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Comparison of design calculations of Deep beams using various International

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Article  in  International Journal of Civil Engineering · November 2015

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

Comparison of design calculations of Deep beams using

various International Codes
Firoz Alam Faroque 1, Rishikesh Kumar 2
1
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur, India
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Manipal University Jaipur, Dehmi Kalan, Jaipur, India

Abstract: A deep beam is a structural member whose

behaviour is dominated by shear deformations. Until
recently, the design of deep beams per U.S. design
standards was based on empirically derived
expressions and rules of thumb. For structural
members exposed to public view or environmental
elements, the serviceability performance of the
structure is arguably as significant as its strength.
Typically, the serviceability performance of reinforced
concrete deep beams is quantified by the width and
spacing of diagonal cracks that form under the
application of service loads. In design, diagonal Fig.1: A typical cross section of deep beam.
cracking in service can be limited by comparing the
cracking load to the service load and adjusting the The structural design standards, AASHTO
section as necessary. Also, web reinforcement can be LRFD (2008) and ACI 318-08, adopted the use of
provided to restrain the width of diagonal cracks if strut-and-tie modelling (STM) for the strength design
they do happen to form in service. Currently, the of deep beams or other regions of discontinuity in
minimum web reinforcement provisions in various 1994 and 2002, respectively. Based on the theory of
design specifications are inconsistent and in general, plasticity, STM is a design method that idealizes stress
do not address whether the required reinforcement fields as axial members of a truss. The primary
considers serviceability demand as well as strength advantage of STM is its versatility. It is valid for any
demand. In this paper, the design of deep beam has given loading or geometry. However, the primary
been carried out using three codes namely the Indian weakness of STM is also its versatility. The freedom
standard code, the American Concrete Institute code associated with the method results in a vague and
and the Construction Industry Research and inconsistently defined set of guidelines. Because of
Information Association code. The results have been the lack of a well-ordered design process, many
obtained on the various designs that have been done practitioners are reluctant to use STM.
based on these methods and they have been tabulated For structural members exposed to public
and the graphs plotted. view or environmental elements, the serviceability
performance of the structure is arguably as significant
Keywords — ACI, CIRIA, IS Code, Deep Beam, as its strength. Typically, the serviceability
Shear. performance of reinforced concrete deep beams is
quantified by the width and spacing of diagonal cracks
I. INTRODUCTION that form under the application of service loads. In
design, diagonal cracking in service can be limited by
A deep beam is a beam having a depth comparable
comparing the cracking load to the service load and
to the span length. Reinforced concrete deep beams
adjusting the section as necessary. Also, web
have useful applications in tall buildings, offshore
reinforcement can be provided to restrain the width of
structures, and foundations. The transition from
diagonal cracks if they do happen to form in service.
ordinary-beam behaviour to deep-beam behaviour is
Currently, the minimum web reinforcement provisions
imprecise; for design purposes, it is often considered
in various design specifications are inconsistent and in
to occur at a span/depth ratio of about 2.5. The
general, do not address whether the required
importance of the shear-span/depth ratio and for
reinforcement considers serviceability demand as well
buckling and instability the depth/thickness ratio are
as strength demand. Hence, another goal of the current
very important. In practice, engineers typically
research project is to improve the serviceability design
encounter deep beams when designing transfer girders,
provisions for deep beams by recommending an
pile supported foundations, or bridge bents. Until
appropriate amount of minimum web reinforcement
recently, the design of deep beams per U.S. design
and by outlining a service-load check to assess the
standards was based on empirically derived
likelihood of diagonal cracking.
expressions and rules of thumb.
While current design concepts are based on
uniaxial stress-strain characteristics, recent work has

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

shown quite conclusively that the ultimate limit-state A) L/D ratio and tensile reinforcement by ACI, IS, and
behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) elements such CIRIA code
as, for example, beams in flexure (or combined
flexure and shear), can only be explained in terms of B) L/D ratio and shear reinforcement by ACI, IS and
multiaxial effects which are always present in a CIRIA code
structure. It is the consideration of the multiaxial c) L/D ratio and total reinforcement by ACI, IS and
effects that has led to the introduction of the concept CIRIA code 31
of the compressive-force path which has been shown
not only to provide a realistic description of the causes Problem: III
of failure of structural concrete, but also to form a
suitable basis for the development of design models Length of the beam=5.5m
capable of providing safe and efficient design Initial load coming on the beam is =1000 kn/m
solutions. In the following, the work is summarised
and the concept of the compressive force path is used Initial depth of the beam=5.5m
as the basis for the description of the behaviour of RC
deep beams of their ultimate limit state. The In this study we have decreased the depth of the beam
implications of the application of the concept in RC by 200 mm in every step and we have increased the
loading by 100 kN/m in every step. This is a very
deep beam design are also discussed and a simple
interesting study because here we have changed the
design method is proposed.
loading as well as the depth of the beam in order to get
variable moment and variable L/D ratio. For this study
we have drawn graphs between the following
II.PROBLEM FORMULATION
Following are the problems which have been studied A) L/D ratio and tensile reinforcement by ACI, IS, and
in this work. CIRIA code

Problem I: B) L/D ratio and shear reinforcement by ACI, IS and

CIRIA code
Length of the beam = 5m
c) L/D ratio and total reinforcement by ACI, IS and
Initial depth of the beam = 5m CIRIA code

Load coming on the beam=1000 kn/m Problem: IV

For this problem we have decreased the depth of the Length of the beam=5.5m
beam by 200 mm in step of the problem to increase
the L/D ratio. By keeping the loading length and Initial load coming on the beam is =1000 kn/m
moment of the beam constant, we have decreased the Initial depth of the beam=5.5m
depth of the beam in every step for a different L/D
ratio, then we have drawn graphs between In this study we have decreased the depth of the beam
by 200 mm in every step and we have increased the
A) L/D ratio and Tension reinforcement by ACI, IS loading by 100 kn/m in every step. This is a very
and CIRIA codes interesting study because here we have changed the
B) L/D ratio and Shear reinforcement by ACI, IS and loading as well as the depth of the beam in order to get
CIRIA codes variable moment and variable L/D ratio. For this study
we have drawn graphs between the following
c) L/D ratio and total reinforcement by ACI, IS and
CIRIA codes A) L/D ratio and tensile reinforcement by ACI, IS, and
CIRIA code
Problem II:
B) L/D ratio and shear reinforcement by ACI, IS and
Length of the beam=5m CIRIA code
Initial depth of the beam=5m c) L/D ratio and total reinforcement by ACI, IS and
CIRIA code 32 (V)
Initial load coming on the beam is =1000 kn/m
Problem: V
In this study we have decreased the depth of the beam
by 200 mm in every step and we have increased the Length of the beam=4.55m
loading by 100 kn/m in every step. This is a very
interesting study because here we have changed the Initial load coming on the beam is =1000 kn/m
loading as well as the depth of the beam in order to get Initial depth of the beam=4.5m
variable moment and variable L/D ratio. For this study
we have drawn graphs between the following

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

In this study we have decreased the depth of the beam anchorage failure or a bearing failure (occurring in
by 200 mm in every step and we have increased the regions acted upon by concentrated loads), are usually
loading by 100 kn/m in every step. This is a very prevented by proper detailing.
interesting study because here we have changed the Although a generally accepted theory describing the
loading as well as the depth of the beam in order to get causes of shear failure is currently lacking, there are a
variable moment and variable L/D ratio. For this study number of concepts which not only are widely
we have drawn graphs between the following considered as an essential part of such a theory, but
A) L/D ratio and tensile reinforcement by ACI, IS, and also form the basis of current design methods for shear
CIRIA code design. These concepts are the following:

B) L/D ratio and shear reinforcement by ACI, IS and i) Shear failure occurs when the shear capacity of a
CIRIA code critical cross section is exceeded
ii) The main contributor to shear resistance is the
c) L/D ratio and total reinforcement by ACI, IS and
CIRIA code portion of the cross section below the neutral axis,
with strength, in the absence of shear reinforcement,
Problem: VI being provided by “aggregate interlock” and “dowel
Length of the beam=4.5m action”, whereas for a beam with shear reinforcement
the shear forces are sustained as described.
Initial load coming on the beam is =1000 kn/m iii) Once inclined cracking occurs, an RC beam with
Initial depth of the beam=4.5m shear reinforcement behaves as a truss with concrete
between two consecutive inclined cracks and shear
In this study we have decreased the depth of the beam
by 200 mm in every step and we have increased the reinforcement acting as the struts and ties of the truss,
loading by 100 kn/m in every step. This is a very respectively, and the compressive zone and tension
interesting study because here we have changed the reinforcement representing the horizontal members.
loading as well as the depth of the beam in order to get
variable moment and variable L/D ratio. For this study A common feature of both the above concepts and the
we have drawn graphs between the following plane section theory that form the basis of flexural
design is that they rely entirely on uniaxial stress-
A) L/D ratio and tensile reinforcement by ACI, IS, and strain characteristics for the description of the
CIRIA code behaviour of concrete.
B) L/D ratio and shear reinforcement by ACI, IS and This view may be justified by the fact that beams are
CIRIA code designed to carry stresses mainly in the longitudinal
direction, with the stresses developing in at least one
c) L/D ratio and total reinforcement by ACI, IS and of the transverse directions being small enough to be
CIRIA code assumed negligible for any practical purpose. As will
be seen, however, such a reasoning underestimates the
III. METHODOLOGY considerable effect that small stresses have on the
load-carrying capacity and deformational response of
The three methods for designing the beams are
concrete. Ignoring the small stresses in design does
followed according to the codes of the three countries
not necessarily mean that their effect on structural
i.e. The IS code, the ACI code and the CIRIA code. It
behaviour is also ignored. It usually means that their
is a common design practice first to design an RC
effect is attributed to other causes that are expressed in
beam for flexural capacity and then to ensure that any
the form of various design assumptions.
type of failure, other than flexural (that would occur
when the flexural capacity is attained), is prevented. The following are the steps in brief which are involved
The flexural capacity is assessed on the basis of the in the process of design of deep beams:
plane sections theory which not only is generally
considered to describe realistically the deformational 1. Check of deep beam: According to IS 456, a
response of the beams, but is also formulated so that it simply supported beam is termed as deep when ratio
provides a design tool noted for both its effectiveness of its effective span L to overall depth D is less than 2.
and simplicity. However, an RC beam may exhibit a Continuous beams are considered as deep when the
number of different types of failure that may occur ratio L/D is less 2.5.This is same as that of British
before flexural capacity is attained. The most common code but ACI 318 defines simple beams with ratio L/D
of such failures are those which may collectively be less than 1.25 as deep beams. Continuous beams are
referred to as shear types of failure and may be considered as deep when the clear span/depth ratio (i.e.
prevented by complementing the initial (flexural) L/D) is less than 2.5.
design so that the shear capacity of the beam is not
exhausted before the flexural capacity is attained,
while other types of failure such as, for example, an

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

Determination of Design Bending Moment:

In a simply supported beam, the bending moment is
calculated as in ordinary beams. For a total load w
uniformly distributed on the beam
Typical detailing guideline for a section of a deep
beam for tension:

In a continuous beam the bending moment, according

to American practice for a uniformly distributed load,
w per unit length is as follows:

At mid Span, , Positive

At face of support, ,
Negative Fig.2 Placement of tension steel in deep beams
Where, e is the ratio of width of support to effective
4. Design for Shear in IS 456:
span.
No separate checking for shear is specified in IS 456.
2. Check for compression in concrete We assume that arching action of the main tension
Even though stresses in compression in concrete in steel and the web steel together with concrete will
deep beams are always low, a routine check should be carry the shear. In simply-supported beam the arching
made to estimate the maximum compression in action as shown in Fig. 3.2 can be depended on if the
concrete by the standard beam formula. main tension steel is properly detailed. However, in
3. Determination of Area of Tension Steel continuous beams, this arch action is not present and
The area of steel to carry the tension is determined by ACI recommends that we should design them as in
the empirical method of assuming a value for the lever ordinary beam. Unlike the IS code, the British practice
arm. IS 456 Clause 29.2 follows the committee euro requires numerical calculations for design of deep
international du Benton and gives the following values beams for shear. The design is based on the results of
for z, the lever arm length. research carried out by Kong and others. It is
For simply supported beams, applicable only to simply-supported beams of span
Z=0.2(L+2D), when L/D is between 1 and 2 depth ratio not exceeding two. The shear analysis is
=0.6 L, when L/D is less than 1. carried out by assuming a structural idealization of
For Continuous Beams, 'critical diagonal tension failure line' along the natural
load path which in the case of concentrated loads is
Z=0.5L, When L/D is less than 1
taken as the line joining the load and the support.
=0.2 (L+1.5D) when L/D is between 1 and 2.5
From these Values,
Mu =Asfsz,
Where fs=0.87fy in limit state design.
Also,
The value recommended as the value of z by Kong is
the lesser of the two values given by the following
equations:
It will be z=0.6L when L/D<1 and z=0.6D when L/D
≥ 1.
The CIRIA guide recommends the CEB values given
in IS 456. The values of steel area obtained are kept
very conservative as the tension steel is also assumed
to contribute to the shear resistance of the beam in
British practice.
We get the equations:
Fig.3 Design for shear in deep beams by ACI Method

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The deep beams of three dimensions were chosen for
the analysis. The beam of length 4.5m, 5m & 5.5m

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

were taken and were designed. While performing the In the given plot of total reinforcement, for IS and
design calculations their results were enlisted and ACI plots show consistency and a similar nature
were plotted .Also the results were compared to see whereas IS code give a higher value for the same L/D
the variation in the behaviour. The calculations have ratio in the given plot.
been done based on the IS code, CIRIA code and the
ACI code keeping the moment Vu constant and then 1.2 Moment and Shear variable for a 5m deep
they have been recalculated by varying them. beam: In this study we have decreased the depth of
1.1 Moment and Shear constant for a 5m deep the beam by 200 mm in every step and we have
beam: increased the loading by 100 kn/m in every step. This
is a very interesting study because here we have
changed the loading as well as the depth of the beam
in order to get variable moment and variable L/D
ratio.

Fig. 4: Comparison of Reinforcement vs L/D ratio for

IS,CIRIA and ACI
By keeping moment and shear force constant as we
increase L/D ratio CIRIA code gives the maximum
Fig. 7: Comparison of Reinforcement vs Moment(Mu)
tension reinforcement, ACI code gives the minimum
for IS,CIRIA and ACI
reinforcement and IS code gives the moderate
The plot of ACI and IS shows consistent and similar
reinforcement
behaviour whereas the CIRIA plot gives higheer
values of steel at higher values of moment.

Fig. 5 : Comparison of Shear Reinforcement vs L/D

ratio for IS,CIRIA and ACI Fig. 8: Comparison of Reinforcement vs Shear(Vu)
Up to L/D ratio 1.9 CIRIA code gives the maximum for IS,CIRIA and ACI
shear reinforcement, when L/D ratio is more than 2
ACI code gives more shear reinforcement.

Fig. 9: Comparison of Total Reinforcement vs L/D

Fig. 6: Comparison of Total Reinforcement vs L/D
ratio for IS,CIRIA and ACI
ratio for IS,CIRIA and ACI

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

Fig. 14: Comparison of Total Reinforcement vs

Fig. 10: Comparison of Shear Reinforcement vs L/D Moment(Mu) for IS,CIRIA and ACI
ratio for IS,CIRIA and ACI

Fig. 15: Comparison of Total Reinforcement vs

Shear(Vu) for IS,CIRIA and ACI

Fig. 11: Comparison of Shear Reinforcement vs 2.1 Moment and Shear constant for a 5m deep
Moment(Mu) for IS,CIRIA and ACI beam:
In this case a 4.5 m deep beam was taken analysed
keeping Moment and shear constant.The
corresponding plots are

Fig. 12 : Comparison of Shear Reinforcement vs

Shear(Vu) for IS,CIRIA and ACI Fig. 16: Comparison of L/D ratio vs Tensile
Reinforcement for a 4.5 m deep beam when Mu & Vu
constant

Fig. 13: Comparison of Total Reinforcement vs Fig. 17: Comparison of L/D ratio vs Shear
L/D ratio for IS,CIRIA and ACI Reinforcement for a 4.5 m deep beam when Mu & Vu
constant

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

Fig.18: Comparison of L/D ratio Vs Total

Reinforcement for A 4.5 m deep beam when Mu & Vu
Fig. 21: Comparison of Total reinforcement Vs L/D
constant
ratio for a 4.5 m deep beam when Mu & Vu varying
2.2 Moment and Shear variable for a 4.5 M deep
beam: 3.1 Moment and Shear constant for a 5.5 M deep
In this case a 5 m deep beam is taken and is analysed beam:
taking the values of Moment (Mu) and Shear (Vu) In this final case a 5.5 m deep beam has been taken
and the Moment and shear values has been kept
varying.
constant.

Fig. 19: Comparison of L/D ratio Vs tensile

reinforcement for a 4.5 m deep beam when Mu & Vu Fig. 22: Comparison of L/D ratio Vs Tensile
varying Reinforcement for a 5.5 M deep beam when Mu & Vu
constant

Fig. 20: Comparison of L/D ratio Vs Shear

reinforcement for a 4.5 m deep beam when Mu & Vu Fig. 23: Comparison of L/D ratio Vs Shear
varying Reinforcement for a 5.5 M deep beam when Mu & Vu
constant

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

Fig. 24: Comparison of Total Reinforcement Vs L/D Fig. 26: : Comparison of Total Reinforcement Vs L/D
ratio for a 5.5 M deep beam when Mu & Vu ratio for a 5.5 M deep beam when Mu & Vu varying
constant.

3.2 Moment and Shear variable for 5.5 m deep

beam: The above plots give us an indication of the anomalies
that arise in the behaviour of the results while
designing the same beam from different design codes.
When the load coming on the beam and length of the
beam is constant as L/D increases flexural steel
requirement also increases and CIRCA code gives the
maximum tensile reinforcement and that of ACI is
minimum and IS code gives moderate values for a 5m
length deep beam. In shear IS code gives maximum
shear reinforcement and that of CIRCA gives
minimum reinforcement but the total reinforcement
given by IS code is maximum and that of ACI code is
minimum. When we start to vary the load there is
Fig. 25: Comparison of Tensile Reinforcement Vs change in moment and shear then something changes.
L/D ratio for a 5.5 M deep beam when Mu & Vu Up to a L/D ratio 1.25 IS code gives maximum shear
varying reinforcement and after L/D ratio 1.25 ACI code gives
maximum shear reinforcement. But in comes to total
reinforcement up to L/D ratio 1.9 IS code gives
maximum reinforcement but as the L/D ratio increases
the total reinforcement given by ACI starts to govern.

The above results are compatible with the experiment

Analysis and Design of R.C. Deep Beams Using Code
Provisions of Different Countries and Their
Comparison in International Journal of Engineering
and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) by Sudarshan D.
Kore, S.S.Patil. ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-
3.

Fig. 26: : Comparison of Shear Reinforcement Vs L/D V. CONCLUSIONS

ratio for a 5.5 M deep beam when Mu & Vu varying From the study on deep beams by various
international codes following conclusions are drawn:
1. When the load coming on the beam and
length of the beam are constant as L/D
increases flexural steel requirement also
increases and CIRIA code gives the
maximum tensile reinforcement and that of

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 SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering (SSRG-IJCE) – volume 2 Issue 10 October 2015

ACI is minimum and IS code gives moderate [6] CIRIA Guide 2 (1977), “The design of deep beams in
reinforced concrete”, Over Arup and Partners and
values. Construction Industry Research and Information Association,
2. When it comes to shear (by keeping London, (reprinted 1984), 131 p.
maximum shear force constant) as the L/D [7] Design by Strut and Tie method using ACI Appendix A‟
from STM website.
ratio increases shear reinforcement also [8] Indian Standard Code of Practice Plain and Reinforced
increases and IS code gives the maximum Concrete‟ IS 456:2000-. Bureau of Indian Standards, Manak
shear reinforcement and CIRIA code gives Bhavan, New Delhi, India.
minimum shear reinforcement and ACI code [9] Marti Peter, „Basic Tools of Reinforced Concrete Beam
Design‟ ACI journal, Title no. 82-4, January-February 1985.
gives moderate reinforcement value. [10] Kong. F. K. „Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam‟ , Van No
3. When the load coming on the beam and strand Reinhold, New York
length of the beam is constant IS code gives [11] Mr.Kotsovos, „Design of Reinforced Concrete Deep
Beams‟ Journal of Structural Egg. 28-32, January 1988.
maximum total reinforcement and ACI code [12] Matamoros and Wong, „Design of Simply Supported Deep
gives minimum total reinforcement and Beam using strut and tie models‟ ACI Structural journal,
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[13] Mohammed Reza Salamy, Hiroshi Kobayashi and Shigeki
reinforcement value.
Unjoh. “Experimental and Analytical Study on Deep
4. When the load is varied, as L/D ratio Beams‟ 80
increases ACI code gives maximum tensile [14] „NEWZEALAND CODE (NZS-3101-2006) New Zealand
Standard CONCRETE STRUCTURES STANDARD Part-1,
reinforcement and CIRIA code gives the The Design of Concrete Structures
minimum tensile reinforcement and IS code [15] Nagarajan P, Dr Pillai M M T and Dr Ganesan N,Design of
gives moderate reinforcement. simply supported Deep Beam using IS 456: 2000 and Strut
and Tie Method. IE (I) Journal-CV Vol.88 38-43, May 2007.
5. When load is varied it is observed that up to [16] Park R. and Pauly T., Reinforced Concrete Structures' Wiely-
L/D ratio 1.25 IS code gives maximum shear Interscienc Publications.
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1.25 shear reinforcement given by ACI code Struts in Deep Concrete Members using Strut and Tie
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6. When it comes to total reinforcement (when [19] Schleicher J. and Schafer .K.‟ Design and Detailing of
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L/D ratio increases total reinforcement given Structural Engineer, vol 69, 1991, 113.
by ACI code is maximum and that of given [20] Varghese and Krishnamurthy, “Strength and Behaviour of
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7. It is observed that generally the tensile Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi
[22] American Concrete Institute. (1983, revised 1986) Building
reinforcement given by CIRIA is maximum code requirements for reinforced concrete. ACI Committee
in all cases and in all cases the shear 318. American Concrete Institute, Detroit.
reinforcement given by IS code is maximum. [23] American Concrete Institute (1984) State-of-the-art report on
8. Over all IS code gives the maximum total the high strength concrete. ACI Proceedings of the American
Concrete Institute 81, 4:364.
reinforcement that means for the same size [24] British Standard Institution (1972) The structural use of
and loading condition code out of all three concrete. CP110, BS1, London, Part1
codes for the study that we have taken in [25] British Standards Institution (1985) The structural use of
consideration if we design using IS code we concrete BS 8 110: 1985 British Standards Institution.
London, Part 1.
will get maximum reinforcement. [26] Canadian Standards Association (1984) Design of concrete
structures for buildings. CAN3-A23. 3-M84, CSA, Rexdale.
[27] Rogowsky, D.M., MacGregor, J.G. and Ong, S.Y., Tests of
Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams, Journal of ACI, No. 4,
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STANDARD ASSOCIATION Design of Concrete Structures)

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