A DYE is a coloured compound,normally used in solution,which is capable of being fixed to a

fabric. The dye must be ‘fast’or chemically stable so that the colour will not wash with soap and
water,fade on exposure to sunlight etc. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing
dyes and particular chemical material. After dyeing, dye molecules have uncut Chemical bond
with fiber molecules. The temperature and time controlling are two key factors in dyeing. It is
define as the compound whice containing chromophore and auxochrome groups called
dye.Chomophore group is responsible for dye colour due to their nsaturation. Auxochrome
group is responsible for dye fibre reaction.”

type

Dyes are classified according to their solubility and chemical properties.[2]

Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and
modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye baths. Attachment to the fiber is attributed, at least
partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid
dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic food colors fall in this category.
Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88, etc.
Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers, but find some
use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid is added to the dye bath to help the uptake of the dye onto
the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper.
Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dye bath, at or
near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)
or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon.
They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains.
Mordant dyes require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against
water, light and perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can
change the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a
large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are the
synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for
wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant potassium dichromate is
applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the
heavy metal category, can be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them.
Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However,
reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water-soluble alkali metal salt of the dye. This form is often
colorless, in which case it is referred to as a Leuco dye, and has an affinity for the textile fibre.
Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to indigo, the
original vat dye.
Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is capable of
directly reacting with the fiber substrate. The covalentbonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers
make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX, Cibacron
F, and Drimarene K, are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature.
Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in
the art studio.
Disperse dyes were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are water-
insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or
spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester, but they can also be used to
dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, and acrylic fibers. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C
(266 °F) is required, and a pressurized dyebath is used. The very fine particle size gives a large
surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be significantly
influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding.
Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo dye is produced directly onto or within the
fiber. This is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and coupling components. With suitable
adjustment of dyebath conditions the two components react to produce the required insoluble azo
dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice of the
diazoic and coupling components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the
toxic nature of the chemicals used.
Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating
the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide
or polysulfide. The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors that adhere
to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye by volume, does not have a well defined chemical
structure

ACID DYE-

METHOD FOR PICRIC ACID

We have 2 different ways to get a saturated picric acid solution (I only need 500ml to make
some sirius red!). First of all we have a stock container of 'wet' picric acid - so which is the best
method, to filter and use this solution then replace the water and repat (btw - how long does the
replacement water take before it becomes saturated and usable ? 24hrs was suggested) or to
drain and use 30g of the wet powder in 500ml dH20 before refilling with water. Take a glass
flask, cover the bottom with the wet picric acid (about 5 mm in 1 litre flask), fill with deion.
water, stir up with a glass rod, warm on a hot plate, until most of the picric acid is solved. Never
let it alone, stir repeatingly.
Let cool over night, picric acid will fall out (and form beautiful cristals). Fill the supernatant in
another bottle.
The residual wet picric acid give back to the other wet picric acid. Seal this bottle tightly. Dry
picric acid is explosive.

CHARACTERISTICS
Picric acid is an organic compound with the formula (O₂N)₃C₆H₂OH. Its IUPAC name is 2,4,6-
trinitrophenol. The name "picric" comes from the Greek πικρός, meaning "bitter", reflecting its
bitter taste. It is one of the most acidic phenols.Wikipedia

Formula: C6H3N3O7

Appearance: Colorless to yellow solid

Solubility in water: 12.7 g·L−1

Melting point: 122.5 °C (252.5 °F; 395.6 K)

Flash point: 150 °C; 302 °F; 423 K

Boiling point: > 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K) Detonates

Uses-
By far, the largest use has been in munitions and explosives. Explosive D, also known as Dunnite, is
the ammonium salt of picric acid—more powerful but less stable than the more common
explosive TNT (which is produced in a similar process to picric acid but with toluene as the
feedstock). Picramide, formed by aminating picric acid (typically beginning with Dunnite), can be
further aminated to produce the highly stable explosive TATB.
It has found some use in organic chemistry for the preparation of crystalline salts of organic bases
(picrates) for the purpose of identification and characterization.
In metallurgy, a 4% picric acid in ethanol etch called "picral" has been commonly used in optical
metallography to reveal prior austenite grain boundaries in ferritic steels. The hazards associated
with picric acid has meant it has largely been replaced with other chemical etchants. However, it is
still used to etch magnesium alloys, such as AZ31. Much less commonly, wet picric acid has been
used as a skin dye, or temporary branding agent. It reacts with proteins in the skin to give a dark
brown color that may last as long as a month.
In the early 20th century, picric acid was stocked in pharmacies as an antiseptic and as a treatment
for burns, malaria, herpes, and smallpox. Picric acid-soaked gauze was also commonly stocked
in first aid kits from that period as a burn treatment. It was most notably used for the treatment of
burns suffered by victims of the Hindenburg disaster in 1937. Picric acid was also used as a
treatment for trench foot suffered by soldiers stationed on the Western Front during World War I.

Basic dyes-

Method of preparation
Almost all basic dyes are readily taken up by leaves and straws to give strong colours.
They are therefore widely used for craft work since short dyeing times and small
amounts of dye can often be used to produce cheap colours. However, the fastness
properties of these cheap colours are poor and the basic dyes cannot be generally
recommended for use on durable goods.

Selected basic dyes will give moderately good light fastness with good water fastness
when properly applied to iraca straw and jippi-jappa (see Table 2(a)). The same dyes
also produce good results on big thatch, pandanus and vetiver grass. Therefore, when
dyeing an unknown material for the first time it is well worthwhile to experiment with
the few basic dyes which give the better fastness properties on other materials.
Only a few of the many dyes investigated are suitable for blending to give a range of
fast colours. This range will be limited by the colours of the best dyes, but may be
extended by the use of selected disperse dyes in the blend. Basic and disperse dyes
should not be blended before the powders have been mixed with water.

Dissolving the dyes

The dye powder is first wetted with a little industrial spirit (methylated spirit) or acetic
acid to prevent it from forming sticky tars with water. The dye is then mixed to a
smooth paste with water, making certain that no lumps remain. Hot water, near the
boil, is added with stirring until the dye is dissolved. At least 1 litre of water for every
10 9 of dye will be needed to make a solution.

Acetic acid is used in the dyebath to assist even dyeing. Between 2 9 and 5 9 of 30%
strength acetic acid is sufficient for each 100 9 of straw dyed; the larger amounts of
acid are needed with pale colours. The acid is added before dyeing commences and
some of it is used initially to paste the dye. Vinegar (between 12 9 and 30 9 for each
100 9 of material) can be used instead of acetic acid.

Characteristics
Methylene blue, also known as methylthioninium chloride, is a medication and dye. As a
medication, it is mainly used to treat methemoglobinemia. Wikipedia

Formula: C16H18ClN3S

Molar mass: 319.85 g/mol

Synonyms: CI 52015

Trade name: Urelene blue, Provayblue, Proveblue, other

PubChem CID: 6099

Uses
Methylene blue is used in endoscopic polypectomy as an adjunct to saline or epinephrine, and is
used for injection into the submucosa around the polyp to be removed. This allows the submucosal
tissue plane to be identified after the polyp is removed, which is useful in determining if more tissue
needs to be removed, or if there has been a high risk for perforation. Methylene blue is also used as
a dye in chromoendoscopy, and is sprayed onto the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in order to
identify dysplasia, or pre-cancerous lesions. Intravenously injected methylene blue is readily
released into the urine and thus can be used to test the urinary tract for leaks or fistulas. Methylene
blue is also a photosensitizer used to create singlet oxygen when exposed to both oxygen and light.
It is used in this regard to make organic peroxides by a Diels-Alder reaction which is spin
forbidden with normal atmospheric triplet oxygen

Substantive dye

Characteristics
 Direct dyes are water soluble dyes.
 It is anionic in nature.
 It needs electrolyte for exhaustion.
 Dyeing process is carried out in alkaline condition.
 Generally applied for cellulosic as well as protein fibers.
 Fastness properties are average specially wet fastness
 Direct dyes are used for cheap goods for local market.

PREPARATION
Inadequate preparation probably accounts for more dyeing problems and defects than any other
singlecause. Unfortunately, there is no completely satisfactory method of assuring the uniformity of
removal of adventitious soils, natural soils and fiber processing aids from textile goods that does not
involve a multiplicity of samples and laborious comparative testing. The method of preparation that
gives the most consistent results is usually the most rigorous one that can be afforded. However costly
this may be, good preparation is like taking out an insurance policy against off-quality dyed goods and
expensive reworks. Nonetheless, certain cellulosic goods can be scoured and even scoured and bleached
at the same time as dyeing with direct dyes. The methods are usually reserved for jigs and becks and
require alkalis, nonionic detergents and hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate. The dyesmust be
selected to avoid those sensitive to alkalis and alkaline oxidation.

USES
Direct dyes can be valuable for a wide variety of textile end-uses such as drapery and upholstery fabrics,
lining and apparel fabrics and even some automotive fabrics. Whileit is fair to say that as a group direct
dyes do not exhibit the highest standards of wetfastness, it is also fair to say that there are many
applications for which individual dyes have very suitable fastness properties. It is the differences
between the fastness properties of the individual direct dyes which makes dye selection a matter
requiring great care. All fastness tests on dyeings depend to some degree on the amount of dye on the
fiber, with washfastness and wetfastness diminishing as the concentration of dye increases, whereas the
reverse is true of lightfastness. In contrast to lightfastness, the other colorfastness properties, including
washfastness, are measured on a scaleof 1 to 5, where 1 is very poor and 5 is excellent. It is quite normal
to evaluate fastness properties in half-steps such as, for example, 3-4.

MORDANT DYE

USES
Mordants are used to improve the bond between the dye and the fabric, as well as extending the
range of hues that can be obtained from the dyestuff. To make the mordant take better, an
‘assistant’ can be added, which may mean less mordant is needed. Mordants are used to set the
color when using natural dyes. Different mordants will give different results. Alum (Aluminium
Potassium Sulfate): This is the most widely used mordant. The compound is the hydrated aluminium
potassium sulfate with the formula KAl(SO4)2.12H2O. Chrome (Potassium Dichromate, K2Cr2O7):
 Chrome brightens dye colors and is more commonly used with wool than with any other fiber.
Extremely toxic material, therefore chrome should not be inhaled and gloves should be worn while
working with chrome. Left over mordant water should be disposed of at a chemical waste disposal
site and treated as hazardous waste. Common Dye MordantsThe type of mordant used can change
the color of both the dye-plus-mordant solution and influence the shade of the final product. Some
mordants (FeSO4) darkent the color, some (SnCl2) brighten the color. They improve light and wash
fastness properties.

PROPERTIES
Mordant dyes have no affinity for textile fibres.
ii. They are attached to the fibres with the help of mordants. these mordant have affinity both for the dye
abd fibre.
iii. Mordant dyes are capable of combining with metallic oxides to form insoluble color lakes.
iv. Mordant dyes may be natural or synthetic.
v. Mordant dyes are mostly applied on natural protein fibres, nylon and acrylic fibres.
vi. Good light fastness rating about 4-5
vii. Most mordant dye are soluble in cold water.
viii. The main feature of the molecule is that, there remains a metal ion as a central atom which is bonded to
neighbouring –OH, -COOH or azo group.
ix. Wide range of hues can be produced from mordant dyes. t no good blue, green ang violet are available
for wool. Largely used for black shades.

PREPARATION of mordant vinegar

Copper sulfite is a mineral powder, similar to powdered Alum, that is usually used
to make a main copper mordant. However, if you would rather not fuss with the
toxic powdered copper, you can make your own main copper mordant with a little
creativity, and acidity.

Any acid will draw out metal molecules and suspend them, thus soaking copper
pipe or tubing in vinegar will create an acidic copper suspension solution which
can be used as a direct mordant.

Let your copper pipe, tubing, or pennies, soak in vinegar for a week and up to a
month. You can either drop the copper pipe directly into a plastic container of
white vinegar, or you can use a glass jar and fill with vinegar and the pieces of
copper. You can leave the same copper in the same container, and just add more
vinegar as you use it for your mordant.

Take a cup of the vinegar to 150 grams of wool. Add the vinegar to hot water, and
then add your wool and simmer as for an alum mordant.