WHAT IS VITAL SIGNS?

Edmonton Vital Signs is an annual check-up conducted by Edmonton Community Foundation, in

partnership with Edmonton Social Planning Council, to measure how the community is doing. This year
we will also be focusing on individual issues, Vital Topics, that are timely and important to Edmonton -
specifically Women, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Edmonton, Visible Minority Women, and
Senior Women. Each of these topics appear in an issue of Legacy in Action throughout 2018, and are also
presented here – the full issue of Vital Signs.
Community foundations across Canada and internationally are also reporting on how their communities
are doing, and how Canada is doing overall.

Unless otherwise stated, “Edmonton” refers to Census Metropolitan Area and not solely the City of Edmonton.

WHO ARE WE? Edmonton Social Planning Council (ESPC) is an independent,

Edmonton Community Foundation (ECF) is the fourth-largest non-profit, non-partisan, social research organization.
community foundation in Canada. ECF helps stimulate change Established in 1940, ESPC conducts research and analysis into
and community growth by supporting donors and granting in a wide range of topics, particularly in the areas of low income
the following areas: community and social services; arts, culture and poverty. The council’s publications and reports provide the
and heritage; health and wellness; education and learning; public and government with current and accurate information
environment; recreation and leisure; and social enterprise. to support informed decision-making.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE
ERICK AMBTMAN ANDRE GRACE AMRITA MISHRA MARNI PANAS NICOLE SMITH
Edmonton Mennonite Centre University of Alberta The Indo-Canadian Women’s Member at Large Greater Edmonton Foundation
for Newcomers Association
YASMIN HUSSEIN MICHAEL PHAIR CAROL WATSON
CHELSEA ANSWEEW Edmonton Social Planning SUSAN MORRISSEY U of A, Member at Large Edmonton Community
City of Edmonton Council Edmonton Social Planning Foundation
Council KATE QUINN
ELIZABETH BONKINK MARY JANE JAMES CEASE
Edmonton Community Sexual Assault Centre of AMBER NEIMEIER
Foundation Edmonton BUKOLA SALAMI
YWCA
Member at Large
ASHLEY DRYBURGH JOHN KOLKMAN
Edmonton Community SANDRA NGO
Edmonton Social Planning
Foundation Edmonton Social Planning
Council
Council
ROSALIE GELDERMAN KAREN MCDONALD
Edmonton Seniors SAGE
Coordinating Council

EDMONTON COMMUNITY FOUNDATION

9910 103 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T5K 2V7
ecfoundation.org

EDMONTON SOCIAL PLANNING COUNCIL

#200, 10544 - 106 Street, Edmonton, AB T5H 2X6
edmontonsocialplanning.ca

Sources for these statistics are available at ecfoundation.org

 POPULATION
BY GENDER IN THE CITY OF EDMONTON:

IN EDMONTON 466,655
WOMEN
465,890
MEN

PAY GAP
INCOME EQUITY INCOME LEVEL IN YEARLY EARNINGS,
WOMEN WORKING FULL-
BY GENDER IN EDMONTON
$100,000+ 35,000
TIME IN CANADA STILL
95.1% OF MEN AND EARNED 74.2¢ FOR EVERY
95,890
95% OF WOMEN DOLLAR THAT FULL-TIME
$99,999 125,980 MALE WORKERS MADE.
HAVE INCOME IN
$
53,240 EDMONTON. $50,000 158,670
MEDIAN INCOME
(IN 2016)
$49,999 263,800
$
33,340 $10,000 185,350
MEDIAN INCOME
(IN 2016)

IN EDMONTON, WHERE HIGHER

EDUCATION PAYING JOBS ARE IN THE ENERGY

SECTOR, ENCOURAGING WOMEN
SLIGHTLY MORE WOMEN (215,500) THAN MEN (212,860) HOLD A POST- TO STUDY TRADES WILL HELP THEM
SECONDARY CERTIFICATE, DIPLOMA OR DEGREE IN EDMONTON: ACCESS THESE BETTER WAGES.

50,900 77,590 109,455 29,980 6,005

13,545 52,270 95,280 27,995 3,430 IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:
ECF VITAL Work APPRENTICESHIP COLLEGE, CEGEP UNIVERSITY BACHELOR’S EARNED
38.6% of Edmontonians
OR TRADE OR OTHER DIPLOMA, DEGREE IN DOCTORATE
EMPOWER U (made CERTIFICATE NON-UNIVERSITY CERTIFICATE VETERINARY feel that women “often face
up of 10 partner agencies CERTIFICATE OR OR BACHELOR’S MEDICINE, discrimation.”
DIPLOMA DEGREE DENTISTRY OR
serving women) received
OPTOMETRY OR
$75,000 per year for three MASTER’S DEGREE
years to assist low income FEMALE POLITICAL
women improve their
financial literacy. LEADERSHIP LEADERSHIP IN EDMONTON
(2018)
It includes a matched According to the 2017 Scorecard WOMEN’S ADVOCACY VOICE
savings component where on Edmonton Women’s Quality of OF EDMONTON (WAVE),
savings can be used to Life, the percentage of women in established in 2014, provides CITY COUNCIL (2 out of 13)
purchase assets related leadership in Edmonton for 2011: Edmonton City Council with advice
to building wealth and to ensure women’s rights, issues,
improving quality of life, 30% FRONT- LINE LEADERSHIP and opinions are represented fairly
PROVINCIAL LEADERSHIP
education, or job training. in greater Edmonton (11 out of 25)
37% MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP and equally from every background
including social, cultural, physical
29% SENIOR MANAGEMENT and occupational. MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT
in greater Edmonton (1 out of 11)

13% spike in sexual

assaults in Edmonton over 2016.

PERSONAL
In the first seven months of 2017, around 540
victims reported being sexually assaulted to
police in Edmonton, 63 more compared

SECURITY to this time in 2016.

In 2014, police chief Rod Knecht reported,

FOR WOMEN EPS Says...
“I can tell you we have six or seven
serious sexual assaults in the city every
weekend, so every Friday and
Saturday night.”

ECF VITAL Work

YWCA will receive $75,000 for three years
to support YWCA Edmonton’s Counselling
SEXUAL ASSAULT SEXUAL ASSAULT RATE IN
EDMONTON (2016)
Centre to address growing demand. It will The sexual assault rate per
increase the number of sessions delivered
17 % 2 % 100,000:
each year and reduce wait times.
10 % CHILD

72 58
ADOLESCENT 13-17
YWCA Edmonton has been offering CHILD 1-5
counselling services since 1972, with 6-12
1%
programs that evolve to meet the needs of
the community. 17 %
YOUTH /
SEXUAL ASSAULT SENIOR/
EDMONTON CANADA
CENTRE OF ELDER
ADULT EDMONTON (SACE) 65+ OVERALL
18-24 Only Winnipeg had a higher rate
CLIENT among the major cities.
DOMESTIC DEMOGRAPHICS 53%
ADULT

VIOLENCE
(2016):
24-64

According to a report on SACE CLIENT FACTS (2016):

domestic violence in Edmonton
over a four-year period (2010-2014). 86% FEMALE 14% MALE
1% TRANSGENDER
VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE: 83% OF WOMEN WITH
DISABILITIES EXPERIENCE
FEMALE
SEXUAL ASSAULT IN THEIR
20 TO 34 YEARS OF AGE ECF VITAL Work LIFETIME.
(AVERAGE AGE 33.2)
 VICTIMIZED BY AN
Sexual Assault Centre of Edmonton (SACE) received 57% OF ABORIGINAL WOMEN
INTIMATE PARTNER $55,035 to update their marketing materials and communications, EXPERIENCE SEXUAL ASSAULT IN
expand crisis services, and raise awareness to build a shared THEIR LIFETIME.
A MOTHER vision of ending sexual violence in the community. SACE exists
LIVING WITH (OR MARRIED to empower individuals affected by sexual abuse and assault and SEXUAL ASSAULT ACCOUNTS
TO) THEIR PARTNER. empower communities to take action against sexual violence. FOR 11% OF VICTIMIZATION
AGAINST THE ELDERLY.

LISTEN. SPEAK UP. ADVOCATE.

3 THINGS Allow women to speak without
interruption. Research shows that
It’s just a joke, right? No harm was
meant. It feels different on the
Publicly support universal policies that
do not discriminate, either in purpose

YOU
women are interrupted far more than receiving end. Speak up for your or effect, based on race, gender,
men. It is only courteous to listen to fellow human and make it a less sexual orientation, class, etc. And,
each other. The other part of listening caustic atmosphere. This is especially identify situations where people are
CAN DO: is hearing – so when a woman says
she has been harassed, hear that she
true on social media where it is easy
to say harmful things anonymously.
being treated unequally and speak
up for equal treatment. It is the right
feels victimized. thing to do.

Sources for these statistics are available at ecfoundation.org

SOGI
SEXUAL ORIENTATION & GENDER IDENTITY

LIMITATIONS IN RESEARCH:
It is important to note that statistics and data are
mostly compiled in binary categories (male or
female). Similarly, often it is assumed that there are

EDMONTONIANS gay or straight couples only.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

SEX AND GENDER?

1 % 12  %
GENDER - Social and cultural
expectations of roles and presentation.
For most people their gender matches

33
the sex they were assigned at birth;
others identify as being transgender or
gender diverse.
GENDER EXPRESSION - Presentation of
OF ALL
COUPLES IN
FROM 2006-2016
SAME-SEX
OF SAME-SEX
COUPLES IN CANADA
%
a person’s gender expressed through an COUPLES HAVE CHILDREN
individual’s name, pronouns, appearance, CANADA ARE
LIVING WITH THEM.
behaviour, or body characteristics. What SAME-SEX DOUBLED (51.4% OF OPPOSITE
OF SAME-SEX
society identifies as masculine or feminine COUPLES IN EDMONTON SEX COUPLES) COUPLES IN
changes over time and varies by culture.  CANADA ARE
GENDER IDENTITY - A person’s deep- MARRIED
seated, felt sense of gender, or how a person
feels on the inside, regardless of what their
body looks like.
SEX (Sex at birth) - Refers to the categories
people are typically assigned at birth. This
often appears on identity documents. 

DEFINITIONS
Throughout this report you may see a mix of terms (LGBT, LGBTQ2, etc... ) depending on
who was included in the research. We hope the definitions below will help define who is

WHAT’S included in the stat.

LESBIAN - A woman (or girl) who has an QUEER - A reclaimed term used by some

IN A NAME? emotional or sexual attraction to other

women.
people who identify as sexual and/or
gender diverse and also used as a positive,
inclusive term to describe communities and
LGBTQ+ has commonly been used to represent GAY - A person who is attracted to people
of the same sex or gender. This term is social movements.
the community of people who identify as
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, most often used for a man (or boy) who is CISGENDER/CIS - A person whose gender
Questioning, Gender Queer, Asexual, Transsexual, attracted to other men. matches the sex they were assigned at birth.
Androgynous, Intersex, Two-Spirit, Pansexual or BISEXUAL - A person who has an emotional ALLY - A person who advocates for the
other identities. or sexual attraction to men and women. human rights of sexual and gender diverse
Since the goal is to be TRANSGENDER - An umbrella term people by challenging discrimination and
inclusive, and by using a list for people whose gender identity and/ heterosexism.
we may inadvertently exclude or gender expression differs from what BINARY - The idea that gender is strictly
someone, we are using the is typically associated with the sex they an either/or option - male or female. Non-
term Sexual Orientation and were assigned at birth. Some people may binary refers to gender identities that are
Gender Identity/Expression describe themselves using one or more of a not exclusively male or female.
(SOGI).  wide variety of terms.

ACCEPTANCE & ALBERTA TRANS YOUTH SURVEY

represents the experiences of 114 younger

BELONGING (14  -18 years) and older (19-25 years) trans

youth living in Alberta.
KEY FINDINGS:
• Safety, violence, and discrimination • 80%+ of trans youth (14-18) reported
are major issues. 75% of youth their family did not understand them
under 18 report discrimination
• Almost 70% of trans youth reported
because of their gender
experiences of sexual harassment

ECF VITAL Work

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA received
HEALTH & WELLBEING $7,700 for the Gender Program in 2018, for
equipment to facilitate new group therapy sessions
at the Gender Program (a multidisciplinary health
AMONG ALL YOUNG CANADIAN ADULTS, YOUNG LBGTQ ADULTS WHO
program for transgender and gender
EXPERIENCE HIGH LEVELS OF REJECTION WERE
diverse people).

6 x DEPRESSION
3 x DRUGS
8 x SUICIDE
3 x
LIKELY TO HAVE LIKELY TO LIKELY TO HAVE LIKELY TO ENGAGE
HIGH LEVELS OF USE ILLEGAL ATTEMPTED IN UNPROTECTED SEX –
INCREASING RISK OF STI

TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUALS REPORT DIFFICULTY ACCESSING PRIMARY AND SPECIALIST CARE.

ACCORDING TO A RECENT LEGER POLL:

HOUSING & 47.3% of Edmontonians feel that, “The LGBTQ

community in Edmonton often faces discrimination.”

HOMELESSNESS

8  
SENIORS TWO-SPIRIT

% OF RESPONDENTS IDENTIFIED AS LESBIAN,

GAY, BISEXUAL, QUEER, OR TWO-SPIRIT IN
THE 2016 EDMONTON HOMELESS COUNT
Current research estimates
that up to seven per cent of the
senior population is openly LGBTQ.
An English-language ‘term’ to reflect and
restore Indigenous traditions forcefully
suppressed by colonization, honouring
the fluid and diverse nature of gender
Top reasons why LGBT youth are at risk/or EDMONTON LGBTQ SENIORS and attraction and its connection to
homeless (multiple responses allowed): HOUSING REPORT community and spirituality. It is used by
some Indigenous people rather than, or in
46% 43% 32%
According to a needs assessment,
 compared to their heterosexual addition to, identifying as LGBTQ. 
counterparts: Two-spirit individuals are held in high
RAN AWAY FORCED ABUSED honour in their communities.
because of OUT physically, • LGBTQ2 older adults are often more
family by parents emotionally, or likely to have a difficult time securing NEWCOMERS & REFUGEES
rejection sexually housing. Edmonton Mennonite Centre for
Newcomers and the Pride Centre have
• Older adults are reluctant to be open
partnered to support LGBTQ+ Newcomers
about sexual orientation or gender
in Edmonton. 43 individuals have accessed
identity due to lifetime experiences with
services between Sept 2017 and Mar 2018.
discrimination.

BE AN ALLY – Words matter. Be an advocate. Create a space for all voices to be heard.
When talking with and about sexual and gender minority people, use inclusive Take action against discrimination or hate in your community.
language and avoid reinforcing stereotypes and assumptions of the gender of
people who perform various roles.
Educate yourself.
 Learn the terms, definitions and
For example: “spouse” instead of husband or wife. Ask a person’s pronouns language used. Never make assumptions. If you don’t know, ask. Check your
and state yours, creating a safe space for others. privilege and do not assume to know the sexual orientation or gender identity
of another person.

Sources for these statistics are available at ecfoundation.org

 VISIBLE
MINORITY WOMEN IN

?
EDMONTON
In 2016, approximately 348,895 people reported belonging to a visible
minority group in Edmonton. Just over half were women and girls. did you know?
THE HIGHEST PROPORTION OF VISIBLE MINORITIES INCLUDE SOUTH ASIAN AT 86,550 According to Statistics Canada, generation status indicates
how many generations a person and their family have been
INDIVIDUALS, CHINESE AT 57,715 INDIVIDUALS AND BLACK AT 54,285 INDIVIDUALS.
in Canada.
• FIRST GENERATION: Persons born outside Canada.

DEFINITIONS AUDIBLE MINORITY: An individual whose

accent is different from the mainstream SECOND GENERATION: Persons born in Canada with
• 
at least one parent born outside Canada.
VISIBLE MINORITY: Refers to persons, community. It usually is used to refer to
other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non- accent discrimination, and is part of a • T
 HIRD GENERATION OR MORE: Persons born in
Caucasian in race or non-white in colour. multi-faceted and interconnected web Canada with both parents born in Canada
of prejudice that includes race, gender,
RACIALIZED: Racialized gender refers sexuality, and many other notions of identity,
to the effects of race and gender processes whether chosen or imposed.
on individuals, families, and communities.
This concept recognizes that women do ALMOST EMPLOYMENT
4 in 10
not experience race and gender similarly.
WAGE GAP
EDMONTONIANS Visible minority women earn 70.1%
ARE A VISIBLE of what all men earn, and 84.4% of
what visible minority men earn.
MINORITY
DISCRIMINATION
DESPITE VISIBLE
MINORITY WOMEN BEING
EDUCATION Over 20% of visible minority women in Canada
experienced some discrimination due to: ethnicity, race,
skin colour, religion, or language. Half of those reported
Visible minority women (born in Canada) are more
MORE LIKELY TO HAVE discrimination in their workplace or when applying for a
likely to have a post-secondary degree, AND
POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION, job.
(whether born in Canada or not) are more likely to
THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO
be in a non-traditional field.
BE EMPLOYED IN
LOWER-INCOME
JOBS.
NOT A VISIBLE VISIBLE TOP 3 INDUSTRIES OF EMPLOYMENT
MAJOR FIELD
MINORITY MINORITY FOR IMMIGRANT WOMEN IN EDMONTON
OF STUDY
WOMEN WOMEN

47.7% minority
of Canadian-born visible
women of core working
Physical and life sciences
and technologies
% %
2.9 5.7
age had a university degree.
Mathematics, computer % %
2.5 4.8
25 .8% of same-aged women who were
25.4% 14.6% 11.7%
and information sciences
not a visible minority had a
university degree. Architecture, engineering,
and related technologies
3.0% 5.5% HEALTH CARE
AND SOCIAL RETAIL
ACCOMMODATION
AND FOOD
ASSISTANCE TRADE SERVICES
There is a higher prevalence of low income among visible
VISIBLE MINORITY WOMEN IN minority women compared with women who are not a

LEADERSHIP
visible minority.

PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN CANDIDATES

Across Canada, only 7% of municipal council seats are held by visible minorities,
according to a study of the 50 largest cities.
WHO WERE VISIBLE MINORITY THAT
RAN IN EACH ELECTION 39 %
2017
IN THE 2017 MUNICIPAL ELECTION, 7 CANDIDATES WERE VISIBLE
MINORITY WOMEN. 12%
2013
Despite more visible minority women running in each election, there 6.7%
are no visible minority women on Edmonton City Council. 2010

IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:

ECF VITAL Work
54.7% of Edmontonians
feel that racism is a problem
INDO-CANADIAN WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION (ICWA)
received $69,000 to support funding for an Executive Director
HEALTH
in Edmonton and 57.1% through 2018-2021. This will ensure ICWA has a strong leader HEALTH DATA GAP ON
said that they have witnessed in place to grow its capacity and meet the needs of a growing VISIBLE MINORITIES
and under-served group of people: immigrant women. IN CANADA
racism in Edmonton.
• V
 isible minorities are often
treated as a single category,
HATE CRIMES & DISCRIMINATION ignoring differences by race, ethnic
origin, and other characteristics.
ALBERTA HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
• The
 data gap is larger among visible minority
FROM APRIL 2016 TO MARCH 2017, 8% OF THE COMPLAINTS BY INDIVIDUALS older adults.
IN ALBERTA WERE DUE TO THEIR RACE/COLOUR (204 OF 2,657).
The research tells us that most chronic conditions are
RACIAL MINORITIES, WHETHER BORN IN • Housing discrimination. According to the lower among visible minority women than among
CANADA OR NOT, EXPERIENCE: Women’s Economic Council, landlords the rest of the female population, but self-reported
frequently discriminate against immigrant general health ratings tended to be lower among
• Lower incomes than non-visible minority
women on the basis of their gender, national visible minority women aged 15 and over than among
immigrants, even after they have been in
origin, race, the presence of children, and same-aged women who were not a visible minority.
Canada for well over a decade.
their employment and income status.
Research is important for this group because of the
“healthy immigrant” effect. Canada’s immigration
IN A RECENT LEGER POLL: guidelines favour healthy individuals, meaning that
newcomers tend to be healthier than Canadian-born
53.5% of Edmontonians feel that Visible Minorities often face discrimination. individuals. This trend does not continue over time and
health becomes a factor for older adult immigrants.

SAFETY IN THE COMMUNITY

• Visible minorities report feeling less safe after dark.
• Visible minorities are more likely to report signs of social
VISIBLE MINORITY SENIORS
disorder in their community. VISIBLE MINORITY EDMONTON’S SENIORS ARE DIVERSE.
• Victimization rate is lower among visible minorities who
POLICE People aged:
report a strong sense of belonging to their community.

CONFIDENCE IN THE POLICE

OFFICERS
Approximately:
65-74 10% 75+
ARE VISIBLE MINORITIES
8%
58% 68% 8% 14%
The percentage of people
who say they have VISIBLE MINORITY GRANDMOTHERS MORE LIKELY
confidence in the police: TO RESIDE WITH GRANDCHILDREN.
OF VISIBLE OF NON-VISIBLE OF CANADIAN OF EDMONTON
MINORITIES MINORITIES OFFICERS POLICE In 2011 the percentage of women (aged 45+)
living with their grandchildren:

did you know? On February 1, 2016, Premier Rachel Notley proclaimed February 15.0% 3.3%
as Black History Month, recognizing the contributions people of African and Caribbean descent have
OF VISIBLE OF NON-VISIBLE
made to the province.
MINORITY WOMEN MINORITY WOMEN
According to the 2016 census, Alberta has the third highest black population among Canadian
provinces.

Sources for these statistics are available at ecfoundation.org

 ?
SENIOR
WOMEN IN EDMONTON
did you know?
• 55.6% of seniors in Edmonton are women.
• There are more women aged 65+ than there are
girls aged 0 to 14 in Canada, but in Edmonton
the reverse is true because it has a younger
DEFINITIONS overall demographic.
SENIOR OR “SENIOR CITIZEN” In Canada there is no set age at which a person is
considered a senior. Many government benefits begin at 60 or 65 years of age. However,
senior discounts often start at 55.
For the purposes of this report, 65+ will denote a senior, and an older adult will refer to those AS OF 2016
aged 55 to 64, octogenarian will refer to those 80+.
DEMOGRAPHICS THERE WERE
160 FEMALE
AGEISM is the stereotyping, prejudice, and ELDER ABUSE is any action or inaction by OF SENIORS AND 30 MALE
discrimination against people on the basis self or others that jeopardizes the health SENIORS 100 YEARS
of their age. and wellbeing of an older adult. IN EDMONTON OR OLDER IN
EDMONTON

MALE FEMALE

TOTAL 465,890 466,655

WHY SENIOR WOMEN? 55 - 64 YEARS 54,325 59,615
• They live longer than men and may become isolated, especially 65 - 74 YEARS 29,475 32,375
if their health deteriorates and they lack support networks. 75 - 84 YEARS 14,785 19,470
• They have lower levels of income (experience more poverty). 85 - 94 YEARS 5,315 9,615
• They are at greater risk of depression and dementia. 95+ YEARS 305 1095

• They are more likely to experience elder abuse.

PHILANTHROPY
INCOME MEDIAN INCOME OF SENIOR WOMEN
HAS INCREASED, BUT REMAINS LOWER
Fewer seniors volunteer than do people
PART-TIME WORK IS MORE COMMON in any other age category, but for those
THAN THAT OF SENIOR MEN.
AMONG SENIOR WOMEN. who do, they contribute more hours per
Although the median total income from all person than any other age group. IN EDMONTON,
More seniors are working past the age of 65.
50
sources of women aged 65 and over has %
In 2015, 53.2% of employed women aged followed an upward trend since the mid-
65 and over were working part-time. 1970s, the median income of senior men is OF SENIORS
VOLUNTEER.
ALBERTANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO WORK approximately 1.5 times higher than that of
senior women.
CHARITABLE
FULL-TIME IN LATER LIFE THAN THE REST
OF CANADA. DONORS
In 2013, more than half
of the top 10% of donors were
55 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER.

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AGING IN PLACE

In 2011, 89.9% of women aged 65 and over Research shows older people who stay
lived in private households, as did 94.7% of independent and age in place live longer.
senior men, while the remaining shares It’s also a more cost-effective choice. In 2004,
(10.1% and 5.3%, respectively) lived in costs for community-based care per person
collective households or dwellings. averaged at $8,900/year while residential care
costs averaged $30,000/year.

HEALTH
& WELLNESS
THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF AN ALBERTAN AT WHERE SENIORS RESIDE
AGE 65 IS 21.3 YEARS (MALES) AND 24.5 (FEMALES). NEIGHBOURHOODS IN EDMONTON WITH THE MOST:
The leading causes of DEATH for Edmonton seniors: SENIORS (65-79):
CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY 1. Oliver 2. Ottewell 3. Twin Brooks
DISEASES • Heart disease (26%) CANCER DISEASES OCTOGENARIANS (80+):

35 % • Stroke (6%)
• Other circulatory 26 %
12 % 1. Kensington 2. Oliver 3. Downtown

diseases (3%)

IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:

34.9% of Edmontonians feel that seniors in Edmonton
often face discrimation.
ENGAGEMENT &
The leading causes of HOSPITAL VISITS
for Edmonton seniors:
SOCIAL ISOLATION
Social isolation happens when a senior’s social
• Injury from falls are the number-one reason seniors participation or social contact decreases.
visited the emergency room or were admitted
to hospital AN ESTIMATED 30 PERCENT OF CANADIAN SENIORS
ARE AT RISK OF BECOMING SOCIALLY ISOLATED.
• Motor vehicle accidents
According to a needs assessment of older adults in the

STIS IN SENIORS
City of Edmonton, 32% indicated there were things that
make it difficult to pursue social interactions.
18% m
 entioned poor health or 3% indicated they do not socialize
ACCORDING TO HEALTH CANADA, NATIONAL general poor health reasons with anyone over an average
RATES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS week
FOR PEOPLE 60+ HAS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY 17% mentioned disability
SINCE THE EARLY 2000s. 11% cited financial reasons 29% indicated that they would like
more acquaintances – given
Between 2001 and 2011, chlamydia Chlamydia and gonorrhea increased 16% cited feelings of isolation as the opportunity
cases in people over 60 increased more than 2.5 times in women over the reason they felt unsafe
more than 3 times. the age of 60. in their community

DIVERSITY
LGBTQ2 SENIORS often face homophobia and discrimination when IMMIGRANT SENIORS have varying levels of fluency in English, and
trying to access programs and services. Certain spaces may not be especially this will affect their ability to participate in programs. Edmonton’s immigrant
welcoming or inclusive to them. seniors population is changing.
ABORIGINAL SENIORS made up 5.1% of Edmonton’s Aboriginal population
in 2016, and 2.5% of Edmonton’s Senior population.
Due to a history of discrimination, the aging experiences of Aboriginal seniors
BEFORE 2001 50% 2001-2006 73%
of immigrant seniors of immigrant seniors came from
may be quite different from other seniors and may require specific programs came from Europe. Asia and the Middle East.
and services to meet their needs.

ELDER ABUSE WHAT TO DO IF YOU SUSPECT ABUSE

7 %
OF SENIORS SUFFER
In 2015:
 LDER ABUSE UNIT WITH EPS CONCLUDED
E
48 FILES AND LAID 9 CHARGES.
ACKNOWLEDGE – Document
evidence of suspected abuse.
BARRIERS – Address concerns of fear
URGENCY – Assess immediate risk of
physical harm or if basic necessities of
life are provided.
SOME FORM OF of retaliation, withdrawal of caregiver, EMPOWER – Inform person of the
ABUSE 225 FEMALE SENIOR FAMILY VIOLENCE CASES and family support confidentiality. right to live free of abuses and the
WERE REPORTED TO THE POLICE. resources available to support this.
Seek help to establish a safety plan.

Sources for these statistics are available at ecfoundation.org

 LIVING IN EDMONTON
POPULATION EDMONTON’S
MEDIAN AGE:
Edmonton’s Population (2016)
Women are
slightly older 35.7 CAPITAL REGION
1,321,426 MEDIAN
than men in
Edmonton MEDIAN
YEARS
HOUSING (2016)
AGE AGE
Female Male 5,344 families
EMPLOYMENT 36.4 35.2 WERE ON THE WAIT LIST FOR HOUSING
3,600 APPLICATIONS WERE RECEIVED
Average Unemployment Rate in Canada’s
Top 5 Metropolitan cities (Jan. - July, 2018) 741 FAMILIES WERE PLACED
MALE FEMALE THE AVERAGE RENT FOR
(%) (%) COMMUNITY HOUSING: $425/month
Montreal, QC 6.6 5.6 IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:
Toronto, ON 5.8 6.2
35.4% Disagreed with the statement:
EDMONTON, AB 7.7 5.6
LIVING WAGES “It is easy to find affordable housing in
Edmonton.” Only 31.8% agreed.
Calgary, AB 8.0 7.2 EDMONTON CALGARY
Vancouver, BC 4.5 4.0 $
16.48 $
18.15 CORE HOUSING NEED (CMHC)
2018 2017

The living wage is the hourly wage Percentage of RENTED OWNED

A FAMILY OF FOUR must make in order to
have a decent standard of living.
dwellings owned or
rented in the City of 35 .7%
64.3%
Edmonton (2016)

EDUCATION

2-BEDROOM VACANCY
RENT RATE
EPSB ECSD From 2001 Oct 2014 $1,227 1.7%
to 2016 the
SCHOOL BOARD
95,642 STUDENTS, 35% 41,333 YOUTH and
require specialized and/or 13,000 ADULT students Provincial number of Oct 2017 $1,215 7.0%
ACHIEVEMENT RESULTS: English language support.  in a variety of education households
and support pr ograms. in core
housing
Overall graduation rate 80.6% 84.5% 77.9% need has
increased by
First Nations, Métis and Inuit
graduations in 2016-17 51.9% 58.7% 53.6% 61.3%
EDUCATION LEVEL ATTAINED 2011 2016

High School not completed 17.5% 15.4% IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:

High School diploma or equivalent 26.2% 27.4% 78.5% of Edmontonians

agree that it is important
Apprenticeship or Trades 9.5% 8.4%
College/university certificate or diploma 22.5% 21.3%
to have a post-secondary
education. POVERTY
NUMBER OF PERSONS IN LOW-INCOME
University bachelor’s degree or higher 24.4% 27.3%
STATUS HOUSEHOLDS IN EDMONTON (2016):

FAMILY TYPE % LOW INCOME

All Family Types 10.8%
Couples 6.3%
TRANSPORTATION LONE PARENT
Other Family Types
31.1%
17.8%
ACCORDING TO A RECENT LEGER POLL TRANSIT SATISFACTION
The main modes of transportation in PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL SATISFACTION THAT IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:
Edmonton are: REPORTED TO BE EXTREMELY SATISFIED:
2018 2017 60% of Edmontonians agree that
Car (as the driver) 66% 66% “Poverty is a significant problem
Public transit (Bus, LRT) 18% 15% 2015: 2016:
in Edmonton.”
Car (as the passenger) 8% 10% 34.7% of Edmontonians agree that
“In Edmonton, adequate initiatives are
Walking
Bicycling
5% 6%
2% 2%
25% 27% in place to reduce poverty.”

2017 ETS PASSENGER COUNT

Year BUS LRT Total

HOMELESSNESS
RIDERSHIP RIDERSHIP Point in Time (PiT) Count
2015 66,629,517 22,091,544 88,721,061 NUMBER OF HOMELESS PERSONS:
2017 62,377,183 24,620,283 86,997,466 2018
2014 2,307 | 2016 1,752
669,940 Potholes were 1,971
filled in 2017 Between 2013 and 2017: 23 /1,000 PEOPLE ARE
Bus ridership dropped about 7%, HOMELESS IN EDMONTON.
LRT ridership increased about 11%, but
CAR ACCIDENTS IN 2017 overall ridership went down about 3%.
52% SURVEYED IDENTIFIED AS INDIGENOUS.

23,906 TOTAL COLLISIONS GENDER IDENTITY OF

COLLISIONS in 2017 decreased 7.5% ACCORDING TO A RECENT LEGER POLL PiT HOMELESS (2018):
(up 3.3% from 2016) to 270 collisions Edmontonians rated the EASE OF USING
THE FOLLOWING TRANSPORTATION: TRANS
MALE FEMALE GENDER
FATAL COLLISIONS BICYCLE
increased from COLLISIONS 82% 45% 73.9% 25.8% 0.2%
21 fatalities in 2016 have fallen from
CAR WALK
to 26 in 2017 171 collisions to
143 (16.4% AGE GROUPS OF
PEDESTRIAN
decrease) PiT HOMELESS (2018):
32% Under 18 8.0%
CYCLING
36% 18-24 9.4% 25-44 38.7%
PUBLIC
TRANSIT 45-64 39.4% 65+ 5.5%

  CUSTOMER-CENTRED COMMUNITY  DOWN IN THE DUMPS

THUMBS DOWN to the City of Edmonton for sending Edmonton’s waste management centre has been lauded
notice to Edmonton’s Heritage Festival to vacate as state-of-the-art and world-class. But a recent audit
their storage barn, instead of working with them for a revealed that less than 50% of residential waste has

THUMBS solution. Also Thumbs Down to the City of Edmonton for

removing memorial plaques on benches and requesting
an additional $2,500 every 10 years for upkeep surprising
been diverted from the landfill. It was built with the
goal of diverting 90 per cent of residential waste away
from the landfill, but has in fact been hovering around

UP/DOWN loved ones that their memorial has an expiry date.

THUMBS UP to Mayor Don Iveson for reminding City
50 per cent for a number of years.
Out-dated technology is being cited for the reason for
EDMONTON staff that “we’re all here to serve Edmontonians, to
make conditions better for families, households and
the poor record. Currently all garbage is thrown in one
bag, and the quality of what can be recycled is affected.
businesses.” These two decisions were reversed until a The City is looking to see what other cities do and how it
customer-centered solution can be found. can improve the system.

Sources for these statistics are available at ecfoundation.org

 IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:
FOOD SECURITY ARTS & CULTURE 79.2% of Edmontonians agree that
FREE WIFI “Edmonton is a city that values the arts.”
IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:
77 Locations in Edmonton have Free Wifi provided
59.6% of Edmontonians agree that
Only 44.8% of Edmontonians agree by the City of Edmonton. More than 14,000 devices
technology and social media contribute
that “Food security is a significant connect, resulting in more than 2TB of data traffic.
to improved social connections.
problem in Edmonton.”

Edmonton Public Library (EPL): 265,605 EDMONTONIANS USED THEIR LIBRARY CARD.
The city currently has 16.9 Million in-person and virtual visits. Every 2.6 seconds someone borrowed from EPL.
80 community gardens.
IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:
87.9% of Edmontonians agree that “Edmonton is a culturally diverse city.”
EDMONTON’S FOOD BANK
4 MILLION KG OF FOOD PHILANTHROPY
WAS HANDED OUT IN 2017
($22,175,000 ESTIMATED WORTH)
& COMMUNITY VOLUNTEERING
IN 2017, THERE WERE AN AVERAGE OF ENGAGEMENT
22,240 INDIVIDUALS In a recent Leger poll Edmontonians said they:
ACCESSING THE
HAMPER PROGRAM 57.5% agree it is important for them to
PER MONTH be involved in their community
69.3% agree that there are opportunities for
them to get involved in their community HOW MANY TIMES HAVE YOU
39.8% agree that they make an effort to be VOLUNTEERED IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS?
involved in their community
NOT in the past 12 months 50.9%
42.2% agree that they feel a sense of

?
belonging with the community 1-2X 3-5X 6-10X 11-20X 21-50X 50+
ADULTS
21.0% feel socially isolated from their community 13.4% 11.2% 7.1% 5.1% 4.1% 3.5%

CHILDREN 62 .3% IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS HAVE YOU

DONATED MONEY TO A CHARITY
37.7% did you know? OR NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION?

Breakdown
of people (8,384
In 2016, 205,310 Edmontonians submitted
a charitable tax receipt, filing more than YES 66.7% NO 30.5%
accessing $412,635,000 in charitable donations. Don’t know/prefer not to answer 2.8%
average
the food (13,856 average
per
hamper per month)
month)
program: IN A RECENT LEGER POLL:
84.2% of Edmontonians said they agree that
IN A RECENT LEGER POLL: “There are adequate opportunities for sports
72.7% of Edmontonians agree that and/or recreation in Edmonton.”
“I trust community services such as the
Food Bank or Boyle Street.”

How much does it cost for a SPORTS & RECREATION

week’s worth of groceries? City of Edmonton has built 4 MEGA RECREATION CENTRES:
TERWILLEGAR, COMMONWEALTH, THE MEADOWS
IN 2018, THE AVERAGE SPENDING IS and CLAREVIEW RECREATION CENTRE.
$231.77 PER WEEK FOR A FAMILY OF There were more than 4 million paid visits to these recreation facilities in 2017.
FOUR FOR A NUTRITIOUS FOOD BASKET IN
LEISURE CENTRE CANADIAN COMMUNITY HEALTH SURVEY
EDMONTON. IT WAS $230.87/WEEK IN 2017.
ATTENDANCE (2017) In 2015-2016, residents aged 12 and over in Edmonton, reported:
Household food insecurity is the inadequate or
insecure access to food due to financial constraints. 5,852,086 Edmonton Alberta Canada
PERCEIVED HEALTH
It can negatively impact physical, mental, and social
Child Minding at 64.6% 65.2% 61.5%

?
Very good or excellent
health, and cost our healthcare system considerably.
Recreation Centres PERCEIVED MENTAL HEALTH
City of Edmonton, YMCA and Gold’s Very good or excellent 73.2% 73.7% 71.6%

?
Gym offer free child minding with a PERCEIVED LIFE STRESS
did you know? child or family annual membership. Quite a bit /extremely stressful 21.0% 21.2% 21.5%
In 2017 you could apply to cultivate food or flowers
on municipal land as part of the Vacant Lot Pilot.
did you know? CRIME SEVERITY INDEX or (CSI) is simply a count of
all criminal incidents reported to and by police divided by the population. Each criminal
incident, regardless of the type or seriousness of the offence, counts the same in the rate.
For example, one homicide counts the same as one act of mischief.

CRIME CRIME SEVERITY INDEX OF EDMONTON (2017)

Policing Strength per 100,000
Compared to other major metropolitan areas in Canada (adjusted per 100,000 people)
EDMONTON 183.2
Calgary 168.0 | Toronto 180.5 EDMONTON 112.3 | CALGARY 81.8 | TORONTO 48.7 | MONTREAL 58.2 | VANCOUVER 88.2
Montreal 228.2 | Vancouver 195.8 One of the reasons for Edmonton’s high CSI is due to our concentration of young males (aged 20-34), who
CANADA 188.0 are more likely to commit crime. In 2013-14, 60% of all adults appearing in court were under the age of 35.
Most common crimes in Edmonton from March of 2015 to 2016
IN A RECENT LEGER POLL: THEFT FROM BREAK
87.6% of Edmontonians agree that VEHICLE 2,289 33.8%
& ENTER 1,422 21.0% ASSAULT 1,356 20.0%
they felt safe in their home, 80% felt safe
in their community and 73.9% said they TOP REASONS FOR BY-LAW INFRACTIONS FROM SEPT 2017 TO AUG 2018
felt safe in Edmonton. Unlicensed Business • Nuisance • Snow / Ice on Walk • Weeds • Graffiti

 PHOTO RADAR APP

W
 ONDERFUL WOMEN HONOURED  RADAR RAGE Benjamin Lavin, Computer Science student at the University of
In Edmonton new names for schools honour notable Part of the reason Photo Radar is so hotly Alberta, created an app that will notify you of radar locations in
women. contested is that it is the stick rather than Edmonton. As you’re coming up to radar, it will actually give you a
the carrot approach to changing behaviour. loud audible alert. You don’t have to have your phone screen turned
Thelma Chalifoux School (Larkspur) –
There is no warning and you receive your on. The app is available for free through the App Store and Google
Southeast Edmonton Junior High School
ticket long after you have committed the Play.
Dr. Anne Anderson School (Heritage Valley) –
offence. In fact, since 2014, 30% of all photo
South West High School TOP 5 SPOTS FOR PHOTO RADAR
radar tickets issued have been to drivers
The number of tickets issued in 2017 were:
Soraya Hafez School (McConachie) – K-6 School that received 3 or more tickets per year.
Board chair Michelle Draper said that the board picked That’s why so many contend that it is not, 83 St. between Whyte Ave. - 86 Ave. 1036
these three from among the roughly 600 nominees in fact, a method to encourage a change in Stony Plain Rd. between 178 - 182 St. 1023
suggested by city residents last December. “A school behaviour, but a cash grab.
Anthony Henday Dr. - Ray Gibbon Dr. 1002
name is the highest honour a board of trustees can
give an individual,” she said. Anthony Henday Dr. - 97 St. 993
82 Ave. between 89 - 87 St. 973

Sources for these statistics are available at ecfoundation.org

 Neighbourhood
NOTABLES
DEMOGRAPHICS BREAKDOWN BY NEIGHBOURHOOD

Most Youth
(Aged 0 - 19)
Most amount of
licensed cats:
 umber of break
N
and enters
(Jan. - Jun. 2018)
LIBRARY
The Hamptons Oliver NOTABLES IN 2018
Walker Alberta Ave. Alberta Avenue 114
(PER CITIZEN IN THE
Summerside Strathcona Downtown 114 NEIGHBOURHOOD)
Eastwood 114
 ost amount of
M THE BRANCH WITH THE:
Most Seniors NEW EDMONTON Oliver 114
MOST VISITS:
SCHOOLS
(Aged 65+) licensed dogs: Strathcona 113
Oliver Summerside Enterprise Square 12.64
Ottewell The Hamptons ADDED IN 2018 Abbotsford –
Twin Brooks Rutherford Penny McKee 11.01
KIM HUNG SCHOOL  ost reported potholes
M
Granville Highlands 8.75
 ost Octogenarians
M Total bylaw infractions to the City of Edmonton
SHAUNA MAY SENECA (Jan. - Sep. 2018) LEAST VISITS:
(Aged 80+) (Aug. 2017 - Jul. 2018)
SCHOOL Londonderry 0.25
Kensington McCauley Strathcona 183
Alberta Ave. Walker Lois Hole (Callingwood) 3.08
Oliver Oliver 171
Downtown Sprucewood 3.88
Downtown Downtown 168
 ost bylaw infractions
M MOST CHECKOUTS:
 ost edible fruit trees
M reported by citizens Riverbend 9.41
on public land are: Downtown Jasper Place 9.39
McKernan Whitemud Crossing 9.26
Summerside 5,665
Terwillegar Towne 4,818 Alberta Ave. LEAST CHECKOUTS:
Ambleside 4,559 Londonderry 0.23
Meadows 3.45
Sprucewood 4.26
KILDARE
Londonderry
KENSINGTON Library

ALBERTA MONTROSE BIGGEST

HUFF BREMER
ESTATES INDUSTRIAL
AVE.
Sprucewood
Highlands
Library
PARKS
1st
Library

McCAULEY
BY AREA
GLENORA (m2)
PLACE
OLIVER DOWNTOWN
JASPER Enterprise
Square CLOVERDALE
PLACE
OTTEWELL
Library
Jasper Place
Library
BONNIE
STRATHCONA DOON
FRONT YARDS McKERNAN
Abbostford -
Penny McKee
WHITEMUD PARK
13204 Fox Dr. NW
IN BLOOM GRANVILLE
CALLINGWOOD
NORTH
Library

AWARD WINNERS
Lois Hole
(Callingwood)
3,949,337
Library
THE
Natural Yard First Place HAMPTONS
TERWILLEGAR PARK
3620 - 114 Street 10 Rabbit Hill Rd. NW
RIDEAU
Greenfield
FALCONER
GREENFIELD PARK
Whitemud
1,736,951
Edible Yard First Place HEIGHTS
Crossing
Library
SILVER
WHITEMUD RAVINE
14008 - 106A Avenue Riverbend

Glenora
Library
BERRY NATURE RESERVE
TERWILLEGAR
1,472,291
Meadows

General Yard First Place TOWNE TWIN

Library

9704 - 92 Street BROOKS

Cloverdale
Fun Fact:

?
AMBLESIDE
Public Space First Place
RUTHERFORD WALKER THE SMALLEST PARK is
11403 - 143 Street SUMMERSIDE
Huff Bremer Estates called ‘Stony Plain F’, at a

?
Industrial mere 15.4 square metres and
located in Glenora.

WEIRD &

?
did you know?
did you know? WONDERFUL • 
The University of Alberta has produced
 ore than 30 species of mosquitoes live
M
in the Edmonton area – and the problem
EDMONTON 67 Rhodes Scholars.
• The Art Gallery of Alberta was founded
mosquito is called vexans mosquito. in 1924 and is the oldest cultural institution
did you know? in Alberta.

• 
There are over 70 golf courses in

Fun Fact: ACCORDING TO THE ZOMBIE

metropolitan Edmonton. Fun Fact: THE OLDEST STANDING TREE in
• 
Edmonton is one of the largest cities by area Edmonton is the Historic Holowach Horse Chestnut,
RESEARCH SOCIETY (a real thing), Canada ranked preserved in an alley off Jasper Avenue between 105
in North America. It’s slightly larger than the
the second safest country to live in during a and 106 Street. It was planted on April 30, 1910 by a
country of Cyprus in the Mediterranean.
zombie pandemic. Australia ranked number one. Ukrainian pioneer/entrepreneur, Sam Holowach.
They described Canada as follows:
TOTAL NUMBER
“Though its thirty-five million residents CATS DOGS
OF LICENSED:
are packed along a thin strip at
the country’s southern border, gun Among licensed cats, 34,069 69,304 Among licensed dogs,
ownership is common, and there’s the most popular breeds the most popular breeds
in Edmonton are: in Edmonton are:
plenty of room to head north when PIGEONS
the stuff hits the fan.” Siamese Labrador Retriever
Ragdoll
Maine Coon
47 Shih Tzu
German Shepherd

CRASH COURSE
WHAT ABOUT IN CANNABIS
CANNABIS?
On October 17 Canada will • Any city-owned golf course • Cannabis cafes and lounges Possession: • This zero tolerance approach
legalize the sale of Cannabis in Places you will be able to will not be permitted on • Adults over 18 will be means that youth who
Canada. In Edmonton: smoke: October 17 but may be allowed to possess up to possess more than 5 grams
For those who wish to • Sidewalks (as long as you’re approved in the future. 30 grams of cannabis in a of cannabis will continue
partake, what are the laws? 10m away from any bus stop, • Alberta will receive the public place. to be subject to criminal
entrance/exit, window, air majority of the taxes • When transporting cannabis charges under the federal
• Provincial regulations restrict
intake system or patio) collected on the product. in a vehicle, it must be legislation.
vaping or smoking cannabis
in public places and vehicles • Parks without children’s secured in closed packaging
where tobacco smoking is amenities Growing: and not within reach of the Driving Impaired:
prohibited. • Walking trails • Under the federal legislation, driver or occupants. Drug-impaired driving has been
• Must be 18 years of age to adults will be able to grow • Those under the legal age a criminal offence for decades.
• Grass utility lines What’s new are the blood-
purchase or consume. up to 4 plants per household of 18 will not be allowed
• Any designated consumption from seeds purchased from to purchase or possess any drug concentration limits for
Places you won’t be able to area at a festival licensed cannabis retailers. cannabis. cannabis and cannabis/alcohol
smoke:
• Private property (businesses/ • Renters, condo-dwellers and combination.
• Within 10m of any bus stop owners set own rules) those who live in multi-family
• By any entrance/exit, window, • Outside hospitals, away NEW BLOOD-DRUG CONCENTRATION LIMITS
dwellings may be restricted
air intake system from doors from growing cannabis BLOOD CONCENTRATION LEVEL FEDERAL CRIMINAL PENALTY
• On a patio Purchasing: in their homes based on 2 nanograms (ng) per millilitre (ml) Maximum $1,000 fine
• Children’s amenities like • Will be able to purchase rules established in rental but less than 5 ng/ml THC (summary conviction)
playgrounds, outdoor pools, in privately run stores or agreements or condominium
sports fields or off-leash OFFENCE:
government operated online bylaws. Government will work 1ST Minimum $1,000 fine
5 ng/ml or more THC **
areas stores. to educate landlords, renters
and condo boards on the OR 2ND Mandatory 30 days
• Churchill Square • Consumers will be limited
2.5 ng/ml or more THC combined imprisonment
• The Edmonton Valley Zoo, to 30 grams of cannabis per options available to them.
with 50 mg/100ml or more alcohol 3RD Mandatory 120 days
Muttart Conservatory, John transaction, which is also the imprisonment
Janzen Nature Centre legal public possession limit.

Sources for these statistics are available at ecfoundation.org