625 GBd 39.8 - 58.0 GBd 18.0 - 29.0 GBd 39.0 - 56.0 Gb/s 18.0 - 29.0 GBd 18.0 - 29.0 GBd 18.0 - 29.0 GBd 33.16 - 37.5 GBaud 29.027 GBd 29.027 GBd 26-5625 GBd Pre-FEC Bit Error Ratio (BER) ~ 1E-2
100 m Required optical
Maximum reach 16.06 dB 13 dB @ 28 GHz (Type A)
10.2 dB 10.2 dB 20 dB 20 dB 30 dB 8 dB @ 29 GHz 4.2 dB @ 14.5 GHz 10.0 dB @ 14.5 GHz 20 dB @ 14.5 GHz 30 dB @ 14.5 GHz (MMF) signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) 23.8 19.8 16.8 19.8 18.5 10.8 13.4 10.4 13.8 10.4 15 14.5
(channel loss at Nyquist 100 m 500 m 500 m 2 km 10 km (≥ 3 m) 20 dB @ 28 GHz (Type B) 33.6 dB @ 18.75 GHz ≈ 150 mm 2m
(≈ 100 mm) (≈ 100 mm) (≈ 25 cm) (≈ 25 cm) (≈ 1 m) (≈ 50 mm) (≈ 50 mm) (≈ 150 mm) ( ≈ 500 mm) (≈ 1000 mm) at BER = 10-2
frequency) (cable assembly only) (≈ 150 mm) 2 km (SMF)
— Tighter tolerances regarding skew, nonlinearity, frequency-response calibration
1-n Novel test requirements
Number of parallel lanes 16 4 4 1 1 2/ 4/ 8/ 16 1/ 2/ 4/ 8 2/ 4/ 8/ 16 1/ 2/ 4/ 8 1/ 2/ 4 1/ 2/ 4 1-n 1-n 1-n 1-n 1-n 1-n 1/ 4 1/ 4 8 — Interchannel crosstalk -> frequency stability of carrier laser
(each lane has 4 wires) — Interoperability of transceivers
Number of wavelengths 1 1 1 4/ 8 4/ 8 1 1 Challenges — Interchannel crosstalk
Forward error correction — Power consumption/ efficiency
Required Required Required Required Required Required Required Required Required Required Required Not used Not used Not used Assumed Assumed Assumed Not used Required Required Required
(FEC) overhead
Pre-FEC bit error ratio
(BER)
2.4 E-4 2.4 E-4 2.4 E-4 2.4 E-4 2.4 E-4 1E-6 1E-5 1E-5 1E-4 2.4 E-6 2.4 E-4 1 E-15 1 E-15 1 E-15 1 E-6 1 E-6 1 E-4 1 E-15 TBD TBD 1 E-4
BER from SNR New Flexgrid Defined in ITU-T G.694.1 Recommendation
50G-KR/100G-KR2: 50G-CR/100G-CR2:
1.7 E-12 1 E-10 (link only) 1 E-10 (link only)
1.7 E-12 1.7 E-12 1.7 E-12 1.7 E-12
(link only) 6.2 E-10 (with AUI) 6.2 E-10 (with AUI)
Frame loss ratio (link only) (link only) (link only) (link only) 1E+00
6.2 E-11
(for 64 octet frames) 6.2 E-11 6.2 E-11 6.2 E-11 6.2 E-11 200G-KR4: 200G-CR4: 1E-01 37.5 GHz
(with attachment
(with AUI) (with AUI) (with AUI) (with AUI) 1.7 E-12 (link only) 1.7 E-12 (link only)
unit interface) 1E-02
6.2 E-11 (with AUI) 6.2 E-11 (with AUI) 50 GHz 50 GHz
1E-03
Transmitter and dispersion
1E-04
eye closure for PAM-4 4.3 dB 2.5 dB 2.5 dB 2.4/2.2 dB 2.5/2.4 dB TBD TBD
(TDECQ), each lane max. 1E-05
18 GHz 32 GHz
1E-06
— Clock jitter (UUGJ-hf) — Signal-to-noise-and-distortion — Signal-to-noise-and-
— Transmitter and dispersion eye closure for PAM-4 (TDECQ) — Eye width (EW) — Clock phase noise — Eye width (EW) ratio (SNDR) — Signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) distortion ratio 1E-07 400G 400G
— Signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR)
Novel test requirements
— Outer optical modulation amplitude — Eye height (EH)
— Output waveform measurements (RLM, linear fit pulse peak,…) — Eye width (EW) — Eye height (EH) — Eye width (EW) — Output waveform measurements (RLM, linear (SNDR) Standard will likely leverage PAM-4 measurements BER 1E-08
— Outer extinction ratio — Eye symmetry mask width (ESMW) — Output jitter — Transition time — Eye height (EH) fit pulse peak,…) — Output waveform outlined in IEEE 802.3bs and OIF-CEI 4.0.
— Output jitter (JRMS, J4, even-odd jitter) — Eye height (EH) 1E-09
— Relative intensity noise (RINxOMA) — Transition time (specific edge) (UBHPJ, UUGJ, — Vertical eye closure (VEC) — Eye linearity — Output jitter (UBHPJ, UUGJ, even-odd jitter) measurements (RLM,
— Eye linearity 1E-10
even-odd jitter) — Transition time (specific edge) linear fit puls peak,)
— Transition time
1E-11
Forward error correction (FEC), SNR 200 100 200 200 100 200 200 50
1E-12
Requirements for accurate eye analysis: Frequency response complies to industry standard tolerance — Low jitter relative to the bit period (unit interval) — Low noise (SNR degrades from NRZ to PAM-4) — Robust measurement algorithms -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
16QAM QPSK 16QAM 16QAM QPSK 16QAM 16QAM BPSK
SNR/dB
Clock recovery is required for PAM-4 which adds complexity due to more transition possibilities.
Challenges QPSK For polarization-multiplexed signals: v(GHz)
TDECQ: Transmitter Dispersion and Eye Closure Quaternary. A power penalty measurement (in dB) indicating the additional transmitter R
power required to compensate for PAM-4 eye closure and achieve the target symbol-error-ratio (relative to an ideal PAM-4 signal having
Channel operating margin (COM) is a new figure of merit defined as follows: COM represents the signal-to-noise amplitude at the receiver pins of a channel after integrating the effects of loss, near-end crosstalk, far-end crosstalk, and statistical noise. 8PSK OSNR = s SNR
A typical COM number might be 8.5dB and it would be the result of inputting multiple variables including S-parameter measurements into a large MATLAB program specifically written per the standard COM definition. Bref
the same optical modulation amplitude). Measured on the transmitter PAM-4 eye after passing through a virtual equalizer within the 16QAM Rs: Symbol rate
Some test and measurement tools have cleverly integrated COM calculations to help automate this normally complex characterization technique.
oscilloscope. A similar measurement, TDEC, is performed on NRZ multimode signals (no virtual equalizer used). 64QAM Bref: Reference bandwidth = 12.5 GHz 375 350 325 300 275 250 225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0

Notes: * 64G Fiber Channel and Infiniband HDR standards are in early development at time of printing. Parameter values are subject to change as standard developments continue.

Understanding the Application Space Channel Operating Margin (COM) COM Parameter Definitions Hardware Software Hardware Software
Draft parameter ref Example setting
Typical implementation: Ethernet switch using 400GBASE-FR8 optical link.
Coding/port type Coding/port type NRZ clause 93 D1.1 Selector for port type
Both IEEE and OIF-CEI are used.
Unit interval (UI) Unit interval (UI) 3.87879E-11 Unit interval in seconds M8196A 92 GSa/s Arbitrary Waveform Generator
tx_ffe tx_ffe [.1.4] Transmitter equalizer max. pre and post cursor coefficient
Switch
ASIC ndfe W 12 Victim single bit response exception window (in UI) N8827A & N8827B PAM-4 Analysis Software for
Infiniium Z-Series Oscilloscopes
max_ctle G_DC 12 Continuous tie filter, max. DC gain. Infiniium Real-time Oscilloscopes 81195A Optical Modulation
CEI-56G-VSR Switch Card Generator Software
n a_thru A_v 0.4 Transmitter differential peak output voltage for victim.
PAM-4 or NRZ 86100B Tunable Laser Sources
a_fext A_f 0.4 Transmitter differential peak output voltage for far-end aggressor.
Retimer
a_next A_n 0.6 Transmitter differential peak output voltage for near-end aggressor.
AG 1/(L-1) 1 Related to number of levels, L (symbol gain).
CEI-56G-LR n Backplane specBER SER_0 1.00E-12 Target uncorrected symbol error ratio.
86100D-9FP PAM-N
PAM-4 or eNRZ Allowance COM_0 0 Minimum channel operation margin. Analysis Software for
G_s_noise sigma_G 0.01 Normalized RMS Gaussian noise. 86100D Infiniium DCA-X 86100D DCA-X Oscilloscopes
Retimer g_dd_noise A_DD 0.1 Normalized peak dual-Dirac noise. Wide-Bandwidth Oscilloscope N1085A PAM-4 N7700A Photonic Application Suite
with 86105D 34 GHz Optical, Measurement Application
Na_rms ­— 0 Voltage sensitivity RMS Gaussian noise. for Ethernet and OIF-CEI
CEI-56G-MR n 50 GHz Electrical Module
Samples per UI M 32 ­— N4373D Lightwave Component Analyzer
PAM-4 or NRZ
Port order Port order [1 3 2 4] For the 4 ports the first two listed are inputs and respective last two are outputs (RX).
Host
ASIC Line Card G01 Gamma_01 0.01 Transmitter reflection coefficient DC value. Value < 0.01 disables.
G02 Gamma_02 0.01 Receiver reflection coefficient DC value. Value < 0.01 disables.
CDAUI-8 8 8 Fscale1 Fscale1 2 Transmitter reference coefficient reference frequency scale. Value > 2 disables.
8 x 56 Gb/s PAM-4 Fscale2 Fscale2 2 Receiver reference coefficient reference frequency scale. Value > 2 disables. N1077A Optical/Electrical Clock Recovery N4392A Option 430
Physical Layer Test System (PLTS) Version 2017
Retimer Retimer ctle_step — 1 Continuous time filter step size dB. Integrated Coherent Receiver Test
400G-FR8 400G-FR8 tx_ffe_step — 0.02 Transmitter equalizer, pre/post cursor coefficient step size. N1930B Physical Layer Test System (PLTS)
Module Module maxc1 — 1 Max. value for DFE1.
ROSA TOSA ROSA TOSA maxcx — 1 Max. in W region.
f_v f_v 0.55 Transmitter 3 dB bandwidth for victim. Set to > 2 to deactivate.
400GBASE-FR8 f_f f_f 0.55 Transmitter 3 dB bandwidth for far-end aggressor. Set to > 2 to deactivate.
8 l WDM in SMF f_n f_n 1 Transmitter 3 dB bandwidth for near-end aggressor. Set to > 2 to deactivate.
M8040A 64 GBaud M8070A System Software for
f_r f_r 0.75 Receiver 3 dB bandwidth. M8000 Series of BER Test Solutions N4391A Optical Modulation Analyzer
High-performance BERT N4391AU Optical Modulation Analyzer Software

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Printed in USA, March 27, 2017
5992-2143EN
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