Samiksha Indurkar - Class12 - Chemistry Investigatory Project-1

CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
DYEING OF
FABRICS
NAME - SAMIKSHA INDURKAR
CLASS - 12TH SCIENCE
INDEX
S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3
2. CERTIFICATE 4
3. INTRODUCTION 5
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF DYES 7
5. TYPES OF DYE 8
6. AIM AND REQUIREMENTS 11
7. PROCEDURE 13
8. OBSERVATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS 15
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express a deep sense of thanks and gratitude to my
principal Mrs. Jyotsna Mishra and to my Chemistry teacher Mrs.
Kanchan Kumar for guiding me immensely through the course of this
project. Their constructive advice and constant motivation have been
responsible for the successful completion of my project. I must thank
my classmates for their timely help and support for compilation of this
project. Finally my sincere thanks to my parents for their invaluable
guidance and support.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Samiksha Indurkar, a student of Class 12, has successfully
completed researching on the investigatory project titled “Dyeing Of Fabrics”
under the guidance of Mrs. Kanchan Kumar (Subject Teacher) during the
academic year 2020-2021 in partial fulfillment of the Practical examination for
Chemistry .
Signature____________
Hall Ticket Number____________
Internal Examiner____________
External Examiner____________
INTRODUCTION
 Dyes are colored substances which can adhere to
the surface of materials and are used to give color
to paper, foodstuffs, and various textiles such as
cotton, wool, synthetic fibres, silk etc. For
example, alizarin, indigo, Congo red, etc.
 Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile

products like fibres, yarn and fabrics. The
temperature and time controlling are two key
factors in dyeing. The primary source of dye,
historically has been nature, with the dyes being
extracted from plants and animals. Since the 18th
century, humans produced artificial dyes to
achieve a broader range of colors and to render
the dyes more stable to resist washing and
general use.
 Chemically, a dye contains:
i. Some group (such as azo, indigoid,
triphenylmethyl, anthraquinone, etc.) which is
responsible for the color of the dye.
ii. Some groups (such as –NH2 , -SO3H, -COOH,
etc) which makes the dye stick to the fabric by
formation of some salt.
 The dyed fabrics appear to be colored because a
particular dye absorbs radiations of some specific
wavelengths from the visible region of
electromagnetic radiations which fall on the surface.
The remaining radiations (complementary colors) of Anthraquinone
light are reflected. The color which we observe is
due to the reflected light. For example, if a dye
absorbs the light in the wavelength region
corresponding to red, then it would appear green,
which is the complementary color of red. Similarly, if
a dye absorbs blue color, it would appear orange. Triphenylmethyl
CHARACTERISTICS OF DYES
DIRECT DYEING
 Characteristics of a dye
i. It must have a suitable color.
ii. It must be capable of being fixed to the material.
iii. When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps,
water, dry-cleaning solvents, light and dilute acids.
 Methods to apply dye:

Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing from dye
solutions and by printing from dye pastes. Methods YARN DYEING
include:
i. Direct application : In this process, the cloth is dyed
by directly dipping it in the dye solution.
ii. Yar n dyeing : In this process, the yar n is dyed
before weaving or knitting them into fabrics.
TYPES OF DYES ORANGE II
1. Acid dyes: These are azo dyes and are characterized by the
presence of acidic groups. The presence of soluble and
serves as the reactive points for fixing the dye to the fibre.
They are chiefly used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For
ANILINE
example, Orange I and Orange II. YELLOW
2. Basic dyes: These dyes contain NH 2 or NR 2 . In acidic

solutions, these form water soluble cations and use the
anionic sites on the fabric to get used for dyeing wool, silk and
nylon. For example, aniline yellow, butter yellow.
DYE
3. Direct dyes: These are also azo dyes and are used to dye
fabrics directly by placing in aqueous solution of the dye.
DIRECT BLUE I
These dyes attach to the fabrics by means of hydrogen
bonding. For example, Direct Blue I.
4. Disperse dyes: These dyes are applied in the form CELLITON FAST PINK B
of dispersion of minute particles of the dye in a soap
solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic acid.
These dyes are used to dye rayons, Dacron, nylon,
polyesters etc. For example, celliton fast pink B and
celliton fast blue B.
PROCION RED
5. Fibre reactive dyes: These dyes are linked to the
fibre by –OH or –NH 2 group present on the fibre.
These dyes induce fast color on fabrics which is
retained for a longer time. These dyes are used for
dyeing cotton, wool and silk. Example: Procion Red
6. Insoluble dyes: These dyes are directly synthesized

on the fibre. The fabric to be colored is soaked in an NITROANILINE RED.
alkaline solution of phenol and then treated with a
solution of diazotized amine to produce azo dye. The
color induced by such dyes is not so fast. These
dyes are used for dyeing of cotton, silk, polyester
nylon, etc. For example, nitroaniline red.
7. Vat dyes: These dyes are waterinsoluble and INDIGO
before dyeing these are reduced to colorless
compounds in wooden vats by alkaline reducing
agents. The fibre is then soaked in the solution of
the dye. Fibre is then exposed to air or an oxidizing
agent. By doing so the colorless compound gets
reoxidized to colored dye on the fabric. For
example, indigo.
8. Mordant dyes: These dyes are applied after

treating the fabric with precipitates of certain ALIZARIN
substances (mordant material) which then

combines with the dye to form a colored complex
called lake. Some of the mordants are salts of
aluminium, iron and tannic acids. Depending on the
mordant used, the same mordant dye can give
different colors and shades. For example, alizarin
gives red color with aluminium and black violet with
iron mordant. Mordant dyes are used for dyeing of
wool, silk and cotton.
EXPERIMENT: DYEING OF FABRICS
AIM:
To dye wool and cotton with
malachite green.
REQUIREMENTS:
500 ml beakers, tripod stand,
wire gauze, glass rod, spatula,
wool cloth and cotton cloth.
Chemicals required:
• Sodium Carbonate
• Tannic Acid
• Tartar Emetic Acid
• Malachite Green Dye
 Tannic Acid is a specific form of tannin, a type of
polyphenol. Its weak acidity (pKa around 6) is
due to the numerous phenol groups in the
structure. The chemical formula for commercial
tannic acid is often given as C76H52O46
 Malachite Green [C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3) 2) 2]Cl
is an organic compound that is used as a
dyestuff and controversially as an antimicrobial in
aquaculture. Malachite green is traditionally used
as a dye for materials such as silk, leather, and
paper.
 Antimony Potassium Tartrate, also known as
emetic tartar, has the formula K2Sb2(C4H2O6) 2
and is the double salt of potassium and antimony
of tartaric acid. The compound has long been
known as a powerful emetic, which is a
substance that induces vomiting when
administered orally or by injection.
PROCEDURE: Dyeing
Of Wool
i. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:
Take about 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate and
dissolve it in 250 ml of water.
ii. Preparation of tartaremetic solution: Take about 0.2 g

of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100 ml of water by
stirring with the help of glass rod.
iii. Preparation of tannic acid solution: Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and add about
1.0 g of tannic acid to it. Heat the solution. On heating a clear solution of tannic acid
is obtained.
iv. Preparation of dye solution: Take about 0.1 g of malachite green dye and add to it
4oo ml of water. On warming a clear solution of the dye results.
v. Dyeing of wool: Take about 200 ml of dye solution and dip it in the woolen cloth to be
dyed. Boil the solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove the cloth and wash it
with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze and keep it for drying.
vi. Dyeing of cotton: Cotton does not absorb malachite
green readily, therefore it requires the use of a mordant.
For dyeing a cotton cloth dip it in sodium carbonate
solution for about 10 minutes and then rinse with water.
Then put the cloth in hot tannic acid solution for about 5
minutes. Now take out the cloth from tannic acid
solution and keep it in tartaremetic solution for about 5
minutes. Remove the cloth and squeeze it with spatula
to remove most of the solution. Now place the cloth in Cotton
boiling solution of the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove With Mordant
and wash the dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze
and keep it for drying.
vii. Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece of cotton

cloth and pit it directly into boiling solution of the dye.
Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes. Remove the cloth,
wash with water, squeeze and keep it for drying.
Compare the color of this cloth with that dyed by using
mordant.
OBSERVATIONS:
i. The color of wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in hot solution of malachite
green dye is fast.
ii. The color of cotton dyed cloth directly (without using mordant) by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green is not so fast to washing and is of low intensity.
iii. The color of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using mordant and then by dipping in
hot solution of malachite green is fast to washing and is of high intensity..
PRECAUTIONS:
i. Let the Malachite Green solution boil properly for about 8-10 minutes to get
better results.
ii. While dyeing cotton directly, let the cotton cloth be present in the dye for more
than or equal to 2 minutes but not less
iii. Using of solutions such as tartaremetic solution, tannic solutions must be in
prominent amounts.
iv. Usage of gloves is preferable to ensure safety.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 NCERT Class 12 Textbook
 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class 12
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye
 https://www.britannica.com/technology/dye/General-features-of-dyes-
and-dyeing
 https://textilelearner.net/different-types-of-dyes-with-chemical-structure/
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/mordant
 https://www.google.com/imghp

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CHEMISTRY

Hall Ticket Number____________

 Dyeing is the process of adding color to textile

 Methods to apply dye:

2. Basic dyes: These dyes contain NH 2 or NR 2 . In acidic

6. Insoluble dyes: These dyes are directly synthesized

8. Mordant dyes: These dyes are applied after

substances (mordant material) which then

ii. Preparation of tartaremetic solution: Take about 0.2 g

vii. Dyeing of cotton directly: Take another piece of cotton

 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry Class 12

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