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    Psychology of Time: John G. Kuna, Psyd and Associates

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    The document provides an overview of the psychology of time. It discusses time as both an objective measurement but also a subjective psychological construct. It reviews the literature on time perception and related topics. Several key aspects are covered, including theoretical approaches, models of time perspective, and research correlating time orientation with various outcomes like well-being. The roles of memory, emotion and neurological processes are also addressed.

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    Psychology of Time: John G. Kuna, Psyd and Associates

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    The document provides an overview of the psychology of time. It discusses time as both an objective measurement but also a subjective psychological construct. It reviews the literature on time perception and related topics. Several key aspects are covered, including theoretical approaches, models of time perspective, and research correlating time orientation with various outcomes like well-being. The roles of memory, emotion and neurological processes are also addressed.

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    The document provides an overview of the psychology of time. It discusses time as both an objective measurement but also a subjective psychological construct. It reviews the literature on time perception and related topics. Several key aspects are covered, including theoretical approaches, models of time perspective, and research correlating time orientation with various outcomes like well-being. The roles of memory, emotion and neurological processes are also addressed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    58 views18 pages

    Psychology of Time: John G. Kuna, Psyd and Associates

    Uploaded by

    imadudin20076707
    The document provides an overview of the psychology of time. It discusses time as both an objective measurement but also a subjective psychological construct. It reviews the literature on time perception and related topics. Several key aspects are covered, including theoretical approaches, models of time perspective, and research correlating time orientation with various outcomes like well-being. The roles of memory, emotion and neurological processes are also addressed.

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    Psychology of Time

    JOHN G. KUNA, PSYD AND ASSOCIATES

    WWW.JOHNGKUNAPSYDANDASSOCIATES.COM
     I. Introduction to the Psychology of Time
     Time is both an objective reality, as well as a subjective psychological construct

     Time could be defined as the physical measurement of motion (ie,


    the measurement of the motion of the earth around the sun),

     Time is also a psychological construct


     Examples:

     “A watched pot never boils” = the seeming prolongation of less enjoyable


    experiences

     “Time flies when you’re having fun” is indicative of the psychological


    phenomenon whereby perception of time is directly proportional to our perceived
    level of enjoyment in the present task.
     II. Psychology of Time: A (brief!) review of the
    Literature
     There is at present a vast literature on the psychology
    of time.

     Grondin, 2010 offers a thorough bibliography.

     Some specific studies:


     Psychology of time as it relates to our emotional state (Droit-Volet and
    Meck, 2007),
     Psychology of time and Memory (Fuminori, 2006),
     Children’s perception of time (Droit-Volet, 2013)
     III. The vocabulary of the Psychology of Time

     A distinct lack of clarity and a uniform terminology is


    apparent throughout the literature (Hulbert and Lens, 1988;
    Nuttin, 1985).

     Time perception, temporal orientation, and time perspective,


    are often used equivocally (Hulbert and Lens, 1988).

     Concepts such as temporal experience, subjective experience,


    and sense of time are all used interchangeably and indicate
    how human beings delineate the passage of time into chunks
    or groups.
     IV. Some Operational Definitions

     Time attitude refers to the positive or negative emotional


    response when understood in contradistinction towards
    past, present or future time periods (Nuttin, 1985).

     Time orientation, on the other hand, involves a defining


    which of the above time periods a person tends to favor
    (De Volder, 1979).

     Time perception is described as an individual’s subjective


    assessment of the passage of time itself.
     V. Some Theoretical Camps

     Nuttin (1985), for example, describes time


    perception as a psychological construct containing
    four sub-factors: extension, structuralization, and
    realism. Nuttin represents a phenomenological
    approach to time perception.

     Tulving (2002) on the other hand, coined the term


    “chronesthesia” to describe a person’s subjective
    experience of time.
     V. A Neurological Approach to Time Perspective

     The increase in new technologies over the past 15 years has led to a
    growing body of literature on the perception of time from a
    neurological perspective (Coull, Vidal, Nazarian, &Macar, 2004).

     With such a vast literature on the neurological component of time


    perception, an exhaustive review would not be possible here.

     Penney and Vaitilingam (2008) provide an invaluable list of tables


    obtained through imaging techniques.

     Macar and Vidal (2009) further provide a vital resource for those
    interested in EEG data concerning time perception.
     VI. Zimbardo and Boyd (1999)

     They made a significant contribution to the study of time


    perception.

     Defined time perspective as the way in which individuals


    organize and relate to the dimensions of past, present
    and future,

     Created an instrument to measure one’s perspective of


    time—the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI).
     The instrument measures 5 categories of time perspective:

     Past Negative (PN) is indicative of a negative view of the past, and may
    possibly indicate past trauma;

     Past Positive (PP) suggests a more positive and receptive view of past events;

     Present Hedonistic (PH), as the name implies, is associated with pleasure


    seeking in the present, with lack of concern for future consequences;

     Present Fatalistic (PF) describes a time perspective with lack of hope for the
    future, as well as the notion that at present fatalistic forces oversee one’s
    actions;

     Future (F) time perspective is concerned with rewards given after achievement
    of long term goals.
     VII. Zimbardo and Boyd (1999): The Research

     Found that a Past Negative (PN) time perspective was


    correlated with fewer close friends, anxiety, depression and
    lower self-esteem (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999).

     Further research has corroborated this, noting that


    individuals with a PN perspective also tend to gamble more
    (Wassarman, 2002), and are more likely to be in drug and
    alcohol programs (Klingeman, 2001).

     On the other hand, high PP scores were related to higher self-


    esteem levels and higher levels of well-being as well as
    agreeableness and energy levels (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999).
    Zimbardo and Boyd, Cont.

     Research on future time perspectives (F) indicates positive


    correlates of well-being such as less psychopathy (Wallace, 1956,
    cited in Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999) and higher levels of academic
    achievement (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999),

     It has also been suggested that an overemphasis on a future time


    perspective inhibits spontaneity as well as an inability to enjoy the
    present (Boniwell and Zimbardo, 2004).

     Finally, while some research has indicated that Present temporal


    focus is associated with general subjective happiness
    (Csikszentrnihalyi, 1992; Keough, et a1., 1999), a Present Temporal
    focus could also be concerned with instant gratification and a lack of
    regard for the consequences of behavior.
     Next: An introduction to the concept of
    Mindfulness; an analysis of empirical studies
    correlating Mindfulness and Perception of Time with
    Subjective Well-Being (both eudaimonic and henonic
    SWB).

     Implications for clinical practice will be offered.


    References

     Anderson, C. M. (2000). From molecules to mindfulness. How vertically fractal time


     fluctuations unify cognition and emotion. Consciousness & Emotion, 1 (2),
     193-226.

     Barnes, S., Brown, K.W., Campbell, W.K., Krusemark, E., & Rogge, R.D. (2007).The role of
     mindfulness in romantic relationship satisfaction and responses to Relationship Stress. Journal of Marital
    and Family Therapy, 33 (4), 482-500.

     Boniwell, I. and Zimbardo, P. G. (2004). ‘Balancing One’s Time Perspective in Pursuit of Optimal
    Functioning’, in P. A. Linley and S. Joseph (eds) Positive Psychology in Practice, pp. 165-78. Hoboken, NJ:
    Wiley.

     Brown, K. W. and Ryan, R. M. (2003). ‘The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in
    Psychological Wellbieng’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84(4): 822- 48.

     Czikszentmihalyi, M. (1992). The Psychology of Happiness. London: Rider

     Coull, J. T., Vidal, F., Nazarian, B., & Macar, F. (2004). Functional anatomy of the attentional modulation
    of time estimation. Science, 303, 1506-1508.

     Davis, D.M., & Hayes, J.A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of
     psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 48 (2), 198-208.

     De Volder, M. (1979). ‘Time Orientation: A Review’, Psychologica Belgica 19: 61-79

     Drake, L., Duncan, E., Sutherland, F., Abernethy, C., & Henry, C. (2008). Time
    perspective and correlates of well-being. Time & Society, 17 (1), 47-61. doi:
     10.1177/0961463X07986304

     Droit-Volet, S. and Meck, W. H. (2007). How Emotions Color our Perception of Time. Trends
    in Cognitive Sciences, 11(12), 504-513.

     Droit-Volet, S. (2013). Time perception in children: A neurodevelopmental approach.
    Neuropsychologia. 51 (2), 220-234. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.023

     Fuminori, O. (2006). The effect of memory on time perception. The Japanese Journal of
    Psychonomic Science, 25(2), 208-211.

     Glicksohn, J. (1992). Subjective time estimation in altered sensory environments.
    Environmental
     and Behavior, 24 (5), 634-652. doi:10.1177/0013916592245004.
     Grondin, S. (2010). Timing and time perception: A review of recent behavioral and
    neuroscience findings and theoretical directions. Attention, Perception &
    Psychophysics, 72 (3), 561-582. doi: 10.3758/APP.72.3.561

     Gulliksen, H. (1927). The influence of occupation upon the perception of time.
    Journal of Experimental Psychology, 10 (1), 52-59. doi: 10.1037/h0073995

     Hulbert, R. J. and Lens, W. (1988). ‘Time and Self-Identity in Later Life’,
    International Journal of Aging and Human Development 27: 293-303

     Jensen, C.G., Vangkilde, S., Frokjaer, V., &Hasselbalch. (2012). Mindfulness
    training affects attention- or is it attentional effort?. Journal of Experimental
    Psychology, 141 (1), 106-123. doi: 10.1037/a0024931

     Keng, S.L., Smoski, M.J., & Robins, C.J. (2011). Effects of mindfulness on
    psychological health: A Review of Empirical Studies. Clinical Psychology, 31
     (6), 1041-1056.
     Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G. and Boyd, J. N. (1999), ‘Who’s Smoking,
    Drinking and Using Drugs? Time Perspective as a Predictor of Substance
    Use’, Basic and Applied Psychology 21(2): 149-64


     Kleinbohl, D., & Holzl, R. (2012). A "view from No-when" on time
    perception experiments. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38 (5),
    1118-1124

     Klingeman, H. (2001). ‘The Time Game: Temporal Activity on Emotional
    Well-being Among Older Australian Women: Cross-sectional and
    Longitudinal Analysis’, Time & Society 10(2-3): 303-28.

     Nuttin, J. (1985). Future Time Perspective and Motivation: Theory and
    Research Methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
     Macar, F., & Vidal, F. (2009). Timing processes: An outline of
    behavioural and neural indices not systematically
    considered in timing models. Canadian Journal of
    Experimental Psychology, 63, 227-
    239.doi:10.1037/a0014457

     Penney, T. B., & Vaitilingam, L. (2008). Imaging time. In S.
    Grondin (Ed.), Psychology of time (pp. 261-294).
    Bingley, U.K.: Emerald Group.

     Tulving, E. (2002). Chronesthesia: Conscious awareness of
    subjective time. In D. T. Stuss & R. T. Knight (Eds.),
    Principles of frontal lobe function (pp. 311-325). New York:
    Oxford University Press.
     Wassarman, H. S. (2002). ‘The Role of Expectancies and Time
    Perspectives in Gambling Behavior’, Dissertation Abstracts
    International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering
    62(8-B): 3818

     Wittmann, M. (2009). The inner experience of time.
    Philosophical Transitions of The Royal
     Society, 364 (1525), 1955-1967. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0003


     Zimbardo, P. G. and Boyd, J. N. (1999). ‘Putting Time in
    Perspective: A Valid, Reliable and Individual Difference
    Metric’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77:
    1271- 88.

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