Synopsis On Underground Cable Fault Detection

UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT DETECTION USING ARDUINO,GSM & GPS MODULE.
INSTITUTION NAME:
SYNOPSIS ON :
UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT

DETECTION USING
ARDUINO,GSM & GPS MODULE.
SUBMITTED BY
STUDENT NAME
ENROLL
DEPARTMENT
SEMESTER
INSTITUTION NAME
ABSTRACT:
The main objective of this project is to detect the faults and abnormalities occurring in
underground cables using an arduino. The basic idea behind the working of this project is
ohm’s law .At the feeder end, when a DC voltage is applied, based on the location of fault in
the cable, the value of current also changes .So in case of a short circuit fault like L-G or L-L
fault the change in voltage value measured across the resistor is then fed to the in-built ADC
of the arduino. This value is processed by the arduino and the fault is calculated in terms of
distance from the base station. This value is sent to the LCD interfaced to the arduino board
and it displays exact location of the fault from the base station in kilometers for all the three
phases. This project is arranged with a set of resistors which represent the length of the cable.
At every known kilometer fault switches are placed to induce faults manually. Finally the fault
distance can be determined.
INTRODUCTION :
A bundle of electrical conductors used for carrying electricity is called as a cable. An
underground cable generally has one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and
a protective cover .Commonly used materials for insulation are varnished cambric or
impregnated paper. Fault in a cable can be any defect or non homogenity that diverts the path
of current or affects the performance of the cable. So it is necessary to correct the fault.
Power Transmission can be done in both overhead as well as in underground cables. But unlike
underground cables the overhead cables have the drawback of being easily prone to the effects
of rainfall, snow, thunder, lightning etc. This requires cables with reliability, increased safety,
ruggedness and greater service. So underground cables are preferred in many areas especially
in urban places, when it is easy to detect and correct the faults in overhead line by mere
observation, it is not possible to do so in an underground cable. As they are buried deep in the
soil it is not easy to detect the abnormalities in them. Even when a fault is found to be present
it is very difficult to detect the exact location of the fault. This leads to digging of the entire
area to detect and correct the fault which in turn causes wastage of money and manpower. So
it is necessary to know the exact location of faults in the underground cables.
Whatever the fault is, the voltage of the cable has the tendency to change abruptly whenever a
fault occurs. We make use of this voltage change across the series resistors to detect the fault.
FAULTS IN UNDERGROUND CABLES :
 OPEN CIRCUIT FAULTS
These faults occur due to the failure of one or more conductors. The most common causes of
these faults include joint failures of cables and overhead lines, and failure of one or more phase
of circuit breaker and also due to melting of a fuse or conductor in one or more phases. Open
circuit faults are also called as series faults. These are unsymmetrical or unbalanced type of
faults except three phase open fault.
 SHORT CIRCUIT FAULTS
A short circuit can be defined as an abnormal connection of very low impedance between two
points of different potential, whether made intentionally or accidentally. These are the most
common and severe kind of faults, resulting in the flow of abnormal high currents through the
INSTITUTION NAME
equipment or transmission lines. If these faults are allowed to persist even for a short period, it
leads to the extensive damage to the equipment. Short circuit faults are also called as shunt
faults. These faults are caused due to the insulation failure between phase conductors or
between earth and phase conductors or both. The various possible short circuit fault conditions
include three phase to earth, phase to phase, single phase to earth, two phase to earth and phase
to phase. In single line to ground fault, fault occurs between any one of the three lines and the
ground. In double line to ground fault, fault occurs between any two of the three lines and the
ground .In line to line fault, fault occurs between any two lines. When fault occurs there is an
abrupt change in voltage. This change in voltage may cause serious damages to the system if
not corrected in time. So immediate step of fault correction is isolation of the faulty part from
the rest of the system.
FAULT DETECTION METHODS :
 ONLINE METHOD
This method utilizes and processes the sampled voltages and current to determine the fault
points. Online method for underground cable are less common than overhead lines.
 OFFLINE METHOD
In this method special instrument is used to test out service of cable in the field. This offline
method can be divided into two methods. They are tracer method and terminal method.
 TRACER METHOD
In this method fault point is detected by walking on the cable lines. Fault point is indicated
from audible signal or electromagnetic signal. It is used to pinpoint fault location very
accurately.
 TERMINAL METHOD
It is a technique used to detect fault location of cable from one or both ends without tracing.
This method use to locate general area of fault, to expedite tracing on buried cable.
CONCLUSION:
Thus the project on Underground cable fault detection using Arduino was done and the distance
of the fault from the base station in kilometers was displayed for the three individual phases R,
Y and B. Circuit can be tested with different resistor values to simulate various fault conditions
In this project faults upto a distance of 4km can be detected. When the fault switches are
operated to fault condition then the phase corresponding to that particular switch is considered
as the faulty phase. So the faulty section can easily be located.
FUTURE SCOPE :
In this paper we detect the exact location of short circuit fault in the underground cable from
feeder end in km by using arduino. In future, this project can be implemented to calculate the
impedance by using a capacitor in an AC circuit and thus measure the open circuit fault.
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INSTITUTION NAME

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UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT DETECTION USING ARDUINO,GSM & GPS MODULE.

UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT

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